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elctrode</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: carbon paste elctrode"> <meta name="keywords" content="carbon paste elctrode"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="carbon paste elctrode"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 3236</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: carbon paste elctrode</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3236</span> Eresa, Hospital General Universitario de Elche</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashish%20Kumar%20Singh">Ashish Kumar Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehak%20Gulati"> Mehak Gulati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neelam%20Verma"> Neelam Verma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Arginine majorly acts as a substrate for the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) for the production of nitric oxide, a strong vasodilator. Current study demonstrated a novel amperometric approach for estimation of arginine using nitric oxide synthase. The enzyme was co-immobilized in carbon paste electrode with NADP+, FAD and BH4 as cofactors. The detection principle of the biosensor is enzyme NOS catalyzes the conversion of arginine into nitric oxide. The developed biosensor could able to detect up to 10-9M of arginine. The oxidation peak of NO was observed at 0.65V. The developed arginine biosensor was used to monitor arginine content in fruit juices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arginine" title="arginine">arginine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosensor" title=" biosensor"> biosensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20paste%20elctrode" title=" carbon paste elctrode"> carbon paste elctrode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitric%20oxide" title=" nitric oxide"> nitric oxide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28880/eresa-hospital-general-universitario-de-elche" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28880.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">425</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3235</span> Incorporating Ground Sand in Production of Self-Consolidating Concrete to Decrease High Paste Volume and Improve Passing Ability of Self-Consolidating Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20K.%20Ling">S. K. Ling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20K.%20H.%20Kwan"> A. K. H. Kwan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The production of SCC (self-consolidating concrete) generally requires a fairy high paste volume, ranging from 35% to 40% of the total concrete volume. Such high paste volume would lead to low dimensional stability and high carbon footprint. Direct lowering the paste volume would deteriorate the performance of SCC, especially the passing ability. It is often observed that at narrow gap of congested reinforcements, the paste often flows in the front leaving the coarse aggregate particle behind to block the subsequent flow of concrete. Herein, it is suggested to increase the mortar volume through incorporating ground sand with a mean size of 0.3 mm while keeping the paste volume small. Trial concrete mixes with paste volumes of 30% and 34% and different ground sand contents have been tested to demonstrate how the paste volume can be lowered without sacrificing the passing ability. Overall, the results demonstrated that the addition of ground sand would enable the achievement of high passing ability at a relatively small paste volume. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ground%20sand" title="ground sand">ground sand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortar%20volume" title=" mortar volume"> mortar volume</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paste%20volume" title=" paste volume"> paste volume</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-consolidating%20concrete" title=" self-consolidating concrete"> self-consolidating concrete</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50632/incorporating-ground-sand-in-production-of-self-consolidating-concrete-to-decrease-high-paste-volume-and-improve-passing-ability-of-self-consolidating-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50632.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">279</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3234</span> Disposable PANI-CeO2 Sensor for the Electrocatalytic Simultaneous Quantification of Amlodipine and Nebivolol </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nimisha%20Jadon">Nimisha Jadon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajeev%20Jain"> Rajeev Jain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swati%20Sharma"> Swati Sharma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A chemically modified carbon paste sensor has been developed for the simultaneous determination of amlodipine (AML) and nebivolol (NBV). Carbon paste electrode (CPE) was fabricated by the addition of Gr/PANI-CeO2. Gr/PANI-CeO2/CPE has achieved excellent electrocatalytic activity and sensitivity. AML and NBV exhibited oxidation peaks at 0.70 and 0.90 V respectively on Gr/ PANI-CeO2/CPE. The linearity range of AML and NBV was 0.1 to 1.6 μgmL-1 in BR buffer (pH 8.0). The Limit of detection (LOD) was 20.0 ngmL-1 for AML and 30.0 ngmL-1 for NBV and limit of quantification (LOQ) was 80.0 ngmL-1 for AML and 100 ngmL-1 for NBV respectively. These analyses were also determined in pharmaceutical formulation and human serum and good recovery was obtained for the developed method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amlodipine" title="amlodipine">amlodipine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nebivolol" title=" nebivolol"> nebivolol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=square%20wave%20voltammetry" title=" square wave voltammetry"> square wave voltammetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20paste%20electrode" title=" carbon paste electrode"> carbon paste electrode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simultaneous%20quantification" title=" simultaneous quantification"> simultaneous quantification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80595/disposable-pani-ceo2-sensor-for-the-electrocatalytic-simultaneous-quantification-of-amlodipine-and-nebivolol" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80595.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">354</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3233</span> Determination of Nanomolar Mercury (II) by Using Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Carbon Zinc/Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide – 3 (4-Methoxyphenyl) Propionate Nanocomposite Paste Electrode</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Illyas%20Md%20Isa">Illyas Md Isa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharifah%20Norain%20Mohd%20Sharif"> Sharifah Norain Mohd Sharif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norhayati%20Hashima"> Norhayati Hashima</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A mercury(II) sensor was developed by using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) paste electrode modified with Zn/Al layered double hydroxide-3(4-methoxyphenyl)propionate nanocomposite (Zn/Al-HMPP). The optimum conditions by cyclic voltammetry were observed at electrode composition 2.5% (w/w) of Zn/Al-HMPP/MWCNTs, 0.4 M potassium chloride, pH 4.0, and scan rate of 100 mVs-1. The sensor exhibited wide linear range from 1x10-3 M to 1x10-7 M Hg2+ and 1x10-7 M to 1x10-9 M Hg2+, with a detection limit of 1x10-10 M Hg2+. The high sensitivity of the proposed electrode towards Hg(II) was confirmed by double potential-step chronocoulometry which indicated these values; diffusion coefficient 1.5445 x 10-9 cm2 s-1, surface charge 524.5 µC s-½ and surface coverage 4.41 x 10-2 mol cm-2. The presence of 25-fold concentration of most metal ions had no influence on the anodic peak current. With characteristics such as high sensitivity, selectivity and repeatability the electrode was then proposed as the appropriate alternative for the determination of mercury(II). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclic%20voltammetry" title="cyclic voltammetry">cyclic voltammetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mercury%28II%29" title=" mercury(II)"> mercury(II)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modified%20carbon%20paste%20electrode" title=" modified carbon paste electrode"> modified carbon paste electrode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanocomposite" title=" nanocomposite "> nanocomposite </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15881/determination-of-nanomolar-mercury-ii-by-using-multi-walled-carbon-nanotubes-modified-carbon-zincaluminum-layered-double-hydroxide-3-4-methoxyphenyl-propionate-nanocomposite-paste-electrode" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15881.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">309</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3232</span> Determination of Nanomolar Mercury (II) by Using Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Carbon Zinc/Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide-3(4-Methoxyphenyl) Propionate Nanocomposite Paste Electrode</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Illyas%20Md%20Isa">Illyas Md Isa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharifah%20Norain%20Mohd%20Sharif"> Sharifah Norain Mohd Sharif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norhayati%20Hashim"> Norhayati Hashim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A mercury(II) sensor was developed by using multi-walled carbon nano tubes (MWCNTs) paste electrode modified with Zn/Al layered double hydroxide-3(4-methoxyphenyl) propionate nano composite (Zn/Al-HMPP). The optimum conditions by cyclic voltammetry were observed at electrode composition 2.5% (w/w) of Zn/Al-HMPP/MWCNTs, 0.4 M potassium chloride, pH 4.0, and scan rate of 100 mVs-1. The sensor exhibited wide linear range from 1x10-3 M to 1x10-7 M Hg2+ and 1x10-7 M to 1x10-9 M Hg2+, with a detection limit of 1 x 10-10 M Hg2+. The high sensitivity of the proposed electrode towards Hg(II) was confirmed by double potential-step chronocoulometry which indicated these values; diffusion coefficient 1.5445 x 10-9 cm2 s-1, surface charge 524.5 µC s-½ and surface coverage 4.41 x 10-2 mol cm-2. The presence of 25-fold concentration of most metal ions had no influence on the anodic peak current. With characteristics such as high sensitivity, selectivity and repeatability the electrode was then proposed as the appropriate alternative for the determination of mercury. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cyclic%20voltammetry" title="Cyclic voltammetry">Cyclic voltammetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mercury%28II%29" title=" Mercury(II)"> Mercury(II)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Modified%20carbon%20paste%20electrode" title=" Modified carbon paste electrode"> Modified carbon paste electrode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nanocomposite" title=" Nanocomposite"> Nanocomposite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23508/determination-of-nanomolar-mercury-ii-by-using-multi-walled-carbon-nanotubes-modified-carbon-zincaluminum-layered-double-hydroxide-34-methoxyphenyl-propionate-nanocomposite-paste-electrode" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23508.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">433</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3231</span> Role of Dispersion of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on Compressive Strength of Cement Paste</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jyoti%20Bharj">Jyoti Bharj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarabjit%20Singh"> Sarabjit Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subhash%20Chander"> Subhash Chander</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rabinder%20Singh"> Rabinder Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The outstanding mechanical properties of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) have generated great interest for their potential as reinforcements in high performance cementitious composites. The main challenge in research is the proper dispersion of carbon nanotubes in the cement matrix. The present work discusses the role of dispersion of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the compressive strength characteristics of hydrated Portland IS 1489 cement paste. Cement-MWCNT composites with different mixing techniques were prepared by adding 0.2% (by weight) of MWCNTs to Portland IS 1489 cement. Rectangle specimens of size approximately 40mm × 40mm ×160mm were prepared and curing of samples was done for 7, 14, 28, and 35 days. An appreciable increase in compressive strength with both techniques; mixture of MWCNTs with cement in powder form and mixture of MWCNTs with cement in hydrated form 7 to 28 days of curing time for all the samples was observed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20nanotubes" title="carbon nanotubes">carbon nanotubes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Portland%20cement" title=" Portland cement"> Portland cement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite" title=" composite"> composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title=" compressive strength"> compressive strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3863/role-of-dispersion-of-multiwalled-carbon-nanotubes-on-compressive-strength-of-cement-paste" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3863.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">421</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3230</span> Electrochemical Detection of Hydroquinone by Square Wave Voltammetry Using a Zn Layered Hydroxide-Ferulate Modified Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Paste Electrode</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Syahrizal%20Ahmad">Mohamad Syahrizal Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Illyas%20M.%20Isa"> Illyas M. Isa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, a multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) paste electrode modified by a Zn layered hydroxide-ferulate (ZLH-F) was used for detection of hydroquinone (HQ). The morphology and characteristic of the ZLH-F/MWCNT were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). Under optimal conditions, the SWV response showed linear plot for HQ concentration in the range of 1.0×10⁻⁵ M – 1.0×10⁻³ M. The detection limit was found to be 5.7×10⁻⁶ M and correlation coefficient of 0.9957. The glucose, fructose, sucrose, bisphenol A, acetaminophen, lysine, NO₃⁻, Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻ did not interfere the HQ response. This modified electrode can be used to determine HQ content in wastewater and cosmetic cream with range of recovery 97.8% - 103.0%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=1" title="1">1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=4-dihydroxybenzene" title="4-dihydroxybenzene">4-dihydroxybenzene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydroquinone" title=" hydroquinone"> hydroquinone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiwall%20carbon%20nanotubes" title=" multiwall carbon nanotubes"> multiwall carbon nanotubes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=square%20wave%20voltammetry" title=" square wave voltammetry"> square wave voltammetry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84969/electrochemical-detection-of-hydroquinone-by-square-wave-voltammetry-using-a-zn-layered-hydroxide-ferulate-modified-multiwall-carbon-nanotubes-paste-electrode" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84969.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">229</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3229</span> Quantitative Analysis of Caffeine in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using a Cost-Effective Electrochemical Sensor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20T.%20Gebreslassie">Y. T. Gebreslassie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abrha%20Tadesse"> Abrha Tadesse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20C.%20Saini"> R. C. Saini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rishi%20Pal"> Rishi Pal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Caffeine, known chemically as 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione, is a naturally occurring alkaloid classified as an N-methyl derivative of xanthine. Given its widespread use in coffee and other caffeine-containing products, it is the most commonly consumed psychoactive substance in everyday human life. This research aimed to develop a cost-effective, sensitive, and easily manufacturable sensor for the detection of caffeine. Antraquinone-modified carbon paste electrode (AQMCPE) was fabricated, and the electrochemical behavior of caffeine on this electrode was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) in a solution of 0.1M perchloric acid at pH 0.56. The modified electrode displayed enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards caffeine oxidation, exhibiting a two-fold increase in peak current and an 82 mV shift of the peak potential in the negative direction compared to an unmodified carbon paste electrode (UMCPE). Exploiting the electrocatalytic properties of the modified electrode, SWV was employed for the quantitative determination of caffeine. Under optimized experimental conditions, a linear relationship between peak current and concentration was observed within the range of 2.0 x 10⁻⁶ to 1.0× 10⁻⁴ M, with a correlation coefficient of 0.998 and a detection limit of 1.47× 10⁻⁷ M (signal-to-noise ratio = 3). Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of caffeine in pharmaceutical formulations, yielding recovery percentages ranging from 95.27% to 106.75%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antraquinone-modified%20carbon%20paste%20electrode" title="antraquinone-modified carbon paste electrode">antraquinone-modified carbon paste electrode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=caffeine" title=" caffeine"> caffeine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=detection" title=" detection"> detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical%20sensor" title=" electrochemical sensor"> electrochemical sensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantitative%20analysis" title=" quantitative analysis"> quantitative analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180289/quantitative-analysis-of-caffeine-in-pharmaceutical-formulations-using-a-cost-effective-electrochemical-sensor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180289.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">65</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3228</span> Simultaneous Detection of Dopamine and Uric Acid in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid at Physiological Level Using Anodized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube–Poldimethylsiloxane Paste Electrode</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angelo%20Gabriel%20Buenaventura">Angelo Gabriel Buenaventura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Allan%20Christopher%20Yago"> Allan Christopher Yago</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A carbon paste electrode (CPE) composed of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) conducting particle and Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) binder was used for simultaneous detection of Dopamine (DA) and Uric Acid (UA) in the presence of Ascorbic Acid (AA) at physiological level. The MWCNT-PDMS CPE was initially activated via potentiodynamic cycling in a basic (NaOH) solution, which resulted in enhanced electrochemical properties. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measurements revealed a significantly lower charge transfer resistance (Rct) for the OH--activated MWCNT-PDMS CPE (Rct = 5.08kΩ) as compared to buffer (pH 7)-activated MWCNT-PDMS CPE (Rct = 25.9kΩ). Reversibility analysis of Fe(CN)63-/4- redox couple of both Buffer-Activated CPE and OH--Activated CPE showed that the OH—Activated CPE have peak current ratio (Ia/Ic) of 1.11 at 100mV/s while 2.12 for the Buffer-Activated CPE; this showed an electrochemically reversible behavior for Fe(CN)63-/4- redox couple even at relatively fast scan rate using the OH--activated CPE. Enhanced voltammetric signal for DA and significant peak separation between DA and UA was obtained using the OH--activated MWCNT-PDMS CPE in the presence of 50 μM AA via Differential Pulse Voltammetry technique. The anodic peak currents which appeared at 0.263V and 0.414 V were linearly increasing with increasing concentrations of DA and UA, respectively. The linear ranges were obtained at 25 μM – 100 μM for both DA and UA. The detection limit was determined to be 3.86 μM for DA and 5.61 μM for UA. These results indicate a practical approach in the simultaneous detection of important bio-organic molecules using a simple CPE composed of MWCNT and PDMS with base anodization as activation technique. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anodization" title="anodization">anodization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ascorbic%20acid" title=" ascorbic acid"> ascorbic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20paste%20electrodes" title=" carbon paste electrodes"> carbon paste electrodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dopamine" title=" dopamine"> dopamine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uric%20acid" title=" uric acid"> uric acid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65212/simultaneous-detection-of-dopamine-and-uric-acid-in-the-presence-of-ascorbic-acid-at-physiological-level-using-anodized-multiwalled-carbon-nanotube-poldimethylsiloxane-paste-electrode" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65212.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">284</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3227</span> Fabrication of Biosensor Based on Layered Double Hydroxide/Polypyrrole/Carbon Paste Electrode for Determination of Anti-Hypertensive and Prostatic Hyperplasia Drug Terazosin</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amira%20M.%20Hassanein">Amira M. Hassanein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nehal%20A.%20Salahuddin"> Nehal A. Salahuddin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atsunori%20Matsuda"> Atsunori Matsuda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toshiaki%20Hattori"> Toshiaki Hattori</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mona%20N.%20Elfiky"> Mona N. Elfiky</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> New insights into the design of highly sensitive, carbon-based electrochemical sensors are presented in this work. This was achieved by exploring the interesting properties of conductive (Mg/Al) layered double hydroxide- Dodecyl Sulphate/Polypyrrole nanocomposites which were synthesized by in-situ polymerization of pyrrole during the assembly of (Mg/Al) layered double hydroxide, and by employing the anionic surfactant Dodecyl sulphate as a modifier. The morphology and surface area of the nanocomposites changed with the percentage of Pyrrole. Under optimal conditions, the modified carbon paste electrode successfully achieved detection limits of 0.057 and 0.134 nmol.L-1 of Terazosin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulation and spiked human serum fluid, respectively. Moreover, the sensors are highly stable, reusable, and free from interference by other commonly present excipients in drug formulations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=layered%20double%20hydroxide" title="layered double hydroxide">layered double hydroxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polypyrrole" title=" polypyrrole"> polypyrrole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terazosin%20hydrochloride" title=" terazosin hydrochloride"> terazosin hydrochloride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=square-wave%20adsorptive%20anodic%20stripping%20voltammetry" title=" square-wave adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetry"> square-wave adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79856/fabrication-of-biosensor-based-on-layered-double-hydroxidepolypyrrolecarbon-paste-electrode-for-determination-of-anti-hypertensive-and-prostatic-hyperplasia-drug-terazosin" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79856.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">221</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3226</span> Application of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes with Anionic Surfactant to Cement Paste</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maciej%20Szelag">Maciej Szelag</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The discovery of the carbon nanotubes (CNT), has led to a breakthrough in the material engineering. The CNT is characterized by very large surface area, very high Young's modulus (about 2 TPa), unmatched durability, high tensile strength (about 50 GPa) and bending strength. Their diameter usually oscillates in the range from 1 to 100 nm, and the length from 10 nm to 10-2 m. The relatively new approach is the CNT’s application in the concrete technology. The biggest problem in the use of the CNT to cement composites is their uneven dispersion and low adhesion to the cement paste. Putting the nanotubes alone into the cement matrix does not produce any effect because they tend to agglomerate, due to their large surface area. Most often, the CNT is used as an aqueous suspension in the presence of a surfactant that has previously been sonicated. The paper presents the results of investigations of the basic physical properties (apparent density, shrinkage) and mechanical properties (compression and tensile strength) of cement paste with the addition of the multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The studies were carried out on four series of specimens (made of two different Portland Cement). Within each series, samples were made with three w/c ratios – 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 (water/cement). Two series were an unmodified cement matrix. In the remaining two series, the MWCNT was added in amount of 0.1% by cement’s weight. The MWCNT was used as an aqueous dispersion in the presence of a surfactant – SDS – sodium dodecyl sulfate (C₁₂H₂₅OSO₂ONa). So prepared aqueous solution was sonicated for 30 minutes. Then the MWCNT aqueous dispersion and cement were mixed using a mechanical stirrer. The parameters were tested after 28 days of maturation. Additionally, the change of these parameters was determined after samples temperature loading at 250°C for 4 hours (thermal shock). Measurement of the apparent density indicated that cement paste with the MWCNT addition was about 30% lighter than conventional cement matrix. This is due to the fact that the use of the MWCNT water dispersion in the presence of surfactant in the form of SDS resulted in the formation of air pores, which were trapped in the volume of the material. SDS as an anionic surfactant exhibits characteristics specific to blowing agents – gaseous and foaming substances. Because of the increased porosity of the cement paste with the MWCNT, they have obtained lower compressive and tensile strengths compared to the cement paste without additive. It has been observed, however, that the smallest decreases in the compressive and tensile strength after exposure to the elevated temperature achieved samples with the MWCNT. The MWCNT (well dispersed in the cement matrix) can form bridges between hydrates in a nanoscale of the material’s structure. Thus, this may result in an increase in the coherent cohesion of the cement material subjected to a thermal shock. The obtained material could be used for the production of an aerated concrete or using lightweight aggregates for the production of a lightweight concrete. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cement%20paste" title="cement paste">cement paste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elevated%20temperature" title=" elevated temperature"> elevated temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20parameters" title=" mechanical parameters"> mechanical parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiwall%20carbon%20nanotubes" title=" multiwall carbon nanotubes"> multiwall carbon nanotubes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20parameters" title=" physical parameters"> physical parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SDS" title=" SDS"> SDS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76965/application-of-multiwall-carbon-nanotubes-with-anionic-surfactant-to-cement-paste" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76965.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">356</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3225</span> Electrochemical Behavior of Cocaine on Carbon Paste Electrode Chemically Modified with Cu(II) Trans 3-MeO Salcn Complex</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alex%20Soares%20Castro">Alex Soares Castro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matheus%20Manoel%20Teles%20de%20Menezes"> Matheus Manoel Teles de Menezes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Larissa%20Silva%20de%20Azevedo"> Larissa Silva de Azevedo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ana%20Carolina%20Caleffi%20Patelli"> Ana Carolina Caleffi Patelli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osmair%20Vital%20de%20Oliveira"> Osmair Vital de Oliveira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aline%20Thais%20Bruni"> Aline Thais Bruni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcelo%20Firmino%20de%20Oliveira"> Marcelo Firmino de Oliveira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Considering the problem of the seizure of illicit drugs, as well as the development of electrochemical sensors using chemically modified electrodes, this work shows the study of the electrochemical activity of cocaine in carbon paste electrode chemically modified with Cu (II) trans 3-MeO salcn complex. In this context, cyclic voltammetry was performed on 0.1 mol.L⁻¹ KCl supporting electrolyte at a scan speed of 100 mV s⁻¹, using an electrochemical cell composed of three electrodes: Ag /AgCl electrode (filled KCl 3 mol.L⁻¹) from Metrohm® (reference electrode); a platinum spiral electrode, as an auxiliary electrode, and a carbon paste electrode chemically modified with Cu (II) trans 3-MeO complex (as working electrode). Two forms of cocaine were analyzed: cocaine hydrochloride (pH 3) and cocaine free base form (pH 8). The PM7 computational method predicted that the hydrochloride form is more stable than the free base form of cocaine, so with cyclic voltammetry, we found electrochemical signal only for cocaine in the form of hydrochloride, with an anodic peak at 1.10 V, with a linearity range between 2 and 20 μmol L⁻¹ had LD and LQ of 2.39 and 7.26x10-5 mol L⁻¹, respectively. The study also proved that cocaine is adsorbed on the surface of the working electrode, where through an irreversible process, where only anode peaks are observed, we have the oxidation of cocaine, which occurs in the hydrophilic region due to the loss of two electrons. The mechanism of this reaction was confirmed by the ab-inito quantum method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ab-initio%20computational%20method" title="ab-initio computational method">ab-initio computational method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analytical%20method" title=" analytical method"> analytical method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cocaine" title=" cocaine"> cocaine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Schiff%20base%20complex" title=" Schiff base complex"> Schiff base complex</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=voltammetry" title=" voltammetry"> voltammetry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93544/electrochemical-behavior-of-cocaine-on-carbon-paste-electrode-chemically-modified-with-cuii-trans-3-meo-salcn-complex" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93544.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">194</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3224</span> Sensitive Determination of Copper(II) by Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry with Tetracarbonylmolybdenum(0) Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrode</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Illyas%20Md%20Isa">Illyas Md Isa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Idris%20Saidin"> Mohamad Idris Saidin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustaffa%20Ahmad"> Mustaffa Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norhayati%20Hashim"> Norhayati Hashim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A highly selective and sensitive carbon paste electrode modified with multiwall carbon nanotubes and 2,6–diacetylpyridine-di-(1R)–(-)–fenchone diazine tetracarbonylmolybdenum(0) complex was used for determination of trace amounts of Cu(II) using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The influences of experimental variables on the proposed electrode such as pH, supporting electrolyte, preconcentration potential and time, and square wave parameters were investigated. Under optimal conditions, the proposed electrode showed a linear relationship with concentration in the range of 1.0 × 10–10 to 1.0 × 10– 6 M Cu(II) with a limit of detection 8.0 × 10–11 M. The relative standard deviation (n = 5) for a solution containing 1.0 × 10– 6 M of Cu(II) was 0.036. The presence of various cations (in 10 and 100-folds concentration) did not interfere. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that the charge transfer at the electrode-solution interface was favourable. The proposed electrode was applied for the determination of Cu(II) in several water samples. Results agreed very well with those obtained by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The modified electrode was then proposed as an alternative for determination of Cu(II). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemically%20modified%20electrode" title="chemically modified electrode">chemically modified electrode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cu%28II%29" title=" Cu(II)"> Cu(II)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=square%20wave%20anodic%20stripping%20voltammetry" title=" square wave anodic stripping voltammetry"> square wave anodic stripping voltammetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tetracarbonylmolybdenum%280%29" title=" tetracarbonylmolybdenum(0)"> tetracarbonylmolybdenum(0)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37515/sensitive-determination-of-copperii-by-square-wave-anodic-stripping-voltammetry-with-tetracarbonylmolybdenum0-multiwalled-carbon-nanotube-paste-electrode" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37515.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">270</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3223</span> The Influence of Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) on the Mechanical Properties and Workability of Oil Well Cement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Reza%20Dousti">Mohammad Reza Dousti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yaman%20Boluk"> Yaman Boluk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vivek%20Bindiganavile"> Vivek Bindiganavile</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Well cementing is one of the most crucial and important steps in any well completion. Oil well cement paste is employed to fill the annulus between the casing string and the well bore. However, since the cementing process takes place at the end of the drilling process, a satisfying and acceptable job may not be performed. During the cementing process, the cement paste must be pumped in the annulus, therefore concerns arise both in the workability and the flowability associated with the paste. On the other hand, the cement paste around the casing must demonstrate the adequate compressive strength in order to provide a suitable mechanical support for the casing and desirably prevent collapse of the formation. In this experimental study, the influence of cellulose nanocrystal particles on the workability, flowability and also mechanical properties of oil well cement paste has been investigated. The cementitious paste developed in this research is composed of water, class G oil well cement, bentonite and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Bentonite is used as a cross contamination component. Two method of testing were considered to understand the flow behavior of the samples: (1) a mini slump test and (2) a conventional flow table test were utilized to study the flowability of the cementitious paste under gravity and also under applied load (number of blows for the flow table test). Furthermore, the mechanical properties of hardened oil well cement paste dosed with CNC were assessed by performing a compression test on cylindrical specimens. Based on the findings in this study, the addition of CNC led to developing a more viscous cement paste with a reduced spread diameter. Also, by introducing a very small dosage of CNC particles (as an additive), a significant increase in the compressive strength of the oil well cement paste was observed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellulose%20nanocrystal" title="cellulose nanocrystal">cellulose nanocrystal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cement%20workability" title=" cement workability"> cement workability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20well%20cement" title=" oil well cement"> oil well cement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58779/the-influence-of-cellulose-nanocrystal-cnc-on-the-mechanical-properties-and-workability-of-oil-well-cement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58779.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">259</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3222</span> Corrosion of Steel in Relation with Hydrogen Activity of Concentrated HClO4 Media: Realisation Sensor and Reference Electrode</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Hammouti">B. Hammouti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Oudda"> H. Oudda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Benabdellah"> A. Benabdellah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Benayada"> A. Benayada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Aouniti"> A. Aouniti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Corrosion behaviour of carbon steel was studied in various concentrated HClO4 solutions. To explain the acid attack in relation of H+ activity, new sensor was realised: two carbon paste electrodes (CPE) were constructed by incorporating ferrocene (Fc) and orthoquinone into the carbon paste matrix and crossed by weak current to stabilize potential difference. The potentiometric method at imposed weak current between these two electrodes permits the in situ determination of both concentration and acidity level of various concentrated HClO4 solutions. The different factors affecting the potential at imposed current as current intensity, temperature and H+ ion concentration are studied. The potentials measured between ferrocene and chloranil electrodes are directly linked to the acid concentration. The acidity Ri(H) function defined represents the determination of the H+ activity and constitutes the extend of pH is concentrated acid solutions. Ri(H) has been determined and compared to Strehlow Ro(H), Janata HGF and Hammett Ho functions. The collected data permit to give a scale of strength of mineral concentrated acids at a given concentration. Ri(H) is numerically equal to the thermodynamic Ro(H), but deviated from Hammett functions based on indicator determination. The CPE electrode with inserted ferrocene in presence of ferricinium (Fc+) ion in concentrated HClO4 at various concentrations is realized without junction potential and may plays the role of a practical reference electrode (FRE) in concentrated acids. Fc+ was easily prepared in biphasic medium HClO4-acid by the quantitative oxidation of ferrocene by the ortho-chloranil (oQ). Potential of FRE is stable with time. The variation of equilibrium potential of the interface Fc/ Fc+ at various concentrations of Fc+ (10-4 - 2 10-2 M) obeyed to the Nernst equation with a slope 0.059 Volt per decade. Corrosion rates obtained by weight loss and electrochemical techniques were then easily linked to acidity level. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ferrocene" title="ferrocene">ferrocene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strehlow" title=" strehlow"> strehlow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concentrated%20acid" title=" concentrated acid"> concentrated acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion" title=" corrosion"> corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Generalised%20pH" title=" Generalised pH"> Generalised pH</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensor%20carbon%20paste%20electrode" title=" sensor carbon paste electrode"> sensor carbon paste electrode</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17546/corrosion-of-steel-in-relation-with-hydrogen-activity-of-concentrated-hclo4-media-realisation-sensor-and-reference-electrode" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17546.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">355</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3221</span> Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Mixed-Mode Fracture of Cement Paste and Interface Under Three-Point Bending Test</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Al%20Dandachli">S. Al Dandachli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Perales"> F. Perales</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Monerie"> Y. Monerie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Jamin"> F. Jamin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20El%20Youssoufi"> M. S. El Youssoufi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Pelissou"> C. Pelissou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The goal of this research is to study the fracture process and mechanical behavior of concrete under I–II mixed-mode stress, which is essential for ensuring the safety of concrete structures. For this purpose, two-dimensional simulations of three-point bending tests under variable load and geometry on notched cement paste samples of composite samples (cement paste/siliceous aggregate) are modeled by employing Cohesive Zone Models (CZMs). As a result of experimental validation of these tests, the CZM model demonstrates its capacity to predict fracture propagation at the local scale. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cement%20paste" title="cement paste">cement paste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interface" title=" interface"> interface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cohesive%20zone%20model" title=" cohesive zone model"> cohesive zone model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fracture" title=" fracture"> fracture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=three-point%20flexural%20test%20bending" title=" three-point flexural test bending"> three-point flexural test bending</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152427/numerical-and-experimental-investigation-of-mixed-mode-fracture-of-cement-paste-and-interface-under-three-point-bending-test" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152427.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3220</span> Antioxidant Properties, Ascorbic Acid and Total Carotenoids Values of Sweet and Hot Red Pepper Paste: A Traditional Food in Turkish Diet</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kubra%20Sayin">Kubra Sayin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Derya%20Arslan"> Derya Arslan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Red pepper (Capsicum annum L.) has long been recognized as a good source of antioxidants, being rich in ascorbic acid and other phytochemicals. In Turkish cuisine red pepper is sometimes consumed raw in salads and baked as a garnish, but its most wide consumption type is red pepper paste. The processing of red pepper into pepper paste includes various thermal treatment steps such as heating and pasteurizing. There are reports demonstrating an enhancement or reduction in antioxidant activity of vegetables after thermal treatment. So this study was conducted to investigate the total phenolics, ascorbic acid and total carotenoids as well as free radical scavenging activity of raw red pepper and various red pepper pastes obtainable on the market. The samples were analyzed for radical-scavenging activity (RSA) and total polyphenol (TP) content using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Folin-Ciocalteu methods, respectively. They were also evaluated for ascorbic acid content (AsA) by HPLC. Total carotenoids content was determined spectrophotometrically. Results suggest that there is no significant (P > 0.05) difference in RSA, TP, AsA and total carotenoids content between various red pepper paste products. However, red pepper paste showed marked differences (P < 0.05) in the RSA, TP and AsA contents compared with raw red pepper. It is concluded that the red pepper paste, that has a wide range of consumption in Turkish cuisine, presents a good dose of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity and it should be regarded as a functional food. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=red%20pepper%20paste" title="red pepper paste">red pepper paste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant%20properties" title=" antioxidant properties"> antioxidant properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20carotenoids" title=" total carotenoids"> total carotenoids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20phenolics" title=" total phenolics "> total phenolics </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23623/antioxidant-properties-ascorbic-acid-and-total-carotenoids-values-of-sweet-and-hot-red-pepper-paste-a-traditional-food-in-turkish-diet" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23623.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">573</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3219</span> Co-Disposal of Coal Ash with Mine Tailings in Surface Paste Disposal Practices: A Gold Mining Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20L.%20Dinis">M. L. Dinis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20C.%20Vila"> M. C. Vila</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Fi%C3%BAza"> A. Fiúza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Futuro"> A. Futuro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Nunes"> C. Nunes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present paper describes the study of paste tailings prepared in laboratory using gold tailings, produced in a Finnish gold mine with the incorporation of coal ash. Natural leaching tests were conducted with the original materials (tailings, fly and bottom ashes) and also with paste mixtures that were prepared with different percentages of tailings and ashes. After leaching, the solid wastes were physically and chemically characterized and the results were compared to those selected as blank – the unleached samples. The tailings and the coal ash, as well as the prepared mixtures, were characterized, in addition to the textural parameters, by the following measurements: grain size distribution, chemical composition and pH. Mixtures were also tested in order to characterize their mechanical behavior by measuring the flexural strength, the compressive strength and the consistency. The original tailing samples presented an alkaline pH because during their processing they were previously submitted to pressure oxidation with destruction of the sulfides. Therefore, it was not possible to ascertain the effect of the coal ashes in the acid mine drainage. However, it was possible to verify that the paste reactivity was affected mostly by the bottom ash and that the tailings blended with bottom ash present lower mechanical strength than when blended with a combination of fly and bottom ash. Surface paste disposal offer an attractive alternative to traditional methods in addition to the environmental benefits of incorporating large-volume wastes (e.g. bottom ash). However, a comprehensive characterization of the paste mixtures is crucial to optimize paste design in order to enhance engineer and environmental properties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal%20ash" title="coal ash">coal ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mine%20tailings" title=" mine tailings"> mine tailings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paste%20blends" title=" paste blends"> paste blends</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20disposal" title=" surface disposal"> surface disposal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47824/co-disposal-of-coal-ash-with-mine-tailings-in-surface-paste-disposal-practices-a-gold-mining-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47824.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">292</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3218</span> Electrochemical Biosensor for Rutin Detection with Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes and Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Rathinaraj%20Benjamin">Stephen Rathinaraj Benjamin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Flavio%20Colmati%20Junior"> Flavio Colmati Junior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Izabel%20Florindo%20Guedes"> Maria Izabel Florindo Guedes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosa%20Amalia%20Fireman%20Dutra"> Rosa Amalia Fireman Dutra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A new enzymatic electrochemical biosensor based on multiwall carbon nanotubes and cerium oxide nanoparticles for the detection of rutin has been developed. The cerium oxide nanoparticles /HRP/ multiwall carbon nanotubes/ carbon paste electrode (HRP/ CeO2/MWCNTs/CPE) was prepared by ensuing addition of MWCNTs and HRP on the CPE, followed by the mixing with cerium oxide nanoparticles. Surface physical characteristics of the modified electrode and the electrochemical properties of the composite were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cylic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). The HRP/ CeO2/MWCNTs/CPE showed good selectivity, stability and reproducibility, which was further applied to detect rutin tablet and capsule samples with satisfactory results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cerium%20dioxide%20nanoparticles" title="cerium dioxide nanoparticles">cerium dioxide nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horseradish%20peroxidase" title=" horseradish peroxidase"> horseradish peroxidase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiwall%20carbon%20nanotubes" title=" multiwall carbon nanotubes"> multiwall carbon nanotubes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rutin" title=" rutin"> rutin</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68623/electrochemical-biosensor-for-rutin-detection-with-multiwall-carbon-nanotubes-and-cerium-dioxide-nanoparticles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68623.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">392</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3217</span> Optimized Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Using Natural Dye and Counter Electrode from Robusta Coffee Beans Peel Waste</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomi%20Setiawan">Tomi Setiawan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wahyu%20Y.%20Subekti"> Wahyu Y. Subekti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siti%20S.%20Nur%27Adya"> Siti S. Nur'Adya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khusnul%20Ilmiah"> Khusnul Ilmiah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) is one type of solar cell, where solar cells function to convert light energy become the electrical energy. DSSC has two important parts of dye and counter electrode. Anthocyanin compounds in the coffee beans peel can be potential as natural dye and also counter electrodes as activated carbon in the DSSC system. The purpose of this research is to find out how to isolate Anthocyanin, manufacture of counter electrode, and to know the efficiency of counter electrode produced from the coffee pulp waste in DSSC prototype. In this research we used 2 x 2 cm FTO glass coated carbon paste with a thickness variation of 100 μL, 200 μL and 300 μL as counter electrode and other FTO glass coated with TiO₂ paste as work electrode, then two FTO glasses are connected to form a sandwich-liked structure and add Triiodide electrolyte solution in its gap, thus forming a DSSC prototype. The results showed that coffee pulp waste contains anthocyanin of 12.23 mL/80gr and it can produce activated carbon. The characterization performed shows that the UV-Vis Anthocyanin result is at wavelength of ultra violet area that is 219,50 nm with absorbance value equal to 1,469, and maximum wavelength at visible area is 720,00 nm with absorbance value equal to 0,013. The functional groups contained in the anthocyanin are O-H groups at wave numbers 3385.60 cm⁻¹, C = O groups at wave numbers 1618.63 cm⁻¹, and C-O-C groups at 1065.40 cm⁻¹ wave numbers. Morphological characterization using the SEM shows the activated carbon surface area becomes larger and evenly distributed. Voltage obtained on Counter Electrode 100 μL variation of 395mV, 200 μL of 334mV 100 μL of 254mV. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DSSC" title="DSSC">DSSC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anthocyanin" title=" anthocyanin"> anthocyanin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=counter%20electrode" title=" counter electrode"> counter electrode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20cell" title=" solar cell"> solar cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coffee%20pulp" title=" coffee pulp"> coffee pulp</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78079/optimized-dye-sensitized-solar-cell-using-natural-dye-and-counter-electrode-from-robusta-coffee-beans-peel-waste" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78079.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">183</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3216</span> Development of a Myocardial Patch with 3D Hydrogel Electrical Stimulation System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yung-Gi%20Chen">Yung-Gi Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pei-Leun%20Kang"> Pei-Leun Kang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Hsin%20Lin"> Yu-Hsin Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shwu-Jen%20Chang"> Shwu-Jen Chang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Myocardial tissue has limited self-repair ability due to its loss of differentiation characteristic for most mature cardiomyocytes. Therefore, the effective use of stem cell technology in regenerative medicine is an important development to alleviate the current difficulties in cardiac disease treatment. The main purpose of this project was to develop a 3-D hydrogel electrical stimulating system for promoting the differentiation of stem cells into myocardial cells, and the patch will be used to repair damaged myocardial tissue. This project was focused on the preparation of the electrical stimulation system with carbon/CaCl₂ electrodes covered with carbon nanotube-hydrogel. In this study, we utilized screen imprinting techniques and used Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA) membranes as printing substrates to fabricate a carbon/CaCl₂ interdigitated electrode that covered with alginate/carbon nanotube hydrogels. The single-walled carbon nanotube was added in the hydrogel to enhance the mechanical strength and conductivity of hydrogel. In this study, we used PLGA (85:15) as electrode preparing substrate. The CaCl₂/ EtOH solution (80% w/v) was mixed into carbon paste to prepare various concentration calcium-containing carbon paste (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% v/v). Different concentrations of alginate (1%, 1.5%, 2% v/v) and SWCNT(Diameter < 2nm, length between 5-15μm) (1, 1.5, 3 mg/ml) are gently immobilized on the electrode by cross-linking with calcium chloride. The three-dimensional hydrogel electrode was tested for its redox efficiency by cyclic voltammetry to determine the optimal parameters for the hydrogel electrode preparation. From the result of the final electrodes, it indicated that the electrode was not easy to maintain the pattern of the interdigitated electrode when the concentration of calcium of chloride was more than 10%. According to the gel rate test and cyclic voltammetry experiment results showed the SWCNT could increase the electron conduction of hydrogel electrodes significantly. So far the 3D electrode system has been completed, 2% alginate mixed with 3mg SWCNT is the optimal condition to construct the most complete structure for the hydrogel preparation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=myocardial%20tissue%20engineering" title="myocardial tissue engineering">myocardial tissue engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=screen%20printing%20technology" title=" screen printing technology"> screen printing technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poly%20%28lactic-co-glycolic%20acid%29" title=" poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)"> poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alginate" title=" alginate"> alginate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20walled%20carbon%20nanotube" title=" single walled carbon nanotube"> single walled carbon nanotube</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98452/development-of-a-myocardial-patch-with-3d-hydrogel-electrical-stimulation-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98452.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">112</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3215</span> Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Boron-Doped Diamond Paste Electrode on Paper-Based Analytical Device for Simultaneous Determination of Norepinephrine and Serotonin</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siriwan%20Nantaphol">Siriwan Nantaphol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robert%20B.%20Channon"> Robert B. Channon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takeshi%20Kondo"> Takeshi Kondo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weena%20Siangproh"> Weena Siangproh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Orawon%20Chailapakul"> Orawon Chailapakul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charles%20S.%20Henry"> Charles S. Henry</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, we demonstrate a novel electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) modified boron-doped diamond paste (BDDP) electrode on paper-based analytical devices (PADs) for simultaneous determination of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT). The BDD paste electrode was easily constructed by filling BDD paste in small channels, which made in transparency film sheets using a CO₂ laser etching  system. The counter and reference electrodes were fabricated on paper by in-house screen-printing and then combined with BDD paste microelectrode. The electrochemical characterization of the device was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was employed for the simultaneous determination of NE and 5-HT. The ERGO-modified BDDP electrode displayed excellent electrocatalytic activities toward the oxidation of NE and 5-HT and strong function for resolving the overlapping voltammetric responses of NE and 5-HT into two well-defined voltammetric peaks. This device was capable of simultaneously detecting NE and 5-HT in wide concentration ranges and with a low limit of detections. In addition, it has the advantages in terms of ease of use, low cost, and disposability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boron-doped%20diamond%20paste%20electrode" title="boron-doped diamond paste electrode">boron-doped diamond paste electrode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemically%20reduced%20graphene%20oxide" title=" electrochemically reduced graphene oxide"> electrochemically reduced graphene oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=norepinephrine" title=" norepinephrine"> norepinephrine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paper-based%20analytical%20device" title=" paper-based analytical device"> paper-based analytical device</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=serotonin" title=" serotonin"> serotonin</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67753/electrochemically-reduced-graphene-oxide-modified-boron-doped-diamond-paste-electrode-on-paper-based-analytical-device-for-simultaneous-determination-of-norepinephrine-and-serotonin" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67753.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">259</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3214</span> Cold Tomato Paste as an Alternative Therapy for Elderly Clients with Exacerbation of Arthritis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mary%20Therese%20G.%20Caluna">Mary Therese G. Caluna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mark%20Justin%20B.%20Campanero"> Mark Justin B. Campanero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erlin%20Maris%20T.%20Cantiller"> Erlin Maris T. Cantiller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claudine%20Mae%20A.%20Cantillo"> Claudine Mae A. Cantillo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nerissa%20L.%20Ca%C3%B1o"> Nerissa L. Caño</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective: The study determined the effectiveness of cold tomato paste in relieving pain caused by exacerbation of arthritis in the elderly, specifically on clients 60 years old and above. The study focused on alternative, cost-effective and non-pharmacological techniques in relieving pain experienced by the older people with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: Using purposive non-probability sampling, the researchers gathered a total number of 40 subjects that passed the inclusion criteria provided by the researchers. The subjects were divided into two groups, experimental group (20 subjects) and control groups (20 subjects). The Numeric Rating 11-point Scale (NRS-11) was utilized to assess the pain level of the subject prior the application of the treatment and after the application of the treatment. Key findings: There is a significant difference in the pain levels of the experimental group before and after the application of cold tomato paste. This indicates that that the application of cold tomato paste alleviates the pain experienced by elderly clients with exacerbation of arthritis. Conclusion: The effectiveness of cold tomato paste in relieving pain experienced by elderly clients who are in exacerbation of arthritis was proven to be evidence-based. The cold tomato paste application has significant impact in the field of nursing and therefore, can be used in both clinical trials and practices. The effectiveness of cold tomato application promotes innovation in the field of nursing, thus encouraging further researches regarding other uses of tomato and other herbal interventions to relieve the pain caused by osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alternative%20therapy" title="alternative therapy">alternative therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arthritis" title=" arthritis"> arthritis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20tomato%20paste" title=" cold tomato paste"> cold tomato paste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elderly%20clients" title=" elderly clients"> elderly clients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exacerbation" title=" exacerbation "> exacerbation </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23838/cold-tomato-paste-as-an-alternative-therapy-for-elderly-clients-with-exacerbation-of-arthritis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23838.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">423</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3213</span> Approach to Study the Workability of Concrete with the Fractal Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Achouri%20Fatima">Achouri Fatima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chouicha%20Kaddour"> Chouicha Kaddour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main parameters affecting the workability are the water content, particle size, and the total surface of the grains, as long as the mixing water begins by wetting the surface of the grains and then fills the voids between the grains to form entrapped water, the quantity of water remaining is called free water. The aim is to undertake a fractal approach through the relationship between the concrete formulation parameters and workability, to develop this approach a series of concrete taken from the literature was investigated by varying formulation parameters such as G / S, the quantity of cement C and the quantity of mixing water E. We also call on other model as the model for the thickness of the water layer and model of the thickness of the paste layer to judge their relevance, hence the following results : the relevance of the model of the thickness of the water layer is considered relevant when there is a variation in the water quantity, the model of the thickness of the layer of the paste is only applicable if we consider that the paste is made with the grain value Dmax = 2.85: value from which we see a stable model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title="concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractal%20method" title=" fractal method"> fractal method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paste%20thickness" title=" paste thickness"> paste thickness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20thickness" title=" water thickness"> water thickness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=workability" title=" workability"> workability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29521/approach-to-study-the-workability-of-concrete-with-the-fractal-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29521.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">379</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3212</span> Electrochemical Detection of the Chemotherapy Agent Methotrexate in vitro from Physiological Fluids Using Functionalized Carbon Nanotube past Electrodes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shekher%20Kummari">Shekher Kummari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Sunil%20Kumar"> V. Sunil Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Vengatajalabathy%20Gobi"> K. Vengatajalabathy Gobi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A simple, cost-effective, reusable and reagent-free electrochemical biosensor is developed with functionalized multiwall carbon nanotube paste electrode (f-CNTPE) for the sensitive and selective determination of the important chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate (MTX), which is widely used for the treatment of various cancer and autoimmune diseases. The electrochemical response of the fabricated electrode towards the detection of MTX is examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). CV studies have shown that f-CNTPE electrode system exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of MTX in phosphate buffer (0.2 M) compared with a conventional carbon paste electrode (CPE). The oxidation peak current is enhanced by nearly two times in magnitude. Applying the DPV method under optimized conditions, a linear calibration plot is achieved over a wide range of concentration from 4.0×10⁻⁷ M to 5.5×10⁻⁶ M with the detection limit 1.6×10⁻⁷ M. further, by applying the SWV method a parabolic calibration plot was achieved starting from a very low concentration of 1.0×10⁻⁸ M, and the sensor could detect as low as 2.9×10⁻⁹ M MTX in 10 s and 10 nM were detected in steady state current-time analysis. The f-CNTPE shows very good selectivity towards the specific recognition of MTX in the presence of important biological interference. The electrochemical biosensor detects MTX in-vitro directly from pharmaceutical sample, undiluted urine and human blood serum samples at a concentration range 5.0×10⁻⁷ M with good recovery limits. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amperometry" title="amperometry">amperometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical%20detection" title=" electrochemical detection"> electrochemical detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20blood%20serum" title=" human blood serum"> human blood serum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methotrexate" title=" methotrexate"> methotrexate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MWCNT" title=" MWCNT"> MWCNT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SWV" title=" SWV"> SWV</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86857/electrochemical-detection-of-the-chemotherapy-agent-methotrexate-in-vitro-from-physiological-fluids-using-functionalized-carbon-nanotube-past-electrodes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86857.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">309</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3211</span> Automatic Adjustment of Thresholds via Closed-Loop Feedback Mechanism for Solder Paste Inspection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chia-Chen%20Wei">Chia-Chen Wei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pack%20Hsieh"> Pack Hsieh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeffrey%20Chen"> Jeffrey Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Surface Mount Technology (SMT) is widely used in the area of the electronic assembly in which the electronic components are mounted to the surface of the printed circuit board (PCB). Most of the defects in the SMT process are mainly related to the quality of solder paste printing. These defects lead to considerable manufacturing costs in the electronics assembly industry. Therefore, the solder paste inspection (SPI) machine for controlling and monitoring the amount of solder paste printing has become an important part of the production process. So far, the setting of the SPI threshold is based on statistical analysis and experts’ experiences to determine the appropriate threshold settings. Because the production data are not normal distribution and there are various variations in the production processes, defects related to solder paste printing still occur. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes an online machine learning algorithm, called the automatic threshold adjustment (ATA) algorithm, and closed-loop architecture in the SMT process to determine the best threshold settings. Simulation experiments prove that our proposed threshold settings improve the accuracy from 99.85% to 100%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=big%20data%20analytics" title="big data analytics">big data analytics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Industry%204.0" title=" Industry 4.0"> Industry 4.0</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SPI%20threshold%20setting" title=" SPI threshold setting"> SPI threshold setting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20mount%20technology" title=" surface mount technology"> surface mount technology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114158/automatic-adjustment-of-thresholds-via-closed-loop-feedback-mechanism-for-solder-paste-inspection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114158.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">116</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3210</span> Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry of Copper (II) at the Tetracarbonylmolybdenum(0) MWCNT Paste Electrode</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Illyas%20Isa">Illyas Isa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Idris%20Saidin"> Mohamad Idris Saidin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustaffa%20Ahmad"> Mustaffa Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norhayati%20Hashim"> Norhayati Hashim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A highly selective and sensitive electrode for determination of trace amounts of Cu (II) using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) was proposed. The electrode was made of the paste of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and 2,6–diacetylpyridine-di-(1R)–(-)–fenchone diazine tetracarbonylmolybdenum(0) at 100:5 (w/w). Under optimal conditions the electrode showed a linear relationship with concentration in the range of 1.0 × 10–10 to 1.0 × 10– 6 M Cu (II) and limit of detection 8.0 × 10–11 M Cu (II). The relative standard deviation (n = 5) of response to 1.0 × 10–6 M Cu(II) was 0.036. The interferences of cations such as Ni(II), Mg(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Hg(II), and Zn(II) (in 10 and 100-folds concentration) are negligible except from Pb (II). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that the charge transfer at the electrode-solution interface was favorable. Result of analysis of Cu(II) in several water samples agreed well with those obtained by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The proposed electrode was then recommended as an alternative to spectroscopic technique in analyzing Cu (II). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemically%20modified%20electrode" title="chemically modified electrode">chemically modified electrode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cu%28II%29" title=" Cu(II)"> Cu(II)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Square%20wave%20anodic%20stripping%20voltammetry" title=" Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry"> Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tetracarbonylmolybdenum%280%29" title=" tetracarbonylmolybdenum(0)"> tetracarbonylmolybdenum(0)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45191/square-wave-anodic-stripping-voltammetry-of-copper-ii-at-the-tetracarbonylmolybdenum0-mwcnt-paste-electrode" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45191.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">262</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3209</span> Fabrication of Gold Nanoparticles Self-Assembled Functionalized Improved Graphene on Carbon Paste Electrode for Electrochemical Determination of Levodopa in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Ali%20Karimi">Mohammad Ali Karimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Tavallali"> Hossein Tavallali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdolhamid%20Hatefi-Mehrjardi"> Abdolhamid Hatefi-Mehrjardi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, an electrochemical sensor based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized improved graphene (AuNPs-IGE) was fabricated for selective determination of L-dopa in the presence of ascorbic acid by a novel self-assembly method. The AuNP IGE modified carbon paste electrode (AuNPs-IGE/CPE) utilized for investigation of the electrochemical behavior of L-dopa in phosphate buffer solution. Compared to bare CPE, AuNPs-IGE/CPE shows novel properties towards the electrochemical redox of levodopa (L-dopa) in phosphate buffer solution at pH 4.0. The oxidation potential of L-dopa shows a significant decrease at the AuNPs-IGE/CPE. The oxidation current of L-dopa is higher than that of the unmodified CPE. AuNPs-IG/CPE shows excellent electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA). Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method, the oxidation current is well linear with L-dopa concentration in the range of 0.4–50 µmol L-1, with a detection limit of about 1.41 nmol L-1 (S/N = 3). Therefore, it was applied to measure L-dopa from real samples that recoveries are 94.6-106.2%. The proposed electrode can also effectively avoid the interference of ascorbic acid, making the proposed sensor suitable for the accurate determination of L-dopa in both pharmaceutical preparations and human body fluids. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gold%20nanoparticles" title="gold nanoparticles">gold nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improved%20graphene" title=" improved graphene"> improved graphene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L-dopa" title=" L-dopa"> L-dopa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-assembly" title=" self-assembly"> self-assembly</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46368/fabrication-of-gold-nanoparticles-self-assembled-functionalized-improved-graphene-on-carbon-paste-electrode-for-electrochemical-determination-of-levodopa-in-the-presence-of-ascorbic-acid" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46368.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">221</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3208</span> The Effects of Partial Replacement with Sewage Sludge, Calcined Clay, and Waste Marble Powder on Cement Paste Properties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Rahim%20Al%20Umairi">Abdul Rahim Al Umairi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamed%20Al%20Kindi"> Hamed Al Kindi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The cement production process significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 25% of total industrial emissions. This study systematically examined new, underutilized materials—sewage sludge ash (SSA), marble waste (MW), and calcined clay (CC)—to evaluate their effects when partially replacing white Portland cement (WPC) in cement paste formulations. Various replacement proportions (10%, 20%, and 30%) were tested, along with different treatment temperatures (600°C, 630°C, 730°C, and 850°C) for SSA and CC. To gain a deeper understanding of the resulting materials, analyses such as XRF, XRD, and SEM were conducted. The highest compressive strength recorded for the 28-day cured cement paste was 91 MPa when 20% SSA (treated at 600°C) was used, compared to just 53 MPa for the control sample. Conversely, CC exhibited minimal enhancement in compressive strength, while MW had detrimental effects. Additionally, replacing WPC with SSA and CC at 9% and 21% resulted in slight improvements in compressive strength. This research highlights the potential of utilizing underexploited materials like SSA to improve the mechanical and chemical properties of cement paste, indicating that further investigation is necessary to enhance environmental sustainability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sewage%20sludge%20ash" title="sewage sludge ash">sewage sludge ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcined%20clay" title=" calcined clay"> calcined clay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marble%20waste" title=" marble waste"> marble waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cement" title=" cement"> cement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192457/the-effects-of-partial-replacement-with-sewage-sludge-calcined-clay-and-waste-marble-powder-on-cement-paste-properties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192457.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">20</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3207</span> Experimental Characterization of Flowable Cement Pastes Made with Marble Waste</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Messaoudi">F. Messaoudi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Haddad"> O. Haddad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Bouras"> R. Bouras</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Kaci">S. Kaci</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of self-compacting concrete (SCC) marks a huge step towards improved efficiency and working conditions on construction sites and in the precast industry. SCC flows easily into more complex shapes and through reinforcement bars, reduces the manpower required for the placement; no vibration is required to ensure correct compaction of concrete. This concrete contains a high volume of binder which is controlled by their rheological behavior. The paste consists of binders (Portland cement with or without supplementary cementitious materials), water, chemical admixtures and fillers. In this study, two series of tests were performed on self-compacting cement pastes made with marble waste additions as the mineral addition. The first series of this investigation was to determine the flow time of paste using Marsh cone, the second series was to determine the rheological parameters of the same paste namely yield stress and plastic viscosity using the rheometer Haake RheoStress 1. The results of this investigation allowed us to study the evolution of the yield stress, viscosity and the flow time Marsh cone paste as a function of the composition of the paste. A correlation between the results obtained on the flow test Marsh cone and those of the plastic viscosity on the mottled different cement pastes is proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adjuvant" title="adjuvant">adjuvant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rheological%20parameter" title=" rheological parameter"> rheological parameter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-compacting%20cement%20pastes" title=" self-compacting cement pastes"> self-compacting cement pastes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20marble" title=" waste marble"> waste marble</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33165/experimental-characterization-of-flowable-cement-pastes-made-with-marble-waste" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33165.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">275</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20paste%20elctrode&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20paste%20elctrode&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20paste%20elctrode&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20paste%20elctrode&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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