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id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation_and_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_and_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Formation and growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_and_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reign_of_Jayavarman_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Jayavarman_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Reign of Jayavarman II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Jayavarman_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_Yasodharapura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_Yasodharapura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Establishment of Yasodharapura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_Yasodharapura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_age_of_Khmer_civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_age_of_Khmer_civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Golden age of Khmer civilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_age_of_Khmer_civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reign_of_Suryavarman_II_and_Angkor_Wat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Suryavarman_II_and_Angkor_Wat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Reign of Suryavarman II and Angkor Wat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Suryavarman_II_and_Angkor_Wat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_of_Jayavarman_VII_and_Angkor_Thom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Jayavarman_VII_and_Angkor_Thom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Reign of Jayavarman VII and Angkor Thom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Jayavarman_VII_and_Angkor_Thom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_of_Jayavarman_VIII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Jayavarman_VIII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Reign of Jayavarman VIII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Jayavarman_VIII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conversion_from_Hinduism_to_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_from_Hinduism_to_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Conversion from Hinduism to Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_from_Hinduism_to_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Foreign pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_breakdown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_breakdown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Ecological breakdown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_breakdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plague" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plague"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Plague</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plague-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angkor_after_the_15th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angkor_after_the_15th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Angkor after the 15th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angkor_after_the_15th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture and society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy_and_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Economy and agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Society and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_way_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_way_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Culture and way of life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_way_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Art and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_regional_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_regional_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relations with regional powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_regional_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery of temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Khmer Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer-ryk" title="Khmer-ryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Khmer-ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="إمبراطورية الخمير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبراطورية الخمير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="খ্মেৰ সাম্ৰাজ্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="খ্মেৰ সাম্ৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_khmer" title="Imperiu khmer – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu khmer" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Khmer imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Khmer imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="خمر ایمپراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="خمر ایمپراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="খেমার সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খেমার সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Khmer Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khmer Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Кхмерская імперыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кхмерская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кхмерска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кхмерска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmersko_Carstvo" title="Kmersko Carstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kmersko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Khmer" title="Imperi Khmer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Khmer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khm%C3%A9rsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Khmérská říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Khmérská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmerriget" title="Khmerriget – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Khmerriget" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer-Reich" title="Khmer-Reich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Khmer-Reich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkori_impeerium" title="Angkori impeerium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Angkori impeerium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81" title="Αυτοκρατορία του Άνγκορ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκρατορία του Άνγκορ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_jemer" title="Imperio jemer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio jemer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmera_imperio" title="Kmera imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kmera imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Inperioa" title="Khmer Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Khmer Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B1" title="امپراتوری خمر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری خمر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_khmer" title="Empire khmer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire khmer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Khmer" title="Imperio Khmer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Khmer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%96%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF" title="ખ્મેર સામ્રાજ્ય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ખ્મેર સામ્રાજ્ય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A9%94%EB%A5%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="크메르 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크메르 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քմերական կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քմերական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="ख्मेर साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ख्मेर साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmersko_Carstvo" title="Kmersko Carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kmersko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Khmer" title="Kerajaan Khmer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Khmer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Khmer" title="Impero Khmer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero Khmer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה הקמרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הקמרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90" title="კამბუჯადეშა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კამბუჯადეშა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ອານາຈັກພະນະຄອນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອານາຈັກພະນະຄອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmeru_imp%C4%93rija" title="Khmeru impērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Khmeru impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer%C5%B3_imperija" title="Khmerų imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Khmerų imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Birodalom" title="Khmer Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Khmer Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Кмерско Царство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кмерско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_Kimera" title="Empira Kimera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Kimera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഖമർ സാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഖമർ സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="ख्मेर साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ख्मेर साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Khmer" title="Empayar Khmer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Khmer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Кхмерийн эзэнт гүрэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кхмерийн эзэнт гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer-rijk" title="Khmer-rijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Khmer-rijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="ख्मेर साम्राज्य – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ख्मेर साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="クメール王朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クメール王朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmerriket" title="Khmerriket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Khmerriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Khmer" title="Empèri Khmer – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Khmer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_imperiyasi" title="Khmer imperiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Khmer imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80" title="ਖਮੇਰ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖਮੇਰ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AA" title="کھمیر بادشاہت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کھمیر بادشاہت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A" title="អាណាចក្រខ្មែរ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាណាចក្រខ្មែរ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Angkor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Quemer" title="Império Quemer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Quemer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Khmer" title="Imperiul Khmer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Khmer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Камбуджадеша – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Камбуджадеша" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Khmer Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_kmere" title="Perandoria kmere – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria kmere" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Khmer Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="سلطنت خمير – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سلطنت خمير" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khm%C3%A9rska_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a" title="Khmérska ríša – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Khmérska ríša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Кмерско царство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кмерско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmersko_Carstvo" title="Kmersko Carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kmersko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmerien_valtakunta" title="Khmerien valtakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Khmerien valtakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmerriket" title="Khmerriket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Khmerriket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Khmer" title="Imperyong Khmer – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyong Khmer" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Empire in Southeast Asia from 9th-15th century.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kambuja</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Old Khmer-language text"><span lang="okz-Khmr">កម្វុជ</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Old_Khmer_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Khmer language">Old Khmer</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">802–1431</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khmer Empire (Kambuja), c. 900"><img alt="Khmer Empire (Kambuja), c. 900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.svg/250px-Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.svg/375px-Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.svg/500px-Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="1114" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Khmer Empire (Kambuja), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 900</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Mahendraparvata" title="Mahendraparvata">Mahendraparvata</a> (early 9th century)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hariharalaya" title="Hariharalaya">Hariharalaya</a><br />(mid 9th century)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Yasodharapura</a> <span class="nowrap">(late 9th cent.–928)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Koh_Ker" title="Koh Ker">Lingapura</a><br />(928–944)</li><li>Yasodharapura<br />(944–1431)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Khmer" title="Old Khmer">Old Khmer</a> (common)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mandala_(political_model)" title="Mandala (political model)">Mandala kingdom</a> ruled by <a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">devarajas</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 802–850 CE (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_II" title="Jayavarman II">Jayavarman II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1113–1150 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_II" title="Suryavarman II">Suryavarman II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1181–1218 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1327–1336 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_IX" title="Jayavarman IX">Jayavarman IX</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1336–1340 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trasak_Paem" title="Trasak Paem">Ponhea Chey</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1373–1393 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thommasaok_Reachea" title="Thommasaok Reachea">Thommasaok</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1417–1431 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ponhea_Yat" title="Ponhea Yat">Borom Reachea II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical era">Post-classical era</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Indrapura_(Khmer)" title="Indrapura (Khmer)">Indrapura</a> founded </div></th><td class="infobox-data">781</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">Consecration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_II" title="Jayavarman II">Jayavarman II</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">802</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Construction of <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1113–1150</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a> founded </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1353</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Angkor" title="Fall of Angkor">Siege of Angkor</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1431</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1181–1218<sup id="cite_ref-Turchin223_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turchin223-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taagepera493_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taagepera493-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">1,263,322 km<sup>2</sup> (487,771 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data">Native coins</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chenla#Water_and_Land_Chenla" title="Chenla">Lower Chenla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chenla#Water_and_Land_Chenla" title="Chenla">Upper Chenla</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_period" title="Post-Angkor period">Post-Angkor Cambodia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Cambodia" title="Category:History of Cambodia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">History of <span class="fn org label">Cambodia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Angkor Wat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/75px-Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/113px-Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/150px-Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Cambodia" title="Early history of Cambodia">Early history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khmer Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer%E2%80%93Cham_wars" title="Khmer–Cham wars">Khmer–Cham wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t%E2%80%93Khmer_War" title="Đại Việt–Khmer War">Đại Việt–Khmer War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> <a href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_period" title="Post-Angkor period">Post-Angkor period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_period#Chaktomuk_era" title="Post-Angkor period">Chaktomuk era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_period#Longvek_era" title="Post-Angkor period">Longvek era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Cambodian_War_(1591%E2%80%931594)" title="Siamese–Cambodian War (1591–1594)">Siamese-Cambodian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Spanish_War" title="Cambodian–Spanish War">Cambodian–Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Dutch_War" title="Cambodian–Dutch War">Cambodian–Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_period#Oudong_era" title="Post-Angkor period">Oudong era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_period#Loss_of_the_Mekong_Delta" title="Post-Angkor period">Loss of Mekong Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_invasions_of_Cambodia" title="Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia">Dai Viet invasion</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> Colonial period</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">French protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Japanese occupation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Cambodia in 1945</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> Independence and conflict</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)">Post-independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">US bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihanouk_Trail" title="Sihanouk Trail">Sihanouk Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_campaign" title="Cambodian campaign">Cambodian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 coup</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Freedom_Deal" title="Operation Freedom Deal">US bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Fall of Phnom Penh">Fall of Phnom Penh</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayaguez_incident" title="Mayaguez incident"><i>Mayaguez</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">exiled coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K5_Plan" title="K5 Plan">K5 Plan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> Peace process</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Paris_Peace_Agreements" title="1991 Paris Peace Agreements">1991 Paris Peace Agreements</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia">United Nations Transitional<br />Authority <span style="font-size:85%;">(UNTAC, 1992–93)</span></a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Cambodian_general_election" title="1993 Cambodian general election">1993 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_unrecognized_government_(1994%E2%80%931998)" title="Khmer Rouge unrecognized government (1994–1998)">Khmer Rouge PGNUNSC</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Cambodia" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1997 Cambodian coup d'état">1997 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Phnom_Penh_riots" title="2003 Phnom Penh riots">2003 Phnom Penh riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Cambodian_protests" title="2013–2014 Cambodian protests">2013–2014 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cambodia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> By topic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="History of Buddhism in Cambodia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cambodia" title="Economic history of Cambodia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_humanitarian_crisis" title="Cambodian humanitarian crisis">Humanitarian crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Cambodia" title="Military history of Cambodia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Cambodia" title="Names of Cambodia">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cambodian_history" title="Timeline of Cambodian history"><b>Timeline</b></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cambodia" title="Portal:Cambodia">Cambodia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Cambodia" title="Template:History of Cambodia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Cambodia" title="Template talk:History of Cambodia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Cambodia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Cambodia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Khmer Empire</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> empire in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, centered around <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_empire" title="Hydraulic empire">hydraulic cities</a> in what is now northern <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. Known as <b>Kambuja</b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Khmer" title="Old Khmer">Old Khmer</a>: <span lang="km">កម្វុជ</span>; <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: <span lang="km">កម្ពុជ</span>) by its inhabitants, it grew out of the former civilization of <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a> and lasted from 802 to 1431. Historians call this period of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodian history</a> the <b>Angkor period</b>, after the empire's most well-known capital, <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a>. The Khmer Empire ruled or vassalised most of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stretched as far north as <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">southern China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FrankReynolds_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrankReynolds-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The beginning of the Khmer Empire is conventionally dated to 802, when <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_II" title="Jayavarman II">Jayavarman II</a> declared himself <i><a href="/wiki/Chakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravartin">chakravartin</a></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">universal ruler</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, a title equivalent to 'emperor') in the <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Kulen" title="Phnom Kulen">Phnom Kulen</a> mountains. Although the end of the Khmer Empire has traditionally been marked with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Angkor" title="Fall of Angkor">fall of Angkor</a> to the Siamese <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> in 1431, the reasons for the empire's collapse are still debated amongst scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers have determined that a period of strong monsoon rains was followed by a severe drought in the region, which caused damage to the empire's hydraulic infrastructure. Variability between droughts and flooding was also a problem, which may have caused residents to migrate southward and away from the empire's major cities.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site of Angkor is perhaps the empire's most notable legacy, as it was the capital during the empire's zenith. The majestic monuments of Angkor, such as <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a>, bear testimony to the Khmer Empire's immense power and wealth, impressive art and culture, architectural technique, aesthetic achievements, and variety of belief systems that it patronized over time. Satellite imaging has revealed that Angkor, during its peak in the 11th to the 13th centuries, was the most extensive pre-industrial urban complex in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans2007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern scholars often refer to the Empire as the "Khmer Empire" (<a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: <span lang="km">ចក្រភពខ្មែរ</span>) or the "Angkorian Empire" (Khmer: <span lang="km">ចក្រភពអង្គរ</span>), the latter after the capital Angkor. </p><p>The Empire referred to itself as <i>Kambuja</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa-Khmr">កម្ពុជ</span>; <a href="/wiki/Old_Khmer" title="Old Khmer">Old Khmer</a>: <span lang="km">កម្វុជ</span>; Khmer: <span lang="km">កម្ពុជ</span>) or <i>Kambujadeśa</i> (Sanskrit: <span lang="sa-Khmr">កម្ពុជទេស</span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'country of Kambuja'; Old Khmer: <span lang="km">កម្វុជទេឝ</span>; Khmer: <span lang="km">កម្ពុជទេស</span>), names which were pre-modern predecessors to the modern <i>Kampuchea</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No written records of the Angkor period have survived other than stone inscriptions. Current knowledge of the historical Khmer civilization is derived primarily from: </p> <ul><li>Archaeological excavation, reconstruction and investigation</li> <li>Stone inscriptions (the most important of which are foundation steles of temples), which report on the political and religious deeds of the kings</li> <li>Reliefs in a series of temple walls with depictions of daily life, market scenes, military marches, and palace life</li> <li>Reports and chronicles of Chinese diplomats, traders, and travelers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_and_growth">Formation and growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Formation and growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reign_of_Jayavarman_II">Reign of Jayavarman II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reign of Jayavarman II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%85%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9F%A6_-_at_Banteay_Srei_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%85%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9F%A6_-_at_Banteay_Srei_6.jpg/220px-%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%85%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9F%A6_-_at_Banteay_Srei_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%85%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9F%A6_-_at_Banteay_Srei_6.jpg/330px-%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%85%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9F%A6_-_at_Banteay_Srei_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%85%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9F%A6_-_at_Banteay_Srei_6.jpg/440px-%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%85%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9F%A6_-_at_Banteay_Srei_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Temple of <a href="/wiki/Banteay_Srei" title="Banteay Srei">Banteay Srei</a>, built 967 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>According to an <a href="/wiki/Sdok_Kok_Thom#Inscription" title="Sdok Kok Thom">inscription in the Sdok Kok Thom temple</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 97">: 97 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Higham1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 353–354">: 353–354 </span></sup> around 781 the Khmer prince <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_II" title="Jayavarman II">Jayavarman II</a> established <a href="/wiki/Indrapura_(Khmer)" title="Indrapura (Khmer)">Indrapura</a> as the capital of his domain. It was located in <a href="/wiki/Banteay_Prey_Nokor" title="Banteay Prey Nokor">Banteay Prey Nokor</a>, near today's <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Cham_(city)" title="Kampong Cham (city)">Kampong Cham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After returning to his home in the former kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a>, he quickly built up his influence and defeated a series of competing kings. In 790 he became king of an empire called <i>Kambuja</i> by the Khmer. He then moved his court northwest to <a href="/wiki/Mahendraparvata" title="Mahendraparvata">Mahendraparvata</a>, far inland north from the great lake of <a href="/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap" title="Tonlé Sap">Tonlé Sap</a>. </p><p>Jayavarman II (reigned 802–835)<sup id="cite_ref-Higham_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xiii, 59">: xiii, 59 </span></sup> is widely regarded as the king who set the foundations of the Angkor period. Historians generally agree that this period of Cambodian history began in 802, when Jayavarman II conducted a grandiose consecration ritual on the sacred Mount Mahendraparvata, now known as <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Kulen" title="Phnom Kulen">Phnom Kulen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the ritual, which was taken from the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> tradition, Jayavarman II proclaimed himself as <i><a href="/wiki/Chakravarti_(Sanskrit_term)" title="Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)">chakravartin</a></i> (from Sanskrit, commonly translated as "universal ruler"; Old Khmer: <i>Kamraten jagad ta Raja</i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">devaraja</a></i> (from Sanskrit, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">god king</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Rooney-Angkor_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rooney-Angkor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> He also declared Kambuja's independence from a place inscriptions call "Java". </p><p>Historians debate whether "Java" means the <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Indonesian island of Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> or a different location. According to an older established interpretation, Jayavarman II was a prince who lived at the court of <a href="/wiki/Sailendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailendra">Sailendra</a> in Java and brought back to Cambodia the art and culture of the Javanese Sailendran court (such as the concept of a <i>devaraja</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 97–101">: 97–101 </span></sup> This classical theory was criticized by modern scholars such as Claude Jacques<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Michael Vickery, who noted that the Khmer used the term <i>chvea</i> to describe the <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Chams</a>, their neighbors to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in 2013 Arlo Griffiths refuted these theories and convincingly demonstrated that in almost all cases the inscriptions mention Java they refer to the island of Java in the Indonesian archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jayavarman's political career began in <a href="/wiki/Vyadhapura" title="Vyadhapura">Vyadhapura</a> (likely the modern-day ruins of <a href="/wiki/Banteay_Prey_Nokor" title="Banteay Prey Nokor">Banteay Prey Nokor</a>) in eastern Cambodia. Moreover, many early temples on Phnom Kulen show Cham (e.g. Prasat Damrei Krap) as well as Javanese influences (e.g. the primitive "<a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Cambodia#Temple_mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Cambodia">temple-mountain</a>" of Aram Rong Cen and Prasat Thmar Dap), even if their asymmetric distribution seems typically Khmer.<sup id="cite_ref-dumarc2001_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dumarc2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the following years, Jayavarman II extended his territory and established a new capital, <a href="/wiki/Hariharalaya" title="Hariharalaya">Hariharalaya</a>, near the modern-day town of <a href="/wiki/Roluos" title="Roluos">Roluos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98">: 98 </span></sup> He thereby laid the foundation of Angkor, which was to arise some 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the northwest. Jayavarman II died in 835<sup id="cite_ref-Higham_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup> and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_III" title="Jayavarman III">Jayavarman III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 103">: 103 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jayavarman III died in 877 and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Indravarman_I" title="Indravarman I">Indravarman I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 110">: 110 </span></sup> </p><p>The successors of Jayavarman II kept extending the territory of Kambuja. Indravarman I (reigned 877–889) managed to expand the kingdom without wars and initiated extensive building projects, which were enabled by the wealth gained through trade and agriculture. Foremost were the temple of <a href="/wiki/Preah_Ko" title="Preah Ko">Preah Ko</a> and irrigation works. Indravarman I developed Hariharalaya further by constructing <a href="/wiki/Bakong" title="Bakong">Bakong</a><sup id="cite_ref-Higham1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 354–358">: 354–358 </span></sup> circa 881.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 110–111">: 110–111 </span></sup> Bakong in particular bears striking similarities to the <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> temple in Java, which suggests that it may have served as the prototype for Bakong. There were at the time exchanges of travellers and missions between Kambuja and the Sailendras in Java, which brought to Cambodia not only ideas, but also technical and architectural details.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishment_of_Yasodharapura">Establishment of Yasodharapura</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Establishment of Yasodharapura"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_(8587796725).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_%288587796725%29.jpg/142px-Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_%288587796725%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_%288587796725%29.jpg/213px-Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_%288587796725%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_%288587796725%29.jpg/284px-Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_%288587796725%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bakong" title="Bakong">Bakong</a>, one of the earliest temple mountains in Khmer architecture</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banteay_Srei_33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Banteay_Srei_33.jpg/142px-Banteay_Srei_33.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Banteay_Srei_33.jpg/213px-Banteay_Srei_33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Banteay_Srei_33.jpg/284px-Banteay_Srei_33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4397" data-file-height="3298" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Banteay_Srei" title="Banteay Srei">Banteay Srei</a>, a 10th-century Cambodian temple dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ta_Keo_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ta_Keo_3.jpg/150px-Ta_Keo_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ta_Keo_3.jpg/225px-Ta_Keo_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ta_Keo_3.jpg/300px-Ta_Keo_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ta_Keo" title="Ta Keo">Ta Keo</a>, a state temple built around the year 1000</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Baphuon_(Angkor)_(6832283873).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Le_Baphuon_%28Angkor%29_%286832283873%29.jpg/134px-Le_Baphuon_%28Angkor%29_%286832283873%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Le_Baphuon_%28Angkor%29_%286832283873%29.jpg/201px-Le_Baphuon_%28Angkor%29_%286832283873%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Le_Baphuon_%28Angkor%29_%286832283873%29.jpg/268px-Le_Baphuon_%28Angkor%29_%286832283873%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Baphuon" title="Baphuon">Baphuon</a>, a temple-mountain dedicated to Shiva</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Indravarman I was followed by his son <a href="/wiki/Yasovarman_I" title="Yasovarman I">Yasovarman I</a> (reigned 889–915), who established a new capital, <a href="/wiki/Yasodharapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasodharapura">Yasodharapura</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>– the first city of the larger <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> area. The city's central temple was built on <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Bakheng" title="Phnom Bakheng">Phnom Bakheng</a>, a hill which rises around 60 m above the plain on which Angkor sits. The <a href="/wiki/East_Baray" title="East Baray">East Baray</a>, a massive water reservoir measuring 7.1 by 1.7 kilometres (4.4 by 1.1 mi), was also created under the reign of Yasovarman I.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 111–114">: 111–114 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Higham1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 358, 360–361">: 358, 360–361 </span></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 10th century, the empire fractured. Jayavarman IV moved the capital to Lingapura (now known as <a href="/wiki/Koh_Ker" title="Koh Ker">Koh Ker</a>), some 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of Angkor.<sup id="cite_ref-Higham1_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 360, 363">: 360, 363 </span></sup> Only when <a href="/wiki/Rajendravarman_II" title="Rajendravarman II">Rajendravarman II</a> ascended to the throne (reigned 944–968) was the royal palace returned to Yasodharapura. He once again took up the extensive building schemes of the earlier kings and established a series of Hindu temples in the Angkor area, such as <a href="/wiki/Pre_Rup" title="Pre Rup">Pre Rup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Mebon" title="East Mebon">East Mebon</a>, a temple located on an artificial island in the center of the East Baray. Several Buddhist temples and monasteries were also built.<sup id="cite_ref-Higham1_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 363–367">: 363–367 </span></sup> In 950, the first war took place between Kambuja and the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> to the east (in what is now central <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 114–117">: 114–117 </span></sup> </p><p>The son of Rajendravarman II, <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_V" title="Jayavarman V">Jayavarman V</a>, reigned from 968 to 1001, after establishing himself as the new king over the other princes. His rule was a largely peaceful period, marked by prosperity and a cultural flowering. He established a new capital slightly west of his father's and named it Jayendranagari; its state temple, <a href="/wiki/Ta_Keo" title="Ta Keo">Ta Keo</a>, was to the south. At the court of Jayavarman V lived philosophers, scholars, and artists. New temples were also established; the most important of these were <a href="/wiki/Banteay_Srei" title="Banteay Srei">Banteay Srei</a>, considered one of the most beautiful and artistic of Angkor, and Ta Keo, the first temple of Angkor built completely of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117–118">: 117–118 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Higham1_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 367">: 367 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:04-Koh_Ker-nX-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/04-Koh_Ker-nX-18.jpg/220px-04-Koh_Ker-nX-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/04-Koh_Ker-nX-18.jpg/330px-04-Koh_Ker-nX-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/04-Koh_Ker-nX-18.jpg/440px-04-Koh_Ker-nX-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5137" data-file-height="3425" /></a><figcaption>The pyramid of <a href="/wiki/Koh_Ker" title="Koh Ker">Koh Ker</a>. Koh Ker (Lingapura) was briefly the capital of Kambuja.</figcaption></figure> <p>A decade of conflict followed the death of Jayavarman V. Three kings reigned simultaneously as antagonists to each other until <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_I" title="Suryavarman I">Suryavarman I</a> (reigned 1006–1050) ascended to the throne by taking the capital Angkor.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 134–135">: 134–135 </span></sup> His rule was marked by repeated attempts by his opponents to overthrow him and military conflicts with neighboring kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suryavarman I established diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> of south India early in his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baksei_Chamkrong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Baksei_Chamkrong.jpg/170px-Baksei_Chamkrong.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Baksei_Chamkrong.jpg/255px-Baksei_Chamkrong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Baksei_Chamkrong.jpg/340px-Baksei_Chamkrong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Pyramid of <a href="/wiki/Prasat_Baksei_Chamkrong" title="Prasat Baksei Chamkrong">Prasat Baksei Chamkrong</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the first decade of the 11th century, Kambuja came into conflict with the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga">Tambralinga</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After surviving several invasions from his enemies, Suryavarman requested aid from the powerful <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra I</a> against Tambralinga.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After learning of Suryavarman's alliance with Chola, Tambralinga requested aid from the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> king Sangrama Vijayatungavarman.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This eventually led to Chola coming into conflict with Srivijaya. The war ended with a victory for Chola and Kambuja, and major losses for Srivijaya and Tambralinga.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two alliances had religious nuance, as Chola and Kambuja were Hindu <a href="/wiki/Shaivite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaivite">Shaivite</a>, while Tambralinga and Srivijaya were <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>. There is some indication that, before or after the war, Suryavarman I gifted a chariot to Rajendra I to possibly facilitate trade or an alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 136">: 136 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suryavarman I's wife was <a href="/wiki/Viralakshmi" title="Viralakshmi">Viralakshmi</a>, and following his death in 1050, he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Udayadityavarman_II" title="Udayadityavarman II">Udayadityavarman II</a>, who built the <a href="/wiki/Baphuon" title="Baphuon">Baphuon</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Baray" title="West Baray">West Baray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 135, 137–138">: 135, 137–138 </span></sup> In 1074, conflict arose between <a href="/wiki/Harshavarman_III" title="Harshavarman III">Harshavarman III</a>, the younger brother and successor of Udayadityavarman II, and the <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> king <a href="/wiki/Harivarman_IV" title="Harivarman IV">Harivarman IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 152">: 152 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_age_of_Khmer_civilization">Golden age of Khmer civilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Golden age of Khmer civilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:198px;max-width:198px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suryavarman_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Suryavarman_II.jpg/196px-Suryavarman_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Suryavarman_II.jpg/294px-Suryavarman_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Suryavarman_II.jpg/392px-Suryavarman_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="767" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">King <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_II" title="Suryavarman II">Suryavarman II</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat_viewed_from_Phnom_Bakheng,_Cambodia_(9716020650).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Angkor_Wat_viewed_from_Phnom_Bakheng%2C_Cambodia_%289716020650%29.jpg/238px-Angkor_Wat_viewed_from_Phnom_Bakheng%2C_Cambodia_%289716020650%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Angkor_Wat_viewed_from_Phnom_Bakheng%2C_Cambodia_%289716020650%29.jpg/357px-Angkor_Wat_viewed_from_Phnom_Bakheng%2C_Cambodia_%289716020650%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Angkor_Wat_viewed_from_Phnom_Bakheng%2C_Cambodia_%289716020650%29.jpg/476px-Angkor_Wat_viewed_from_Phnom_Bakheng%2C_Cambodia_%289716020650%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Greater Angkor Region had a population of approximately 700,000 to 900,000 at its peak in the 13th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This population made Angkor one of the most populous cities of the medieval world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reign_of_Suryavarman_II_and_Angkor_Wat">Reign of Suryavarman II and Angkor Wat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reign of Suryavarman II and Angkor Wat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Khmer%E2%80%93Cham_wars" title="Khmer–Cham wars">Khmer–Cham wars</a></div> <p>The 12th century was a time of conflict and brutal power struggles. Under <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_II" title="Suryavarman II">Suryavarman II</a> (reigned 1113–1150) the empire united internally<sup id="cite_ref-Higham_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>, dedicated to the god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, was built over a period of 37 years. In the east, Suryavarman II's campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dai_Viet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dai Viet">Dai Viet</a> were unsuccessful,<sup id="cite_ref-Higham_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 114">: 114 </span></sup> though he sacked <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_(Champa)" title="Vijaya (Champa)">Vijaya</a> in 1145 and deposed Jaya Indravarman III.<sup id="cite_ref-Maspero_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maspero-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 75–76">: 75–76 </span></sup> The Khmers occupied Vijaya until 1149, when they were driven out by <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Harivarman_I" title="Jaya Harivarman I">Jaya Harivarman I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 160">: 160 </span></sup> In 1114, Suryavarman II sent a mission to Chola and presented a precious stone to the Chola emperor <a href="/wiki/Kulottunga_I" title="Kulottunga I">Kulottunga I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another period followed in which kings reigned briefly and were violently overthrown by their successors. Finally, in 1177 the capital was raided and looted in a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tonl%C3%A9_Sap" title="Battle of Tonlé Sap">naval battle on the Tonlé Sap lake</a> by a Cham fleet under <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Indravarman_IV" title="Jaya Indravarman IV">Jaya Indravarman IV</a>, and Khmer king <a href="/wiki/Tribhuvanadityavarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribhuvanadityavarman">Tribhuvanadityavarman</a> was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 164">: 164 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maspero_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maspero-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 78">: 78 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reign_of_Jayavarman_VII_and_Angkor_Thom">Reign of Jayavarman VII and Angkor Thom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reign of Jayavarman VII and Angkor Thom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:196px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jayavarman_VII_Guimet_90508_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Jayavarman_VII_Guimet_90508_3.jpg/148px-Jayavarman_VII_Guimet_90508_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Jayavarman_VII_Guimet_90508_3.jpg/222px-Jayavarman_VII_Guimet_90508_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Jayavarman_VII_Guimet_90508_3.jpg/296px-Jayavarman_VII_Guimet_90508_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1701" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Portrait statue of <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:196px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodian_-_Eight-armed_Avalokiteshvara_-_Walters_542726.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cambodian_-_Eight-armed_Avalokiteshvara_-_Walters_542726.jpg/136px-Cambodian_-_Eight-armed_Avalokiteshvara_-_Walters_542726.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cambodian_-_Eight-armed_Avalokiteshvara_-_Walters_542726.jpg/204px-Cambodian_-_Eight-armed_Avalokiteshvara_-_Walters_542726.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cambodian_-_Eight-armed_Avalokiteshvara_-_Walters_542726.jpg/272px-Cambodian_-_Eight-armed_Avalokiteshvara_-_Walters_542726.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Bronze replica of one of the twenty-three stone images sent by King Jayavarman VII to different parts of his kingdom in 1191</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prasat_Bayon_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Prasat_Bayon_2014.JPG/288px-Prasat_Bayon_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="288" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Prasat_Bayon_2014.JPG/432px-Prasat_Bayon_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Prasat_Bayon_2014.JPG/576px-Prasat_Bayon_2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a>, the state temple located at the center of Jayavarman VII's capital, Angkor Thom</div></div></div></div></div> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a> (reigned 1181–1219) was generally considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> Cambodia's greatest king. He had already been a military leader as a prince under the previous kings. After Champa had conquered Angkor, he gathered an army and retook the capital. He consequently ascended to the throne and continued to wage war against Champa for another 22 years, until the Khmer defeated the Chams in 1203 and conquered large parts of their territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 170–171">: 170–171 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maspero_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maspero-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 79–80">: 79–80 </span></sup> According to Chinese sources, Jayavarman VII added <a href="/wiki/Pegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegu">Pegu</a> to the territory of the Khmer Empire in 1195.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jayavarman VII stands as the last of the great kings of Angkor, not only because of his successful military campaign against Champa, but also because he was not a tyrannical ruler in the manner of his immediate predecessors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He unified the empire and carried out noteworthy building projects. The new capital, now called <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Thom" title="Angkor Thom">Angkor Thom</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">great city</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), was built. In the center, the king (himself a follower of Mahayana Buddhism) had constructed as the state temple the Bayon,<sup id="cite_ref-Higham1_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 378–382">: 378–382 </span></sup> with towers bearing faces of the <a href="/wiki/Boddhisattva" class="mw-redirect" title="Boddhisattva">boddhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/Avalokiteshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokiteshvara">Avalokiteshvara</a>, each several meters high, carved out of stone. Further important temples built under Jayavarman VII were <a href="/wiki/Ta_Prohm" title="Ta Prohm">Ta Prohm</a> for his mother, <a href="/wiki/Preah_Khan" title="Preah Khan">Preah Khan</a> for his father,<sup id="cite_ref-Higham1_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 388–389">: 388–389 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Banteay_Kdei" title="Banteay Kdei">Banteay Kdei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neak_Pean" title="Neak Pean">Neak Pean</a>, as well as the reservoir of <a href="/wiki/Srah_Srang" title="Srah Srang">Srah Srang</a>. An extensive network of roads was laid down connecting every town of the empire, with rest-houses built for travelers and a total of 102 hospitals established across his realm.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 173, 176">: 173, 176 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reign_of_Jayavarman_VIII">Reign of Jayavarman VIII</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reign of Jayavarman VIII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Khmer Empire is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Khmer Empire is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_270x05" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:05px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/1300_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="1300 CE"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">1300</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_105x65" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:65px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHAGATAI KHANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_60x40" style="position:absolute; left:60px; top:40px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GOLDEN HORDE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x75" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:75px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">EMPIRE<br />OF THE<br />GREAT KHAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_60x90" style="position:absolute; left:60px; top:90px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">ILKHANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_46x68" style="position:absolute; left:46px; top:68px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GEORGIA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_125x105" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:105px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">DELHI<br />SULTANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_135x133" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:133px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">YADAVAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_225x15" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:15px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Tungus</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_193x125" style="position:absolute; left:193px; top:125px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Myinsaing_Kingdom" title="Myinsaing Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MYIN-<br />SAING</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x145" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:145px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KHMER</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_7x75" style="position:absolute; left:7px; top:75px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">BEYLIKS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_5x95" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:95px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MAMLUK<br />SULTANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_280x74" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:74px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GO-<br />RYEO</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_205x165" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:165px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MAJAPAHIT</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Khmer Empire and contemporary Asian polities circa 1300</div></div></div> <p>After the death of Jayavarman VII, his son <a href="/wiki/Indravarman_II" title="Indravarman II">Indravarman II</a> (reigned 1219–1243) ascended to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 180–181">: 180–181 </span></sup> Like his father, he was a Buddhist, and he completed a series of temples begun under his father's rule. As a warrior he was less successful. In 1220, under mounting pressure from the increasingly powerful Đại Việt and its ally Champa, the Khmer withdrew from many of the provinces previously conquered from the Chams. </p><p>Indravarman II was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VIII" title="Jayavarman VIII">Jayavarman VIII</a> (reigned 1243–1295). In contrast to his predecessors, Jayavarman VIII was a follower of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> and an aggressive opponent of Buddhism, destroying many Buddha statues in the empire and converting Buddhist temples to Hindu temples.<sup id="cite_ref-Higham_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 133">: 133 </span></sup> Kambuja was threatened externally in 1283 by the Mongol-led <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-coedes127_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coedes127-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jayavarman VIII avoided war with general Sogetu (sometimes known as Sagatu or Sodu), the governor of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangzhou, China">Guangzhou, China</a>, by paying annual tribute to the Mongols, starting in 1285.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 192">: 192 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coedes127_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coedes127-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jayavarman VIII's rule ended in 1295 when he was deposed by his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Srindravarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Srindravarman">Srindravarman</a> (reigned 1295–1309). The new king was a follower of <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, a school of Buddhism that had arrived in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and subsequently spread through most of the region. </p><p>In August 1296, the Chinese diplomat <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Daguan" title="Zhou Daguan">Zhou Daguan</a> arrived in Angkor and recorded, "In the recent war with the Siamese, the country was utterly devastated".<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 211">: 211 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maspero_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maspero-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90">: 90 </span></sup> He remained at the court of Srindravarman until July 1297. He was neither the first nor the last Chinese representative to visit Kambuja. His stay is notable, however, because Zhou later wrote a detailed report on life in Angkor. His portrayal of the empire is today one of the most important sources of understanding historical Angkor. Alongside the descriptions within several great temples (the Bayon, the Baphuon, Angkor Wat), his account informs us that the towers of the Bayon were once covered in <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>; the text also offers valuable information on the everyday life and habits of the inhabitants of Angkor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 14th century, Kambuja had suffered a long, arduous, and steady decline. Historians have proposed different causes for the decline: the religious conversion from <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vishnuite-Shivaite Hinduism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a> that affected social and political systems, incessant internal power struggles among Khmer princes, <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> revolt, foreign invasion, plague, and ecological breakdown. </p><p>For social and religious reasons, many aspects contributed to the decline of Kambuja. The relationship between the rulers and their elites was unstable<span class="nowrap"> </span>– among the 27 rulers of Kambuja, eleven lacked a legitimate claim to power, and violent power struggles were frequent. Kambuja focused more on its domestic economy and did not take advantage of the international maritime trade network. The input of Buddhist ideas also conflicted with and disturbed the state order built under Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conversion_from_Hinduism_to_Buddhism">Conversion from Hinduism to Buddhism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conversion from Hinduism to Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodia-buddha-11thcentury-fix2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cambodia-buddha-11thcentury-fix2.jpg/170px-Cambodia-buddha-11thcentury-fix2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cambodia-buddha-11thcentury-fix2.jpg/255px-Cambodia-buddha-11thcentury-fix2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cambodia-buddha-11thcentury-fix2.jpg/340px-Cambodia-buddha-11thcentury-fix2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>11th-century Khmer sculpture of the Buddha</figcaption></figure> <p>The last Sanskrit inscription is dated 1327 and describes the succession of <a href="/wiki/Indrajayavarman" title="Indrajayavarman">Indrajayavarman</a> by Jayavarmadiparamesvara.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 228">: 228 </span></sup> Historians suspect a connection with the kings' adoption of Theravada Buddhism: the kings were no longer considered <i>devarajas</i> (god kings) and there was therefore no need to erect huge temples to them, or rather to the gods under whose protection they stood.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The retreat from the concept of the <i>devaraja</i> may also have led to a loss of royal authority and thereby to a lack of workers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#CRYSTAL" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not"><span title="Material appears to be speculative in nature. (April 2024)">speculation?</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">water-management</a> apparatus also degenerated, meaning that harvests were reduced by floods or drought. While previously three <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> harvests per year were possible<span class="nowrap"> </span>– a substantial contribution to the prosperity and power of Kambuja<span class="nowrap"> </span>– the declining harvests further weakened the empire. </p><p>Looking at the archaeological record, however, archaeologists noticed that not only were the structures ceasing to be built, but the Khmer's historical inscription was also lacking from the 14th to 17th centuries. With this lack of historical content, there is very limited archaeological evidence to work with. However, archaeologists have been able to determine that the sites were abandoned and then reoccupied later by different people.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_pressure">Foreign pressure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Foreign pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stele_with_seated_Buddha_from_Cambodia_or_northeast_Thailand,_Khmer,_12th_century,_sandstone,_HAA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Stele_with_seated_Buddha_from_Cambodia_or_northeast_Thailand%2C_Khmer%2C_12th_century%2C_sandstone%2C_HAA.JPG/170px-Stele_with_seated_Buddha_from_Cambodia_or_northeast_Thailand%2C_Khmer%2C_12th_century%2C_sandstone%2C_HAA.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Stele_with_seated_Buddha_from_Cambodia_or_northeast_Thailand%2C_Khmer%2C_12th_century%2C_sandstone%2C_HAA.JPG/255px-Stele_with_seated_Buddha_from_Cambodia_or_northeast_Thailand%2C_Khmer%2C_12th_century%2C_sandstone%2C_HAA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Stele_with_seated_Buddha_from_Cambodia_or_northeast_Thailand%2C_Khmer%2C_12th_century%2C_sandstone%2C_HAA.JPG/340px-Stele_with_seated_Buddha_from_Cambodia_or_northeast_Thailand%2C_Khmer%2C_12th_century%2C_sandstone%2C_HAA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="2820" /></a><figcaption>Seated Buddha from the 12th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> arose from a confederation of three city-states on the Lower Chao Phraya basin (Ayutthaya-Suphanburi-Lopburi).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the fourteenth century onward, Ayutthaya became Kambuja's rival.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 222–223">: 222–223 </span></sup> Angkor was besieged by the Ayutthayan king <a href="/wiki/Uthong" title="Uthong">Uthong</a> in 1352, and following its capture the next year, the Khmer king was replaced with successive Siamese princes. Then in 1357, the Khmer king Suryavamsa Rajadhiraja retook the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 236">: 236 </span></sup> In 1393, the Ayutthayan king <a href="/wiki/Ramesuan_(king_of_Ayutthaya)" title="Ramesuan (king of Ayutthaya)">Ramesuan</a> besieged Angkor again, capturing it the next year. Ramesuan's son ruled Kambuja for a short time before being assassinated. Finally, in 1431, the Khmer king <a href="/wiki/Ponhea_Yat" title="Ponhea Yat">Ponhea Yat</a> abandoned Angkor as indefensible, and moved to the <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 236–237">: 236–237 </span></sup> </p><p>The new center of the Kambuja was in the southwest, at <a href="/wiki/Oudong" title="Oudong">Oudong</a> near present-day Phnom Penh. However, there are indications that Angkor was not completely abandoned. One line of Khmer kings may have remained there, while a second moved to Phnom Penh to establish a parallel kingdom. The final fall of Angkor would then be due to the transfer of economic<span class="nowrap"> </span>– and therewith political<span class="nowrap"> </span>– significance, as Phnom Penh became an important trade center on the <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a>. Severe droughts and ensuing floods were considered one of the contributing factors to its fall.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley-2010_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley-2010-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empire focused more on regional trade after the first drought.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecological_breakdown">Ecological breakdown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ecological breakdown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Ruins_from_Space.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Angkor_Ruins_from_Space.jpg/220px-Angkor_Ruins_from_Space.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Angkor_Ruins_from_Space.jpg/330px-Angkor_Ruins_from_Space.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Angkor_Ruins_from_Space.jpg/440px-Angkor_Ruins_from_Space.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>A satellite image of Angkor. The dried <a href="/wiki/East_Baray" title="East Baray">East Baray</a> indicates environmental changes in the region.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ecological failure and infrastructural breakdown is an alternative theory regarding the end of Kambuja. Scientists working on the Greater Angkor Project believe that the Khmers had an elaborate system of reservoirs and canals used for trade, transportation, and irrigation. The canals were used for harvesting rice. As the population grew there was more strain on the water system. During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, there were also severe climatic changes impacting the water management system.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley-2010_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley-2010-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Periods of drought led to decreases in agricultural productivity, and violent floods due to monsoons damaged the infrastructure during this vulnerable time.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley-2010_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley-2010-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To adapt to the growing population, trees were cut down from the Kulen hills and cleared out for more rice fields. That created rain runoff carrying sediment to the canal network. Any damage to the water system would have enormous consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plague">Plague</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Plague"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> theory, which suggests a severe <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> outbreak may have hit the heavily populated Angkor and contributed to the fall of the empire, has been reconsidered.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 14th century, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> had affected Asia, as the plague first appeared in China around 1330 and reached Europe around 1345. Most seaports along the line of travel from China to Europe felt the impact of the disease, which might have had a severe impact on life throughout Southeast Asia. Possible diseases include <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Angkor_after_the_15th_century">Angkor after the 15th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Angkor after the 15th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is evidence for a further period of use of Angkor after the 15th century. Under the rule of Khmer king <a href="/wiki/Barom_Reachea_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Barom Reachea I">Barom Reachea I</a> (reigned 1566–1576), who temporarily succeeded in driving back Ayutthaya, the royal court was briefly returned to Angkor. Inscriptions from the 17th century testify to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> settlements alongside those of the remaining Khmer.<sup id="cite_ref-Nikkei_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikkei-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best-known inscription tells of <a href="/wiki/Ukondayu_Kazufusa" title="Ukondayu Kazufusa">Ukondayu Kazufusa</a>, who celebrated the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_New_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer New Year">Khmer New Year</a> in Angkor in 1632.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the following decades the Japanese community was absorbed into the local Khmer community, owing to a lack of new Japanese arrivals and thus little possibility of renewing their community.<sup id="cite_ref-Nikkei_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikkei-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Culture and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_artists_representation_of_Angkor_Thom_Cambodia_at_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/An_artists_representation_of_Angkor_Thom_Cambodia_at_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet.jpg/220px-An_artists_representation_of_Angkor_Thom_Cambodia_at_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/An_artists_representation_of_Angkor_Thom_Cambodia_at_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet.jpg/330px-An_artists_representation_of_Angkor_Thom_Cambodia_at_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/An_artists_representation_of_Angkor_Thom_Cambodia_at_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet.jpg/440px-An_artists_representation_of_Angkor_Thom_Cambodia_at_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a>, the center of <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Thom" title="Angkor Thom">Angkor Thom</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Much of what is known about Kambuja comes from the bas-reliefs of Angkor's temples and the first-hand accounts of Chinese diplomat <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Daguan" title="Zhou Daguan">Zhou Daguan</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Customs_of_Cambodia" title="The Customs of Cambodia">The Customs of Cambodia</a></i>), which provide information on 13th-century Cambodia and earlier. The bas-reliefs, such as those in the <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a>, describe everyday life in the ancient Khmer kingdom, including scenes of palace life, naval battles on the river and lakes, and common scenes of the marketplace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy_and_agriculture">Economy and agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy and agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayonmarket01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bayonmarket01.JPG/220px-Bayonmarket01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bayonmarket01.JPG/330px-Bayonmarket01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bayonmarket01.JPG/440px-Bayonmarket01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2548" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Khmer market in the Bayon</figcaption></figure> <p>The ancient Khmers were a traditional agricultural community, relying heavily on <a href="/wiki/Rice_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice farming">rice farming</a>. The farmers, who formed the majority of the kingdom's population, planted rice near the banks of the lake or river, in the irrigated plains surrounding their villages, or in the hills when the lowlands were flooded. The rice paddies were irrigated by a massive and complex hydraulics system, including networks of canals and <i><a href="/wiki/Baray" title="Baray">barays</a></i>, or giant water reservoirs. This system enabled the formation of large-scale rice farming communities surrounding Khmer cities. Sugar palm trees, fruit trees, and vegetables were grown in the orchards by the villages, providing other sources of agricultural produce such as <a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">palm sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">palm wine</a>, coconut, various tropical fruits, and vegetables. </p><p>Located by the massive <a href="/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap" title="Tonlé Sap">Tonlé Sap</a> lake, and also near numerous rivers and ponds, many Khmer people relied on fresh water fisheries for their living. Fishing gave the population their main source of protein, which was turned into <i><a href="/wiki/Prahok" title="Prahok">prahok</a></i><span class="nowrap"> </span>– dried or roasted or steamed fish paste wrapped in banana leaves. Rice was the main staple along with fish. Other sources of protein included pigs, cattle, and poultry, which were kept under the farmers' houses, which were elevated on stilts to protect them from flooding. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">marketplace</a> of Angkor contained no permanent buildings; it was an open square where the traders sat on the ground on woven straw mats and sold their wares. There were no tables or chairs. Some traders might be protected from the sun with a simple thatched parasol. A certain type of tax or rent was levied by officials for each space occupied by traders in the marketplace. The trade and economy in the Angkor marketplace were mainly run by women. </p><p>Zhou Daguan's description of the women of Angkor:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The local people who know how to trade are all women. So when a Chinese man goes to this country, the first thing he must do is take in a woman, partly with a view of profiting from her trading abilities.</p><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><p>The women age very quickly, no doubt because they marry and give birth when they are too young. When they are twenty or thirty-years-old, they look like Chinese women who are forty or fifty.</p></blockquote> <p>The role of women in the trade and economy of Kambuja suggests that they enjoyed significant rights and freedom.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="What rights and freedoms in particular? (January 2024)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> Their practice of marrying early may have contributed to the high fertility rate and huge population of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society_and_politics">Society and politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Society and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">Devaraja</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Thom-Bayon-78-Frauen-2007-gje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Angkor_Thom-Bayon-78-Frauen-2007-gje.jpg/220px-Angkor_Thom-Bayon-78-Frauen-2007-gje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Angkor_Thom-Bayon-78-Frauen-2007-gje.jpg/330px-Angkor_Thom-Bayon-78-Frauen-2007-gje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Angkor_Thom-Bayon-78-Frauen-2007-gje.jpg/440px-Angkor_Thom-Bayon-78-Frauen-2007-gje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1882" data-file-height="2591" /></a><figcaption>Women of the royal court</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Battle_Bayon1108.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Naval_Battle_Bayon1108.jpg/220px-Naval_Battle_Bayon1108.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Naval_Battle_Bayon1108.jpg/330px-Naval_Battle_Bayon1108.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Naval_Battle_Bayon1108.jpg/440px-Naval_Battle_Bayon1108.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A naval battle against the <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a>; relief in the Bayon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_-_Bayon_-_052_At_Home_(8581882636).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Angkor_-_Bayon_-_052_At_Home_%288581882636%29.jpg/220px-Angkor_-_Bayon_-_052_At_Home_%288581882636%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Angkor_-_Bayon_-_052_At_Home_%288581882636%29.jpg/330px-Angkor_-_Bayon_-_052_At_Home_%288581882636%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Angkor_-_Bayon_-_052_At_Home_%288581882636%29.jpg/440px-Angkor_-_Bayon_-_052_At_Home_%288581882636%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Bas-relief in the Bayon depicting home life</figcaption></figure> <p>Kambuja was founded upon extensive networks of agricultural <a href="/wiki/Rice_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice farming">rice farming</a> communities. A distinct settlement hierarchy is present in the region. Small villages were clustered around regional centres, such as the one at Phimai, which in turn sent their goods to large cities like Angkor in return for other goods, such as pottery and foreign trade items from China.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king and his officials were in charge of irrigation management and water distribution, which consisted of an intricate series of hydraulics infrastructure, such as canals, moats, and massive reservoirs called <i><a href="/wiki/Baray" title="Baray">barays</a></i>. </p><p>Society was arranged in a hierarchy reflecting the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu caste">Hindu caste system</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> where the commoners<span class="nowrap"> </span>– rice farmers and fishermen – formed the large majority of the population. The <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">kshatriyas</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>– royalty, nobles, warlords, soldiers, and warriors<span class="nowrap"> </span>– formed a governing elite and authorities. Other social classes included <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">brahmins</a> (priests), traders, <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a> such as carpenters and stonemasons, potters, <a href="/wiki/Metalworker" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalworker">metalworkers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmiths</a>, and textile weavers, while on the lowest social level were <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a>. </p><p>The extensive irrigation projects provided rice surpluses that could support a large population. The state religion was Hinduism but influenced by the cult of <a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">Devaraja</a>, elevating the Khmer kings as possessing the divine quality of living gods on earth, attributed to the incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-God_and_King_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-God_and_King-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In politics, this status was viewed as the divine justification of a king's rule. The cult enabled the Khmer kings to embark on massive architectural projects, constructing majestic monuments such as <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> and the Bayon to celebrate the king's divine rule on earth. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_-_Bayon_-_057_Childbirth_(8580786377).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Angkor_-_Bayon_-_057_Childbirth_%288580786377%29.jpg/220px-Angkor_-_Bayon_-_057_Childbirth_%288580786377%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Angkor_-_Bayon_-_057_Childbirth_%288580786377%29.jpg/330px-Angkor_-_Bayon_-_057_Childbirth_%288580786377%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Angkor_-_Bayon_-_057_Childbirth_%288580786377%29.jpg/440px-Angkor_-_Bayon_-_057_Childbirth_%288580786377%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Bas-relief in the Bayon depicting childbirth</figcaption></figure> <p>The King was surrounded by ministers, state officials, nobles, royalties, palace women, and servants, all protected by guards and troops. The capital city of Angkor and the Khmer royal court are famous for grand ceremonies, with many festivals and rituals held in the city. Even when travelling, the King and his entourages created quite a spectacle, as described in Zhou Daguan's accounts. Zhou Daguan's description of a royal procession of <a href="/wiki/Indravarman_III" title="Indravarman III">Indravarman III</a> is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When the king goes out, troops are at the head of [his] escort; then come flags, banners and music. Palace women, numbering from three to five hundred, wearing flowered cloth, with flowers in their hair, hold candles in their hands, and form a troupe. Even in broad daylight, the candles are lighted. Then come other palace women, bearing royal paraphernalia made of gold and silver... Then come the palace women carrying lances and shields, with the king's private guards. Carts drawn by goats and horses, all in gold, come next. Ministers and princes are mounted on elephants, and in front of them one can see, from afar, their innumerable red umbrellas. After them come the wives and concubines of the king, in palanquins, carriages, on horseback and on elephants. They have more than one hundred parasols, flecked with gold. Behind them comes the sovereign, standing on an elephant, holding his sacred sword in his hand. The elephant's tusks are encased in gold.</p></blockquote> <p>Zhou Daguan's description of the Khmer king's wardrobe:<sup id="cite_ref-smith_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Only the ruler can dress in cloth with an all-over floral design...Around his neck he wears about three pounds of big pearls. At his wrists, ankles and fingers he has gold bracelets and rings all set with cat's eyes...When he goes out, he holds a golden sword [of state] in his hand.</p></blockquote> <p>Khmer kings were often involved in series of wars and conquests. The large population of Angkor enabled the empire to support large free standing armies, which were sometimes deployed to conquer neighbouring princedoms or kingdoms. Series of conquests were led to expand the empire's influence over areas surrounding Angkor and Tonle Sap, the Mekong valley and delta, and surrounding lands. Some Khmer kings embarked on military conquests and war against neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dai_Viet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dai Viet">Dai Viet</a>, and Thai warlords. Khmer kings and royal families were also often involved in incessant power struggle over successions or rivalries over principalities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Thom,_Bayon_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Angkor_Thom%2C_Bayon_08.jpg/220px-Angkor_Thom%2C_Bayon_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Angkor_Thom%2C_Bayon_08.jpg/330px-Angkor_Thom%2C_Bayon_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Angkor_Thom%2C_Bayon_08.jpg/440px-Angkor_Thom%2C_Bayon_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A bas-relief depicting Khmer naval soldiers using bow and arrows. Located in the Bayon, created <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 12th to 13th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Travels_in_the_central_parts_of_Indo-China_(Siam),_Cambodia,_and_Laos_-_during_the_years_1858,_1859,_and_1860_(1864)_(14782636112).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Travels_in_the_central_parts_of_Indo-China_%28Siam%29%2C_Cambodia%2C_and_Laos_-_during_the_years_1858%2C_1859%2C_and_1860_%281864%29_%2814782636112%29.jpg/220px-Travels_in_the_central_parts_of_Indo-China_%28Siam%29%2C_Cambodia%2C_and_Laos_-_during_the_years_1858%2C_1859%2C_and_1860_%281864%29_%2814782636112%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Travels_in_the_central_parts_of_Indo-China_%28Siam%29%2C_Cambodia%2C_and_Laos_-_during_the_years_1858%2C_1859%2C_and_1860_%281864%29_%2814782636112%29.jpg/330px-Travels_in_the_central_parts_of_Indo-China_%28Siam%29%2C_Cambodia%2C_and_Laos_-_during_the_years_1858%2C_1859%2C_and_1860_%281864%29_%2814782636112%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Travels_in_the_central_parts_of_Indo-China_%28Siam%29%2C_Cambodia%2C_and_Laos_-_during_the_years_1858%2C_1859%2C_and_1860_%281864%29_%2814782636112%29.jpg/440px-Travels_in_the_central_parts_of_Indo-China_%28Siam%29%2C_Cambodia%2C_and_Laos_-_during_the_years_1858%2C_1859%2C_and_1860_%281864%29_%2814782636112%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1792" /></a><figcaption>Helmets, weapons, and armory of Kambuja's military as depicted in Angkor Wat. Taken from French explorer <a href="/wiki/Henri_Mouhot" title="Henri Mouhot">Henri Mouhot</a>'s book.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Zhou Daguan, who stayed in <a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodharapura" title="Yaśodharapura">Yaśodharapura</a> from 1296 to 1297, the <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a> laid waste to Khmer lands in repeated wars. According to Zhou, the Khmer soldiers fought naked and barefoot, wielding only lance and shield. They did not use bows and arrows (though, in some instances, they used them in naval warfare), trebuchets, body armour, or helmets. When Sukhotai attacked, ordinary people were ordered to face them without strategy or preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhou2007117_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhou2007117-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khmer had double bow crossbows mounted on elephants, which Michel JacqHergoualc'h suggests were elements of <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Cham</a> mercenaries in <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a>'s army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiang2006_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiang2006-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of fortifications, Zhou described <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Thom" title="Angkor Thom">Angkor Thom</a>'s walls as being 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long in circumference with five gateways, each with two gates, surrounded by a large moat spanned by bridges. The walls, which formed an exact square, were made of stone and so tightly packed that no weeds grew from them. The walls were around 6–7 meters in height and sloped from the inside, thick enough to contain chambers, but with no battlements and only a single stone tower on each of the four sides. Guards operated them, but dogs were not allowed on the walls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhou200757_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhou200757-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an oral tradition told to <a href="/wiki/Henri_Mouhot" title="Henri Mouhot">Henri Mouhot</a>, Kambuja had a standing army of 5 to 6 million soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_and_way_of_life">Culture and way of life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Culture and way of life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliefs_of_the_Bayon_(6597692067).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Reliefs_of_the_Bayon_%286597692067%29.jpg/220px-Reliefs_of_the_Bayon_%286597692067%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Reliefs_of_the_Bayon_%286597692067%29.jpg/330px-Reliefs_of_the_Bayon_%286597692067%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Reliefs_of_the_Bayon_%286597692067%29.jpg/440px-Reliefs_of_the_Bayon_%286597692067%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Relief in the Bayon depicting <a href="/wiki/Cockfighting" title="Cockfighting">cockfighting</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_(Angkor)_(6912574919).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912574919%29.jpg/220px-Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912574919%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912574919%29.jpg/330px-Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912574919%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912574919%29.jpg/440px-Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912574919%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Bas-relief depicting people playing a chess-like game</figcaption></figure> <p>Zhou Daguan's description of Khmer houses:<sup id="cite_ref-smith_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The dwellings of the princes and principal officials have a completely different layout and dimensions from those of the people. All the outlying buildings are covered with thatch; only the family temple and the principal apartment can be covered in tiles. The official rank of each person determines the size of the houses.</p></blockquote> <p>Houses of farmers were situated near the rice paddies on the edge of the cities. The walls of the houses were made of woven bamboo, with thatched roofs, and they were on stilts. A house was divided into three rooms by woven bamboo walls. One was the parents' bedroom, another was the daughters' bedroom, and the largest was the living area. Sons slept wherever they could find space. The kitchen was at the back or in a separate room. Nobles and kings lived in the palace and much larger houses in the city. They were made of the same materials as the farmers' houses, but the roofs were wooden shingles and had elaborate designs as well as more rooms. </p><p>Zhou Daguan reported that locals do not produce silk or have the ability to stitch and darn with a needle and thread.<sup id="cite_ref-zhou:2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhou:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>None of the locals produces silk. Nor do the women know how to stitch and darn with a needle and thread. The only thing they can do is weave cotton from kapok. Even then they cannot spin the yarn, but just use their hands to gather the cloth into strands. They do not use a loom for weaving. Instead they just wind one end of the cloth around their waist, hang the other end over a window, and use a bamboo tube as a shuttle. In recent years people from Siam have come to live in Cambodia, and unlike the locals they engage in silk production. The mulberry trees they grow and the silkworms they raise all come from Siam. They themselves weave the silk into clothes made of a black, patterned satiny silk. Siamese women do know how to stitch and darn, so when local people have torn or damaged clothing they ask them to do the mending.</p></blockquote> <p>The common people wore a <a href="/wiki/Sampot" title="Sampot">sampot</a> where the front end was drawn between the legs and secured at the back by a belt. Nobles and kings wore finer and richer fabrics. Women wore a strip of cloth to cover the chest, while noble women had a lengthened one that went over the shoulder. Men and women wore a <a href="/wiki/Krama" title="Krama">Krama</a>. Along with depictions of battle and the military conquests of kings, the basreliefs of the Bayon depict the mundane everyday life of common Khmer people, including scenes of the marketplace, fishermen, butchers, people playing a chess-like game, and gambling during <a href="/wiki/Cockfighting" title="Cockfighting">cockfighting</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambogia,_vishnu,_prov._ignota,_stile_di_transizione_tra_baphuon_e_angkor_vat,_1150-1210_ca..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cambogia%2C_vishnu%2C_prov._ignota%2C_stile_di_transizione_tra_baphuon_e_angkor_vat%2C_1150-1210_ca..JPG/170px-Cambogia%2C_vishnu%2C_prov._ignota%2C_stile_di_transizione_tra_baphuon_e_angkor_vat%2C_1150-1210_ca..JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cambogia%2C_vishnu%2C_prov._ignota%2C_stile_di_transizione_tra_baphuon_e_angkor_vat%2C_1150-1210_ca..JPG/255px-Cambogia%2C_vishnu%2C_prov._ignota%2C_stile_di_transizione_tra_baphuon_e_angkor_vat%2C_1150-1210_ca..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cambogia%2C_vishnu%2C_prov._ignota%2C_stile_di_transizione_tra_baphuon_e_angkor_vat%2C_1150-1210_ca..JPG/340px-Cambogia%2C_vishnu%2C_prov._ignota%2C_stile_di_transizione_tra_baphuon_e_angkor_vat%2C_1150-1210_ca..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="2512" /></a><figcaption>Vishnu, <a href="/wiki/Baphuon" title="Baphuon">Baphuon</a> style</figcaption></figure> <p>The main religion was <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in popularity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Initially, the kingdom revered Hinduism as the main state religion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> were the most revered deities, worshipped in Khmer Hindu temples. Temples such as Angkor Wat are actually known as <i>Phitsanulok </i> (<i>Vara Vishnuloka</i> in Sanskrit) or the realm of Vishnu, to honor the posthumous King <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_II" title="Suryavarman II">Suryavarman II</a> as Vishnu. </p><p>Hindu ceremonies and rituals performed by Brahmins (Hindu priests), usually only held among the ruling elites of the king's family, nobles, and the ruling class. The empire's official religions included Hinduism and <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> until <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> prevailed, even among the <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">lower classes</a>, after its introduction from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Art and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Khmer_architecture" title="Khmer architecture">Khmer architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_sculpture" title="Khmer sculpture">Khmer sculpture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_corbel_span_of_Spean_Praptos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_corbel_span_of_Spean_Praptos.JPG/220px-The_corbel_span_of_Spean_Praptos.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_corbel_span_of_Spean_Praptos.JPG/330px-The_corbel_span_of_Spean_Praptos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_corbel_span_of_Spean_Praptos.JPG/440px-The_corbel_span_of_Spean_Praptos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Kambuja's Spean Praptos, a <a href="/wiki/Corbel" title="Corbel">corbel</a> bridge in present-day Siem Reap Province, Cambodia</figcaption></figure> <p>Zhou Daguan's description on the Angkor Royal Palace:<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All official buildings and homes of the aristocracy, including the Royal Palace, face the east. The Royal Palace stands north of the Golden Tower and the Bridge of Gold: it is one and a half mile in circumference. The tiles of the main dwelling are of lead. Other dwellings are covered with yellow-coloured pottery tiles. Carved or painted Buddhas decorate all the immense columns and lintels. The roofs are impressive too. Open corridors and long colonnades, arranged in harmonious patterns, stretch away on all sides.</p></blockquote> <p>Kambuja produced numerous temples and majestic monuments to celebrate the divine authority of Khmer kings. Khmer architecture reflects the Hindu belief that the temple was built to recreate the abode of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu gods">Hindu gods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a>, with its five peaks and surrounded by seas represented by ponds and moats. The early Khmer temples built in the Angkor region and the <a href="/wiki/Bakong" title="Bakong">Bakong</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Hariharalaya" title="Hariharalaya">Hariharalaya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roluos" title="Roluos">Roluos</a>) employed <a href="/wiki/Stepped_pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepped pyramid">stepped pyramid</a> structures to represent the sacred temple-mountain. </p><p>Khmer art and architecture reached their aesthetic and technical peak with the construction of the majestic temple <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>. Other temples are also constructed in the Angkor region, such as <a href="/wiki/Ta_Phrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta Phrom">Ta Phrom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a>. The construction of the temple demonstrates the artistic and technical achievements of Kambuja through its architectural mastery of stone masonry. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><b>List of architectural styles during Angkor period</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Styles</th> <th>Dates</th> <th>Rulers</th> <th>Temples</th> <th>Chief Characteristics </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Kulen_National_Park" title="Phnom Kulen National Park">Kulen</a></td> <td>825–875</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_II" title="Jayavarman II">Jayavarman II</a></td> <td>Damrei Krap</td> <td>Continuation of pre-Angkorean but a period of innovation and borrowing such as from <a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cham</a> temples. Tower mainly square and relatively high. Mainly brick with laterite walls and stone door surrounds. Square and octagonal colonettes begin to appear. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Preah_Ko" title="Preah Ko">Preah Ko</a></td> <td>877–886</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_III" title="Jayavarman III">Jayavarman III</a> <a href="/wiki/Indravarman_I" title="Indravarman I">Indravarman I</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Preah_Ko" title="Preah Ko">Preah Ko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakong" title="Bakong">Bakong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lolei" title="Lolei">Lolei</a></td> <td>Simple plan: one or more square brick towers on a single base. First appearance of concentric enclosures and of <a href="/wiki/Gopura" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopura">gopura</a> and libraries. Decorative 'flying palaces' replaced by <a href="/wiki/Dvarapalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvarapalas">dvarapalas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devatas" class="mw-redirect" title="Devatas">devatas</a> in niches. First major <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Cambodia#Temple_mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Cambodia">temple mountain</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bakong" title="Bakong">Bakong</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bakheng" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakheng">Bakheng</a></td> <td>889–923</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yasovarman_I" title="Yasovarman I">Yasovarman I</a> <a href="/wiki/Harshavarman_I" title="Harshavarman I">Harshavarman I</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Bakheng" title="Phnom Bakheng">Phnom Bakheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Krom" title="Phnom Krom">Phnom Krom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Bok" title="Phnom Bok">Phnom Bok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baksei_Chamkrong" title="Baksei Chamkrong">Baksei Chamkrong</a> (trans.)</td> <td>Development of the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Cambodia#Temple_mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Cambodia">temple mountain</a>. More use of stone, particularly for major temples and more decorative stone carving. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koh_Ker" title="Koh Ker">Koh Ker</a></td> <td>921–944</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_IV" title="Jayavarman IV">Jayavarman IV</a></td> <td>Group of <a href="/wiki/Koh_Ker" title="Koh Ker">Koh Ker</a> temples</td> <td>Scale of buildings diminishes toward center. Brick still main material but sandstone also used. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre_Rup" title="Pre Rup">Pre Rup</a></td> <td>944–968</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajendravarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendravarman">Rajendravarman</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre_Rup" title="Pre Rup">Pre Rup</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Mebon" title="East Mebon">East Mebon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bat_Chum" title="Bat Chum">Bat Chum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutisvara" title="Kutisvara">Kutisvara</a></td> <td>Transitional between <a href="/wiki/Koh_Ker" title="Koh Ker">Koh Ker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banteay_Srei" title="Banteay Srei">Banteay Srei</a>. Long halls partly enclose sanctuary. The last great monuments in plastered brick, increasing use of sandstone. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banteay_Srei" title="Banteay Srei">Banteay Srei</a></td> <td>967–1000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_V" title="Jayavarman V">Jayavarman V</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Banteay_Srei" title="Banteay Srei">Banteay Srei</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ornate (page does not exist)">Ornate</a>, superposed <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediments</a>, sweeping <a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">gable</a> ends, rich and deep carving. Plasterd brick replaced by stone and <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">laterite</a>. Appearance of scenes in pediments. Voluptuous devatas with gentle expressions. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khleang" class="mw-redirect" title="Khleang">Khleang</a></td> <td>968–1010</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_V" title="Jayavarman V">Jayavarman V</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ta_Keo" title="Ta Keo">Ta Keo</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Khleang" class="mw-redirect" title="Khleang">Khleangs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phimeanakas" title="Phimeanakas">Phimeanakas</a>, Royal Palace</td> <td>First use of galleries. Cruciform gopuras. Octagonal colonettes. Restrained decorative carving. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baphuon" title="Baphuon">Baphuon</a></td> <td>1050–1080</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Udayadityavarman_II" title="Udayadityavarman II">Udayadityavarman II</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baphuon" title="Baphuon">Baphuon</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Mebon" title="West Mebon">West Mebon</a></td> <td>A return to rich carving: floral motifs but also <a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">lintels</a> with scenes. <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nagas</a> without head-dress. <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">Bas-reliefs</a> appear at Baphuon temple, carving with lively scenes enclosed in small panels, often in narritive sequence. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a></td> <td>1113–1175</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_II" title="Suryavarman II">Suryavarman II</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasovarman_II" title="Yasovarman II">Yasovarman II</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banteay_Samr%C3%A9" title="Banteay Samré">Banteay Samré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thommanon" title="Thommanon">Thommanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chau_Say_Tevoda" title="Chau Say Tevoda">Chau Say Tevoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beng_Mealea" title="Beng Mealea">Beng Mealea</a>, some of <a href="/wiki/Preah_Pithu" title="Preah Pithu">Preah Pithu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phimai_Historical_Park" title="Phimai Historical Park">Phimai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Rung" class="mw-redirect" title="Phnom Rung">Phnom Rung</a></td> <td>The high classical style of Khmer architecture. Fully developed conical towers with carving profile. Galleries wider and with half galleries on one side. Concentric enclosures connected by axial galleries. Nagas with head-dress, naga balustrades raised off the ground. Invention of cross-shaped terrace. Richly carved lintels and other decorations. Bas-reliefs, <a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a></td> <td>1181–1243</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Indravarman_II" title="Indravarman II">Indravarman II</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ta_Prohm" title="Ta Prohm">Ta Prohm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preah_Khan" title="Preah Khan">Preah Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neak_Pean" title="Neak Pean">Neak Pean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ta_Som" title="Ta Som">Ta Som</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ta_Nei" title="Ta Nei">Ta Nei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Thom" title="Angkor Thom">Angkor Thom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prasat_Chrung" title="Prasat Chrung">Prasat Chrung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephant_terrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephant terrace">Elephant terrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ta_Prohm_Kel" title="Ta Prohm Kel">Ta Prohm Kel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krol_Ko" title="Krol Ko">Krol Ko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prasat_Suor_Prat" title="Prasat Suor Prat">Prasat Suor Prat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banteay_Chhmar" title="Banteay Chhmar">Banteay Chhmar</a>, Hospital <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">Chaples</a>, Jayatataka <a href="/wiki/Baray" title="Baray">baray</a></td> <td>The last great style. Hurried construction, often in laterite not stone, carving less elegant. Complex plans, huge temples. In Cambodia, face-towers and historical narrative bas-reliefs. Three periods: 1. large complex temples on a single level, 2. face-towers and avenues of giants carrying nagas, 3. decline of the building standards, devatas acquire Angkor Wat style diadem. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Post Bayon</td> <td>1243–15th c.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VIII" title="Jayavarman VIII">Jayavarman VIII</a> and others</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terrace_of_the_Leper_King" title="Terrace of the Leper King">Terrace of the Leper King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preah_Pithu" title="Preah Pithu">Preah Pithu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preah_Palilay" title="Preah Palilay">Preah Palilay</a> (modifications to temples)</td> <td>Inversion of cross-shaped terrace, causeways on columns, low or high. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_regional_powers">Relations with regional powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Relations with regional powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khmer_Empire_Expansion_(cropped1).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Khmer_Empire_Expansion_%28cropped1%29.png/220px-Khmer_Empire_Expansion_%28cropped1%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Khmer_Empire_Expansion_%28cropped1%29.png/330px-Khmer_Empire_Expansion_%28cropped1%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Khmer_Empire_Expansion_%28cropped1%29.png/440px-Khmer_Empire_Expansion_%28cropped1%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1419" /></a><figcaption>Expansion of Kambuja into the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This map contradicts the borders given in Victor Lieberman's "Strange Parallels (Vol. 1)" and David K. Wyatt's "Thailand: A Short History". (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phimai-AVR2008-010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Phimai-AVR2008-010.jpg/170px-Phimai-AVR2008-010.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Phimai-AVR2008-010.jpg/255px-Phimai-AVR2008-010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Phimai-AVR2008-010.jpg/340px-Phimai-AVR2008-010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phimai_historical_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Phimai historical park">Phimai</a>, the site of the ancient Khmer city of Vimayapura</figcaption></figure> <p>During the formation of the empire, the Khmer had close cultural, political, and trade relations with <a href="/wiki/Sailendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailendra">Java</a><sup id="cite_ref-Shadows_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shadows-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya Empire</a> that lay beyond Khmer's southern seas. In 851 a <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> merchant named <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_al-Tajir" title="Sulaiman al-Tajir">Sulaiman al-Tajir</a> recorded an incident involving a Khmer king and a Maharaja of <a href="/wiki/Zabag_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabag kingdom">Zabaj</a>. He described the story of a Khmer king who defied the power of Maharaja of Zabaj. It was said that the Javanese Sailendras staged a surprise attack on the Khmers by approaching the capital from the river. The young king was later punished by the Maharaja, and subsequently the kingdom became a vassal of the Sailendra dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Rooney-Angkor_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rooney-Angkor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> </p><p>Zabaj is the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Javaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Javaka">Javaka</a> and might refer to Java or Srivijaya. The legend probably describes the predecessor or initial stage of the Kambuja under Javanese dominion.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Legend of the Maharaja of Zabaj was later published by the historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Masoudi</a> in his 947 book, "Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems." The <a href="/wiki/Kaladi_inscription" title="Kaladi inscription">Kaladi inscription</a> of Java (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 909) mentioned <i>Kmir</i> (Khmer people or Cambodian) together with <i>Campa</i> (Champa) and <i>Rman</i> (Mon) as foreigners from mainland Southeast Asia who frequently came to Java to trade. The inscription suggests a maritime trade network had been established between Kambuja and Java (<a href="/wiki/Medang_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Medang Kingdom">Mdang</a> kingdom).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 916 CE, Arab historian Abu Zaid Hasan recorded in a lengthy chronicle that the young, inexperienced king of Khmer, is hostile to Java. When the hostility becomes state policy and is known publicly, the king of Java attacked and captured the Khmer king. He was beheaded and the head brought to Java. The king of Java ordered the minister of Khmer Empire to seek the successor. After being cleaned and embalmed, the head of the king was put in a vase and sent to the new Khmer king.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout its history, the empire also was involved in series of wars and rivalries with the neighbouring kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga">Tambralinga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>– and later in its history with Siamese <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhothai kingdom">Sukhothai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayutthaya kingdom">Ayutthaya</a>. The Khmer Empire's relations with its eastern neighbor Champa was exceptionally intense, as both sides struggled for domination in the region. The Cham fleet raided Angkor in 1177, and in 1203 the Khmer managed to push back and defeat Champa. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_(Angkor)_(6912550571).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912550571%29.jpg/220px-Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912550571%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912550571%29.jpg/330px-Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912550571%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912550571%29.jpg/440px-Bas-reliefs_du_Bayon_%28Angkor%29_%286912550571%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A Khmer soldier (left) fights against his Cham rival (right). The bas-reliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a>, always depict the Chams as wearing helmets in the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Magnolia_champaca" title="Magnolia champaca">Magnolia champaca</a> flower.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_historians#The_historians_of_the_classical_period" title="List of Muslim historians">Arab writers</a> of the 9th and 10th century hardly mention the region for anything other than its perceived backwardness, but they considered the king of Al-Hind (India and Southeast Asia) one of the four great kings in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Dynasty">Rashtrakuta Dynasty</a> is described as the greatest king of Al-Hind, but even the lesser kings of Al-Hind including the kings of Java, <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Burma</a>, and the Khmer kings of Cambodia are invariably depicted by the Arabs as extremely powerful and as being equipped with vast armies of men, horses, and often tens of thousands of elephants. They were also known to have been in possession of vast treasures of gold and silver.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khmer rulers established relations with the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> of South India.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Khmer Empire seems to have maintained contact with <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Chinese dynasties</a>; spanning from the late <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> period to the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> period. The relations with the Yuan dynasty was of great historical significance, since it produced <i><a href="/wiki/The_Customs_of_Cambodia" title="The Customs of Cambodia">The Customs of Cambodia</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">真臘風土記</span></span>), an important insight into the Khmer Empire's daily life, culture and society. The report was written between 1296 and 1297 by the Yuan diplomat Zhou Daguan, sent by <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Temür Khan">Temür Khan</a> of Yuan dynasty to stay in Angkor.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png/200px-Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png/300px-Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png/400px-Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1147" /></a><figcaption>Mainland Southeast Asia at the end of the 13th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in the 13th century, Khmer's relations with the <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Siamese</a> were difficult and bitter, resulting in rivalry and hostility for centuries. In August 1296, Zhou Daguan recorded that in the recent war with the Siamese, the country was utterly devastated. This report confirmed that by the late 13th century, the Siamese warlords had revolted and disrupted the Khmer empire's hegemony, starting Siam's rise. By the 14th century, the Siamese <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> became the Khmer empire's formidable rival, as Angkor was besieged and captured twice by Ayutthayan Siamese invaders in 1353 and 1394. Being the successor to the former Khmer dependency of <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a> (Lopburi), Ayutthaya also inherited traditions of Khmer prestige and statecraft. Unlike earlier Tai polities that had a relatively flat hierarchy, Ayutthaya adopted Angkor's more complex social stratification, the deification of kings <i>(<a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">Devaraja</a>)</i> as well as Khmer honorifics and elaborate <a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Brahmanic</a> rituals. Specialist staff in early Ayutthaya, like scribes, court Brahmans, jurists, chamberlains, accountants, physicians and astrologers, usually came from the Khmer-speaking elites of city-states in the eastern Chaophraya Basin that had been under the influence of the Khmer Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1300s, the Lao prince <a href="/wiki/Fa_Ngum" title="Fa Ngum">Fa Ngum</a> was exiled to live in the royal court of <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a>. His father-in-law, the King of Cambodia, gave him a Khmer army to create a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>. Fa Ngum conquered local principalities and established the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a>. With the assistance of Khmer scholars, Fa Ngum introduced <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> and the culture of the Khmer Empire to the region. </p><p>A Javanese source, the <a href="/wiki/Nagarakretagama" title="Nagarakretagama">Nagarakretagama</a> canto 15, composed in 1365 in the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit Empire</a>, claimed Java had established diplomatic relations with <i>Kambuja</i> (Cambodia) together with <i>Syangkayodhyapura</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a>), <i>Dharmmanagari</i> (<a href="/wiki/Negara_Sri_Dharmaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara Sri Dharmaraja">Negara Sri Dharmaraja</a>), <i>Rajapura</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ratchaburi" title="Ratchaburi">Ratchaburi</a>) and <i>Singhanagari</i> (<a href="/wiki/Songkla" class="mw-redirect" title="Songkla">Songkla</a>), <i>Marutma</i> (Martaban or <a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Mottama</a>, Southern <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></i>, and <i>Yawana</i> (<a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Annam</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This record describes the political situations in Mainland Southeast Asia in the mid-14th century; although the Cambodian polity still survived, the rise of Siamese Ayutthaya had taken its toll. Finally, the empire fell, marked by the abandonment of Angkor for Phnom Penh in 1431, caused by Siamese pressure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: List of rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Cambodia">List of monarchs of Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_monarchs%27_family_tree#Khmer_Empire_(802–1431)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian monarchs' family tree">Monarchs' family tree</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1" width="75%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="60px">Reign </th> <th width="80px">King </th> <th width="80px">Capital </th> <th width="440px">Information and events </th></tr> <tr> <td>802–835 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_II" title="Jayavarman II">Jayavarman II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahendraparvata" title="Mahendraparvata">Mahendraparvata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hariharalaya" title="Hariharalaya">Hariharalaya</a> </td> <td>Proclaimed the independence of Kambuja from <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aailendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Śailendra">Java</a>. Claimed as <a href="/wiki/Chakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravartin">Chakravartin</a> through sacred Hindu ritual on <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Kulen" title="Phnom Kulen">Phnom Kulen</a> and initiating <a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">Devaraja</a> cult in Cambodia. </td></tr> <tr> <td>835–877 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_III" title="Jayavarman III">Jayavarman III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hariharalaya" title="Hariharalaya">Hariharalaya</a> </td> <td>Son of Jayavarman II </td></tr> <tr> <td>877–889 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indravarman_I" title="Indravarman I">Indravarman I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hariharalaya" title="Hariharalaya">Hariharalaya</a> </td> <td>Nephew of Jayavarman II. Built Preah Ko dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_II" title="Jayavarman II">Jayavarman II</a>, also for his father and his grand father. Constructed temple mountain <a href="/wiki/Bakong" title="Bakong">Bakong</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>889–910 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yasovarman_I" title="Yasovarman I">Yasovarman I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hariharalaya" title="Hariharalaya">Hariharalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yasodharapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasodharapura">Yasodharapura</a> </td> <td>Son of Indravarman I. Built Indratataka Baray and <a href="/wiki/Lolei" title="Lolei">Lolei</a>. Moved the capital to Yasodharapura centred around <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Bakheng" title="Phnom Bakheng">Phnom Bakheng</a>, and also built <a href="/wiki/East_Baray" title="East Baray">Yashodharatataka</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>910–923 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harshavarman_I" title="Harshavarman I">Harshavarman I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yasodharapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasodharapura">Yasodharapura</a> </td> <td>Son of Yasovarman I. Involved in a power struggle against his maternal uncle Jayavarman IV. Built <a href="/wiki/Baksei_Chamkrong" title="Baksei Chamkrong">Baksei Chamkrong</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>923–928 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ishanavarman_II" title="Ishanavarman II">Ishanavarman II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yasodharapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasodharapura">Yasodharapura</a> </td> <td>Son of Yasovarman I, brother of Harshavarman I. Involved in a power struggle against his maternal uncle Jayavarman IV. Built <a href="/wiki/Prasat_Kravan" title="Prasat Kravan">Prasat Kravan</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>928–941 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_IV" title="Jayavarman IV">Jayavarman IV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koh_Ker" title="Koh Ker">Koh Ker</a> (Lingapura) </td> <td>Son of King Indravarman I's daughter, Mahendradevi, married to Yasovarman I sister, claim the throne through maternal line. Ruled from <a href="/wiki/Koh_Ker" title="Koh Ker">Koh Ker</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>941–944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harshavarman_II" title="Harshavarman II">Harshavarman II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koh_Ker" title="Koh Ker">Koh Ker</a> (Lingapura) </td> <td>Son of Jayavarman IV. </td></tr> <tr> <td>944–968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajendravarman_II" title="Rajendravarman II">Rajendravarman II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yasodharapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasodharapura">Yasodharapura</a>) </td> <td>Uncle and first cousin of Harshavarman II and wrestle power from him. Transfer the capital back to Angkor, Built <a href="/wiki/Pre_Rup" title="Pre Rup">Pre Rup</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Mebon" title="East Mebon">East Mebon</a>. War against Champa in 946. </td></tr> <tr> <td>968–1001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_V" title="Jayavarman V">Jayavarman V</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> (Jayendranagari) </td> <td>Son of Rajendravarman II. Built a new capital Jayendranagari and <a href="/wiki/Ta_Keo" title="Ta Keo">Ta Keo</a> in its centre. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1001–1006 </td> <td>Udayadityavarman I, Jayaviravarman, Suryavarman I </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td>Period of chaos, three kings rule simultaneously as antagonist. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1006–1050 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_I" title="Suryavarman I">Suryavarman I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td>Took the throne. Alliance with <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> and conflict with <a href="/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga">Tambralinga</a> kingdom. Built <a href="/wiki/Preah_Khan_Kompong_Svay" title="Preah Khan Kompong Svay">Preah Khan Kompong Svay</a>. The king adhered to Mahayana Buddhism. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1050–1066 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Udayadityavarman_II" title="Udayadityavarman II">Udayadityavarman II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yasodharapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasodharapura">Yasodharapura</a>) </td> <td>Took the throne, descendant of Yasovarman I's spouse. Built <a href="/wiki/Baphuon" title="Baphuon">Baphuon</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Baray" title="West Baray">West Baray</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Mebon" title="West Mebon">West Mebon</a>, also <a href="/wiki/Sdok_Kok_Thom" title="Sdok Kok Thom">Sdok Kok Thom</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1066–1080 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harshavarman_III" title="Harshavarman III">Harshavarman III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yasodharapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasodharapura">Yasodharapura</a>) </td> <td>Succeeded his elder brother Udayadityavarman II, capital at Baphuon. Champa invasion in 1074 and 1080. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1090–1107 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VI" title="Jayavarman VI">Jayavarman VI</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td>Usurper from Vimayapura. Built <a href="/wiki/Phimai_Historical_Park" title="Phimai Historical Park">Phimai</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1107–1113 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dharanindravarman_I" title="Dharanindravarman I">Dharanindravarman I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td>Succeeded his younger brother, Jayavarman VI. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1113–1145 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_II" title="Suryavarman II">Suryavarman II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td>Usurped and killed his great uncle. Built <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banteay_Samre" class="mw-redirect" title="Banteay Samre">Banteay Samre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thommanon" title="Thommanon">Thommanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chau_Say_Tevoda" title="Chau Say Tevoda">Chau Say Tevoda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beng_Mealea" title="Beng Mealea">Beng Mealea</a>. Invade <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1150–1160 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dharanindravarman_II" title="Dharanindravarman II">Dharanindravarman II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td>Succeeded his cousin Suryavarman II </td></tr> <tr> <td>1160–1167 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yasovarman_II" title="Yasovarman II">Yasovarman II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td>Overthrown by his minister Tribhuvanadityavarman </td></tr> <tr> <td>1167–1177 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvanadityavarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribhuvanadityavarman">Tribhuvanadityavarman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td>Cham invasion in 1177 and 1178 led by Jaya Indravarman IV, looted the Khmer capital. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccf;"> <td>1178–1181 </td> <td colspan="3" valign="middle"><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Cham</a> occupation, led by Champa king <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Indravarman_IV" title="Jaya Indravarman IV">Jaya Indravarman IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1181–1218 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yasodharapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasodharapura">Yasodharapura</a>) </td> <td>Led Khmer army against Cham invaders thus liberated Cambodia. Led the conquest of Champa (1190–1191). Major infrastructure constructions; built hospitals, rest houses, reservoirs, and temples including <a href="/wiki/Ta_Prohm" title="Ta Prohm">Ta Prohm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preah_Khan" title="Preah Khan">Preah Khan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Thom" title="Angkor Thom">Angkor Thom</a> city, and <a href="/wiki/Neak_Pean" title="Neak Pean">Neak Pean</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1219–1243 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indravarman_II" title="Indravarman II">Indravarman II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td>Son of Jayavarman VII. Lost control of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> and lost western territories to <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Siamese</a> <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1243–1295 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VIII" title="Jayavarman VIII">Jayavarman VIII</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> invasion led by <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> in 1283 and war with Sukhothai. Built Mangalartha. He was a zealous Shivaite and eradicated Buddhist influences. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1295–1308 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indravarman_III" title="Indravarman III">Indravarman III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td>Overthrew his father in law Jayavarman VIII. Made <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> the state religion. Received <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan</a> Chinese diplomat <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Daguan" title="Zhou Daguan">Zhou Daguan</a> (1296–1297). </td></tr> <tr> <td>1308–1327 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indrajayavarman" title="Indrajayavarman">Indrajayavarman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1327–1336 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_IX" title="Jayavarman IX">Jayavarman IX</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td>Last Sanskrit inscription (1327). </td></tr> <tr> <td>1336–1340 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trasak_Paem" title="Trasak Paem">Trasak Paem</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1340–1346 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nippean_Bat" title="Nippean Bat">Nippean Bat</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1346–1347 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sithean_Reachea" title="Sithean Reachea">Sithean Reachea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1347–1352 </td> <td>Lompong Reachea </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccf;"> <td>1352–1357 </td> <td colspan="3" valign="middle">Siamese <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a> invasion led by <a href="/wiki/Uthong" title="Uthong">Uthong</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1357–1363 </td> <td>Soryavong </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1363–1373 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borom_Reachea_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Borom Reachea I">Borom Reachea I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1373–1393 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomma_Saok" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomma Saok">Thomma Saok</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccf;"> <td>1393 </td> <td colspan="3" valign="middle">Siamese <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a> invasion led by <a href="/wiki/Ramesuan_(king_of_Ayutthaya)" title="Ramesuan (king of Ayutthaya)">Ramesuan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1394–c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1421 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Intharacha_(king_of_Ayutthaya)" title="Intharacha (king of Ayutthaya)">In Reachea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1405–1431 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponhea_Yat" title="Ponhea Yat">Barom Reachea II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Chaktomuk</a> </td> <td>Abandoned Angkor (1431). </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery_of_temples">Gallery of temples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Gallery of temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 1351px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Angkor-period temples in Cambodia</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banteay_Srei_48.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Banteay Srei"><img alt="Banteay Srei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Banteay_Srei_48.jpg/150px-Banteay_Srei_48.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Banteay_Srei_48.jpg/225px-Banteay_Srei_48.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Banteay_Srei_48.jpg/300px-Banteay_Srei_48.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Banteay_Srei" title="Banteay Srei">Banteay Srei</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Preah_Khan,_Angkor,_Camboya,_2013-08-17,_DD_26.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Preah Khan"><img alt="Preah Khan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Preah_Khan%2C_Angkor%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-17%2C_DD_26.JPG/150px-Preah_Khan%2C_Angkor%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-17%2C_DD_26.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Preah_Khan%2C_Angkor%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-17%2C_DD_26.JPG/225px-Preah_Khan%2C_Angkor%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-17%2C_DD_26.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Preah_Khan%2C_Angkor%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-17%2C_DD_26.JPG/300px-Preah_Khan%2C_Angkor%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-17%2C_DD_26.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4362" data-file-height="2984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Preah_Khan" title="Preah Khan">Preah Khan</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ta_Keo_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ta Keo"><img alt="Ta Keo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ta_Keo_01.jpg/150px-Ta_Keo_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ta_Keo_01.jpg/225px-Ta_Keo_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ta_Keo_01.jpg/300px-Ta_Keo_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="469" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Ta_Keo" title="Ta Keo">Ta Keo</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phimeanakas,_Angkor_Thom,_Camboya,_2013-08-16,_DD_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phimeanakas"><img alt="Phimeanakas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Phimeanakas%2C_Angkor_Thom%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_04.jpg/150px-Phimeanakas%2C_Angkor_Thom%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Phimeanakas%2C_Angkor_Thom%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_04.jpg/225px-Phimeanakas%2C_Angkor_Thom%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Phimeanakas%2C_Angkor_Thom%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_04.jpg/300px-Phimeanakas%2C_Angkor_Thom%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4807" data-file-height="3387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Phimeanakas" title="Phimeanakas">Phimeanakas</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chau_Say_Tevoda2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chau Say Tevoda"><img alt="Chau Say Tevoda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Chau_Say_Tevoda2012.jpg/150px-Chau_Say_Tevoda2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Chau_Say_Tevoda2012.jpg/225px-Chau_Say_Tevoda2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Chau_Say_Tevoda2012.jpg/300px-Chau_Say_Tevoda2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Chau_Say_Tevoda" title="Chau Say Tevoda">Chau Say Tevoda</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banteay_Samre,_Cambodia_(2211425643).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Banteay Samré"><img alt="Banteay Samré" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Banteay_Samre%2C_Cambodia_%282211425643%29.jpg/150px-Banteay_Samre%2C_Cambodia_%282211425643%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Banteay_Samre%2C_Cambodia_%282211425643%29.jpg/225px-Banteay_Samre%2C_Cambodia_%282211425643%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Banteay_Samre%2C_Cambodia_%282211425643%29.jpg/300px-Banteay_Samre%2C_Cambodia_%282211425643%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2731" data-file-height="2248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Banteay_Samr%C3%A9" title="Banteay Samré">Banteay Samré</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terraza_de_los_Elefantes,_Angkor_Thom,_Camboya,_2013-08-16,_DD_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terrace of the Elephants"><img alt="Terrace of the Elephants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Terraza_de_los_Elefantes%2C_Angkor_Thom%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_03.jpg/150px-Terraza_de_los_Elefantes%2C_Angkor_Thom%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Terraza_de_los_Elefantes%2C_Angkor_Thom%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_03.jpg/225px-Terraza_de_los_Elefantes%2C_Angkor_Thom%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Terraza_de_los_Elefantes%2C_Angkor_Thom%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_03.jpg/300px-Terraza_de_los_Elefantes%2C_Angkor_Thom%2C_Camboya%2C_2013-08-16%2C_DD_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4939" data-file-height="3104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Terrace_of_the_Elephants" title="Terrace of the Elephants">Terrace of the Elephants</a></div></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 1351px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Angkor-period temples in Thailand</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Phanom Rung"><img alt="Phanom Rung" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C.JPG/150px-%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C.JPG/225px-%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C.JPG/300px-%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Phanom_Rung_historical_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanom Rung historical park">Phanom Rung</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance-phimai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prasat Phimai"><img alt="Prasat Phimai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Entrance-phimai.jpg/150px-Entrance-phimai.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Entrance-phimai.jpg/225px-Entrance-phimai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Entrance-phimai.jpg/300px-Entrance-phimai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Phimai_historical_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Phimai historical park">Prasat Phimai</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prang_Sam_Yot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prang Sam Yot"><img alt="Prang Sam Yot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Prang_Sam_Yot.jpg/150px-Prang_Sam_Yot.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Prang_Sam_Yot.jpg/225px-Prang_Sam_Yot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Prang_Sam_Yot.jpg/300px-Prang_Sam_Yot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Lopburi" title="Lopburi">Prang Sam Yot</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Prasat Sikhoraphum"><img alt="Prasat Sikhoraphum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2.JPG/150px-%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2.JPG/225px-%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2.JPG/300px-%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhoraphum_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhoraphum District">Prasat Sikhoraphum</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muangtum_Castle_at_Buriram,_Thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prasat Muang Tam"><img alt="Prasat Muang Tam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Muangtum_Castle_at_Buriram%2C_Thailand.jpg/150px-Muangtum_Castle_at_Buriram%2C_Thailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Muangtum_Castle_at_Buriram%2C_Thailand.jpg/225px-Muangtum_Castle_at_Buriram%2C_Thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Muangtum_Castle_at_Buriram%2C_Thailand.jpg/300px-Muangtum_Castle_at_Buriram%2C_Thailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Prasat_Muang_Tam" title="Prasat Muang Tam">Prasat Muang Tam</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sing,_Sai_Yok_District,_Kanchanaburi,_Thailand_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prasat Muang Singh"><img alt="Prasat Muang Singh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sing%2C_Sai_Yok_District%2C_Kanchanaburi%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio.jpg/150px-Sing%2C_Sai_Yok_District%2C_Kanchanaburi%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sing%2C_Sai_Yok_District%2C_Kanchanaburi%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio.jpg/225px-Sing%2C_Sai_Yok_District%2C_Kanchanaburi%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sing%2C_Sai_Yok_District%2C_Kanchanaburi%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio.jpg/300px-Sing%2C_Sai_Yok_District%2C_Kanchanaburi%2C_Thailand_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Mueang_Sing_Historical_Park" title="Mueang Sing Historical Park">Prasat Muang Singh</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Close_up,_the_outer_walls_of_Prasat_Sadok_Kok_Thom_in_Thailand..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sdok Kok Thom"><img alt="Sdok Kok Thom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Close_up%2C_the_outer_walls_of_Prasat_Sadok_Kok_Thom_in_Thailand..jpg/150px-Close_up%2C_the_outer_walls_of_Prasat_Sadok_Kok_Thom_in_Thailand..jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Close_up%2C_the_outer_walls_of_Prasat_Sadok_Kok_Thom_in_Thailand..jpg/225px-Close_up%2C_the_outer_walls_of_Prasat_Sadok_Kok_Thom_in_Thailand..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Close_up%2C_the_outer_walls_of_Prasat_Sadok_Kok_Thom_in_Thailand..jpg/300px-Close_up%2C_the_outer_walls_of_Prasat_Sadok_Kok_Thom_in_Thailand..jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Sdok_Kok_Thom" title="Sdok Kok Thom">Sdok Kok Thom</a></div></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 1351px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Angkor-period temples in Laos</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Champasak_VatPhou5_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vat Phou"><img alt="Vat Phou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Champasak_VatPhou5_tango7174.jpg/150px-Champasak_VatPhou5_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Champasak_VatPhou5_tango7174.jpg/225px-Champasak_VatPhou5_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Champasak_VatPhou5_tango7174.jpg/300px-Champasak_VatPhou5_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Vat_Phou" title="Vat Phou">Vat Phou</a></div></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 1351px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Angkor-period temples in Vietnam</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinh_Hung_tower,_Vinh_Loi,_Bac_Lieu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vĩnh Hưng temple"><img alt="Vĩnh Hưng temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Vinh_Hung_tower%2C_Vinh_Loi%2C_Bac_Lieu.jpg/112px-Vinh_Hung_tower%2C_Vinh_Loi%2C_Bac_Lieu.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Vinh_Hung_tower%2C_Vinh_Loi%2C_Bac_Lieu.jpg/169px-Vinh_Hung_tower%2C_Vinh_Loi%2C_Bac_Lieu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Vinh_Hung_tower%2C_Vinh_Loi%2C_Bac_Lieu.jpg/225px-Vinh_Hung_tower%2C_Vinh_Loi%2C_Bac_Lieu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Vĩnh Hưng temple</div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_period" title="Post-Angkor period">Post-Angkor period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Cambodia">List of kings of Cambodia</a>, a chronological list with reign, title, and posthumous title(s), where known</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Turchin223-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turchin223_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turchin, Peter; 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Italy: White Star. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-544-0117-X" title="Special:BookSources/88-544-0117-X"><bdi>88-544-0117-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treasures+of+Angkor&rft.place=Italy&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=White+Star&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=88-544-0117-X&rft.aulast=Albanese&rft.aufirst=Marilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rooney-Angkor-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rooney-Angkor_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rooney-Angkor_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooney2011" class="citation book cs1">Rooney, Dawn (16 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bookdepository.com/Angkor-Dawn-Rooney/978-9622178021"><i>Angkor, Cambodia's Wondrous Khmer Temples</i></a>. Hong Kong: Odyssey Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9622178021" title="Special:BookSources/978-9622178021"><bdi>978-9622178021</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031084151/https://www.amazon.com/b/ref=usbk_surl_books/?node=283155">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angkor%2C+Cambodia%27s+Wondrous+Khmer+Temples&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Odyssey+Publications&rft.date=2011-04-16&rft.isbn=978-9622178021&rft.aulast=Rooney&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookdepository.com%2FAngkor-Dawn-Rooney%2F978-9622178021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques1972" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jacques, Claude (1972). "La carrière de Jayavarman II". <i>BEFEO</i> (in French). <b>59</b>: <span class="nowrap">205–</span>220. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0336-1519">0336-1519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BEFEO&rft.atitle=La+carri%C3%A8re+de+Jayavarman+II&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E220&rft.date=1972&rft.issn=0336-1519&rft.aulast=Jacques&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Vickery1998">Vickery, 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2013" class="citation journal cs1">Griffiths, Arlo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01958103/file/arch_0044-8613_2013_num_85_1_4384.pdf">"The Problem of the Ancient Name Java and the Role of Satyavarman in Southeast Asian International Relations around the Turn of the Ninth Century CE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archipel</i>. <b>85/1</b>: <span class="nowrap">43–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farch.2013.4384">10.3406/arch.2013.4384</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-8613">0044-8613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archipel&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+the+Ancient+Name+Java+and+the+Role+of+Satyavarman+in+Southeast+Asian+International+Relations+around+the+Turn+of+the+Ninth+Century+CE&rft.volume=85%2F1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Farch.2013.4384&rft.issn=0044-8613&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Arlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01958103%2Ffile%2Farch_0044-8613_2013_num_85_1_4384.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dumarc2001-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dumarc2001_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques_Dumarçay2001" class="citation book cs1">Jacques Dumarçay; et al. (2001). <i>Cambodian Architecture, Eight to Thirteenth Centuries</i>. Brill. pp. xviii-xxi and 44–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11346-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11346-0"><bdi>90-04-11346-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambodian+Architecture%2C+Eight+to+Thirteenth+Centuries&rft.pages=xviii-xxi+and+44-47&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-04-11346-0&rft.au=Jacques+Dumar%C3%A7ay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Chandler, <i>A History of Cambodia</i>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_G._MarrAnthony_Crothers_Milner1986" class="citation book cs1">David G. Marr; Anthony Crothers Milner (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lon7gmj040MC&pg=PA244"><i>Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14th Centuries</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9971-988-39-9" title="Special:BookSources/9971-988-39-9"><bdi>9971-988-39-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031084140/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lon7gmj040MC&pg=PA244#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+in+the+9th+to+14th+Centuries&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies%2C+Singapore&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9971-988-39-9&rft.au=David+G.+Marr&rft.au=Anthony+Crothers+Milner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLon7gmj040MC%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2013" class="citation journal cs1">Griffiths, Arlo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01958103/file/arch_0044-8613_2013_num_85_1_4384.pdf">"The Problem of the Ancient Name Java and the Role of Satyavarman in Southeast Asian International Relations around the Turn of the Ninth Century CE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archipel</i>. <b>85/1</b>: <span class="nowrap">43–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farch.2013.4384">10.3406/arch.2013.4384</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-8613">0044-8613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archipel&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+the+Ancient+Name+Java+and+the+Role+of+Satyavarman+in+Southeast+Asian+International+Relations+around+the+Turn+of+the+Ninth+Century+CE&rft.volume=85%2F1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Farch.2013.4384&rft.issn=0044-8613&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Arlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01958103%2Ffile%2Farch_0044-8613_2013_num_85_1_4384.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth R. 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Retrieved November 10, 2021"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>7</b> (19). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abf8441">10.1126/sciadv.abf8441</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8104873">8104873</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33962951">33962951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Klassen%2C+S.%2C+Carter%2C+A.+K.%2C+Evans%2C+D.+H.%2C+Ortman%2C+S.%2C+Stark%2C+M.+T.%2C+Loyless%2C+A.+A.%2C+Polkinghorne%2C+M.%2C+Heng%2C+P.%2C+Hill%2C+M.%2C+Wijker%2C+P.%2C+Niles-Weed%2C+J.%2C+Marriner%2C+G.+P.%2C+Pottier%2C+C.%2C+%26+Fletcher%2C+R.+J.+%282021%2C+May+7%29.+%22Diachronic+modeling+of+the+population+within+the+medieval+Greater+Angkor+Region+settlement+complex.%22+Science.+Retrieved+November+10%2C+2021&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=19&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8104873%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33962951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abf8441&rft.aulast=Klassen&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Carter%2C+A.+K.&rft.au=Evans%2C+D.+H.&rft.au=Ortman%2C+S.&rft.au=Stark%2C+M.+T.&rft.au=Loyless%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Polkinghorne%2C+M.&rft.au=Heng%2C+P.&rft.au=Hill%2C+M.&rft.au=Wijker%2C+P.&rft.au=Niles-Weed%2C+J.&rft.au=Marriner%2C+G.+P.&rft.au=Pottier%2C+C.&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8104873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maspero-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maspero_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maspero_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maspero_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maspero_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9747534991" title="Special:BookSources/9747534991">9747534991</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A History of India, Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund: p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commerce and Culture in the Bay of Bengal, 1500–1800 by Om Prakash, Denys Lombard pp. 29–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chatterji, B. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19076-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19076-4"><bdi>978-1-107-19076-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218022331/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-ayutthaya/52FC0674CC0532A8F1EDB01CC37E703B">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ayutthaya%3A+Siam+in+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-19076-4&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Phongpaichit%2C+Pasuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fhistory-of-ayutthaya%2F52FC0674CC0532A8F1EDB01CC37E703B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckley-2010-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley-2010_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley-2010_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley-2010_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2010" class="citation journal cs1">Buckley, Brendan M.; et al. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Climate+as+a+contributing+factor+in+the+demise+of+Angkor%2C+Cambodia&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6748-%3C%2Fspan%3E6752&rft.date=2010-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2872380%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20351244&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0910827107&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PNAS..107.6748B&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Brendan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2Fpnas%2Fearly%2F2010%2F03%2F22%2F0910827107.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vickery, M. T. (1977). Cambodia after Angkor: The chronicular evidence for the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries (Vol. 2). Yale University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiranda_Leitsinger2004" class="citation web cs1">Miranda Leitsinger (13 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210051110/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20040613-0915-fallenangkor.html">"Scientists dig and fly over Angkor in search of answers to golden city's fall"</a>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20040613-0915-fallenangkor.html">the original</a> on 10 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientists+dig+and+fly+over+Angkor+in+search+of+answers+to+golden+city%27s+fall&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=2004-06-13&rft.au=Miranda+Leitsinger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.signonsandiego.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F20040613-0915-fallenangkor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLG_Gundersen" class="citation web cs1">LG Gundersen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijch.net/vol1/011-J002.pdf">"A Reassessment of the Decline of the Khmer Empire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.ijch.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721201203/http://www.ijch.net/vol1/011-J002.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ijch.net&rft.atitle=A+Reassessment+of+the+Decline+of+the+Khmer+Empire&rft.au=LG+Gundersen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijch.net%2Fvol1%2F011-J002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nikkei-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nikkei_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nikkei_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasako_FukawaStan_Fukawa2014" class="citation web cs1">Masako Fukawa; Stan Fukawa (6 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/2014/11/6/japanese-diaspora-cambodia/">"Japanese Diaspora – Cambodia"</a>. <i>Discover Nikkei</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515040929/http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/2014/11/6/japanese-diaspora-cambodia/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Nikkei&rft.atitle=Japanese+Diaspora+%E2%80%93+Cambodia&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.au=Masako+Fukawa&rft.au=Stan+Fukawa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovernikkei.org%2Fen%2Fjournal%2F2014%2F11%2F6%2Fjapanese-diaspora-cambodia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911082903/http://www.cambodia-travel.com/khmer/post-angkor.htm">"History of Cambodia, Post-Angkor Era (1431– present day)"</a>. <i>Cambodia Travel</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambodia+Travel&rft.atitle=History+of+Cambodia%2C+Post-Angkor+Era+%281431%E2%80%93+present+day%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambodia-travel.com%2Fkhmer%2Fpost-angkor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhou_Daguan2007" class="citation book cs1">Zhou Daguan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rs4IBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT23"><i>A Record of Cambodia</i></a>. translated by Peter Harris. University of Washington Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9749511244" title="Special:BookSources/978-9749511244"><bdi>978-9749511244</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031084140/https://books.google.com/books?id=rs4IBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT23#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Record+of+Cambodia&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9749511244&rft.au=Zhou+Daguan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drs4IBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/angkor_side.html">"Cardiff de Alejo Garcia – Passing Notes – Smithsonian Magazine "History & Archaeology"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111100849/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/angkor_side.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cardiff+de+Alejo+Garcia+%E2%80%93+Passing+Notes+%E2%80%93+Smithsonian+Magazine+%22History+%26+Archaeology%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory-archaeology%2Fangkor_side.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welch, D. J. (1998). Archaeology of northeast Thailand in relation to the pre-Khmer and Khmer historical records. <i>International Journal of Historical Archaeology</i> 2(3):205–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-God_and_King-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-God_and_King_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta,_Arputha_Rani_(Ed.)2005" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Arputha Rani (Ed.) (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121209215215/http://easternbookcorporation.com/moreinfo.php?txt_searchstring=7306"><i>God and King : The Devaraja Cult in South Asian Art & Architecture</i></a>. National Museum Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8189233262" title="Special:BookSources/8189233262"><bdi>8189233262</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easternbookcorporation.com/moreinfo.php?txt_searchstring=7306">the original</a> on 9 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+and+King+%3A+The+Devaraja+Cult+in+South+Asian+Art+%26+Architecture&rft.pub=National+Museum+Institute&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=8189233262&rft.au=Sengupta%2C+Arputha+Rani+%28Ed.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.easternbookcorporation.com%2Fmoreinfo.php%3Ftxt_searchstring%3D7306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_ForbesDavid_HenleyColin_Hinshelwood2012" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Forbes; David Henley; Colin Hinshelwood (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aMsTfbVCtqwC&pg=PT108"><i>Angkor: Eighth Wonder of the World</i></a>. Cognoscenti Books. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781300554561" title="Special:BookSources/9781300554561"><bdi>9781300554561</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031084141/https://books.google.com/books?id=aMsTfbVCtqwC&pg=PT108#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angkor%3A+Eighth+Wonder+of+the+World&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Cognoscenti+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781300554561&rft.au=Andrew+Forbes&rft.au=David+Henley&rft.au=Colin+Hinshelwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaMsTfbVCtqwC%26pg%3DPT108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhou2007117-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhou2007117_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhou2007">Zhou 2007</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiang2006-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiang2006_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiang2006">Liang 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhou200757-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhou200757_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhou2007">Zhou 2007</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlassenCarterEvansOrtman2021" class="citation journal cs1">Klassen, S.; Carter, A. K.; Evans, D. H.; Ortman, S.; Stark, M. T.; Loyless, A. A.; Polkinghorne, M.; Heng, P.; Hill, M.; Wijker, P.; Niles-Weed, J.; Marriner, G. P.; Pottier, C.; Fletcher, R. J. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8104873">"Klassen, S., Carter, A. K., Evans, D. H., Ortman, S., Stark, M. T., Loyless, A. A., Polkinghorne, M., Heng, P., Hill, M., Wijker, P., Niles-Weed, J., Marriner, G. P., Pottier, C., & Fletcher, R. J. (2021, May 7). "Diachronic modeling of the population within the medieval Greater Angkor Region settlement complex." <i>Science</i>. Retrieved November 10, 2021"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>7</b> (19). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abf8441">10.1126/sciadv.abf8441</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8104873">8104873</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33962951">33962951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Klassen%2C+S.%2C+Carter%2C+A.+K.%2C+Evans%2C+D.+H.%2C+Ortman%2C+S.%2C+Stark%2C+M.+T.%2C+Loyless%2C+A.+A.%2C+Polkinghorne%2C+M.%2C+Heng%2C+P.%2C+Hill%2C+M.%2C+Wijker%2C+P.%2C+Niles-Weed%2C+J.%2C+Marriner%2C+G.+P.%2C+Pottier%2C+C.%2C+%26+Fletcher%2C+R.+J.+%282021%2C+May+7%29.+%22Diachronic+modeling+of+the+population+within+the+medieval+Greater+Angkor+Region+settlement+complex.%22+Science.+Retrieved+November+10%2C+2021&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=19&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8104873%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33962951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abf8441&rft.aulast=Klassen&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Carter%2C+A.+K.&rft.au=Evans%2C+D.+H.&rft.au=Ortman%2C+S.&rft.au=Stark%2C+M.+T.&rft.au=Loyless%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Polkinghorne%2C+M.&rft.au=Heng%2C+P.&rft.au=Hill%2C+M.&rft.au=Wijker%2C+P.&rft.au=Niles-Weed%2C+J.&rft.au=Marriner%2C+G.+P.&rft.au=Pottier%2C+C.&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8104873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhou:2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zhou:2_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaguan2007" class="citation book cs1">Daguan, Zhou (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IpJuAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Record of Cambodia: The Land and Its People</i></a>. Silkworm Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789749511244" title="Special:BookSources/9789749511244"><bdi>9789749511244</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231021211148/https://books.google.com/books?id=IpJuAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Record+of+Cambodia%3A+The+Land+and+Its+People&rft.pub=Silkworm+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789749511244&rft.aulast=Daguan&rft.aufirst=Zhou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIpJuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Keyes1995">Keyes, 1995</a>, pp.78–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabish_Khair2006" class="citation book cs1">Tabish Khair, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fcIvtBPnYL8C&pg=PA115"><i>Other Routes: 1500 Years of African and Asian Travel Writing</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253218216" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253218216"><bdi>978-0253218216</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031084141/https://books.google.com/books?id=fcIvtBPnYL8C&pg=PA115#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Other+Routes%3A+1500+Years+of+African+and+Asian+Travel+Writing&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0253218216&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfcIvtBPnYL8C%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Ancient Angkor guide book</i>", by Michael Freeman and Claude Jacques, pp. 30–31, published in 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shadows-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shadows_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidyono2008" class="citation book cs1">Widyono, Benny (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mhkw4Psq0SQC&q=Angkor+Borobudur+Jayavarman+II+Java&pg=PA56"><i>Dancing in shadows: Sihanouk, the Khmer Rouge, and the United Nations in Cambodia</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742555532" title="Special:BookSources/9780742555532"><bdi>9780742555532</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031084145/https://books.google.com/books?id=mhkw4Psq0SQC&q=Angkor+Borobudur+Jayavarman+II+Java&pg=PA56#v=snippet&q=Angkor%20Borobudur%20Jayavarman%20II%20Java&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dancing+in+shadows%3A+Sihanouk%2C+the+Khmer+Rouge%2C+and+the+United+Nations+in+Cambodia&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publisher&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742555532&rft.aulast=Widyono&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmhkw4Psq0SQC%26q%3DAngkor%2BBorobudur%2BJayavarman%2BII%2BJava%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt_Julian,_James2014" class="citation book cs1">St Julian, James (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=597289710287466;res=IELAPA"><i>The tale of the Khmer king and the Maharaja of Zabag</i></a>. Vol. 48. pp. <span class="nowrap">59–</span>63. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116163651/https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn%3D597289710287466;res%3DIELAPA">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+tale+of+the+Khmer+king+and+the+Maharaja+of+Zabag&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2014-03&rft.au=St+Julian%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.informit.com.au%2FdocumentSummary%3Bdn%3D597289710287466%3Bres%3DIELAPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFujita_KayokoShiro_MomokiAnthony_Reid2013" class="citation book cs1">Fujita Kayoko; Shiro Momoki; Anthony Reid, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lcT3AwAAQBAJ&q=Kaladi+inscription+909+CE&pg=PA97"><i>Offshore Asia: Maritime Interactions in Eastern Asia Before Steamships, volume 18 from Nalanda-Sriwijaya series</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814311779" title="Special:BookSources/978-9814311779"><bdi>978-9814311779</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031084146/https://books.google.com/books?id=lcT3AwAAQBAJ&q=Kaladi+inscription+909+CE&pg=PA97#v=snippet&q=Kaladi%20inscription%20909%20CE&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Offshore+Asia%3A+Maritime+Interactions+in+Eastern+Asia+Before+Steamships%2C+volume+18+from+Nalanda-Sriwijaya+series&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9814311779&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlcT3AwAAQBAJ%26q%3DKaladi%2Binscription%2B909%2BCE%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunoz2006" class="citation book cs1">Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). <i>Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and Malay Peninsula</i>. Singapore: Editions Didier Miller. pp. <span class="nowrap">187–</span>189.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Kingdoms+of+the+Indonesian+Archipelago+and+Malay+Peninsula&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E189&rft.pub=Editions+Didier+Miller&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Munoz&rft.aufirst=Paul+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">India and Indonesia During the Ancien Regime: Essays by P. J. Marshall, Robert Van Niel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">India and Indonesia During the Ancien Regime: Essays by P. J. Marshall, Robert Van Niel: p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">India: A History by John Keay p. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_K._Wyatt2003" class="citation book cs1">David K. Wyatt (2003). <i>Thailand: A Short History</i> (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">55–</span>61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thailand%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.au=David+K.+Wyatt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nagarakretagama <i>pupuh</i> (canto) 15, these states are mentioned as <i>Mitreka Satata</i>, literary means "partners with common order".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCœdès1966" class="citation book cs1">Cœdès, George (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgrAFlAC4-QC"><i>The making of South East Asia</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05061-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05061-4"><bdi>0-520-05061-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031084147/https://books.google.com/books?id=qgrAFlAC4-QC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+South+East+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-520-05061-4&rft.aulast=C%C5%93d%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgrAFlAC4-QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="FreJac2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freeman_(photographer)" title="Michael Freeman (photographer)">Freeman, Michael</a>; Jacques, Claude (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientangkor00free"><i>Ancient Angkor</i></a></span>. River Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-8225-27-5" title="Special:BookSources/974-8225-27-5"><bdi>974-8225-27-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Angkor&rft.pub=River+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=974-8225-27-5&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Jacques%2C+Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientangkor00free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Higham2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Higham_(archaeologist)" title="Charles Higham (archaeologist)">Higham, Charles</a> (2001). <i>The Civilization of Angkor</i>. Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-584-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-584-7"><bdi>978-1-84212-584-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilization+of+Angkor&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-584-7&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vittorio Roveda: <i>Khmer Mythology</i>, River Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-8225-37-2" title="Special:BookSources/974-8225-37-2">974-8225-37-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDagens1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Dagens" title="Bruno Dagens">Dagens, Bruno</a> (1995) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKH4RwAACAAJ"><i>Angkor: Heart of an Asian Empire</i></a>. '<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard" title="Découvertes Gallimard">New Horizons</a>' series. Translated by Sharman, Ruth. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-30054-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-30054-2"><bdi>0-500-30054-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031084747/https://books.google.com/books?id=UKH4RwAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angkor%3A+Heart+of+an+Asian+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.series=%27New+Horizons%27+series&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-500-30054-2&rft.aulast=Dagens&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUKH4RwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Keyes1995" class="citation book cs1">Keyes, Charles F. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3oajnKzUNEC"><i>The Golden Peninsula</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1696-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1696-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-1696-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031084748/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3oajnKzUNEC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Peninsula&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1696-4&rft.aulast=Keyes&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3oajnKzUNEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rooney2005" class="citation book cs1">Rooney, Dawn F. (2005). <i>Angkor: Cambodia's wondrous khmer temples</i> (5th ed.). Odissey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-217-727-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-217-727-7"><bdi>978-962-217-727-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angkor%3A+Cambodia%27s+wondrous+khmer+temples&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Odissey&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-962-217-727-7&rft.aulast=Rooney&rft.aufirst=Dawn+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Chandler" title="David P. Chandler">David P. Chandler</a>: <i>A History of Cambodia</i>, Westview Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3511-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3511-6">0-8133-3511-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiang2006" class="citation cs2">Liang, Jieming (2006), <i>Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity</i>, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-05-5380-3" title="Special:BookSources/981-05-5380-3"><bdi>981-05-5380-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Siege+Warfare%3A+Mechanical+Artillery+%26+Siege+Weapons+of+Antiquity&rft.place=Singapore%2C+Republic+of+Singapore&rft.pub=Leong+Kit+Meng&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=981-05-5380-3&rft.aulast=Liang&rft.aufirst=Jieming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhou2007" class="citation cs2">Zhou, Daguan (2007), <i>The Customs of Cambodia</i>, The Siam Society, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-8359-68-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-8359-68-7"><bdi>978-974-8359-68-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Customs+of+Cambodia&rft.pub=The+Siam+Society&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-974-8359-68-7&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Daguan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Mouhot" title="Henri Mouhot">Henri Mouhot</a>: <i>Travels in Siam, Cambodia, Laos, and Annam</i>, White Lotus Co, Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-8434-03-6" title="Special:BookSources/974-8434-03-6">974-8434-03-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Vickery1998" class="citation book cs1">Vickery, Michael (1998). <i>Society, economics, and politics in pre-Angkor Cambodia: the 7th–8th centuries</i>. Toyo Bunko. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-89656-110-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-89656-110-4"><bdi>978-4-89656-110-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society%2C+economics%2C+and+politics+in+pre-Angkor+Cambodia%3A+the+7th%E2%80%938th+centuries&rft.pub=Toyo+Bunko&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-4-89656-110-4&rft.aulast=Vickery&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Walker_(author)" title="Benjamin Walker (author)">Benjamin Walker</a>, <i>Angkor Empire: A History of the Khmer of Cambodia</i>, Signet Press, Calcutta, 1995.</li> <li>I. G. Edmonds, <i>The Khmers of Cambodia: The story of a mysterious people</i>.</li> <li>Jessup, H. I. (2018). The South-East Asia: The Khmer 802–1566. In J. Masselos (ed.) <i>The Great Empires of Asia</i> (pp. 78–106). <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Index_of_Cambodia-related_articles" title="Index of Cambodia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cambodian_history" title="Timeline of Cambodian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Cambodia" title="Early history of Cambodia">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokor_Phnom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokor Phnom">Nokor Phnom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khmer Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_period" title="Post-Angkor period">Post-Angkor period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">French protectorate of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Japanese occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Puppet state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)">Sihanouk era <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953–70)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea#Transition" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">State of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia">UNTAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cambodia" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Royal_arms_of_Cambodia" title="Royal arms of Cambodia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg/110px-Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg/165px-Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg/220px-Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="591" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cambodia" title="Geography of Cambodia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Cambodia" title="Administrative divisions of Cambodia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Cambodia" title="Template:Borders of Cambodia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Cambodia" title="List of cities and towns in Cambodia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Cambodia" title="Climate change in Cambodia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Cambodia" title="Deforestation in Cambodia">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Cambodia" title="List of ecoregions in Cambodia">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Cambodia" title="List of islands of Cambodia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Cambodia" title="List of lakes of Cambodia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap" title="Tonlé Sap">Tonlé Sap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Cambodia" title="List of protected areas of Cambodia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Cambodia" title="List of rivers of Cambodia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Cambodia" title="Wildlife of Cambodia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cambodia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Cambodia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cambodia" title="Politics of Cambodia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Cambodia" title="Cabinet of Cambodia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cambodia" title="Elections in Cambodia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cambodia" title="Foreign relations of Cambodia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Cambodia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cambodia" title="Human rights in Cambodia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cambodia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Cambodia" title="Judiciary of Cambodia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Cambodia" title="Law of Cambodia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cambodia" title="Law enforcement in Cambodia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cambodian_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Cambodian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation,_Religion,_King" title="Nation, Religion, King">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Cambodia" title="Parliament of Cambodia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Cambodia" title="List of political parties in Cambodia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cambodia" title="Agriculture in Cambodia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Cambodia" title="List of banks in Cambodia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Cambodia" title="Child labour in Cambodia">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cambodia" title="Energy in Cambodia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cambodia" title="Economic history of Cambodia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Cambodia" title="Mineral industry of Cambodia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Cambodia" title="Natural resources of Cambodia">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_riel" title="Cambodian riel">Riel <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Cambodia" title="Science and technology in Cambodia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zones_of_Cambodia" title="Special Economic Zones of Cambodia">Special Economic Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cambodia" title="Telecommunications in Cambodia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cambodia" title="Tourism in Cambodia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cambodia" title="Transport in Cambodia">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Cambodia" title="Category:Society of Cambodia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Cambodia" title="Crime in Cambodia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cambodia" title="Demographics of Cambodia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cambodia" title="Education in Cambodia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Cambodia" title="Ethnic groups in Cambodia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Cambodia" title="Gambling in Cambodia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cambodia" title="Health in Cambodia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cambodia" title="HIV/AIDS in Cambodia">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Cambodia" title="Hunting in Cambodia">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Cambodia" title="Human trafficking in Cambodia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cambodia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Cambodia" title="Prostitution in Cambodia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cambodia" title="Women in Cambodia">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Cambodia" title="Sex trafficking in Cambodia">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization_in_Cambodia" title="Social organization in Cambodia">Social organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Cambodia" title="Squatting in Cambodia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Cambodia" title="Youth in Cambodia">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia" title="Culture of Cambodia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_architecture" title="Khmer architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_art" title="Cambodian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cambodia" title="Cinema of Cambodia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtship,_marriage,_and_divorce_in_Cambodia" title="Courtship, marriage, and divorce in Cambodia">Courtship, marriage, and divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambodian_royal_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian royal cuisine">royal cuisine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Cambodia" title="Dance in Cambodia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_inscriptions" title="Khmer inscriptions">Epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_jewellery" title="Khmer jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_keyboard" title="Khmer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_literature" title="Cambodian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81str%C4%81_sleuk_rith" title="Sāstrā sleuk rith">Manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_mat" title="Cambodian mat">Mat weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Cambodia" title="Mass media in Cambodia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kbach" title="Kbach">Ornamentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cambodia" title="Public holidays in Cambodia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Cambodia" title="Sport in Cambodia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Cambodia" title="Theatre of Cambodia">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Cambodia" title="Outline of Cambodia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cambodia-related_articles" title="Index of Cambodia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cambodia" title="Category:Cambodia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cambodia" title="Portal:Cambodia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">attempts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&oldid=1275521272">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khmer_Empire&oldid=1275521272</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Khmer_Empire" title="Category:Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_Cambodian_history" title="Category:Former countries in Cambodian history">Former countries in Cambodian history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_empires_in_Asia" title="Category:Former empires in Asia">Former 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