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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d'actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Cerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cerca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cerca a Viquipèdia" aria-label="Cerca a Viquipèdia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Cerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Eines personals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Vertebrats" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Vertebrats" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Vertebrats" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Vertebrats" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Característiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Característiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Característiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Característiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistema_integumentari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistema_integumentari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sistema integumentari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistema_integumentari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aparell_locomotor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aparell_locomotor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aparell locomotor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aparell_locomotor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aparell_circulatori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aparell_circulatori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aparell circulatori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aparell_circulatori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aparell_respiratori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aparell_respiratori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aparell respiratori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aparell_respiratori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistema_nerviós" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistema_nerviós"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sistema nerviós</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistema_nerviós-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistema_endocrí" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistema_endocrí"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sistema endocrí</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistema_endocrí-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aparell_digestiu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aparell_digestiu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Aparell digestiu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aparell_digestiu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aparell_excretor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aparell_excretor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Aparell excretor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aparell_excretor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproducció" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproducció"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Reproducció</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproducció-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolució" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolució"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Evolució</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolució-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classificació" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classificació"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Classificació</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classificació-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Classificació</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classificació-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classificació_linneana_tradicional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classificació_linneana_tradicional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Classificació linneana tradicional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classificació_linneana_tradicional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classificació_cladística" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classificació_cladística"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Classificació cladística</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classificació_cladística-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vertebrats</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 144 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewerweldes" title="Gewerweldes - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gewerweldes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbeltiere" title="Wirbeltiere - alemany suís" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wirbeltiere" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemany suís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%88_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AA" title="ባለ አከርካሪ - amhàric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባለ አከርካሪ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhàric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata - aragonès" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrycgd%C4%93or" title="Hrycgdēor - anglès antic" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hrycgdēor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="anglès antic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فقاريات - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فقاريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سنسوليات - Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سنسوليات" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فقاريات - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فقاريات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="মেৰুদণ্ডী প্ৰাণী - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মেৰুদণ্ডী প্ৰাণী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onur%C4%9Fal%C4%B1lar" title="Onurğalılar - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Onurğalılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%92%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اوْنورغالیلار - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوْنورغالیلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Умыртҡалылар - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Умыртҡалылар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoumen%C4%97n%C4%93_g%C4%ABv%C4%93" title="Stoumenėnē gīvē - Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Stoumenėnē gīvē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Пазваночныя - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пазваночныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Хрыбетныя - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хрыбетныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гръбначни - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гръбначни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="মেরুদণ্ডী প্রাণী - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেরুদণ্ডী প্রাণী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B" title="སྒལ་ཚིགས་སྲོག་ཆགས་ - tibetà" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྒལ་ཚིགས་སྲོག་ཆགས་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C4%8Dmenjaci" title="Kičmenjaci - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kičmenjaci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9k-t%C3%B9i_d%C3%B4ng-%C5%ADk" title="Cék-tùi dông-ŭk - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cék-tùi dông-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukgan" title="Bukgan - cebuà" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bukgan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%95%D8%A8%DA%95%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بڕبڕەداران - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بڕبڕەداران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="article bo"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obratlovci" title="Obratlovci - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obratlovci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Çурăм тунилли - txuvaix" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурăм тунилли" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertebrat" title="Fertebrat - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fertebrat" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvirveldyr" title="Hvirveldyr - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hvirveldyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbeltiere" title="Wirbeltiere - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wirbeltiere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C" title="Σπονδυλωτό - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπονδυλωτό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vertebrate" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebruloj" title="Vertebruloj - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vertebruloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selgroogsed" title="Selgroogsed - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Selgroogsed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornodun" title="Ornodun - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ornodun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrau" title="Vertebrau - extremeny" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Vertebrau" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremeny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مهره‌داران - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهره‌داران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selk%C3%A4rankaiset" title="Selkärankaiset - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Selkärankaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" title="Vertébrés - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vertébrés" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8rt%C3%A8br%C3%A2s" title="Vèrtèbrâs - Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Vèrtèbrâs" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4%C3%A4rlisdiarten" title="Wäärlisdiarten - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wäärlisdiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wringedieren" title="Wringedieren - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wringedieren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veirteabrach" title="Veirteabrach - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Veirteabrach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrados" title="Vertebrados - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vertebrados" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pujase%27orek%C3%B3va" title="Pujase'orekóva - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pujase'orekóva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata - manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chit-chh%C3%B9i_thung-vu%CC%8Dt" title="Chit-chhùi thung-vu̍t - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chit-chhùi thung-vu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="בעלי חוליות - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעלי חוליות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="कशेरुकी प्राणी - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कशेरुकी प्राणी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kralje%C5%BEnjaci" title="Kralježnjaci - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kralježnjaci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerincesek" title="Gerincesek - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gerincesek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ողնաշարավորներ - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ողնաշարավորներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrato" title="Vertebrato - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vertebrato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertebrata" title="Bertebrata - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bertebrata" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="БукъатӀехкьяраш - ingúix" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="БукъатӀехкьяраш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingúix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hryggd%C3%BDr" title="Hryggdýr - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hryggdýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎動物 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脊椎動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata - javanès" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ხერხემლიანები - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხერხემლიანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina%C9%A3lalin" title="Tinaɣlalin - cabilenc" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tinaɣlalin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabilenc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Омыртқалылар - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Омыртқалылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%86%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%84" title="សត្វឆ្អឹងកង - khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សត្វឆ្អឹងកង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95" title="ಕಶೇರುಕ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಶೇರುಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%99%EC%B6%94%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="척추동물 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="척추동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movikdar" title="Movikdar - kurd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Movikdar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Омурткалуулар - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Омурткалуулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wierbeld%C3%A9ieren" title="Wierbeldéieren - luxemburguès" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wierbeldéieren" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrato" title="Vertebrato - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vertebrato" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewervelde_bieste" title="Gewervelde bieste - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gewervelde bieste" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebr%C3%A6" title="Vertebræ - lígur" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vertebræ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="lígur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebr%C3%A0cc" title="Vertebràcc - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vertebràcc" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama_ya_mik%C3%BAwa" title="Nyama ya mikúwa - lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nyama ya mikúwa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuburiniai" title="Stuburiniai - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stuburiniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugurkaulnieki" title="Mugurkaulnieki - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mugurkaulnieki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99%D0%A0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="’Рбетници - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="’Рбетници" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="കശേരുകി - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കശേരുകി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="पृष्ठवंशी प्राणी - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पृष्ठवंशी प्राणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BF%D3%B9%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%93%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Тупӹрдӓнвлӓ - mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тупӹрдӓнвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrat" title="Vertebrat - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vertebrat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="ကျောရိုးရှိသတ္တဝါ - birmà" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောရိုးရှိသတ္တဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="میرکادارون - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="میرکادارون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warveldeerter" title="Warveldeerter - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Warveldeerter" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warvelden" title="Warvelden - baix saxó" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Warvelden" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baix saxó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewervelden" title="Gewervelden - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gewervelden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virveldyr" title="Virveldyr - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Virveldyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virveldyr" title="Virveldyr - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Virveldyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD%C3%ADgh%C3%A1%C3%A1n_Dah%C3%B3l%C3%B3n%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Bíígháán Dahólónígíí - navaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bíígháán Dahólónígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata - occità" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugugguruu_qabeeyyii" title="Dugugguruu qabeeyyii - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dugugguruu qabeeyyii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੰਗਰੋੜਧਾਰੀ - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੰਗਰੋੜਧਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata - picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbeltier" title="Wirbeltier - alemany palatí" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Wirbeltier" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="alemany palatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%99gowce" title="Kręgowce - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kręgowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%91%DB%92" title="کنگریڑے - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنگریڑے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8D_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" title="شمزۍ لرونکي ژوي - paixtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شمزۍ لرونکي ژوي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paixtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrados" title="Vertebrados - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vertebrados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulluyuq" title="Tulluyuq - quítxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tulluyuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quítxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vertebrate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Позвоночные - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Позвоночные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="कशेरुकाः - sànscrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कशेरुकाः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sànscrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D2%95%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Тоноҕостоохтор - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тоноҕостоохтор" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata - sicilià" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate - escocès" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vertebrate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%87%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ڪرنگهي وارا جانور - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪرنگهي وارا جانور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kralje%C5%A1njaci" title="Kralješnjaci - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kralješnjaci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A8%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="පෘෂ්ඨවංශීන් - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෘෂ්ඨවංශීන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vertebrate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavovce" title="Stavovce - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stavovce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vreten%C4%8Darji" title="Vretenčarji - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vretenčarji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cielgit%C3%A1vt%C3%A1liih" title="Čielgitávtáliih - sami d’Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Čielgitávtáliih" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami d’Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzemuzongoza" title="Dzemuzongoza - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dzemuzongoza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurrizor%C3%ABt" title="Kurrizorët - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kurrizorët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="article bo"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Кичмењаци - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кичмењаци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryggradsdjur" title="Ryggradsdjur - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryggradsdjur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata - suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryngowce" title="Kryngowce - silesià" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kryngowce" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="முதுகெலும்பி - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதுகெலும்பி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="సకశేరుకాలు - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సకశేరుకాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Муҳрадорон - tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муҳрадорон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="สัตว์มีกระดูกสันหลัง - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์มีกระดูกสันหลัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertebrado" title="Bertebrado - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bertebrado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omurgal%C4%B1lar" title="Omurgalılar - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Omurgalılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Умырткалылар - tàtar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Умырткалылар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tàtar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Хребетні - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хребетні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="فقاریہ - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فقاریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umurtqalilar" title="Umurtqalilar - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Umurtqalilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_c%C3%B3_x%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_s%E1%BB%91ng" title="Động vật có xương sống - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật có xương sống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewerveldn" title="Gewerveldn - flamenc occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Gewerveldn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamenc occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biesse_%C3%A5s_cronzoxhs" title="Biesse ås cronzoxhs - való" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Biesse ås cronzoxhs" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="való" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrado" title="Vertebrado - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vertebrado" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎动物 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脊椎动物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="გაგაჩამეფი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გაგაჩამეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98" title="ווערטעבראט - ídix" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווערטעבראט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ídix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8ranko_el%C3%A9gungun" title="Ẹranko elégungun - ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹranko elégungun" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doenghduz_Ndoksaen" title="Doenghduz Ndoksaen - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Doenghduz Ndoksaen" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewurvelde_be%C3%AAsten" title="Gewurvelde beêsten - zelandès" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Gewurvelde beêsten" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zelandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎动物 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脊椎动物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chek-chui_t%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Chek-chui tōng-bu̍t - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chek-chui tōng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎動物 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="脊椎動物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25241#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrats" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Vertebrats" rel="discussion" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrats"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=history" title="Versions antigues d'aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrats"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Vertebrats" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Vertebrats" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&oldid=33865766" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&page=Vertebrats&id=33865766&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVertebrats"><span>Obtén una URL abreujada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVertebrats"><span>Descarrega el codi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Vertebrats"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Vertebrats&action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a 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l'element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(S'ha redirigit des de: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrat&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrat">Vertebrat</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em"><caption style="font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background-color: gold; text-align: center; font-size: 1.35em;"><span style="float:left;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Butterfly_icon_(Noun_Project).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Infotaula d'ésser viu"><img alt="Infotaula d'ésser viu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/25px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/38px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/50px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></span>Vertebrats</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background-color: gold; valign: center; padding: 1px;">Vertebrata <span class="penicon" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25241?uselang=ca#P225" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Tiliqua_scincoides_scincoides.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tiliqua_scincoides_scincoides.jpg/300px-Tiliqua_scincoides_scincoides.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tiliqua_scincoides_scincoides.jpg/450px-Tiliqua_scincoides_scincoides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tiliqua_scincoides_scincoides.jpg/600px-Tiliqua_scincoides_scincoides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1694" data-file-height="1129" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q892789" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q892789">Tiliqua nigrolutea</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25241?uselang=ca#P18" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;color: #202122; background-color: gold">Dades</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start; width: 40%;">Font de</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: start;"><a href="/wiki/Menuts" title="Menuts">menuts</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25241?uselang=ca#P1672" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;color: #202122; background-color: gold">Període</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: start;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovici%C3%A0_superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordovicià superior">Ordovicià superior</a> - <a href="/wiki/Holoc%C3%A8" title="Holocè">recent</a><sup id="cite_ref-LBritannicaFish_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LBritannicaFish-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;color: #202122; background-color: gold">Taxonomia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: start;"></td></tr><tr><td style="color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Superregne</td><td style="font-style:normal  ;"><a href="/wiki/Holozous" title="Holozous">Holozoa</a></td></tr><tr><td style="color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Regne</td><td style="font-style:normal  ;"><a href="/wiki/Animals" title="Animals">Animalia</a></td></tr><tr><td style="color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Fílum</td><td style="font-style:normal  ;"><a href="/wiki/Cordats" title="Cordats">Chordata</a></td></tr><tr><td style="color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Subfílum</td><td style="font-style:normal  ;"><b>Vertebrata <span class="penicon" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25241?uselang=ca#P225" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b><br /><span style="font-style:normal; font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cuvier</span></a>, 1812</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: start;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Els <b>vertebrats</b> (Vertebrata) són un <a href="/wiki/Subembrancament" title="Subembrancament">subembrancament</a> de <a href="/wiki/Metazous" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazous">metazous</a> <a href="/wiki/Celomats" title="Celomats">celomats</a> <a href="/wiki/Deuter%C3%B2stoms" title="Deuteròstoms">deuteròstoms</a> <a href="/wiki/Cordats" title="Cordats">cordats</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Simetria_bilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Simetria bilateral">simetria bilateral</a>, proveïts d'un <a href="/wiki/Teixit_ossi" title="Teixit ossi">teixit ossi</a> que forma <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A8rtebres" class="mw-redirect" title="Vèrtebres">vèrtebres</a> que protegeixen el <a href="/wiki/Sistema_nervi%C3%B3s" title="Sistema nerviós">sistema nerviós</a> <a href="/wiki/Epineure" title="Epineure">epineure</a>, i dotats d'una dilatació cefàlica o <a href="/wiki/Enc%C3%A8fal" title="Encèfal">encèfal</a> protegida per una caixa <a href="/wiki/Crani" title="Crani">cranial</a>. Es distingeixen de la resta de cordats per tenir una <a href="/wiki/Columna_vertebral" title="Columna vertebral">columna vertebral</a> (un eix <a href="/wiki/Esquel%C3%A8tic" class="mw-redirect" title="Esquelètic">esquelètic</a> que envolta la <a href="/wiki/Medul%C2%B7la_espinal" title="Medul·la espinal">medul·la espinal</a>), un <a href="/wiki/Crani" title="Crani">crani</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenedures_branquials&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenedures branquials (encara no existeix)">fenedures branquials</a> obertes directament a l'exterior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíazSantos1998184_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíazSantos1998184-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comprenen quasi 60.000 espècies, la meitat de les quals són <a href="/wiki/Peixos" title="Peixos">peixos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els vertebrats han aconseguit colonitzar i adaptar-se a diferents ambients, inclosos els més difícils i inhòspits. Encara que procedeixen inicialment de l'<a href="/wiki/Aigua_dol%C3%A7a" title="Aigua dolça">aigua dolça</a>, han aconseguit ocupar el medi <a href="/wiki/Mar" title="Mar">marí</a> i passar posteriorment al terrestre, el qual dominen en l'actualitat. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Característiques"><span id="Caracter.C3.ADstiques"></span>Característiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Característiques"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els vertebrats tenen simetria bilateral i estan proveïts d'un <a href="/wiki/Crani" title="Crani">crani</a> que protegeix el cervell, i un <a href="/wiki/Esquelet" title="Esquelet">esquelet</a> cartilaginós o ossi, que comprèn una part axial metameritzada, la <a href="/wiki/Columna_vertebral" title="Columna vertebral">columna vertebral</a>. </p><p>Els vertebrats típics tenen el cos dividit en tres regions: cap, tronc i cua; el tronc al seu torn se subdivideix en tòrax i abdomen. Del tronc sobresurten les extremitats, que són senars en les <a href="/wiki/Llamprees" title="Llamprees">llamprees</a> i parells en la resta de vertebrats. Presenten <a href="/wiki/Notocordi" title="Notocordi">notocordi</a>, que es transforma en <a href="/wiki/Columna_vertebral" title="Columna vertebral">columna vertebral</a> en l'estat adult. El cap està ben diferenciat i agrupa i centralitza la majoria d'òrgans sensorials i nerviosos. L'estructura cranial dels vertebrats ha aconseguit mantenir-se fàcilment en estat <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B2ssil" title="Fòssil">fòssil</a>, motiu aquest que ha estat fonamental per conèixer la seva evolució. </p><p>Durant el desenvolupament <a href="/wiki/Embri%C3%B3" title="Embrió">embrionari</a>, les parets del cos dels vertebrats desenvolupen uns orificis o clivelles branquials, que donen lloc a les ganyes o <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A0nquies" class="mw-redirect" title="Brànquies">brànquies</a> i a diferents estructures. L'esquelet pot ser ossi, cartilaginós, i a voltes presenta dermoesquelet, que consisteix en unes formacions cutànies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sistema_integumentari">Sistema integumentari</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Sistema integumentari"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El <a href="/wiki/Sistema_integumentari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistema integumentari">sistema integumentari</a> adquireix notable importància en els vertebrats per les diferents funcions que exerceix. En el tegument es distingeixen estructures protectores i sensorials, glàndules amb funcions excretores, aïllament del medi, etc. Consta de tres capes ben diferenciades: <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derma" title="Derma">derma</a> i <a href="/wiki/Hipodermis" title="Hipodermis">hipodermis</a>. Per la seva part, la coloració del tegument es deu sobretot als <a href="/wiki/Cromat%C3%B2for" title="Cromatòfor">cromatòfors</a> o cèl·lules pigmentàries ramificades de la pell. </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Pell" title="Pell">pell</a> origina dos tipus de formacions importants: </p> <ul><li>Epidèrmiques. Són glàndules anomenades faneres que depenent del tipus de substància elaborada pot ser verinosa, per exemple en molts peixos, amfibis i rèptils, i sebàcies, sudorípares i mamàries en els mamífers. Les faneres consisteixen en teixits o apèndixs cornis de la pell, com urpes, ungles, plomes, becs, pèls, crins, i peülles, i un tipus de banyes la dels rinoceronts.</li> <li>Dèrmiques. Donen lloc a les escates dels peixos, les plaques òssies de les cobertes de determinats rèptils com els quelonis, les dures escates de la pell dels cocodrils, les banyes dels remugants, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aparell_locomotor">Aparell locomotor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Aparell locomotor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'<a href="/wiki/Aparell_locomotor" title="Aparell locomotor">aparell locomotor</a> dels vertebrats s'ha modificat a partir de la seva funció inicial, la natació, a altres de múltiples que permeten moviments complexos segons les condicions registrades pels òrgans sensitius. Els <a href="/wiki/Peixos" title="Peixos">peixos</a>, habitants del medi primigeni, van sofrir canvis evolutius importants a partir de l'aparició de les <a href="/wiki/Aletes" title="Aletes">aletes</a> parelles, que posteriorment es van convertir en <a href="/wiki/Quiridi" title="Quiridi">quiridis</a> o extremitats locomotores pentadàctiles, de cinc dits, quan van començar la conquesta del medi terrestre, i que sofririen posteriorment adaptacions específiques, tals com les <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A0" title="Mà">mans</a> prensores dels <a href="/wiki/Primats" title="Primats">primats</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Urpes" class="mw-redirect" title="Urpes">urpes</a> dels felins, o les <a href="/wiki/Ala_(anatomia)" title="Ala (anatomia)">ales</a> de sustentació aèria dels ocells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aparell_circulatori">Aparell circulatori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Aparell circulatori"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En els vertebrats el <a href="/wiki/Sistema_circulatori" title="Sistema circulatori">sistema circulatori</a> és tancat, mitjançant el qual es transporta <a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">oxigen</a> i nutrients als diferents teixits i cèl·lules; presenten <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%B2buls_vermells" class="mw-redirect" title="Glòbuls vermells">glòbuls vermells</a> que transporten l'oxigen mitjançant l'<a href="/wiki/Hemoglobina" title="Hemoglobina">hemoglobina</a>. Consta de sistema sanguini i sistema limfàtic. Està dotat d'un cor dividit en cambres, artèries, arterioles, venes, vènules i capil·lars. En els peixos hi ha un circuit sistèmic i un altre de branquial. </p><p>En molts vertebrats terrestres el <a href="/wiki/Sistema_sanguini" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistema sanguini">sistema sanguini</a> és doble; hi ha una circulació major o general, i una circulació menor o pulmonar, és a dir, no es barregen la sang arterial i la venosa. El cor dels peixos cacarruta tenen dues cambres, una aurícula i un ventricle; en els amfibis i rèptils hi ha dues aurícules i un ventricle. En les aus i mamífers és tetracameral, amb dues aurícules i dos ventricles, i amb una sèrie de vàlvules cardíaques. </p><p>En els vertebrats existeix, a més a més, un <a href="/wiki/Sistema_limf%C3%A0tic" title="Sistema limfàtic">sistema limfàtic</a>, encarregat de recollir el líquid intersticial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aparell_respiratori">Aparell respiratori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Aparell respiratori"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El <a href="/wiki/Sistema_respiratori" title="Sistema respiratori">sistema respiratori</a> dels vertebrats és <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A0nquia" title="Brànquia">branquial</a> en els animals aquàtics (ciclòstoms, peixos i larves d'amfibis), i <a href="/wiki/Pulm%C3%B3" title="Pulmó">pulmonar</a> en els terrestres i en part dels aquàtics. </p><p>La brànquia és un òrgan o apèndix filiforme, en forma de làmina vascularitzada, externa o interna segons es disposi en el cos. Tenen una funció respiratòria, i estan especialitzades per a l'intercanvi gasós en el medi aquàtic. Totes les brànquies presenten en comú una ampla superfície de contacte amb el medi, i en elles la irrigació sanguínia es troba molt més desenvolupada que en altres parts del cos. </p><p>En les aus, l'aparell respiratori és summament eficaç; proporciona l'<a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">oxigen</a> necessari per generar l'energia que el cos demanda per l'esforç desenvolupat durant el vol. Consta d'un sistema de bronquis que estan connectats a uns <a href="/wiki/Sac_aeri" title="Sac aeri">sacs aeris</a>; els pulmons estan dividits en <a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%A8ol" title="Alvèol">alvèols</a> i petits lòbuls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sistema_nerviós"><span id="Sistema_nervi.C3.B3s"></span>Sistema nerviós</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Sistema nerviós"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El <a href="/wiki/Sistema_nervi%C3%B3s" title="Sistema nerviós">sistema nerviós</a> dels vertebrats comprèn el <a href="/wiki/Sistema_nervi%C3%B3s_central" title="Sistema nerviós central">sistema nerviós central</a> (SNC), que al seu torn consta d'<a href="/wiki/Enc%C3%A8fal" title="Encèfal">encèfal</a> i <a href="/wiki/Medul%C2%B7la_espinal" title="Medul·la espinal">medul·la espinal</a>; i el <a href="/wiki/Sistema_nervi%C3%B3s_perif%C3%A8ric" title="Sistema nerviós perifèric">sistema nerviós perifèric</a>, que consta de nombrosos ganglis i nervis (raquidis o espinals); existeix a més un <a href="/wiki/Sistema_nervi%C3%B3s_aut%C3%B2nom" title="Sistema nerviós autònom">sistema nerviós autònom</a>, simpàtic i parasimpàtic, que innerva les vísceres. </p><p>Els <a href="/wiki/%C3%92rgans_sensorials" class="mw-redirect" title="Òrgans sensorials">òrgans sensorials</a>, així com les funcions motrius, són molt perfeccionades i desenvolupades. Els nervis raquidis es ramifiquen a diferents nivells de la medul·la, i innerven els diferents <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsculs" class="mw-redirect" title="Músculs">músculs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A0ndules" class="mw-redirect" title="Glàndules">glàndules</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C3%92rgan_(anatomia)" title="Òrgan (anatomia)">òrgans</a>. En el cas dels tetràpodes, apareixen dos engruiximents a la medul·la, les intumescències cervicals i lumbar, a conseqüència del desenvolupament de les potes. </p><p>Els sentits inclouen: </p> <ul><li>ulls, disposats en càmera de visió lateral, llevat d'en algunes aus i mamífers primats, que és binocular;</li> <li>tangoreceptors, que inclou els òrgans tàctils dels mamífers i la línia lateral (captadors d'ones de pressió) dels ciclòstoms, peixos i alguns amfibis aquàtics;</li> <li>òrgans auditius, en els tetràpodes consta d'orella interna i orella mitjana, finestres oval i rodona, membrana timpànica i ossets, que transmet la vibració del timpà, a la còclea o cargol. L'orella mitjana comunica amb la faringe a través de la trompa d'Eustaqui; els mamífers disposen a més d'una orella externa. En els peixos només hi ha orella interna.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sistema_endocrí"><span id="Sistema_endocr.C3.AD"></span>Sistema endocrí</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Sistema endocrí"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El <a href="/wiki/Sistema_endocr%C3%AD" title="Sistema endocrí">sistema endocrí</a> dels vertebrats està molt perfeccionat; mitjançant les <a href="/wiki/Hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormones">hormones</a> regula múltiples funcions de l'organisme. Està controlat per l'<a href="/wiki/Hipot%C3%A0lem" title="Hipotàlem">hipotàlem</a> i la <a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B2fisi" title="Hipòfisi">hipòfisi</a>, que mitjançant l'elaboració de missatges bioquímics exerceixen la seva acció sobre les gònades, pàncrees, glàndules suprarenals, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aparell_digestiu">Aparell digestiu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Aparell digestiu"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'<a href="/wiki/Aparell_digestiu" title="Aparell digestiu">aparell digestiu</a> dels vertebrats va evolucionar a partir de les primeres formes que s'alimentaven mitjançant sistemes filtradors, fins als vertebrats macrofàgics, que va suposar una sèrie d'adaptacions dels diferents elements que intervenen: dentals, mastegadors, musculars, i fins i tot de les mateixes cavitats internes, així com els components <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzimàtics</a> necessaris per realitzar la digestió. </p><p>Consisteix en una cavitat oral o <a href="/wiki/Boca" title="Boca">boca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faringe" title="Faringe">faringe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Es%C3%B2fag" title="Esòfag">esòfag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%B3mac" title="Estómac">estómac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intest%C3%AD" title="Intestí">intestí</a> i anus. Aquests <a href="/wiki/%C3%92rgan_(anatomia)" title="Òrgan (anatomia)">òrgans</a> estan associats a altres formacions glandulars annexes, com les salivals, el fetge i el pàncrees. En els <a href="/wiki/Tetr%C3%A0pode" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetràpode">tetràpodes</a>, la cavitat bucal és de complexitat creixent; en ella es desenvolupen un conjunt d'estructures auxiliars, com els <a href="/wiki/Llavi" title="Llavi">llavis</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Llengua" class="mw-redirect" title="Llengua">llengua</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Paladar" title="Paladar">paladar</a> i les <a href="/wiki/Dents" class="mw-redirect" title="Dents">dents</a>. </p><p>L'<a href="/wiki/Est%C3%B3mac" title="Estómac">estómac</a> està típicament dividit en tres regions; en el cas dels <a href="/wiki/Remugants" title="Remugants">remugants</a>, degut a la seva adaptació a dietes herbívores, presenten un estómac de quatre cavitats. En els <a href="/wiki/Ocells" title="Ocells">ocells</a> es distingeix un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proventricle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proventricle (encara no existeix)">proventricle</a> i un <a href="/wiki/Pedreguer" title="Pedreguer">pedreguer</a> triturador; i a l'<a href="/wiki/Es%C3%B2fag" title="Esòfag">esòfag</a>, un diverticle o <a href="/wiki/Pap" class="mw-disambig" title="Pap">pap</a>. </p><p>L'<a href="/wiki/Intest%C3%AD" title="Intestí">intestí</a> és compost d'un porció estreta, l'intestí prim, i una altra de més curta i ampla, l'intestí gros. En el primer vessen la <a href="/wiki/Bilis" title="Bilis">bilis</a> del <a href="/wiki/Fetge" title="Fetge">fetge</a> i el suc pancreàtic del <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0ncrees" title="Pàncrees">pàncrees</a>, que realitzen una funció <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%B2lisi" title="Proteòlisi">proteolítica</a>, és a dir, realitzen la degradació de les proteïnes, i així es poden absorbir els <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> a través de les <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microvellositat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microvellositat (encara no existeix)">microvellositats</a>. A l'<a href="/wiki/Intest%C3%AD_gruixut" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestí gruixut">intestí gruixut</a> s'absorbeix l'aigua i es formen els rebuigs o <a href="/wiki/Excrements" class="mw-redirect" title="Excrements">excrements</a>. </p><p>Inicialment, els vertebrats primitius s'alimentaven mitjançant sistemes de <a href="/wiki/Alimentaci%C3%B3_per_filtraci%C3%B3" title="Alimentació per filtració">filtració</a>, els quals aviat van ser reemplaçats per altres de més evolucionats. El resultat va ser una reducció de la mida de la faringe i del nombre de clivelles branquials. Excepte en els <a href="/wiki/%C3%80gnats" title="Àgnats">àgnats</a>, que són els vertebrats més primitius, els dos primers <a href="/wiki/Arc_branquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Arc branquial">arcs branquials</a> de la resta de vertebrats van evolucionar fins a transformar-se en les <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%ADbula" title="Mandíbula">mandíbules</a>, que s'han especialitzat en la captura de l'aliment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aparell_excretor">Aparell excretor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la secció: Aparell excretor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El <a href="/wiki/Sistema_excretor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistema excretor">sistema excretor</a> dels vertebrats està format per l'<a href="/wiki/Aparell_renal" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparell renal">aparell renal</a> i les <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A0ndules_sudor%C3%ADpares" class="mw-redirect" title="Glàndules sudorípares">glàndules sudorípares</a>. Està molt perfeccionat en comparació amb els cordats inferiors. Mitjançant estructures especialitzades s'aconsegueix filtrar els líquids interns al marge del medi extern, alhora que manté en equilibri el nivell de tots ells dins del cos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproducció"><span id="Reproducci.C3.B3"></span>Reproducció</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la secció: Reproducció"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El tipus de reproducció dels vertebrats és <a href="/wiki/Sexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual">sexual</a> llevat d'algunes excepcions, com el cas d'alguns peixos amb casos d'hermafroditisme, habitualment mitjançant sexes separats, amb fecundació interna o externa, i tant <a href="/wiki/Viv%C3%ADpar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivípar">vivípars</a> com <a href="/wiki/Ov%C3%ADpar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovípar">ovípars</a>. Els mamífers presenten la major complexitat, en els quals l'<a href="/wiki/Embri%C3%B3" title="Embrió">embrió</a> es desenvolupa en l'interior de la mare rebent l'aliment a través de la <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a>. Després de néixer les cries l'administració de l'aliment s'efectua mitjançant la <a href="/wiki/Llet" title="Llet">llet</a> segregada per les glàndules mamàries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolució"><span id="Evoluci.C3.B3"></span>Evolució</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la secció: Evolució"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els primers registres fòssils són de l'<a href="/wiki/Ordovici%C3%A0" title="Ordovicià">Ordovicià</a>, encara que s'estima que podien existir ja en el <a href="/wiki/Cambri%C3%A0" title="Cambrià">Cambrià</a>. En el <a href="/wiki/Devoni%C3%A0" title="Devonià">Devonià</a>, els <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterigis" title="Sarcopterigis">sarcopterigis</a> (peixos pulmonats), van obrir les portes a l'aparició dels primers <a href="/wiki/Tetr%C3%A0podes" title="Tetràpodes">tetràpodes</a>. Els <a href="/wiki/Amfibis" title="Amfibis">amfibis</a> es van diversificar durant el <a href="/wiki/Carbon%C3%ADfer" title="Carbonífer">Carbonífer</a> i van donar lloc als avantpassats dels <a href="/wiki/Lissamfibis" title="Lissamfibis">amfibis moderns</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lissamfibis" title="Lissamfibis">lissamfibis</a>), especialment el grup dels <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crosopterigis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crosopterigis (encara no existeix)">crosopterigis</a>, que tenien la capacitat de respirar aire atmosfèric. La major part es van extingir (†) al final de l'era <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">paleozoica</a>. </p><p>El desenvolupament dels <a href="/wiki/Amniotes" title="Amniotes">amniotes</a> va succeir a començaments del Carbonífer, a partir d'uns <a href="/wiki/Tetr%C3%A0podes" title="Tetràpodes">tetràpodes</a> semblants als amfibis. Es van diferenciar tres llinatges: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%A0psids" title="Anàpsids">Anàpsids</a>, dels quals deriven els quelonis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin%C3%A0psids" title="Sinàpsids">Sinàpsids</a>, d'on deriven els <a href="/wiki/Mam%C3%ADfers" title="Mamífers">mamífers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di%C3%A0psids" title="Diàpsids">Diàpsids</a>, origen dels <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A8ptils" title="Rèptils">rèptils</a> i els <a href="/wiki/Ocells" title="Ocells">ocells</a>, incloent-hi els <a href="/wiki/Dinosaures" title="Dinosaures">dinosaures</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classificació"><span id="Classificaci.C3.B3"></span>Classificació</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la secció: Classificació"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classificació_linneana_tradicional"><span id="Classificaci.C3.B3_linneana_tradicional"></span>Classificació linneana tradicional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifica la secció: Classificació linneana tradicional"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Durant dècades, els vertebrats s'han classificat en vuit grans grups: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%80gnats" title="Àgnats">Àgnats</a> (peixos sense mandíbules, fòssils majoritàriament)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placoderms" title="Placoderms">Placoderms</a> (peixos cuirassats fòssils)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrictis" class="mw-redirect" title="Condrictis">Condrictis</a> (peixos cartilaginosos)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oste%C3%AFctis" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteïctis">Osteïctis</a> (peixos ossis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfibis" title="Amfibis">Amfibis</a> (granotes, gripaus, tritons)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A8ptils" title="Rèptils">Rèptils</a> (serps, llangardaixos, tortugues, cocodrils)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocells" title="Ocells">Ocells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam%C3%ADfers" title="Mamífers">Mamífers</a></li></ul> <p>Ordenats <a href="/wiki/Taxonomia" title="Taxonomia">taxonòmicament</a> seguirien el següent esquema: </p> <ul><li>Superclasse <a href="/wiki/Agnatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnatha">Agnatha</a> <ul><li>Classe <a href="/wiki/Cephalaspidomorphi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalaspidomorphi">Cephalaspidomorphi</a></li> <li>Classe <a href="/wiki/Myxini" class="mw-redirect" title="Myxini">Myxini</a> (superclasse dubtosa i per això es considera com una classe dins Agnatha)</li></ul></li> <li>Superclasse <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a> <ul><li>Classe <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> (taurons i altres peixos cartilaginosos)</li> <li>Classe <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a> (peixos ossis) <ul><li>Subclasse <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a></li> <li>Subclasse <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a> (peixos pulmonats)</li></ul></li> <li>Superclasse <a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a> (amb quatre extremitats) <ul><li>Classe <a href="/wiki/Amphibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibia">Amphibia</a></li> <li>Classe <a href="/wiki/Reptilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptilia">Reptilia</a></li> <li>Classe <a href="/wiki/Aves" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves">Aves</a></li> <li>Classe <a href="/wiki/Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classificació_cladística"><span id="Classificaci.C3.B3_clad.C3.ADstica"></span>Classificació cladística</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifica la secció: Classificació cladística"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intensos estudis basats en mètodes <a href="/wiki/Clad%C3%ADstica" title="Cladística">cladístics</a>, sobretot a partir de la dècada dels 80, han produït una revolució en la classificació dels vertebrats; el debat roman obert i la classificació que segueix no ha de considerar-se definitiva.<sup id="cite_ref-Hickman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tol_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tol-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="font-size:85%;line-height:70%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><b>Vertebrata</b></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Agnatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnatha">Agnatha</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">Hyperoartia</a> (llampreses)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Nejon%C3%B6ga,_Iduns_kokbok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nejon%C3%B6ga%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg/70px-Nejon%C3%B6ga%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nejon%C3%B6ga%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg/105px-Nejon%C3%B6ga%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nejon%C3%B6ga%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg/140px-Nejon%C3%B6ga%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Myxini" class="mw-redirect" title="Myxini">Myxini</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p>?†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Euconodonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euconodonta (encara no existeix)">Euconodonta</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span style="color:white;">unnamed</span></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Pteraspidomorphi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteraspidomorphi">Pteraspidomorphi</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Astraspis_desiderata.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astraspis_desiderata.png/50px-Astraspis_desiderata.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astraspis_desiderata.png/75px-Astraspis_desiderata.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astraspis_desiderata.png/100px-Astraspis_desiderata.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p>?†<a href="/wiki/Thelodonti" class="mw-redirect" title="Thelodonti">Thelodonti</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg/50px-Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg/75px-Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg/100px-Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="176" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span style="color:white;">unnamed</span></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p>?†<a href="/wiki/Anaspida" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaspida">Anaspida</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Pharyngolepis2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pharyngolepis2.png/50px-Pharyngolepis2.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pharyngolepis2.png/75px-Pharyngolepis2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pharyngolepis2.png/100px-Pharyngolepis2.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span style="color:white;">unnamed</span></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Galeaspida" class="mw-redirect" title="Galeaspida">Galeaspida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span style="color:white;">unnamed</span></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p>?†<a href="/wiki/Pituriaspida" class="mw-redirect" title="Pituriaspida">Pituriaspida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Osteostraci" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteostraci">Osteostraci</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px double black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Placodermi" class="mw-redirect" title="Placodermi">Placodermi</a> (peixos cuirassats)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Dunkleosteus_intermedius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dunkleosteus_intermedius.jpg/70px-Dunkleosteus_intermedius.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dunkleosteus_intermedius.jpg/105px-Dunkleosteus_intermedius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dunkleosteus_intermedius.jpg/140px-Dunkleosteus_intermedius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1023" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span style="color:white;">unnamed</span></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Acanthodii" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthodii">Acanthodii</a>, incl. <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> (peixos cartilaginosos)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Acanthodes_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Acanthodes_BW.jpg/70px-Acanthodes_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Acanthodes_BW.jpg/105px-Acanthodes_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Acanthodes_BW.jpg/140px-Acanthodes_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="303" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg/70px-Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg/105px-Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg/140px-Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="546" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Euteleostomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Euteleostomi">Euteleostomi</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> (peixos d'aletes amb radis)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg/70px-Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg/105px-Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg/140px-Cyprinus_carpio3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="676" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a><br />(peixos d'aletes lobulades)</span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p>?†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Onychodontiformes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onychodontiformes (encara no existeix)">Onychodontiformes</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:OnychodusDB15_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/OnychodusDB15_flipped.jpg/70px-OnychodusDB15_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/OnychodusDB15_flipped.jpg/105px-OnychodusDB15_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/OnychodusDB15_flipped.jpg/140px-OnychodusDB15_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="986" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Actinistia" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinistia">Actinistia</a> (celacants)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Coelacanth_flipped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coelacanth_flipped.png/70px-Coelacanth_flipped.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coelacanth_flipped.png/105px-Coelacanth_flipped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coelacanth_flipped.png/140px-Coelacanth_flipped.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="228" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span style="color:white;">unnamed</span></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Porolepiformes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porolepiformes (encara no existeix)">Porolepiformes</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Reconstruction_of_Porolepis_sp_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Reconstruction_of_Porolepis_sp_flipped.jpg/70px-Reconstruction_of_Porolepis_sp_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Reconstruction_of_Porolepis_sp_flipped.jpg/105px-Reconstruction_of_Porolepis_sp_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Reconstruction_of_Porolepis_sp_flipped.jpg/140px-Reconstruction_of_Porolepis_sp_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="1724" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dipnoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipnoi">Dipnoi</a> (peixos pulmonats)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Barramunda_coloured.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Barramunda_coloured.jpg/70px-Barramunda_coloured.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Barramunda_coloured.jpg/105px-Barramunda_coloured.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Barramunda_coloured.jpg/140px-Barramunda_coloured.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="214" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style=""><span style="color:white;">unnamed</span></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhizodontimorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhizodontimorpha (encara no existeix)">Rhizodontimorpha</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg/70px-Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg/105px-Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg/140px-Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3272" data-file-height="1905" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tristichopteridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tristichopteridae (encara no existeix)">Tristichopteridae</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Eusthenodon_DB15_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eusthenodon_DB15_flipped.jpg/70px-Eusthenodon_DB15_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eusthenodon_DB15_flipped.jpg/105px-Eusthenodon_DB15_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eusthenodon_DB15_flipped.jpg/140px-Eusthenodon_DB15_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="924" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_(Salamandra_salamdra).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_%28Salamandra_salamdra%29.jpg/70px-Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_%28Salamandra_salamdra%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_%28Salamandra_salamdra%29.jpg/105px-Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_%28Salamandra_salamdra%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_%28Salamandra_salamdra%29.jpg/140px-Deutschlands_Amphibien_und_Reptilien_%28Salamandra_salamdra%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="588" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cal destacar que diversos <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0xon" title="Tàxon">tàxons</a> de la classificació linneana tradicional són <a href="/wiki/Parafil%C3%A8tic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parafilètic">parafilètics</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peixos" title="Peixos">peixos</a> (tots els vertebrats no tetràpodes), <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a> (Actinopterygii + Sarcopterygii), <a href="/wiki/Reptilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptilia">Reptilia</a> (Testudines + Lepidosauria + Crocodilia), i que els ocells són un <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> més dins els "rèptils"; si es tenen en compte les formes <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B2ssils" class="mw-redirect" title="Fòssils">fòssils</a>, grups com els amfibis esdevenen també parafilètics. Els «rèptils», en sentit cladístic, inclouen els ocells i no inclouen els «rèptils» que van evolucionar als mamífers (<a href="/wiki/Sin%C3%A0psids" title="Sinàpsids">sinàpsids</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=edit&section=15" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LBritannicaFish-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LBritannicaFish_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/fish">Fish</a>» (en anglès). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, 4 juny 2021. [Consulta: 7 juliol 2021].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíazSantos1998184-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíazSantos1998184_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDíazSantos1998">Díaz i Santos, 1998</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/tables/table1">IUCN The World Conservation Union</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hickman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hickman_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hickman, C. P., Ober, W. C. i Garrison, C. W., 2006. <i>Principios integrales de zoología</i>, 13ª edición. McGraw-Hill-Interamericana, Madrid (etc.), XVIII+1022 pp. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/84-481-4528-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/84-481-4528-3">ISBN 84-481-4528-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tol-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tol_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Janvier, P. 1997. Vertebrata. Animals with backbones. Version 1 January 1997 (under construction). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tolweb.org/Vertebrata/14829/1997.01.01">http://tolweb.org/Vertebrata/14829/1997.01.01</a> in The Tree of Life Web Project, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tolweb.org/">http://tolweb.org/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"> «A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative studies of tunicates». <i>BMC Biology</i>, 16, 1, 4-2018, pàg. 39. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12915-018-0499-2">10.1186/s12915-018-0499-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5899321">5899321</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653534?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:29653534">29653534</a>.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=edit&section=16" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFDíazSantos1998"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Díaz</span>, J.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Santos</span>, T. <i>Zoología: Aproximación evolutiva a la diversidad y organización de los animales</i> (en castellà).  Editorial Síntesis, 1998. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/84-7738-591-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/84-7738-591-2">ISBN 84-7738-591-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoolog%C3%ADa%3A+Aproximaci%C3%B3n+evolutiva+a+la+diversidad+y+organizaci%C3%B3n+de+los+animales&rft.aulast=D%C3%ADaz&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.date=1998&rft.pub=Editorial+S%C3%ADntesis&rft.isbn=84-7738-591-2"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&action=edit&section=17" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin:5px; padding: 5px; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align:left;" class="infobox noprint plainlinks"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%">En altres projectes de <a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Wikimedia" title="Fundació Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/17px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/26px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/34px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" class="extiw" title="commons:Vertebrata"><b>Commons</b></a><span style="font-size:70%;"> (Galeria)</span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25241?uselang=ca#sitelinks-special" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/17px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/26px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/34px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vertebrata" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vertebrata"><b>Commons</b></a><span style="font-size:70%;"> (Categoria)</span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25241?uselang=ca#sitelinks-special" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Viquiespècies"><img alt="Viquiespècies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/17px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/26px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption>Viquiespècies</figcaption></figure></td> <td><a class="external text" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata?uselang=ca"><b>Viquiespècies</b></a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25241?uselang=ca#sitelinks-special" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Viquillibres"><img alt="Viquillibres" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/17px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/26px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/34px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Viquillibres</figcaption></figure></td> <td><b><a href="https://ca.wikibooks.org/wiki/Biologia_i_diversitat_de_vertebrats" class="extiw" title="b:Biologia i diversitat de vertebrats">Viquillibres</a></b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Amniota&contgroup=Terrestrial_vertebrates">Tree of Life</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33711417">.mw-parser-output .languageicon{font-size:0.95em;color:#555;background-color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}</style><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rmki.kfki.hu/~lukacs/AMPHIOX.htm">Vertebrate: individual or colony</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bases_de_dades_taxonòmiques" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" 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href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d'autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11974791b">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4066376-0">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCCN" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN">LCCN</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85142902">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National 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none;" class="interProject"><a href="https://ca.wiktionary.org/wiki/vertebrat" class="extiw" title="wikt:vertebrat">Viccionari</a></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtingut de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&oldid=33865766">https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertebrats&oldid=33865766</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Vertebrats" title="Categoria:Vertebrats">Vertebrats</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categories ocultes: <ul><li><a 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