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vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istorie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istorie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istorie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transporturi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transporturi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transporturi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transporturi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educație" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educație"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Educație</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educație-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turku</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 122 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">122 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%A9" title="ቱርኩ – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቱርኩ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88" title="توركو – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توركو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88" title="توركو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توركو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81" title="টুর্কু – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টুর্কু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – cecenă" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="cecenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku_(munisipyo)" title="Turku (munisipyo) – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Turku (munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – corsicană" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corsicană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk%C3%B9" title="Turkù – cașubiană" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Turkù" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="cașubiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – sorabă de jos" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="sorabă de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Τούρκου – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τούρκου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turu" title="Turu – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Turu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88" title="تورکو – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تورکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turu" title="Turu – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Turu" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – fijiană" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArc%C3%BA" title="Túrcú – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Túrcú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – hawaiiană" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95" title="טורקו – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Տուրկու – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տուրկու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="トゥルク – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トゥルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3" title="ტურკუ – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტურკუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EB%A5%B4%EC%BF%A0" title="투르쿠 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투르쿠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – komi-permiak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboa" title="Aboa – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aboa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – lombardă" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82" title="तुर्कू – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तुर्कू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="တားကူးမြို့ – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တားကူးမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85bo" title="Åbo – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Åbo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85bo" title="Åbo – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Åbo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ترکو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترکو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – sami de nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami de nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – sami inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – sesotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sesotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85bo" title="Åbo – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Åbo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – sileziană" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="sileziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8" title="ตุรกุ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตุรกุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – turkmenă" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Турку – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Турку" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ترکو – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترکو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku" title="Turku – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Turku" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%93" title="图尔库 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="图尔库" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E7%88%BE%E5%BA%AB" title="圖爾庫 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圖爾庫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%8F%A4" title="杜古 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="杜古" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38511#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Turku" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turku"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turku"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Turku" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Turku" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fișier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&oldid=16242646" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Turku&id=16242646&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTurku"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTurku"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Turku"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Turku&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Turku" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Turku" hreflang="ro"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38511" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates" class="noprint"><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/16/60.45/22.267/ro" data-zoom="16" data-lat="60.45" data-lon="22.267" data-overlays="["_1ba3301ec6dabc63849455c3f14fd6b70ce238c5"]">60°27′N 22°16′E</a><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Turku</span>)</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/16/60.45/22.267/ro" data-zoom="16" data-lat="60.45" data-lon="22.267" data-overlays="["_1ba3301ec6dabc63849455c3f14fd6b70ce238c5"]">60.450°N 22.267°E</a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table class="infocaseta" style="border-spacing:0;font-size:88%;padding:0;line-height:1.5em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="antet harta" style="height:41px">Turku</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td align="center" colspan="2" class="porecla" style="font-size:150%;margin-bottom:2;line-height:1.2em;background:linear-gradient( to right, rgba(45, 41, 46, 0), rgba(45, 41, 46, 0), rgba(45, 41, 46, 0), rgba(16, 23, 33, 0.25)) repeat-y right;padding-top:0"><span lang="sv" style="font-style:italic">Åbo</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow infocaseta_subheader"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;color:var(--color-base, #000)">—  <b><a href="/wiki/Comunele_Finlandei" title="Comunele Finlandei">comună a Finlandei</a> și <a href="/wiki/Ora%C8%99" title="Oraș">oraș</a></b>  —</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:0.7em 0.8em 0.7em 0.8em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Turku_postcard_2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Turku_postcard_2013.png/250px-Turku_postcard_2013.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Turku_postcard_2013.png/500px-Turku_postcard_2013.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="1475" /></a></span><br /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td class="maptable" colspan="2" align="center" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em 0"><table align="center" style="width:100%;background:none;display:table"><tbody><tr><td align="center" style="vertical-align:middle"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Turku.lippu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapel"><img alt="Drapel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Turku.lippu.svg/100px-Turku.lippu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Turku.lippu.svg/150px-Turku.lippu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Turku.lippu.svg/200px-Turku.lippu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="575" /></a></span><br /><small><b>Drapel</b></small></td><td align="center" style="vertical-align:middle"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Turku.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stemă"><img alt="Stemă" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Turku.vaakuna.svg/60px-Turku.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Turku.vaakuna.svg/90px-Turku.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Turku.vaakuna.svg/120px-Turku.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="831" /></a></span><br /><small><b>Stemă</b></small></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" align="center"><div style="width:150px;float:none;clear:none"><div style="width:150px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:150px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Finland_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turku se află în Finlanda"><img alt="Turku se află în Finlanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Finland_adm_location_map.svg/150px-Finland_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Finland_adm_location_map.svg/225px-Finland_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Finland_adm_location_map.svg/300px-Finland_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1643" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:91.284%;left:25.128%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Turku"><img alt="Turku" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;color:#000 !important;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><span style="padding:1px;float:left">Turku</span></div></div></div><div>Turku (Finlanda)</div></div></div>Poziția geografică</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:small;padding-bottom:0.7em">Coordonate: <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/16/60.45/22.267/ro" data-zoom="16" data-lat="60.45" data-lon="22.267" data-overlays="["_1ba3301ec6dabc63849455c3f14fd6b70ce238c5"]">60°27′N 22°16′E</a><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">{{PAGENAME}}</span>)</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/16/60.45/22.267/ro" data-zoom="16" data-lat="60.45" data-lon="22.267" data-overlays="["_1ba3301ec6dabc63849455c3f14fd6b70ce238c5"]">60.450°N 22.267°E</a></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th><a href="/wiki/%C8%9A%C4%83rile_lumii" class="mw-redirect" title="Țările lumii">Țară</a></th><th class="adr"><span class="country-name"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_Finland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Finlanda" title="Finlanda">Finlanda</a></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2586717" class="extiw" title="d:Q2586717">Agenție administrativă regională de stat</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agen%C8%9Bie_administrativ%C4%83_regional%C4%83_de_stat_(administra%C8%9Bie_%C8%99i_regiune_administrativ%C4%83_%C3%AEn_Finlanda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agenție administrativă regională de stat (administrație și regiune administrativă în Finlanda) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span></th><th class="adr"><span class="region"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3940508" class="extiw" title="d:Q3940508">Finlanda de Sud-Vest</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finlanda_de_Sud-Vest_(agen%C8%9Bie_administrativ%C4%83_regional%C4%83_de_stat_%C3%AEn_Finlanda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finlanda de Sud-Vest (agenție administrativă regională de stat în Finlanda) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th><a href="/wiki/Regiunile_Finlandei" title="Regiunile Finlandei">Regiune a Finlandei</a></th><th class="adr"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Varsinais-Suomen_maakuntaviiri.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Varsinais-Suomen_maakuntaviiri.svg/23px-Varsinais-Suomen_maakuntaviiri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Varsinais-Suomen_maakuntaviiri.svg/35px-Varsinais-Suomen_maakuntaviiri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Varsinais-Suomen_maakuntaviiri.svg/46px-Varsinais-Suomen_maakuntaviiri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Finlanda_Propriu-Zis%C4%83" title="Finlanda Propriu-Zisă">Finlanda Propriu-Zisă</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th>Atestare</th><td><time datetime="1229">1229</time><sup id="cite_ref-3aab9938e5f61d78754be9c8d703c4f9_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3aab9938e5f61d78754be9c8d703c4f9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38511#P571" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2"><b>Guvernare</b> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th> - Primar</th><td><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18632341" class="extiw" title="d:Q18632341"><span lang="fi">Minna Arve</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="fi">Minna Arve</span> (politiciană finlandeză)|]]</span> (<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304191" class="extiw" title="d:Q304191">Partidul Coaliției Naționale</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partidul_Coali%C8%9Biei_Na%C8%9Bionale_(centre-right_political_party_in_Finland)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partidul Coaliției Naționale (centre-right political party in Finland) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span>, <time datetime="2017-11-05">5 noiembrie 2017</time>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Suprafa%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Suprafață">Suprafață</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-7511c337216ee87ea3cd529b3281c935_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7511c337216ee87ea3cd529b3281c935-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th>  - Total</th><td>306,4 <a href="/wiki/Km%C2%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Km²">km²</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td><b><a href="/wiki/Altitudine" title="Altitudine">Altitudine</a></b></td><td>0 <a href="/wiki/Nivelul_m%C4%83rii" title="Nivelul mării">m.d.m.</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2"><b>Populație</b> (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-population_count_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population_count-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th> - <a href="/wiki/Comunele_Finlandei" title="Comunele Finlandei">comună a Finlandei</a></th><td>177.502 locuitori</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th> - <a href="/wiki/Zon%C4%83_urban%C4%83" title="Zonă urbană">Urbană</a></th><td>226.236 locuitori</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th> - Densitate urbană</th><td>586 loc./km²</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th> - <a href="/wiki/Zon%C4%83_metropolitan%C4%83" title="Zonă metropolitană">Metropolitană</a></th><td>303.492 locuitori</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th> - Densitate metropolitană</th><td>130,19 loc./km²</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th><a href="/wiki/Fus_orar" title="Fus orar">Fus orar</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Ora_Europei_de_Est" title="Ora Europei de Est">EET</a> (+2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th style="white-space:nowrap"> - Ora de vară (<a href="/wiki/Ora_de_var%C4%83" title="Ora de vară">DST</a>)</th><td><a href="/wiki/Ora_de_var%C4%83_a_Europei_de_Est" title="Ora de vară a Europei de Est">EEST</a> (+3)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th><a href="/wiki/Cod_po%C8%99tal" title="Cod poștal">Cod poștal</a></th><td class="adr"><span class="postal-code">20000–20960</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2"><b>Localități înfrățite</b></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td> - 13 orașe înfrățite</td><td><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38511#P190" class="extiw" title="d:Q38511">listă</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="mergedtoprow" style="text-align:center"><b>Prezență online</b> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turku.fi">www.turku.fi</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geonames.org/633680">GeoNames</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38511#P1566" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=106440636059437">Facebook Places</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38511#P1997" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:0.7em 0.8em 0.7em 0.8em;align:center;margin:0 auto"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Turku_sijainti_Suomi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poziția localității Turku"><img alt="Poziția localității Turku" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Turku_sijainti_Suomi.svg/172px-Turku_sijainti_Suomi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Turku_sijainti_Suomi.svg/258px-Turku_sijainti_Suomi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Turku_sijainti_Suomi.svg/344px-Turku_sijainti_Suomi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="2950" /></a><figcaption>Poziția localității Turku</figcaption></figure>Poziția localității Turku</td></tr><tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #dddddd solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38511" class="extiw" title="d:Q38511">date</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_A%C8%99ezare" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513781">.mw-parser-output .infocaseta{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#000)}.mw-parser-output .infocaseta_subheader{background:var(--background-color-disabled-subtle,#ddd)}.mw-parser-output .infocaseta .antet{height:41px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;font-size:150%;font-weight:bolder;line-height:1.2em;color:var(--color-base,#000)}.mw-parser-output .porecla{color:var(--color-base,#000)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .porecla{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .porecla{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <p><b>Turku</b> (nume finlandez; în <a href="/wiki/Limba_suedez%C4%83" title="Limba suedeză">suedeză</a> <span lang="sv" style="font-style:italic"><b>Åbo</b></span>; ) este un oraș finlandez datând din Evul Mediu și situat pe coasta de sud-vest a <a href="/wiki/Finlanda" title="Finlanda">Finlandei</a> la gurile <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A2ul_Aura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Râul Aura — pagină inexistentă">râului Aura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-turku_stats_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turku_stats-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cândva unul din orașele importante, componente ale <a href="/wiki/Liga_Hanseatic%C4%83" title="Liga Hanseatică">Ligii Hanseatice</a>, Turku se află localizat în regiunea <a href="/wiki/Finlanda_Proprie" class="mw-redirect" title="Finlanda Proprie">Finlanda Proprie</a>. </p><p>Se bănuiește că orașul Turku a apărut spre sfârșitul secolului al XIII-lea, el fiind cel mai vechi oraș al țării. Turku a devenit rapid cel mai important oraș din Finlanda și a păstrat acest statut timp de câteva sute de ani, până când Finlanda a fost anexată de <a href="/wiki/Imperiul_Rus" title="Imperiul Rus">Imperiul Rus</a> în 1809 și capitala <a href="/wiki/Marele_Ducat_al_Finlandei" class="mw-redirect" title="Marele Ducat al Finlandei">Marelui Ducat al Finlandei</a> s-a mutat la <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> în 1812. După aceea, Turku a continuat să fie cel mai populat oraș al Finlandei până pe la 1850. Astăzi Turku rămâne capitală regională și rămâne centru cultural și economic. </p><p>Datorită îndelungatei sale istorii, el a fost locul a numeroase evenimente istorice care au influențat <a href="/wiki/Istoria_Finlandei" title="Istoria Finlandei">istoria Finlandei</a>. Pentru anul 2011, Turku a fost desemnat <a href="/wiki/Capital%C4%83_European%C4%83_a_Culturii" title="Capitală Europeană a Culturii">Capitală Europeană a Culturii</a>, împreună cu capitala <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estoniei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>. În 1996 a fost declarat oraș al Crăciunului în Finlanda.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Datorită poziției sale, Turku este un port comercial și de pasageri care deservește anual peste trei milioane de călători cu destinațiile principale <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> și <a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-turku_stats_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turku_stats-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Populația estimată în 2011 a orașului Turku este de 177.430 de locuitori, el fiind astfel al cincilea oraș al Finlandei ca populație.<sup id="cite_ref-population_count_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population_count-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La 31 august 2008, în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subregiunea_Turku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subregiunea Turku — pagină inexistentă">subregiunea Turku</a> trăiau 303.492 de locuitori, ea fiind astfel a treia <a href="/wiki/Zon%C4%83_urban%C4%83" title="Zonă urbană">zonă urbană</a> din țară după Helsinki și <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>. Orașul este oficial bilingv, 5,2% din locuitorii săi fiind vorbitori de limbă suedeză.<sup id="cite_ref-population_by_language_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population_by_language-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorie">Istorie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Istorie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turku are o lungă istorie de mare oraș al Finlandei și, ocazional, de centru administrativ, deși ambele titulaturi le-a pierdut în ultimele 200 de ani în favoarea orașului <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>. Până astăzi, identitatea orașului provine din statutul său de cel mai vechi oraș al țării<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și din faptul că a fost prima ei capitală. La început, termenul „Finlanda” se referea doar la zona din jurul orașului Turku (regiune denumită și astăzi „<a href="/wiki/Finlanda_Proprie" class="mw-redirect" title="Finlanda Proprie">Finlanda Propriu-zisă</a>”). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Cathedral_of_Turku_1814.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cathedral_of_Turku_1814.jpg/170px-Cathedral_of_Turku_1814.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cathedral_of_Turku_1814.jpg/255px-Cathedral_of_Turku_1814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cathedral_of_Turku_1814.jpg/340px-Cathedral_of_Turku_1814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Catedrala din Turku, 1814.</figcaption></figure> <p>Deși s-au găsit în zonă dovezi arheologice ale prezenței umane încă din <a href="/wiki/Epoca_Pietrei" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoca Pietrei">Epoca Pietrei</a>, orașul Turku a fost înființat spre sfârșitul secolului al XIII-lea.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catedrala_din_Turku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catedrala din Turku — pagină inexistentă">Catedrala din Turku</a> a fost sfințită în 1300 și, împreună cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Castelul_Turku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castelul Turku — pagină inexistentă">castelul Turku</a> și cu mănăstirea <a href="/wiki/Ordinul_Dominican" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinul Dominican">dominicană</a> (înființată în 1249), au făcut din oraș centrul Finlandei medievale. </p><p>În Evul Mediu, Turku a fost sediul episcopiei Turku (titlu transformat mai târziu în arhiepiscopia de Turku), care acoperea pe atunci jumătatea estică a Regatului Suediei (mare parte din Finlanda de astăzi) până în secolul al XVII-lea. Deși Turku nu avea statut oficial de capitală, instituțiile <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duce_al_Finlandei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duce al Finlandei — pagină inexistentă">ducelui</a> și guvernatorului general al Finlandei și-au avut aici reședința. În 1640, la Turku s-a înființat prima universitate a Finlandei, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_Regal%C4%83_din_Turku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia Regală din Turku — pagină inexistentă">Academia Regală din Turku</a>. Turku a fost locul unde s-au întrunit în 1676 Stările Generale ale Finlandei. </p><p>După <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%83zboiul_Finlandez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Războiul Finlandez — pagină inexistentă">Războiul Finlandez</a>, încheiat cu cedarea de către <a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">Suedia</a> a Finlandei către <a href="/wiki/Imperiul_Rus" title="Imperiul Rus">Imperiul Rus</a> prin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tratatul_de_la_Fredrikshamn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tratatul de la Fredrikshamn — pagină inexistentă">tratatul de la Fredrikshamn</a> în 1809, Turku a devenit pentru scurt timp capitala oficială, pierzând însă statutul în favoarea orașului Helsinki, întrucât țarul <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_I_al_Rusiei" title="Alexandru I al Rusiei">Alexandru I</a> considera că Turku este prea departe de Rusia și prea aproape de Suedia pentru a servi drept capitală a <a href="/wiki/Marele_Ducat_al_Finlandei" class="mw-redirect" title="Marele Ducat al Finlandei">Marelui Ducat al Finlandei</a>. Schimbarea a avut loc oficial în 1812. Instituțiile guvernamentale rămase în Turku au fost în cele din urmă mutate în noua capitală după <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marele_Incendiu_din_Turku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marele Incendiu din Turku — pagină inexistentă">Marele Incendiu din Turku</a>, care a distrus orașul aproape în întregime în 1827. După incendiu, planul orașului a fost rearanjat de arhitectul german <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ludvig_Engel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Ludvig Engel — pagină inexistentă">Carl Ludvig Engel</a>, care proiectase și noua capitală, Helsinki. Turku a rămas cel mai mare oraș al țării timp de douăzeci de ani. </p><p>În 1918, după obținerea independenței, la Turku s-a înființat o nouă universitate, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%85bo_Akademi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Åbo Akademi — pagină inexistentă">Åbo Akademi</a> – singura universitate cu predare în <a href="/wiki/Limba_suedez%C4%83" title="Limba suedeză">limba suedeză</a> din Finlanda. După doi ani, alături de ea s-a înființat <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_din_Turku" title="Universitatea din Turku">Universitatea Turku</a>, cu predare în <a href="/wiki/Limba_finlandez%C4%83" title="Limba finlandeză">limba finlandeză</a>. Ele au fost înființate prin donații private și sunt a doua și a treia universitate din țară. </p><p>În secolul al XX-lea, Turku a fost denumit de unii istorici, cum ar fi Jarmo Virmavirta, <i>poarta Finlandei către Vest</i>. Orașul s-a bucurat de legături strânse cu alte țări și orașe vest-europene, în special după anii 1940, și mai ales cu orașul <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, peste <a href="/wiki/Golful_Botnic" title="Golful Botnic">Golful Botnic</a>. În anii 1960, Turku a devenit primul oraș occidental care a semnat un acord de înfrățire cu orașul <a href="/wiki/URSS" class="mw-redirect" title="URSS">sovietic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg" title="Sankt Petersburg">Leningrad</a>. După căderea regimului comunist din Rusia în 1991, la Turku au venit mulți ruși să studieze economia, printre ei numărându-se și <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, pe atunci viceprimar al Leningradului.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografie">Geografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Geografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Geografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Aura_River_Turku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aura_River_Turku.jpg/170px-Aura_River_Turku.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aura_River_Turku.jpg/255px-Aura_River_Turku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aura_River_Turku.jpg/340px-Aura_River_Turku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="2813" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A2ul_Aura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Râul Aura — pagină inexistentă">Râul Aura</a> lângă Turku.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aflat la gurile <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A2ul_Aura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Râul Aura — pagină inexistentă">Aurei</a> în zona sud-vestică a Finlandei, Turku acoperă o arie de 245 km² de pământ, întins pe ambele maluri ale râului. Zona estică, unde se află catedrala Turku, este denumită popular <i>täl pual jokke</i> („partea asta de râu”), în vreme ce zona vestică este denumită <i>tois pual jokke</i> („partea celalaltă a râului”). </p><p>În Turku există nouă poduri peste Aura. Primul pod din oraș denumit astăzi <i>Pennisilta</i>, a fost construit în 1414, și nu mai există astăzi; dintre cele existente, cel mai vechi este <i>Auransilta</i>, construit în 1904. Cel mai recent este <i>Teatterisilta</i> („podul teatrului”), un pod pietonal construit în 1997. În oraș există <i>Föri</i>, un mic vas care transportă gratuit pietoni și bicicliști. </p><p>Cu o populație de circa 300.000 de locuitori, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subregiunea_Turku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subregiunea Turku — pagină inexistentă">subregiunea Turku</a> este a treia zonă urbană din Finlanda, după <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> și zona din jurul orașului <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>. Regiunea include, pe lângă orașul propriu-zis, și comunele: <a href="/wiki/Askainen" title="Askainen">Askainen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaarina" title="Kaarina">Kaarina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemu" title="Lemu">Lemu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieto" title="Lieto">Lieto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masku" title="Masku">Masku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merimasku" title="Merimasku">Merimasku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myn%C3%A4m%C3%A4ki" title="Mynämäki">Mynämäki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naantali" title="Naantali">Naantali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nousiainen" title="Nousiainen">Nousiainen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paimio" title="Paimio">Paimio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piikki%C3%B6" title="Piikkiö">Piikkiö</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raisio" title="Raisio">Raisio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusko" title="Rusko">Rusko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rym%C3%A4ttyl%C3%A4" title="Rymättylä">Rymättylä</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauvo" title="Sauvo">Sauvo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vahto" title="Vahto">Vahto</a> și <a href="/wiki/Velkua" title="Velkua">Velkua</a>. </p><p>Multe din comunele dimprejurul orașului (spre nord și sud) au fost incluse în acesta pe la jumătatea secolului al XX-lea, și astfel Turku are o formă de pară alungită. Centrul și mare parte din zonele suburbane se află în mijloc, separate de zonele rurale mai rarefiat populate din nord de centura orașului, parte a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drumul_european_E18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drumul european E18 — pagină inexistentă">drumului E18</a>. Insulele, cum ar fi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruissalo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruissalo — pagină inexistentă">Ruissalo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirvensalo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hirvensalo — pagină inexistentă">Hirvensalo</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakskerta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kakskerta — pagină inexistentă">Kakskerta</a>, care fac și ele parte din oraș, sunt populate rarefiat și conțin în mare parte reședințe de vară, cu excepția unor districte din Hirvensalo, care se transformă în zone rezidențiale suburbane. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clima">Clima</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Clima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Clima"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Autumn_in_Turku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Autumn_in_Turku.jpg/220px-Autumn_in_Turku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Autumn_in_Turku.jpg/330px-Autumn_in_Turku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Autumn_in_Turku.jpg/440px-Autumn_in_Turku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Zona catedralei toamna.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aflat lângă <a href="/wiki/Marea_Baltic%C4%83" title="Marea Baltică">Marea Baltică</a> și adăpostit de insulele arhipelagului Finlandez, Turku are o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clim%C4%83_subpolar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climă subpolară — pagină inexistentă">climă subpolară</a>. Ca și mare parte din sudul Finlandei, verile sunt calde, cu temperaturi de până la 30 °C (86 °F), și ierni friguroase și cu zăpezi frecvente. Cea mai caldă lună din an este iulie, cu o temperatură medie de 17 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>, iar cea mai rece este februarie. Temperatura medie anuală este de 5 °C. </p><p>În Turku, precipitațiile medii anuale se cifrează la 698 mm. Cea mai ploioasă lună este august, cu 79 mm. Luna mai este cea mai uscată, cu doar 35 mm. </p><p>Stația meteo din Turku se află la 47 de metri altitudine, lângă aeroport și funcționează din 1955. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transporturi">Transporturi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Transporturi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Transporturi"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Electric_locomotives_at_Turku_railway_station..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Electric_locomotives_at_Turku_railway_station..jpg/200px-Electric_locomotives_at_Turku_railway_station..jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Electric_locomotives_at_Turku_railway_station..jpg/300px-Electric_locomotives_at_Turku_railway_station..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Electric_locomotives_at_Turku_railway_station..jpg/400px-Electric_locomotives_at_Turku_railway_station..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2234" data-file-height="1645" /></a><figcaption>Locomotive la gara centrală din Turku.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Turku_Postcard_landscape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Turku_Postcard_landscape.jpg/200px-Turku_Postcard_landscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Turku_Postcard_landscape.jpg/300px-Turku_Postcard_landscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Turku_Postcard_landscape.jpg/400px-Turku_Postcard_landscape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS_Isabella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MS Isabella — pagină inexistentă">MS Isabella</a> a companiei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viking Line — pagină inexistentă">Viking Line</a> în drum spre arhipelag.</figcaption></figure> <p>Turku are o rețea de transport în comun de dimensiune moderată, formată din linii de autobuz, similară cu cea din orașul <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, care are dimensiuni similare. Rețeaua de autobuze este supervizată de <i>Biroul de Transport Public al Orașului Turku</i> (în <a href="/wiki/Limba_finlandez%C4%83" title="Limba finlandeză">finlandeză</a> <span lang="fi" style="font-style:italic">Turun joukkoliikennetoimisto</span>, <a href="/wiki/Limba_suedez%C4%83" title="Limba suedeză">suedeză</a> <span lang="sv" style="font-style:italic">Åbo kollektivtrafikkontor</span>), iar transportul este efectuat în principal de companii private. Liniile regionale de autobuz sunt și ele operate tot de companii private, dintre care cea mai importantă este <a href="/w/index.php?title=TLO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TLO — pagină inexistentă">TLO</a>, care deservește în principal liniile spre Naantali, Raisio și Kaarina. </p><p>Traficul feroviar înspre și dinspre Turku este gestionat de operatorul național finlandez, <a href="/w/index.php?title=VR_(companie_de_cale_ferat%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VR (companie de cale ferată) — pagină inexistentă">VR</a>. Numărul de linii a scăzut și acum circulă doar câteva curse către Tampere și Helsinki. Gările folosite pentru traficul de călători sunt gara centrală din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pohjola,_Turku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pohjola, Turku — pagină inexistentă">Pohjola</a>, și două gări mai mici în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupittaa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kupittaa — pagină inexistentă">Kupittaa</a> și în port. </p><p>Liniile de tramvai au fost desființate în 1972, iar liniile feroviare locale spre sfârșitul secolului al XX-lea. Există însă planuri pentru construirea unui sistem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_rail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Light rail — pagină inexistentă">light rail</a> în regiunea Turku. Acest sistem ar deservi mai bine marile suburbii, cum ar fi Varissuo și Runosmäki, dar și alte orașe.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Autogara Turku și gara centrală se află în zone diferite ale orașului. Primăria intenționează să le combine în viitor într-un unic complex de transporturi, dotat cu hotel și centre comerciale. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeroportul_Turku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aeroportul Turku — pagină inexistentă">Aeroportul Turku</a> se află la 8 km nord de centrul orașului, la limita cu comuna învecinată <a href="/wiki/Rusko" title="Rusko">Rusko</a>. </p><p>Din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portul_Turku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portul Turku — pagină inexistentă">portul Turku</a> circulă linii zilnice de ferry-boat către Suedia și către <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Åland">Åland</a>, linii pe care operează <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silja_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silja Line — pagină inexistentă">Silja Line</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viking Line — pagină inexistentă">Viking Line</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=SeaWind_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SeaWind Line — pagină inexistentă">SeaWind Line</a>. Acestea reprezintă o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruotsinlaiva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruotsinlaiva — pagină inexistentă">tradiție culturală finlandeză</a>, și mulți oameni din toată Finlanda vin la Turku doar pentru o croazieră de-a lungul golfului Botnic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografie">Demografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Demografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Demografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Turku_Vappu_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Turku_Vappu_2008.jpg/220px-Turku_Vappu_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Turku_Vappu_2008.jpg/330px-Turku_Vappu_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Turku_Vappu_2008.jpg/440px-Turku_Vappu_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2957" data-file-height="1966" /></a><figcaption>Oameni sărbătorind <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vappu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vappu — pagină inexistentă">Vappu</a> în centrul Turkului.</figcaption></figure> <p>La sfârșitul lui 2004, regiunea Turku (inclusiv <a href="/w/index.php?title=Districtele_Finlandei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Districtele Finlandei — pagină inexistentă">districtele economice</a> Turku și Åboland) aveau o populație de 319.632 de locuitori, dintre care 174.824 trăiau în orașul Turku. Densitatea orașului este de 718 locuitori/km².<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>89,4 % din populația din Turku vorbește finlandeza ca limbă maternă, în vreme ce 5,2 % vorbesc suedeza. Alte limbi vorbite în oraș sunt <a href="/wiki/Limba_rus%C4%83" title="Limba rusă">rusa</a> (1,3 %), <a href="/wiki/Limba_arab%C4%83" title="Limba arabă">araba</a> (0,6 %), <a href="/wiki/Limba_albanez%C4%83" title="Limba albaneză">albaneza</a> (0,5 %) și <a href="/wiki/Limba_kurd%C4%83" title="Limba kurdă">kurda</a> (0,4 %). 95,8 % din populație sunt cetățeni finlandezi, cele mai mari minorități de imigranți sunt cele provenite din <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a> și <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Ca și alte orașe finlandeze, Turku nu are date despre compoziția etnică și religioasă a populației sale.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Printre personalitățile marcante originare din Turku se numără atletul <a href="/wiki/Paavo_Nurmi" title="Paavo Nurmi">Paavo Nurmi</a>, fostul președinte finlandez <a href="/wiki/Mauno_Koivisto" title="Mauno Koivisto">Mauno Koivisto</a>, muzicianul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matti_Salminen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matti Salminen — pagină inexistentă">Matti Salminen</a>, chimistul <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">Johan Gadolin</a>, naturalistul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herman_Sp%C3%B6ring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herman Spöring — pagină inexistentă">Herman Spöring</a>, hocheiștii <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miikka_Kiprusoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miikka Kiprusoff — pagină inexistentă">Miikka Kiprusoff</a> și frații <a href="/wiki/Saku_Koivu" title="Saku Koivu">Saku</a> și <a href="/wiki/Mikko_Koivu" title="Mikko Koivu">Mikko Koivu</a>. Regiunea Turku a dat țării și alte personalități, printre care mareșalul <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Carl Gustaf Mannerheim</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economia">Economia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Economia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Economia"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Oasis_of_the_Seas_2009-10-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Oasis_of_the_Seas_2009-10-18.jpg/220px-Oasis_of_the_Seas_2009-10-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Oasis_of_the_Seas_2009-10-18.jpg/330px-Oasis_of_the_Seas_2009-10-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Oasis_of_the_Seas_2009-10-18.jpg/440px-Oasis_of_the_Seas_2009-10-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MS_Oasis_of_the_Seas" title="MS Oasis of the Seas">MS Oasis of the Seas</a>, cel mai mare vas de pasageri din lume, a fost construit la Turku.</figcaption></figure> <p>Districtul economic și de afaceri este centrat în jurul portului Turku și se bazează și pe alte industrii din domeniul serviciilor. Orașul este un centru al înaltelor tehnologii – zona <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku_Science_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turku Science Park — pagină inexistentă">Turku Science Park</a> din Kupittaa găzduiește peste 300 de companii din domeniile <a href="/wiki/Biotehnologie" title="Biotehnologie">biotehnologiei</a> și <a href="/wiki/Tehnologia_informa%C8%9Biei" title="Tehnologia informației">tehnologiei informației</a>, precum și mai multe instituții de învățământ superior care lucrează în strânsă colaborare cu sectorul de afaceri. Această cooperare este considerată un factor deosebit de important în raport cu dezvoltarea economică viitoare, așa cum se arată în <i>Strategia Turku</i>, document publicat anual de consiliul local. </p><p>În 2007, rata <a href="/wiki/%C8%98omaj" title="Șomaj">șomajului</a> era de 9,4 %.<sup id="cite_ref-pdf_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdf-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Problema șomajului este mai mare în districtele <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pansio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pansio — pagină inexistentă">Pansio</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lauste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lauste — pagină inexistentă">Lauste</a> și Varissuo, unde se cifra tot atunci pe la 16 %.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educație"><span id="Educa.C8.9Bie"></span>Educație</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Educație" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Educație"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Turun_yliopisto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Turun_yliopisto.jpg/220px-Turun_yliopisto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Turun_yliopisto.jpg/330px-Turun_yliopisto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Turun_yliopisto.jpg/440px-Turun_yliopisto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>Clădirea principală a <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_din_Turku" title="Universitatea din Turku">Universității Turku</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Istoria educației în Turku este mai îndelungată decât în orice alt oraș din țară – prima școală din oraș, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katedralskolan_i_%C3%85bo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katedralskolan i Åbo — pagină inexistentă">Școala Catedralei</a></i>, a fost înființată împreună cu Catedrala Turku la sfârșitul secolului al XIII-lea. Prima <a href="/wiki/Universitate" title="Universitate">universitate</a> din Finlanda, „<a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_Regal%C4%83_Turku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia Regală Turku — pagină inexistentă">Academia Regală Turku</a>” (astăzi, <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_din_Helsinki" title="Universitatea din Helsinki">Universitatea Helsinki</a>), a fost înființată aici în 1640. În 1820, prima școală din Finlanda conformă <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metoda_Bell-Lancaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metoda Bell-Lancaster — pagină inexistentă">metodei Bell-Lancaster</a> a fost înființată la Turku, în scopul de a extinde educația la nivel de școală primară în rândul claselor sociale sărace. </p><p>În Turku activează 35.000 de studenți în instituții de învățământ superior.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_din_Turku" title="Universitatea din Turku">Universitatea Turku</a> este a doua universitate din Finlanda ca număr de studenți (cu 18.000 de studenți), și una din cele mai vechi, fiind înființată în 1920. Turku găzduiește mai multe alte instituții de învățământ superior, printre care <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%85bo_Akademi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Åbo Akademi — pagină inexistentă">Åbo Akademi</a></i> înființată în 1918, singura universitate cu predare în limba suedeză din Finlanda, <i>Turun kauppakorkeakoulu</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98coala_Economic%C4%83_Turku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Școala Economică Turku — pagină inexistentă">Școala Economică Turku</a>) și <i>Turun ammattikorkeakoulu</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_Aplicate_Turku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea de Științe Aplicate Turku — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea de Științe Aplicate Turku</a>), a doua universitate tehnică din Finlanda după Universitatea de Științe Aplicate Metropolia. </p><p>Spitalul central din Turku, <a href="/w/index.php?title=TYKS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TYKS — pagină inexistentă">Spitalul Universitar Turku</a>, este afiliat Universității și funcționează ca spital clinic. </p><p>Turku este unul din cele două orașe finlandeze (pe lângă Helsinki) care au înființate școli internaționale. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98coala_Interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83_Turku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Școala Internațională Turku — pagină inexistentă">Școala Internațională Turku</a>, aflată în districtul estic <a href="/wiki/Varissuo" title="Varissuo">Varissuo</a>, funcționează din 2003. Printr-un acord între primăria Turku și <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_din_Turku" title="Universitatea din Turku">Universitatea Turku</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turun_normaalikoulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turun normaalikoulu — pagină inexistentă">Turun normaalikoulu</a> gestionează procesul educațional din școala internațională.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lista_ora%C8%99elor_din_Finlanda" title="Lista orașelor din Finlanda">Lista orașelor din Finlanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lista_comunelor_din_Finlanda" title="Lista comunelor din Finlanda">Lista comunelor din Finlanda</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campionatul_European_de_Fotbal_Feminin_2009" title="Campionatul European de Fotbal Feminin 2009">Campionatul European de Fotbal Feminin 2009</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-population_count-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population_count_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_count_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140919232034/http://vrk.fi/default.aspx?docid=4258&site=3&id=0">„Populația Finlandei pe municipalități la 31 ianuarie 2011”</a> (în finlandeză și suedeză). Centrul de Înregistrare a Populației din Finlanda. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vrk.fi/default.aspx?docid=4258&site=3&id=0">original</a> la <time datetime="2014-09-19">19 septembrie 2014</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-04-29">29 aprilie 2011</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popula%C8%9Bia+Finlandei+pe+municipalit%C4%83%C8%9Bi+la+31+ianuarie+2011&rft.pub=Centrul+de+%C3%8Enregistrare+a+Popula%C8%9Biei+din+Finlanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvrk.fi%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fdocid%3D4258%26site%3D3%26id%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Limb%C4%83_nerecunoscut%C4%83" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3aab9938e5f61d78754be9c8d703c4f9-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3aab9938e5f61d78754be9c8d703c4f9_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turku.fi/en/study-turku/welcome-turku/turku-facts"><i>Turku facts</i></a> (în engleză), <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turku</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2024-04-01">1 aprilie 2024</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turku+facts&rft.pub=Turku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2Fen%2Fstudy-turku%2Fwelcome-turku%2Fturku-facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7511c337216ee87ea3cd529b3281c935-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7511c337216ee87ea3cd529b3281c935_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/sites/maanmittauslaitos.fi/files/attachments/2023/02/Vuoden_2023_pinta-alatilasto_kunnat_maakunnat.pdf"><i><span lang="fi">Suomen pinta-ala kunnitain 1.1.2023</span></i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22fi%22%3ESuomen+pinta-ala+kunnitain+1.1.2023%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maanmittauslaitos.fi%2Fsites%2Fmaanmittauslaitos.fi%2Ffiles%2Fattachments%2F2023%2F02%2FVuoden_2023_pinta-alatilasto_kunnat_maakunnat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turku_stats-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turku_stats_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turku_stats_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927175319/https://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=3981&culture=en-US&contentlan=2">„Anuar statistic al orașului Turku”</a> (în finlandeză). <time datetime="2008-07-17">17 iulie 2008</time>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=3981&culture=en-US&contentlan=2">original</a> la <time datetime="2007-09-27">27 septembrie 2007</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-04-29">29 aprilie 2011</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anuar+statistic+al+ora%C8%99ului+Turku&rft.date=2008-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2FPublic%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fnodeid%3D3981%26culture%3Den-US%26contentlan%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">„Aluetietopankki” pe site-ul Kuntaliitto</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716095158/https://www.turku.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=9289&culture=en-US&contentlan=2">„Christmas City » Turku, the Finnish Christmas City”</a>. www.turku.fi. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turku.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=9289&culture=en-US&contentlan=2">original</a> la <time datetime="2011-07-16">16 iulie 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-05-06">6 mai 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christmas+City+%C2%BB+Turku%2C+the+Finnish+Christmas+City&rft.pub=www.turku.fi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2Fpublic%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fnodeid%3D9289%26culture%3Den-US%26contentlan%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population_by_language-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population_by_language_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090817074230/http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=060_vaerak_tau_107_fi&ti=V%E4est%F6+kielen+mukaan+sek%E4+ulkomaan+kansalaisten+m%E4%E4r%E4+ja+maa-pinta-ala+alueittain++1980+-+2008&path=..%2FDatabase%2FStatFin%2Fvrm%2Fvaerak%2F&lang=3&multilang=fi">„Populația după limbă și cea a străinilor la 31 decembrie 2008”</a>. PX-Web, bază de date statistică despre Finlanda. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=060_vaerak_tau_107_fi&ti=V%E4est%F6+kielen+mukaan+sek%E4+ulkomaan+kansalaisten+m%E4%E4r%E4+ja+maa-pinta-ala+alueittain++1980+-+2008&path=..%2FDatabase%2FStatFin%2Fvrm%2Fvaerak%2F&lang=3&multilang=fi">original</a> la <time datetime="2009-08-17">17 august 2009</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-03-29">29 martie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popula%C8%9Bia+dup%C4%83+limb%C4%83+%C8%99i+cea+a+str%C4%83inilor+la+31+decembrie+2008&rft.pub=PX-Web%2C+baz%C4%83+de+date+statistic%C4%83+despre+Finlanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpxweb2.stat.fi%2FDialog%2Fvarval.asp%3Fma%3D060_vaerak_tau_107_fi%26ti%3DV%25E4est%25F6%2Bkielen%2Bmukaan%2Bsek%25E4%2Bulkomaan%2Bkansalaisten%2Bm%25E4%25E4r%25E4%2Bja%2Bmaa-pinta-ala%2Balueittain%2B%2B1980%2B-%2B2008%26path%3D..%252FDatabase%252FStatFin%252Fvrm%252Fvaerak%252F%26lang%3D3%26multilang%3Dfi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitfinland.com/W5/index.nsf/(pages)/Destinations">„Destinations in Finland - Official Travel and Tourism Guide”</a>. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2009-05-06">6 mai 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Destinations+in+Finland+-+Official+Travel+and+Tourism+Guide&rft.pub=Visitfinland.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitfinland.com%2FW5%2Findex.nsf%2F%28pages%29%2FDestinations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Aki Pihlman (<time datetime="2006-09-13">13 septembrie 2006</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113003534/https://www.utu.fi/media/ajankohtaista/argumentit/AkiPihlman.html">„Varhainen Turku rakennettiin pellolle”</a> (în finlandeză). 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Finnish Tramways Society. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raitio.org/historia/pika/pika.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2016-10-07">7 octombrie 2016</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2009-05-06">6 mai 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.turku.fi+%C2%BB+turku.fi+%C2%BB+Turku.info+%C2%BB+Publications+and+Reports&rft.pub=turku.fi&rft.date=2008-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2FPublic%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fcontentid%3D97662%26nodeid%3D4907%26culture%3Den-US%26contentlan%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Turun kaupunki (2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=2296">Turun kaupungin tilastollinen vuosikirja</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051109082706/http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=2296">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2005-11-09">9 noiembrie 2005</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i>. Accesat la 11 august 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pdf-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pdf_14-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512120623/http://www.turku.fi/Public/download.aspx?ID=59428&GUID=%7B2171A3CC-D0CC-4ACF-A894-86B962BE8B58%7D">„copie arhivă”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turku.fi/Public/download.aspx?ID=59428&GUID=%7B2171A3CC-D0CC-4ACF-A894-86B962BE8B58%7D">original</a> la <time datetime="2015-05-12">12 mai 2015</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turku.fi/Public/download.aspx?ID=59731&GUID=%7B246B196C-9A7D-4975-8431-50D14A1405D8">original</a> la <time datetime="2015-05-11">11 mai 2015</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-05-02">2 mai 2011</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=copie+arhiv%C4%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2FPublic%2Fdownload.aspx%3FID%3D59731%26GUID%3D%257B246B196C-9A7D-4975-8431-50D14A1405D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716095212/https://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=4904&culture=en-US&contentlan=2">„www.turku.fi » turku.fi » Turku.info » Turku in Brief”</a>. turku.fi. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=4904&culture=en-US&contentlan=2">original</a> la <time datetime="2011-07-16">16 iulie 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-05-06">6 mai 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.turku.fi+%C2%BB+turku.fi+%C2%BB+Turku.info+%C2%BB+Turku+in+Brief&rft.pub=turku.fi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2FPublic%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fnodeid%3D4904%26culture%3Den-US%26contentlan%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226054046/http://www.tnk.utu.fi/index.php?id=1389&news_id=125&archive=">„Turku International School”</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_din_Turku" title="Universitatea din Turku">Universitatea Turku</a>. <time datetime="2006-01-15">15 ianuarie 2006</time>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnk.utu.fi/index.php?id=1389&news_id=125&archive=">original</a> la <time datetime="2008-12-26">26 decembrie 2008</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-05-05">5 mai 2011</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turku+International+School&rft.pub=Universitatea+Turku&rft.date=2006-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnk.utu.fi%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D1389%26news_id%3D125%26archive%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATurku" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba finlandeză">fi</span> Anttonen, Martti (ed) (1992). <i>Täällä Suomen synnyinmuistot</i>. Jyväskylä: Varsinais-Suomen maakuntaliitto.</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba finlandeză">fi</span> Knuuti, Heikki et al. (1986). <i>Kotikaupunkini Suomen Turku</i>. Keuruu: Otava Publishing.</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Virmavirta, Jarmo (2004). <i>Finland's City of Turku</i>. Keuruu: Otava Publishing.</li> <li>Turun kaupunki (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turku.fi/Public/download.aspx?ID=44392&GUID={00A2862E-0AAB-412B-B4E2-15EFBE2A0429}">Muutoksen suunnat 3/2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512025249/http://www.turku.fi/Public/download.aspx?ID=44392&GUID=%7B00A2862E-0AAB-412B-B4E2-15EFBE2A0429%7D">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2015-05-12">12 mai 2015</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Accesat la 27 septembrie 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/revenirea-unei-capitale-turku-2011-918633.html">Revenirea unei capitale - Turku 2011</a>, 19 ianuarie 2011, <i>Evenimentul zilei</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,6404336,00.html">Revenirea unei capitale - Turku 2011</a>, Jenni Roth, Claudia Ștefan, 19 ianuarie 2011, <i>Deutsche Welle</i></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitalele_Europene_ale_Culturii" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Format:Capital%C4%83_European%C4%83_a_Culturii" title="Format:Capitală Europeană a Culturii"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Capital%C4%83_European%C4%83_a_Culturii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Capitală Europeană a Culturii — pagină inexistentă"><abbr title="Discută acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Capital%C4%83_European%C4%83_a_Culturii&action=edit"><abbr title="Modifică acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">m</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitalele_Europene_ale_Culturii" class="whiteText" style="font-size:100%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital%C4%83_European%C4%83_a_Culturii" title="Capitală Europeană a Culturii">Capitalele Europene ale Culturii</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p>1985 <a href="/wiki/Atena" title="Atena">Atena</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  1986 <a href="/wiki/Floren%C8%9Ba" title="Florența">Florența</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  1987 <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  1988 <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  1989 <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  1990 <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  1991 <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  1992 <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  1993 <a href="/wiki/Anvers" title="Anvers">Anvers</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  1994 <a href="/wiki/Lisabona" title="Lisabona">Lisabona</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  1995 <a href="/wiki/Luxemburg_(ora%C8%99)" title="Luxemburg (oraș)">Luxemburg</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  1996 <a href="/wiki/Copenhaga" title="Copenhaga">Copenhaga</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  1997 <a href="/wiki/Salonic" title="Salonic">Salonic</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  1998 <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  1999 <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2000 <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bergen,_Norvegia" title="Bergen, Norvegia">Bergen</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bruxelles" title="Bruxelles">Bruxelles</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Cracovia" title="Cracovia">Cracovia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Praga" title="Praga">Praga</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2001 <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2002 <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2003 <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2004 <a href="/wiki/Genova" title="Genova">Genova</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2005 <a href="/wiki/Cork" title="Cork">Cork</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2006 <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2007 <a href="/wiki/Luxemburg_(ora%C8%99)" title="Luxemburg (oraș)">Luxemburg</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2008 <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2009 <a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2010 <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2011 <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turku</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2012 <a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2013 <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Košice">Košice</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Marsilia" title="Marsilia">Marsilia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2014 <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2015 <a href="/wiki/Mons" title="Mons">Mons</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2016 <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2017 <a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2018 <a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2019 <a href="/wiki/Matera" title="Matera">Matera</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2020/2021 <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2022 <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2023 <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Eleusina" title="Eleusina">Eleusina</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Veszprém">Veszprém</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  2024  <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bad_Ischl" title="Bad Ischl">Bad Ischl</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8" title="Bodø">Bodø</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <i>2025  <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </i> <i>2026  <a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a></i> </p> </div></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:European_Capital_of_Culture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/European_Capital_of_Culture.svg/80px-European_Capital_of_Culture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/European_Capital_of_Culture.svg/120px-European_Capital_of_Culture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/European_Capital_of_Culture.svg/160px-European_Capital_of_Culture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="45" 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.navbox-title{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .whiteText{color:#fff}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important;background:transparent!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important;background:transparent!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orașe_membre_ale_Ligii_Hanseatice_după_cerc" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Format:Hansa" title="Format:Hansa"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Hansa" title="Discuție Format:Hansa"><abbr title="Discută acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Hansa&action=edit"><abbr title="Modifică acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">m</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orașe_membre_ale_Ligii_Hanseatice_după_cerc" class="whiteText" style="font-size:100%;margin:0 4em">Orașe membre ale <a href="/wiki/Liga_Hanseatic%C4%83" title="Liga Hanseatică">Ligii Hanseatice</a> după cerc</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Orașele lider ale <a href="/wiki/Liga_Hanseatic%C4%83#Membri_ai_Ligii_Hanseatice" title="Liga Hanseatică"><b>cercurilor</b></a> sunt prezentate în <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;">majuscule</span>.</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_imperial_city" class="extiw" title="en:Free imperial city">Orașele libere imperiale</a> ale <a href="/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntul_Imperiu_Roman" title="Sfântul Imperiu Roman">Sfântului Imperiu Roman</a> sunt indicate în <i>italice</i>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cercul <a href="/wiki/Limbi_sorabe" title="Limbi sorabe">sorbian</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><i> <b><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></b> </i></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg <small>(Kołobrzeg)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde <small>(Darłowo)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin <small>(Szczecin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp <small>(Słupsk)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16786155" /></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principalele rute de comerț ale Ligii Hanseatice"><img alt="Principalele rute de comerț ale Ligii Hanseatice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — unul din orașele importante ale Ligii Hanseatice"><img alt="Lubeck — unul din orașele importante ale Ligii Hanseatice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cercul <a href="/wiki/Saxonia" title="Saxonia">saxon</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen" title="Nordhausen">Nordhausen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16786155" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cercul <a href="/wiki/Marea_Baltic%C4%83" title="Marea Baltică">baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk"><span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;">Danzig</span><br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal;">(Gdańsk)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau <small>(Wrocław)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat <small>(Tartu)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing <small>(Elbląg)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" class="mw-disambig" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraków">Cracow <small>(Kraków)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval <small>(Tallinn)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga <small>(Rīga)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn <small>(Toruń)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16786155" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cercul <a href="/wiki/Westfalia" title="Westfalia">westfalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><i><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln">Köln</a></i></span> <span style="font-weight:normal;"><small><sup>1</sup></small></span><br /><span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><i><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></i></span> <span style="font-weight:normal;"><small><sup>1</sup></small></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen" title="Kampen">Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soest" title="Soest">Soest</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16786155" /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Liga_Hanseatic%C4%83#Membri_care_aveau_drept_de_control_și_de_ținere_a_evidenței_(Kontore)" title="Liga Hanseatică">Kontore</a></i> <br /> <i>Orașe de bilanț și <br /> control ale Hansei</i></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Principale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryggen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryggen — pagină inexistentă">Bryggen</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bergen,_Norvegia" title="Bergen, Norvegia">Bergen</a>)</small></li> <li>Hanzekantoor <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a><sup>2</sup><small> </small></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steelyard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steelyard — pagină inexistentă">Steelyard</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Londra" title="Londra">Londra</a>)</small></li> <li>Peterhof <small>(<a href="/wiki/Veliki_Novgorod" title="Veliki Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Secundare</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anvers" title="Anvers">Anvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damme" title="Damme">Damme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull" class="mw-redirect" title="Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">King's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle" class="mw-disambig" title="Newcastle">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo%C8%9Bk" title="Poloțk">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a> (fost <i>Plescovia</i>)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" class="extiw" title="en:Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vreamont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vreamont — pagină inexistentă">Vreamont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16786155" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alte orașe<sup>3</sup> ale <br /> Ligii Hanseatice</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaldsnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avaldsnes — pagină inexistentă">Avaldsnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsward" title="Bolsward">Bolsward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brae" title="Brae">Brae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cesis — pagină inexistentă">Cesis</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wenden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wenden — pagină inexistentă">Wenden</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno" title="Chełmno">Chełmno</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulm — pagină inexistentă">Kulm</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doesburg" title="Doesburg">Doesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einbeck" title="Einbeck">Einbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elburg" title="Elburg">Elburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fellin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fellin — pagină inexistentă">Fellin</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Viljandi" title="Viljandi">Viljandi</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldingen — pagină inexistentă">Goldingen</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuldiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuldiga — pagină inexistentă">Kuldiga</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindav%C3%ADk" title="Grindavík">Grindavík</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundarfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundarfjörður — pagină inexistentă">Grundarfjörður</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunnister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunnister — pagină inexistentă">Gunnister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haapsalu" title="Haapsalu">Haapsalu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafnarfjord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafnarfjord — pagină inexistentă">Hafnarfjord</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Hafnarfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Hafnarfjörður">Hafnarfjörður</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle" class="mw-disambig" title="Halle">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamelin" title="Hamelin">Hamelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlingen" title="Harlingen">Harlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover">Hannover</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haroldswick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haroldswick — pagină inexistentă">Haroldswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasselt" title="Hasselt">Hasselt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattem" title="Hattem">Hattem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a> Hildesheim</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindeloopen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindeloopen — pagină inexistentă">Hindeloopen</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hylpen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hylpen — pagină inexistentă">Hylpen</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar" title="Kalmar">Kalmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kokenhusen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kokenhusen — pagină inexistentă">Kokenhusen</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Koknese" title="Koknese">Koknese</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krambatangi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krambatangi — pagină inexistentă">Krambatangi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulm — pagină inexistentă">Kulm</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno" title="Chełmno">Chełmno</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumbaravogur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumbaravogur — pagină inexistentă">Kumbaravogur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leghorn" title="Leghorn">Leghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemgo" title="Lemgo">Lemgo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemsal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemsal — pagină inexistentă">Lemsal</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Limba%C5%BEi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limbaži — pagină inexistentă">Limbaži</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippe" class="mw-disambig" title="Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisabona" title="Lisabona">Lisabona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunna_Ness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lunna Ness — pagină inexistentă">Lunna Wick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merseburg" title="Merseburg">Merseburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minden" title="Minden">Minden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoli" title="Napoli">Napoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narwa — pagină inexistentă">Narwa</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen" title="Nordhausen">Nordhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyborg" title="Nyborg">Nyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyk%C3%B6ping" title="Nyköping">Nyköping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenzaal" title="Oldenzaal">Oldenzaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ommen" title="Ommen">Ommen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pernau" class="mw-disambig" title="Pernau">Pernau</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu" title="Pärnu">Pärnu</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perleberg" title="Perleberg">Perleberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roermond" title="Roermond">Roermond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roop — pagină inexistentă">Roop</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Straupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Straupe — pagină inexistentă">Straupe</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakenbr%C3%BCck" title="Quakenbrück">Quakenbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quedlinburg" title="Quedlinburg">Quedlinburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzwedel" title="Salzwedel">Salzwedel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalloway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scalloway — pagină inexistentă">Scalloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stavoren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stavoren — pagină inexistentă">Stavoren</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Starum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starum — pagină inexistentă">Starum</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stendal" title="Stendal">Stendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turku</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/%C3%85bo" class="mw-redirect" title="Åbo">Åbo</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uelzen" title="Uelzen">Uelzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlo" title="Venlo">Venlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk,_Livonia" title="Walk, Livonia">Walk</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Valka" title="Valka">Valka</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wei%C3%9Fenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weißenstein — pagină inexistentă">Weißenstein</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Paide" class="mw-disambig" title="Paide">Paide</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wenden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wenden — pagină inexistentă">Wenden</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%93sis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cēsis — pagină inexistentă">Cēsis</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesel" title="Wesel">Wesel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wesenberg — pagină inexistentă">Wesenberg</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Rakvere" title="Rakvere">Rakvere</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiburg — pagină inexistentă">Wiburg</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Vyborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windau" class="mw-redirect" title="Windau">Windau</a><small>(<a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolmar — pagină inexistentă">Wolmar</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valmiera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valmiera — pagină inexistentă">Valmiera</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln">Köln</a> și <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> fuseseră ambele capitale ale <i>Cercului Westfalian</i> la timpi diferiți.</li><li><small><sup>2</sup></small> <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> a început să dețină importanță după fosta capitală <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> a devenit inaccesibilă din cauza colmatării canalului <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwin" class="extiw" title="en:Zwin">Zwin</a>.</li><li><small><sup>3</sup></small> Inițial, orașele care constituiau Liga Hanseatică, erau doar orașe portuare, dar după un timp, orașe continentale (fără ieșire la mare) au aderat la Liga Hanseatică.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16786155" /> 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