CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="eu" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Diabetes - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea.</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )euwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","urtarrila","otsaila","martxoa","apirila","maiatza","ekaina","uztaila","abuztua","iraila","urria","azaroa","abendua"],"wgRequestId":"54890882-c23d-4bee-be89-e4ce620d9a92","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Diabetes","wgTitle":"Diabetes","wgCurRevisionId":9976988,"wgRevisionId":9976988,"wgArticleId":21923,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Erreferentzietan akatsak dituzten orrialdeak","PMID lotura magikoak dituzten orrialdeak","Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluak","Artikulu nabarmenduak","Wikipedia:GND identifikatzailea duten artikuluak","Wikipedia:LCCN identifikatzailea duten artikuluak","Wikipedia:14 elementuko autoritate kontrola duten orriak","Erreferentziatan akatsak dituzten orrialdeak","Diabetesa","Heriotza arrazoiak"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"eu","wgPageContentLanguage":"eu", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Diabetes","wgRelevantArticleId":21923,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"eu","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"eu"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q12206","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model", "platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ErrefAurrebista","ext.gadget.UkensKonkurranse","ext.gadget.TxikipediaTab","ext.gadget.ArtikuluenKalitatea", "ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=eu&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=eu&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=eu&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg/1200px-Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg/800px-Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg/640px-Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Diabetes - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea."> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//eu.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Aldatu" href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (eu)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//eu.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.eu"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom Jarioa" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:AzkenAldaketak&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Diabetes rootpage-Diabetes skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Edukira joan</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu nagusia" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Menu nagusia </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu nagusia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nabigazioa </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azala" title="Azala bisitatu [z]" accesskey="z">Azala</a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala">Txikipedia</a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela">Ikusgela</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna">Txokoa</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r">Aldaketa berriak</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x">Ausazko orria</a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua.">Laguntza</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"> Bilatu </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Itxura </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class="">Dohaintza egin</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Diabetes" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class="">Sortu kontua</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Diabetes" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Hasi saioa</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Tresna pertsonalak </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu">Dohaintza egin</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Diabetes" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."> Sortu kontua</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Diabetes" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"> Hasi saioa</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi">gehiago ikasi</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y">Ekarpenak</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n">Eztabaida</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etimologia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Historia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Motak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaitzaren_sintomak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaitzaren_sintomak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Gaitzaren sintomak </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gaitzaren_sintomak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Gaitzaren sintomak azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Gaitzaren_sintomak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diabetesaren_larrialdiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diabetesaren_larrialdiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Diabetesaren larrialdiak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diabetesaren_larrialdiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konplikazioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konplikazioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Konplikazioak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konplikazioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zergatia_edo_kausak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zergatia_edo_kausak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Zergatia edo kausak </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zergatia_edo_kausak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Zergatia edo kausak azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Zergatia_edo_kausak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1._mota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1._mota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 1. mota </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1._mota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2._mota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2._mota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 2. mota </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2._mota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haurdunaldiko_diabetesa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haurdunaldiko_diabetesa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Haurdunaldiko diabetesa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haurdunaldiko_diabetesa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beste_mota_batzuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beste_mota_batzuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Beste mota batzuk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beste_mota_batzuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fisiopatologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisiopatologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Fisiopatologia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fisiopatologia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Fisiopatologia azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Fisiopatologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intsulina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intsulina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Intsulina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intsulina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Diagnosia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prebentzioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prebentzioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Prebentzioa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prebentzioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kudeaketa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kudeaketa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Kudeaketa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kudeaketa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bizimodua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bizimodua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bizimodua </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bizimodua-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Bizimodua azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Bizimodua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medikazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medikazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Medikazioa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medikazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Glukosaren_kontrola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glukosaren_kontrola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 Glukosaren kontrola </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glukosaren_kontrola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glukosaren_metabolismoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glukosaren_metabolismoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Glukosaren metabolismoa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glukosaren_metabolismoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Odol-presioa_jaistea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odol-presioa_jaistea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.1 Odol-presioa jaistea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odol-presioa_jaistea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspirina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspirina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.2 Aspirina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspirina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kirurgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kirurgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.3 Kirurgia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kirurgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autogestioa_eta_laguntza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autogestioa_eta_laguntza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.4 Autogestioa eta laguntza </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autogestioa_eta_laguntza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Epidemiologia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gizartea_eta_kultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gizartea_eta_kultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Gizartea eta kultura </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gizartea_eta_kultura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Gizartea eta kultura azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Gizartea_eta_kultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zenbakitzea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zenbakitzea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Zenbakitzea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zenbakitzea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beste_animalia_batzuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beste_animalia_batzuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Beste animalia batzuk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beste_animalia_batzuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Erreferentziak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Kanpo estekak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Diabetes</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 158 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-158" aria-hidden="true" > 158 hizkuntza </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Diabetes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Diabetes mellitus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%B3%E1%88%AD_%E1%89%A0%E1%88%BD%E1%89%B3" title="ስኳር በሽታ – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስኳር በሽታ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetis_mellitus" title="Diabetis mellitus – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Diabetis mellitus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="السكري – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السكري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B6)" title="سكار (مرض) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سكار (مرض)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1" title="مرض السكر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مرض السكر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="বহুমূত্ৰ ৰোগ – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বহুমূত্ৰ ৰোগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Diabetes mellitus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="सुगर रोग – awadhiera" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सुगर रोग" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99k%C9%99rli_diabet" title="Şəkərli diabet – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şəkərli diabet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="دیابت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دیابت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Шәкәр диабеты – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шәкәр диабеты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokraus_diabets" title="Sokraus diabets – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sokraus diabets" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Diabetes" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Цукровы дыябет – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цукровы дыябет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Цукровы дыябэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цукровы дыябэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Захарен диабет – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Захарен диабет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="शुगर रोग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शुगर रोग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%82%8F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%82%8F" title="ဆီႏနွိုးရောႏဂါႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဆီႏနွိုးရောႏဂါႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="বহুমূত্ররোগ – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বহুমূত্ররোগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="ডায়াবেটিস – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ডায়াবেটিস" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabet" title="Diabet – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Diabet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87erna_bolest" title="Šećerna bolest – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šećerna bolest" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Саахарай диабет – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Саахарай диабет" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetis_mellitus" title="Diabetis mellitus – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diabetis mellitus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Шекаран диабет – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шекаран диабет" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Diabetes mellitus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%95" title="شەکرە – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەکرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Diabetes mellitus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Сахăрлă диабет – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сахăрлă диабет" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diabetes" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkersyge" title="Sukkersyge – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sukkersyge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Diabetes mellitus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaany%C3%AB%C5%8Beeiab%C3%AFk" title="Tuaanyëŋeeiabïk – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Tuaanyëŋeeiabïk" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA_%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A8" title="ހަކުރު ބަލި – dhivehia" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހަކުރު ބަލި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="dhivehia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_(%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1)" title="Διαβήτης (ασθένεια) – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαβήτης (ασθένεια)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Diabetes" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabeto" title="Diabeto – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Diabeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diabetes mellitus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhkurt%C3%B5bi" title="Suhkurtõbi – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suhkurtõbi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="دیابت – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیابت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Diabetes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukrut%C3%B5bi" title="Tsukrutõbi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tsukrutõbi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukursj%C3%BAka" title="Sukursjúka – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sukursjúka" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diab%C3%A8te_sucr%C3%A9" title="Diabète sucré – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diabète sucré" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Diabetes mellitus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaib%C3%A9iteas" title="Diaibéiteas – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Diaibéiteas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djab%C3%A8t_(sendromm)" title="Djabèt (sendromm) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Djabèt (sendromm)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinneas_an_t-si%C3%B9cair" title="Tinneas an t-siùcair – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tinneas an t-siùcair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Diabetes mellitus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuguyasuka" title="Tuguyasuka – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tuguyasuka" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B9" title="મધુપ્રમેહ – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મધુપ્રમેહ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon_suga" title="Ciwon suga – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ciwon suga" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%AA" title="סוכרת – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוכרת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9" title="मधुमेह – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मधुमेह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Diabetes" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87erna_bolest" title="Šećerna bolest – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šećerna bolest" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukorbetegs%C3%A9g" title="Cukorbetegség – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cukorbetegség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Շաքարային դիաբետ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շաքարային դիաբետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%BF" title="Շաքարախտ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շաքարախտ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabete" title="Diabete – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Diabete" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_melitus" title="Diabetes melitus – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Diabetes melitus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Diabetes" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabeto" title="Diabeto – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Diabeto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykurs%C3%BDki" title="Sykursýki – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sykursýki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabete_mellito" title="Diabete mellito – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diabete mellito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%B0%BF%E7%97%85" title="糖尿病 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="糖尿病" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayabiitis" title="Dayabiitis – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Dayabiitis" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kencing_Manis" title="Kencing Manis – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kencing Manis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="შაქრიანი დიაბეტი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შაქრიანი დიაბეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwan_shuga" title="Zwan shuga – tyapa" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Zwan shuga" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyapa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Қант диабеті – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қант диабеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%98" title="ជំងឺទឹកនោមផ្អែម – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជំងឺទឹកនោមផ្អែម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B9" title="ಮಧುಮೇಹ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಧುಮೇಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EB%87%A8%EB%B3%91" title="당뇨병 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="당뇨병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B7%D9%94%D8%B3" title="ذیابیٖطٔس – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ذیابیٖطٔس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexwe%C5%9Fiya_%C5%9Fekir" title="Nexweşiya şekir – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nexweşiya şekir" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleves_melys" title="Kleves melys – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kleves melys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Кант диабети – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кант диабети" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Diabetes mellitus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Diabetes mellitus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Шекердин диабет – lezginera" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Шекердин диабет" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezginera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okugwamu_amazzi" title="Okugwamu amazzi – luganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Okugwamu amazzi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="luganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3kkergekrenkdje" title="Sókkergekrenkdje – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sókkergekrenkdje" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabete_Mell%C3%ACo" title="Diabete Mellìo – liguriera" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Diabete Mellìo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabet_zucherad" title="Diabet zucherad – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Diabet zucherad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukrinis_diabetas" title="Cukrinis diabetas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cukrinis diabetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukura_diab%C4%93ts" title="Cukura diabēts – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cukura diabēts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_melitus" title="Diabetes melitus – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Diabetes melitus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Шеќерна болест – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шеќерна болест" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രമേഹം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രമേഹം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чихрийн шижин – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чихрийн шижин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%8F%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%8D%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B2" title="ဏမ်ဍာတ်၊ ယဲ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဏမ်ဍာတ်၊ ယဲ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9" title="मधुमेह – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मधुमेह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit_kencing_manis" title="Penyakit kencing manis – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyakit kencing manis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="ဆီးချိုရောဂါ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆီးချိုရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Diabetes mellitus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9" title="मधुमेह – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मधुमेह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9" title="मधुमेह – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मधुमेह" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6kh%C3%B6_Gulo" title="Fökhö Gulo – niasera" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Fökhö Gulo" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="niasera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Diabetes mellitus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Diabetes mellitus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Diabetes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diab%C3%A8ta_sucrat" title="Diabèta sucrat – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Diabèta sucrat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Diabetes" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A7%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B9" title="ମଧୁମେହ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମଧୁମେହ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C3%A6%D0%BA%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Сæкæрниз – osetiera" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сæкæрниз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97" title="ਸ਼ੱਕਰ ਰੋਗ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੱਕਰ ਰੋਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus – pampangera" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Diabetes mellitus" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diab%C3%A9tis_Mellitus" title="Diabétis Mellitus – papiamentoa" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Diabétis Mellitus" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamentoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukrzyca" title="Cukrzyca – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cukrzyca" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="شوگر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شوگر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%90_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%8A" title="شکرې ناروغي – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شکرې ناروغي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diabetes mellitus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misk%27i_unquy" title="Misk'i unquy – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Misk'i unquy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabet_zaharat" title="Diabet zaharat – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Diabet zaharat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Сахарный диабет – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сахарный диабет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Цукрёвый діабет – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Цукрёвый діабет" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%83" title="मधुमेहः – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मधुमेहः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Сахарнай диабет – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сахарнай диабет" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B3_(%D8%B4%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1)" title="ذيابيطس (شوگر) – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ذيابيطس (شوگر)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes – iparraldeko samiera" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Diabetes" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko samiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijabetes" title="Dijabetes – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dijabetes" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addyabi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD" title="Addyabiṭṭ – tachelhita" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Addyabiṭṭ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhita" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B5%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9D%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA" title="ယဵဝ်ႈဝၢၼ် – shanera" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ယဵဝ်ႈဝၢၼ်" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shanera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="දියවැඩියාව – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දියවැඩියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Diabetes mellitus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Diabetes mellitus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sladkorna_bolezen" title="Sladkorna bolezen – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sladkorna bolezen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitsvigiri" title="Chitsvigiri – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chitsvigiri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokorow" title="Sokorow – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sokorow" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabeti" title="Diabeti – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Diabeti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Шећерна болест – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шећерна болест" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diab%C3%A9tes_m%C3%A9litus" title="Diabétes mélitus – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Diabétes mélitus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Diabetes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisukari_(ugonjwa)" title="Kisukari (ugonjwa) – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kisukari (ugonjwa)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="நீரிழிவு நோய் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீரிழிவு நோய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82" title="మధుమేహం – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మధుమేహం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Бемории қанд – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бемории қанд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="เบาหวาน – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบาหวาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BDj%C3%BClik_(kesel)" title="Süýjülik (kesel) – turkmenera" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Süýjülik (kesel)" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyabetes" title="Diyabetes – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Diyabetes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyabet" title="Diyabet – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Diyabet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Шикәр авыруы – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шикәр авыруы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%89%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%AA_%D9%83%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="دىئابېت كېسىلى – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دىئابېت كېسىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Цукровий діабет – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цукровий діабет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B7%D8%B3" title="ذیابیطس – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ذیابیطس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qandli_diabet" title="Qandli diabet – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qandli diabet" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A1i_th%C3%A1o_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Đái tháo đường – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đái tháo đường" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Diabetes mellitus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%B0%BF%E7%97%85" title="糖尿病 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="糖尿病" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="შანქარიშ დიაბეტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შანქარიშ დიაბეტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="צוקערקרענק – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צוקערקרענק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oknyouhdiemz" title="Oknyouhdiemz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Oknyouhdiemz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%B0%BF%E7%97%85" title="糖尿病 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="糖尿病" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thn%CC%82g-ji%C5%8D-p%C4%93%E2%81%BF" title="Thn̂g-jiō-pēⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thn̂g-jiō-pēⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%B0%BF" title="糖尿 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="糖尿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12206#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c">Artikulua</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Diabetes" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t">Eztabaida</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >euskara </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ikusketak"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diabetes">Irakurri</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v">Aldatu</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e">Aldatu iturburu kodea</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h">Ikusi historia</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tresnak </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diabetes">Irakurri</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v">Aldatu</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e">Aldatu iturburu kodea</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=history">Ikusi historia</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Diabetes" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j">Honanzko esteka duten orriak</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Diabetes" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k">Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u">Fitxategia igo</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q">Orri bereziak</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&oldid=9976988" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra">Lotura iraunkorra</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago">Orri honen datuak</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Diabetes&id=9976988&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa">Artikulu hau aipatu</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDiabetes">URL laburra lortu</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDiabetes">QR kodea jaitsi</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Diabetes">Liburu bat sortu</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Diabetes&action=show-download-screen">Deskargatu PDF formatuan</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p">Inprimatzeko bertsioa</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12206" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata itema</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-1-Wikipedia10000" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_guztiek_izan_beharreko_artikuluen_zerrenda/3._maila" title="Artikulu hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/20px-Wikipedia-1000.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/30px-Wikipedia-1000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/40px-Wikipedia-1000.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-3-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikulu_nabarmenduak" title="Artikulu hau nabarmendua da. Informazio gehiago nahi baduzu, egin klik hemen."><img alt="Artikulu hau nabarmendua da. Informazio gehiago nahi baduzu, egin klik hemen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"> <dl><dd><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Star_of_life_caution.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ohar medikoa"><img alt="Ohar medikoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/20px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/30px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/40px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>Ohar medikoa</figcaption></figure> Oharra: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mediku_oharra" title="Wikipedia:Mediku oharra">Wikipediak ez du mediku aholkurik ematen</a>. Tratamendua behar duzula uste baduzu, jo ezazu sendagilearengana. </dd></dl> <div class="rellink noprint"> <dl><dd>Ez nahasi <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_geza" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes geza">Diabetes gezarekin</a>.</dd></dl></div> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: lightgrey;">Diabetes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg/260px-Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg/390px-Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg/520px-Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightgrey;">Deskribapena</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Mota</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucose_metabolism_disease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glucose metabolism disease (sortu gabe)">glucose metabolism disease</a> (en) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18556224?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endocrine_system_disease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endocrine system disease (sortu gabe)">endocrine system disease</a> (en) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2661443?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoimmune_disease_of_endocrine_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autoimmune disease of endocrine system (sortu gabe)">autoimmune disease of endocrine system</a> (en) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18553586?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Espezialitatea</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diabetology (sortu gabe)">diabetology</a> (en) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207969?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Endokrinologia" title="Endokrinologia">endokrinologia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Sintoma(k)</th><td class="infobox-data">poliuria, polidipsia polyphagia (en) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653267?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Sortzen du</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Begi-lauso" title="Begi-lauso">Begi-lausoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuropatia_periferiko" title="Neuropatia periferiko">neuropatia periferikoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erretinopatia_diabetiko" title="Erretinopatia diabetiko">Erretinopatia diabetikoa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetic_nephropathy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diabetic nephropathy (sortu gabe)">diabetic nephropathy</a> (en) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129105?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetic_foot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diabetic foot (sortu gabe)">diabetic foot</a> (en) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52856?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Azterketa medikoa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hemograma" title="Hemograma">Hemograma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odol-analisi" title="Odol-analisi">odol-analisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gernu-analisi" title="Gernu-analisi">Gernu-analisi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glukosarekiko_tolerantziaren_proba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glukosarekiko tolerantziaren proba (sortu gabe)">glukosarekiko tolerantziaren proba</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glycated_hemoglobin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glycated hemoglobin (sortu gabe)">glycated hemoglobin</a> (en) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311213?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_glucose_monitoring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blood glucose monitoring (sortu gabe)">blood glucose monitoring</a> (en) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927806?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucose_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glucose test (sortu gabe)">glucose test</a> (en) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572348?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noninvasive_glucose_monitor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noninvasive glucose monitor (sortu gabe)">noninvasive glucose monitor</a> (en) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049439?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Odoleko_azukre_maila" title="Odoleko azukre maila">gluzemia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightgrey;">Tratamendua</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Erabil daitezkeen botikak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium_picolinate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromium picolinate (sortu gabe)">chromium picolinate</a> (en) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329715?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voglibose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voglibose (sortu gabe)">voglibose</a> (en) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7939403?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulin_Lispro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Insulin Lispro (sortu gabe)">Insulin Lispro</a> (en) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3492616?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metformin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metformin (sortu gabe)">metformin</a> (en) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19484?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightgrey;">Identifikatzaileak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Gaixotasunen_Nazioarteko_Sailkapena" title="Gaixotasunen Nazioarteko Sailkapena">GNS</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNS-9-MK_kodeen_zerrenda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNS-9-MK kodeen zerrenda (sortu gabe)">9-MK</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=250">250</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Gaixotasunen_Nazioarteko_Sailkapena" title="Gaixotasunen Nazioarteko Sailkapena">GNS</a>-<a href="/wiki/GNS-9_kodeen_zerrenda" class="mw-redirect" title="GNS-9 kodeen zerrenda">9</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=250">250</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001214.htm">001214</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic546.htm">med/546</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/#/record/ui?ui=D003920">D003920</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disease_Ontology_ID&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disease Ontology ID (sortu gabe)">Disease Ontology ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:9351">DOID:9351</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Diabetesa (izen zientifikoa: diabetes mellitus DM) <a href="/wiki/Eritasun" title="Eritasun">gaixotasun</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Sindrome" title="Sindrome">sindrome</a> metabolikoa da, eta <a href="/wiki/Azukre" title="Azukre">azukrearen</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo">metabolismoarekin</a> lotuta dago. Diabetesa <a href="/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa">glukosa</a> maila odolean handitzea dakarren gaixotasun kronikoa da. Gaixotasun hau gerta daiteke <a href="/wiki/Pankrea" title="Pankrea">pankreak</a> <a href="/wiki/Intsulina" title="Intsulina">intsulinarik</a> sortzen ez duelako edo organismoak sortutakoa egoki erabiltzen ez duelako<a href="#cite_note-">[1]</a>. Sintomak maiz pixa egitea, egarria areagotzea eta gosea areagotzea dira<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a>. Tratatu gabe, diabetesak osasun-konplikazio ugari sor ditzake<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a>. Konplikazio akutuak ketoazidosi diabetikoa, egoera hipergluzemiko hiperosmolarra edo heriotza izan daitezke<a href="#cite_note-:6-3">[3]</a>. Epe luzerako konplikazio larriak gaixotasun kardiobaskularra, trazua, giltzurruneko gaixotasun kronikoa, oinetako ultzerak, nerbioen kalteak, begietako kalteak eta narriadura kognitiboa dira<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>. Egun 537 milioi pertsonek pairatzen dute diabetesa, eta urtetik urtera diabetes mellitusa gero eta ohikoagoa bihurtzen ari da<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologia">Etimologia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Etimologia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> «Diabetes» hitza <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinezko</a> diabētēs-etik dator, eta, aldi berean, <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_greziera" title="Antzinako greziera">antzinako grezieratik</a> dator διαβήτης (diabētēs, «pasatu»), hitzez hitz «<a href="/wiki/Sifoi" title="Sifoi">sifoi</a>»<a href="#cite_note-OED_diabetes-6">[6]</a> esan nahi duena. Kapadoziako Areteo (K.o. I. mendean) <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_Grezia" title="Antzinako Grezia">antzinako Greziako</a> medikuak erabili zuen hitz hori, «gernuaren gehiegizko isurketa» esangurarekin, gaixotasunaren izen gisa<a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtymology_diabetes-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>. Azken finean, hitza διαβαίνειν (diabainein) grezieratik dator, zeinak «pasatu» esan nahi duen<a href="#cite_note-OED_diabetes-6">[6]</a>, eta osatuta dago δια- (dia-) eta βαίνειν (bainein) hitzez, «bitartez» eta «joan» esan nahi dutenak hurrenez hurren<a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtymology_diabetes-7">[7]</a>. Ingelesez, lehen aldiz diabetes formarekin, 1425 inguruan erregistratu zen «diabetes» hitza idatzitako mediku testu batean. «Mellitus» hitza, berriz, latinezko mellitus hitz klasikotik dator, «mellite» esan nahi duena<a href="#cite_note-OED_mellite-9">[9]</a> (hau da, «eztiz gozatua»<a href="#cite_note-OED_mellite-9">[9]</a>; «ezti-gozoa»<a href="#cite_note-MyEtymology_mellitus-10">[10]</a>). Latinezko hitza mell-etik dator, zeina mel-etik («eztia»<a href="#cite_note-OED_mellite-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-MyEtymology_mellitus-10">[10]</a>, «gozoa»<a href="#cite_note-MyEtymology_mellitus-10">[10]</a>; «gozotasuna»<a href="#cite_note-MyEtymology_mellitus-10">[10]</a>; «gauza atsegina»<a href="#cite_note-OED_mellite-9">[9]</a>) eta -ītus <a href="/wiki/Atzizki" title="Atzizki">atzizkitik</a> datorren<a href="#cite_note-OED_-ite-11">[11]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Willis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Willis (sortu gabe)">Thomas Willis</a> izan zen, 1675ean, «diabetes» hitzari «mellitus» gehitu ziona gaixotasunaren izendapen gisa, diabetesa duen pertsona baten gernuak zapore gozoa zuela (<a href="/wiki/Glukosuria" title="Glukosuria">glukosuria</a>) ohartu zenean. <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_Grezia" title="Antzinako Grezia">Antzinako greziarrek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Txinatar" title="Txinatar">txinatarrek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egiptoar" title="Egiptoar">egiptoarrek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiar" title="Indiar">indiarrek</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Persiar" title="Persiar">persiarrek</a> nabaritu zuten gernuko zapore gozo hori. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Historia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Diabetesa deskribatutako lehen gaixotasunetako bat izan zen<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>, K.a. 1500. urteko eskuizkribu batean, «gernuaren hustuketa handiegia» aipatuz. <a href="/wiki/Ebers_papiroa" title="Ebers papiroa">Ebers papiroak</a> horrelako kasuetan hartzeko gomendio bat jasotzen du<a href="#cite_note-:17-13">[13]</a>. Deskribatutako lehen kasuak 1 motako diabetesarenak izan zirela uste da<a href="#cite_note-:18-14">[14]</a>. <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indiako</a> medikuek garai berean identifikatu zuten gaixotasuna, eta madhumeha edo "eztiaren gernua" gisa sailkatu zuten, gernuak inurriak erakarriko zituela ohartuta<a href="#cite_note-:17-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-14">[14]</a>. Diabetes edo pasatu terminoa K.a. 230ean erabili zuen lehen aldiz <a href="/wiki/Menfis" title="Menfis">Menfiseko Apolonio greziarrak</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-14">[14]</a>. Gaixotasuna arrarotzat jotzen zen <a href="/wiki/Erromatar_Inperioa" title="Erromatar Inperioa">Erromatar inperioaren</a> garaian, <a href="/wiki/Galeno" title="Galeno">Galenok</a> bere ibilbidean bi kasu baino ez zituela ikusi esan zuen<a href="#cite_note-:18-14">[14]</a>. Baliteke hori antzinakoen dieta eta bizimoduagatik edo gaixotasunaren fase aurreratuan sintomak klinikoak ikusi zirelako izatea. Galenok gaixotasunari «gernuaren beherakoa» (beherako urinosa) izendatu zuen. Diabetesari buruzko erreferentzia zehatza duen bizirik iraun duen lehen lana <a href="/wiki/Kapadozia" title="Kapadozia">Kapadoziako</a> Areteorena da (K.o. II edo III. mendearen hasieran). Sintomak eta gaixotasunaren nondik norakoak deskribatu zituen, hezetasunari eta hotzari egotzi zizkion, «Eskola Pneumatikoaren» sinesmenak islatuz. Diabetesaren eta beste gaixotasun batzuen arteko korrelazioa planteatu zuen, eta sugearen ziztadaren diagnostiko diferentziala eztabaidatu zuen, gehiegizko egarria ere eragiten duena. Bere lana ezezaguna izan zen <a href="/wiki/Mendebalde" title="Mendebalde">mendebaldean</a> 1552. urtera arte, <a href="/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia">Venezian</a> latinezko lehen edizioa argitaratu zen arte<a href="#cite_note-Laios-15">[15]</a>. Bi diabetes mota bereizitako baldintza gisa identifikatu zituzten lehen aldiz Sushruta eta Charaka mediku indiarrek K.a. 400-500. Tratamendu eraginkorra ez zen garatu XX. mendearen hasierara arte<a href="#cite_note-:18-14">[14]</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Banting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Banting (sortu gabe)">Frederick Banting</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Herbert_Best&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Herbert Best (sortu gabe)">Charles Herbert Best</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">kanadarrek</a> intsulina bakartu eta araztu zutenean 1921 eta 1922an<a href="#cite_note-:18-14">[14]</a>. Horren ondoren, egintza luzeko NPH intsulina garatu zen 1940ko hamarkadan<a href="#cite_note-:18-14">[14]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motak">Motak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Motak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Motak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1._motako_diabetes_mellitus" title="1. motako diabetes mellitus">1 motako diabetes mellitusa</a>: diabetes mota honetan ez da pankrean intsulinarik sintetizatzen. Gaixo hauek intsulinaren menpe daude. <a href="/wiki/Gaixotasun_autoimmune" title="Gaixotasun autoimmune">Gaixotasun autoimmunea</a> da. Umeetan eta gazteetan azaltzen da. Beti intsulinarekin tratatzen da, egunero hormona administratuz<a href="#cite_note-Topiwala2012-16">[16]</a>. Prebalentzia: diabetiko guztien % 5-10<a href="#cite_note-ForumClinic-17">[17]</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2._motako_diabetes_mellitus" title="2. motako diabetes mellitus">2 motako diabetes mellitusa</a>: intsulinaren kontra erresistentzia periferikoa dagoenean garatzen da (intsulinaren odol-mailak normalak izan daitezke). Helduetan garatzen da, normalean loditasuna dagoenean. Batzuetan, intsulina erabili behar da, aldi baterako (infekzioak, kirurgia, etab) edo betiko (gaixotasuna kontrolpean izateko) zenbait kasuetan intsulinaren askapena agortu daitekeelako<a href="#cite_note-Topiwala2012-16">[16]</a>. Prebalentzia: diabetiko guztien % 90-95. Gainera, 65 urtetik gorako zaharren % 6-10 bitartek pairatzen dute<a href="#cite_note-ForumClinic-17">[17]</a>. 2. motako diabetes mellitusa eta bere konplikazioak prebenitzeko oso garrantzitsua da bizi-estilo aldaketa aproposak burutzea. Hauek batez ere gorputz pisu egokia lortzean eta mantentzean, intentsitate moderatuko ariketa fisikoan (gutxienez 30 minutukoa egunero), dieta osasuntsua jarraitzean (azukre eta gantz aseak murriztuz) eta tabakoa erretzeari uztean oinarritzen dira<a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[18]</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Haurdunaldiko diabetesa: haurdunaldian diagnostikatzen da eta, oro har, erditu eta gero desagertzen da. Haurdunaldiko diabetesak arriskuak dakarzkie amari eta jaioberriari. Haurdunaldiko 24 eta 28 aste bitartean glizemia handitzeak konplikazioak gertatzeko probabilitate handiagoa adierazten du<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>. Prebalentzia: emakume haurdunen % 6-9<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>.</li> <li>Beste motatako diabetesak: beste patologia edo tratamendu baten ondorioz agertzen dena.</li></ul> 1 motako diabetesa intsulina injekzioak erabiliz kudeatu behar da<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a>. 2 motako diabetesaren prebentzioa eta tratamendua dieta osasuntsua mantentzea, ariketa fisiko erregularra, gorputzaren pisu normala eta tabakoa saihestea dakar<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a>. Mota honetako diabetesa ahozko botika antidiabetikoekin trata daiteke, intsulinarekin edo gabe<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>. Odol-presioa kontrolatzea eta oinak eta begiak behar bezala zaintzea garrantzitsuak dira gaixotasuna duten pertsonentzat<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a>. Intsulinak eta ahozko sendagai batzuek odoleko azukre baxua eragin dezakete (hipogluzemia)<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>. Gizentasuna dutenengan, batzuetan, pisua galtzeko kirurgia neurri eraginkorra izan daiteke 2 motako diabetesa dutenentzako<a href="#cite_note-:13-23">[23]</a>. Haurdunaldiko diabetesa, normalean, haurra jaio ondoren konpontzen da<a href="#cite_note-:19-24">[24]</a>. 2019an, 463 milioi pertsonak zuten diabetesa mundu osoan (biztanleria helduaren % ,8), eta, horietatik, % 90 inguruk 2 motako diabetesa jasaten zuen<a href="#cite_note-:4-25">[25]</a>. Emakumeen eta gizonen artean, tasak antzekoak dira<a href="#cite_note-:11-26">[26]</a>. Joeren arabera, tasak igotzen jarraituko dute<a href="#cite_note-:4-25">[25]</a>. Diabetesak, pertsona baten heriotza goiztiarra izateko arriskua, gutxienez bikoiztu egiten du<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a>. 2019an, diabetesak 4,2 milioi heriotza inguru eragin zituen<a href="#cite_note-:4-25">[25]</a>. Mundu mailan, 7. heriotza-kausa nagusia da<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>. Diabetesarekin lotutako osasun-gastuaren kostu ekonomiko globala, 2017an, 727.000 mila milioi USDkoa izan zen<a href="#cite_note-:4-25">[25]</a>. Estatu Batuetan, diabetesak ia 327.000 mila milioi dolar kostatu zuen 2017an<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>. Diabetesa duten pertsonen batez besteko gastu medikoa normala baino 2,3 aldiz handiagoa da<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gaitzaren_sintomak">Gaitzaren sintomak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gaitzaren sintomak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Gaitzaren sintomak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg/330px-Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg/495px-Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg/660px-Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Diabetesaren sintoma esanguratsuenen ikuspegi orokorra</figcaption></figure> Tratatu gabeko diabetesaren sintoma klasikoak dira: nahi gabeko pisua galtzea, <a href="/wiki/Poliuria" title="Poliuria">poliuria</a> (gernua areagotzea), <a href="/wiki/Polidipsia" title="Polidipsia">polidipsia</a> (egarria areagotzea) eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polifagia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polifagia (sortu gabe)">polifagia</a> (gosea areagotzea)<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>. Sintomak azkar garatzen dira (asteetan edo hilabeteetan) 1 motako diabetesean, eta, normalean, askoz motelago garatzen dira, eta sotilago edo ez dira garatzen 2 motako diabetesean<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>. Diabetesaren agerpena beste hainbat seinale eta sintomak marka dezakete gaixotasunaren espezifikoak ez izan arren. Goian zerrendatutako sintoma ezagunez gain, nekea, ikusmen lausoa, buruko mina, ebakien sendatze motela eta azala azkura daude. Odoleko glukosa altua denbora luzean, beraz, glukosa xurgatzea eragin dezake begiaren kristalinoan, eta horrek, bere forman, aldaketak eragiten ditu, ikusmen-aldaketak eraginez. <a href="/wiki/Erretinopatia" title="Erretinopatia">erretinopatia diabetikoak</a> epe luzerako ikusmen-galera ere eragin dezake. Diabetesean gerta daitezkeen azaleko erupzio ugari, dermatoma diabetiko gisa ezagutzen dira<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>. 2. motako diabetesa duten pertsona askok ez dute sintomarik. Batzuek diabetesarekin zerikusia duten osasun-arazo larriagoak sortzen direnean bakarrik ohartzen dira diabetesaz, hala nola, ikusmen lausoa edo bihotzeko arazoak. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diabetesaren_larrialdiak">Diabetesaren larrialdiak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Diabetesaren larrialdiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Diabetesaren larrialdiak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Diabetesa duten pertsonek (normalean, baina ez soilik 1 motako diabetesa dutenek) ere izan dezakete ketoazidosi diabetikoa (DKA) goragalea, oka eta sabeleko mina, azetonaren usaindun arnasa, <a href="/wiki/Kussmaulen_arnasketa" title="Kussmaulen arnasketa">Kussmaul arnasketa</a> deritzon arnasketa sakona eta kasu larrietan kontzientzia maila gutxitzea ezaugarri dituen asaldura metabolikoa. DKAk ospitaleko larrialdi tratamendua behar du<a href="#cite_note-:6-3">[3]</a>. Egoera arraroagoa baina arriskutsuagoa den egoera hipergluzemiko hiperosmolarra (HHS) da, 2 motako diabetesean ohikoagoa dena, eta, batez ere, odoleko azukre altuek eragindako deshidratazioaren ondorioa<a href="#cite_note-:6-3">[3]</a>. Tratamenduarekin erlazionatutako odol azukre baxua (hipogluzemia) ohikoa da 1 eta 2 motako diabetesa duten pertsonengan erabiltzen den botikaren arabera. Kasu gehienak arinak dira, eta ez dira larrialdi medikotzat hartzen. Ondorioak egonezina, izerdia, dardara eta gosea areagotzea kasu arinetan izan daitezke, baina efektu larriagoetara irits daiteke, hala nola nahasmena, jokabide-aldaketak, oldarkortasuna, konbultsioak, konorte-gabetasuna eta, oso gutxitan, garuneko kalte iraunkorrak edo heriotza, kasu larrietan<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-35">[35]</a>. Arnasketa azkarra, izerdia eta azal hotza eta zurbila dira odoleko azukre baxuaren ezaugarriak, baina ez dira behin betikoak<a href="#cite_note-:7-35">[35]</a>. Kasu arinak edo moderatuak azkar xurgatzen diren karbohidrato asko jaten edo edanez auto-tratatzen dira. Kasu larriek, berriz, konorte-gabetasuna ekar dezakete, eta zain barneko glukosarekin edo glukagoiaren injekzioekin tratatu behar dira<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konplikazioak">Konplikazioak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Konplikazioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Konplikazioak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Diabetes_complications.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Diabetes_complications.jpg/220px-Diabetes_complications.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Diabetes_complications.jpg/330px-Diabetes_complications.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Diabetes_complications.jpg/440px-Diabetes_complications.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Erretinopatia, nefropatia eta neuropatia diabetesaren konplikazio potentzialak dira</figcaption></figure> Diabetes mota guztiek epe luzerako konplikazioak izateko arriskua areagotzen dute. Normalean, urte askoren buruan (10-20) garatzen dira, baina denbora hori baino lehen diagnostikorik jaso ez dutenen lehen sintoma izan daiteke<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>. Epe luzerako konplikazio nagusiak odol-hodien kalteekin erlazionatzen dira. Diabetesak gaixotasun kardiobaskularra izateko arriskua bikoiztu egiten du<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>, eta diabetesa duten pertsonen heriotzen % 75 inguru, arteria koronarioaren ondorioz gertatzen da<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>. Beste gaixotasun makrobaskularrak trazua eta arteria periferikoen gaixotasuna dira<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>. Konplikazio horiek COVID-19 gaixotasun larrien arrisku-faktore handiak ere badira<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>. Odol-hodi txikietan kalteak direla eta, diabetesaren konplikazio nagusiak begiak, giltzurrunak eta nerbioak kaltetzea dira<a href="#cite_note-:8-42">[42]</a>. Begietako kalteak, erretinopatia diabetikoa bezala ezagutzen dena, begiaren erretinan dauden odol-hodien kalteak eragiten ditu, eta pixkanaka ikusmena galtzea eta azkenean itsutasuna eragin dezake<a href="#cite_note-:8-42">[42]</a>. Diabetesak glaukoma, kataratak eta begietako beste arazo batzuk izateko arriskua ere areagotzen du. Diabetesa duten pertsonek, urtean behin, begi-medikua bisitatzea gomendatzen da<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Giltzurrun" title="Giltzurrun">Giltzurrunetako</a> kalteak (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefropatia_diabetikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nefropatia diabetikoa (sortu gabe)">nefropatia diabetikoa</a> bezala ezagutzen dena), ehunen orbaintzea, gernuaren proteina galtzea eta, azkenean, giltzurruneko gaixotasun kronikoa ekar ditzake, eta, batzuetan, dialisia edo giltzurrun-transplantea behar dezakete<a href="#cite_note-:8-42">[42]</a>. Gorputzeko nerbioen kaltea, neuropatia diabetikoa izenez ezagutzen dena, diabetesaren konplikaziorik ohikoena da<a href="#cite_note-:8-42">[42]</a>. Sintomak sorgortasuna, hornidura, izerdi motorraren disfuntzioa, mina eta minaren sentsazioa aldatzea izan daitezke, eta horrek larruazala kaltetu dezake. Diabetesarekin erlazionatutako oin-arazoak (oin diabetikoaren ultzerak, esaterako) gerta daitezke, eta tratatzeko zailak izan daitezke, noizean behin <a href="/wiki/Anputazio" title="Anputazio">anputazioa</a> behar baitute. Gainera, neuropatia diabetiko proximalak gihar atrofia eta ahultasuna eragiten ditu. Badago defizit <a href="/wiki/Kognizio" title="Kognizio">kognitiboaren</a> eta diabetesaren arteko lotura. Diabetesa ez dutenekin alderatuta, gaixotasuna dutenek funtzio kognitiboaren gainbehera 1,2 eta 1,5 aldiz handiagoa dute<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>. Diabetesa izateak, batez ere intsulina hartzen duenean, adineko pertsonen erorketak izateko arriskua areagotzen du<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zergatia_edo_kausak">Zergatia edo kausak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zergatia edo kausak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Zergatia edo kausak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Diabetes mellitusa sei kategoriatan sailkatzen da: 1 motako diabetesa, 2 motako diabetesa, diabetesaren forma hibridoak, haurdunaldian lehen aldiz hautemandako hipergluzemia, «sailkatu gabeko diabetesa» eta «beste mota zehatz batzuk»<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>. Diabetesaren forma hibridoak barne hartzen ditu: poliki-poliki eboluzionatzen duen helduen diabetes immuno-bitartekaria eta zetosiarekiko joera duen 2 motako diabetesa. Haurdunaldian lehen detektatu den hipergluzemia barne hartzen ditu: haurdunaldiko diabetes mellitus eta haurdunaldiko diabetes mellitusa (haurdunaldian diagnostikatutako 1 edo 2 motako diabetesa). Beste mota zehatz batzuk, berriz, zenbait dozenaren kausa indibidualen bilduma dira. Diabetesa uste baino gaixotasun aldakorragoa da, eta jendeak forma konbinazioak izan ditzake<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>1 eta 2 motako diabetesaren alderaketa<a href="#cite_note-:9-48">[48]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ezaugarria</th> <th>1 motako diabetesa</th> <th>2 motako diabetesa </th></tr> <tr> <th>Hasiera </th> <td>Bat batekoa</td> <td>Pixkanaka </td></tr> <tr> <th>Hasierako adina </th> <td>Gehienetan haurrengan</td> <td>Gehienetan helduengan </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gorputzaren neurriak </th> <td>Mehea edo normala<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></td> <td>Askotan <a href="/wiki/Obesitate" title="Obesitate">gizena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketoacidosi_diabetikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketoacidosi diabetikoa (sortu gabe)">Ketoacidosia</a> </th> <td>Ohikoa</td> <td>Arraroa </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Autoantigorputz" title="Autoantigorputz">Autoantigorputzak</a> </th> <td>Normalean bai</td> <td>Ez E </td></tr> <tr> <th>Insulina endogenoa </th> <td>Baxua edo eza</td> <td>Normala, gutxitua edo handitua </td></tr> <tr> <th>Heredagarritasuna </th> <td>0.69tik 0.88ra<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></td> <td>0.47tik 0.77ra<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Prebalentzia (adin normalizatua) </th> <td><1000ko 2<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></td> <td>~% 6 (gizonak), ~% 5 (emakumeak)<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1._mota">1. mota</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1. mota»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: 1. mota">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/1._motako_diabetes_mellitus" title="1. motako diabetes mellitus">1. motako diabetes mellitus</a>»</div> 1. motako diabetesa pankreako irletako intsulina ekoizten duten beta zelulen galera da, eta intsulina eskasia dakar. Mota hori immunomedia edo <a href="/wiki/Idiopatiko" title="Idiopatiko">idiopatiko</a> gisa sailka daiteke. 1. motako diabetesaren gehiengoa immune-bitartekaritzako izaera da, eta <a href="/wiki/T_linfozito" title="T linfozito">T zelulen</a> bidezko eraso autoimmune batek beta-zelulak eta, beraz, intsulina galtzen du. Ipar Amerikan eta Europan diabetes mellitus kasuen % 10a eragiten du. Eragindako pertsona gehienak osasuntsu daude, eta pisu osasuntsua dute agerpena gertatzen denean. Intsulinarekiko sentikortasuna eta harekiko erantzun ahalmena normalak izan ohi dira, batez ere, hasiera faseetan. Haurrengan maiz agertzeagatik gazteen diabetesa deitu izan bazaio ere, gaur egun 1. motako diabetesa duten pertsona gehienak helduak dira<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>. Diabetes hauskorra, diabetes ezegonkorra edo diabetes labile edo aldakorra izenez ere ezaguna, tradizionalki, glukosa-mailaren aldaketa izugarriak eta errepikakorrak deskribatzeko erabiltzen zen terminoa da, intsulinaren menpeko diabetesean arrazoirik gabe gertatzen dena. Termino horrek, ordea, ez du oinarri biologikorik, eta ez litzateke erabili behar<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>. Hala ere, 1 motako diabetesa odoleko azukre-maila irregular eta ezusteko handiekin batera egon daiteke, eta zetoazidosi diabetikoaren edo odoleko azukre-maila baxu larriak izateko aukera du. Beste konplikazio batzuk honako hauek dira: Odoleko azukre baxuaren aurkako erregulazio-erantzuna, infekzioa, gastroparesia (karbohidrato dietetikoen xurgapen irregularra eragiten duena) eta endokrinopatiak (adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Addisonen_gaixotasun" title="Addisonen gaixotasun">Addison gaixotasuna</a>)<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>. Fenomeno horiek 1 motako diabetesa duten pertsonen % 1 eta % 2tan baino maizago gertatzen direla uste da<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Type_1_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Type_1_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg/220px-Type_1_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Type_1_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg/330px-Type_1_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Type_1_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg/440px-Type_1_Diabetes_Mellitus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Eraso autoimmunea 1 motako diabetesean.</figcaption></figure> 1. motako diabetesa, hein batean, heredatu egiten da, eta hainbat gene ditu, <a href="/wiki/Giza_antigeno_leukozitario" title="Giza antigeno leukozitario">HLA</a> genotipo jakin batzuk barne, eta diabetesa izateko arriskuan eragiten dutela jakina da. Genetikoki minberak diren pertsonengan, diabetesaren agerpena ingurumen-faktore batek edo gehiagok eragin dezake<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>, hala nola infekzio biriko batek edo dietak. Hainbat birus inplikatu izan dira, baina gaur arte ez dago hipotesi hori onartzen duen ebidentzia zorrotzik gizakietan<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>. Dietaren faktoreen artean, datuek iradokitzen dute gliadinak (glutenean dagoen proteina bat) 1. motako diabetesaren garapenean zerikusia izan dezakeela, baina mekanismoa ez da guztiz ulertzen<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>. 1. motako diabetesa edozein adinetan gerta daiteke, eta proportzio handi bat helduaroan diagnostikatzen da. Helduen diabetes autoimmune latentea (LADA) 1 motako diabetesa helduengan garatzen denean aplikatzen den diagnostiko terminoa da; umeengan duen egoera bera baino agerpen motelagoa du. Alde hori kontuan hartuta, batzuek «1,5. motako diabetesa» termino ez ofiziala erabiltzen dute baldintza honetarako. LADA duten helduei, hasiera batean, 2. motako diabetesa dutela diagnostikatzen zaie gaizki, adinaren arabera arrazoiaren arabera beharrean<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2._mota">2. mota</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «2. mota»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: 2. mota">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/2._motako_diabetes_mellitus" title="2. motako diabetes mellitus">2. motako diabetes mellitus</a>»</div> 2. motako diabetesa intsulinarekiko erresistentzia da, eta intsulina jariatze nahiko murriztuarekin konbina daiteke<a href="#cite_note-:10-67">[67]</a>. Gorputzeko ehunek intsulinarekiko duten erantzun akastuna intsulinaren hartzaileak inplikatzen duela uste da. Hala ere, ez dira akats zehatzak ezagutzen. Ezagutzen den akats baten ondoriozko diabetes mellitus kasuak bereiz sailkatzen dira. 2. motako diabetesa diabetes mellitus mota ohikoena da<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a>. 2. motako diabetesa duten pertsona askok aurrediabetesaren frogak agertzen dituzte (barauko glukosaren urritasuna eta/edo glukosaren tolerantzia urritasuna) 2. motako diabetesaren irizpideak bete aurretik<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>. Aurrediabetesaren progresioak 2. motako diabetes agerikora moteldu edo atzera egin dezake bizimodu aldaketak edo intsulinarekiko sentikortasuna hobetzen duten edo gibeleko glukosa ekoizpena murrizten duten botikek<a href="#cite_note-pmid30528418-69">[69]</a> 2. motako diabetesa, batez ere, bizimoduaren faktoreei eta genetikari eragiten die<a href="#cite_note-">[70]</a>. 2. motako diabetesa garatzeko, bizi-estiloko hainbat faktore garrantzitsuak dira, besteak beste, <a href="/wiki/Obesitate" title="Obesitate">obesitatea</a> (30 baino gehiagoko gorputz-masaren indizeak definitua), jarduera fisikorik eza, <a href="/wiki/Elikadura" title="Elikadura">elikadura txarra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estres" title="Estres">estresa</a> eta urbanizazioa<a href="#cite_note-:9-48">[48]</a>. Gorputzeko koipearen gehiegizko koipea <a href="/wiki/Txinatar" title="Txinatar">txinatar</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Japoniar" title="Japoniar">japoniar</a> jatorriko pertsonen kasuen % 30arekin lotzen da; <a href="/wiki/Europar_Batasuna" title="Europar Batasuna">europar</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">afrikar</a> jatorrikoen kasuen % 60-80 artekoarekin, eta <a href="/wiki/Pima_(Arizona)" title="Pima (Arizona)">pima indiarren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Barea" title="Ozeano Barea">Pazifiko</a>ko uhartekoen % 100arekin<a href="#cite_note-:10-67">[67]</a>. Loditasun arazorik ez dutenek ere, gerri-aldaka erlazio handia izan dezakete<a href="#cite_note-:10-67">[67]</a>. Dieta-faktoreak, esate baterako, azukredun edariak arrisku handiagoarekin lotzen dira<a href="#cite_note-SSB2010-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>. Dietaren gantz mota ere garrantzitsua da, <a href="/wiki/Gantz-azido_ase" title="Gantz-azido ase">gantz aseak</a> eta trans gantzek arriskua areagotzen baitituzte eta gantz poliasegabeak eta monoasegabeak arriskua murrizten baitute<a href="#cite_note-Fat2009-73">[73]</a>. Arroz zuria gehiegi jateak diabetesa izateko arriskua areagotu dezake, batez ere, txinatar eta japoniarrengan<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>. Jarduera fisikorik ez egiteak diabetesa izateko arriskua areagotu dezake pertsona batzuengan<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a>. Haurtzaroko esperientzia kaltegarriek (tratu txar edo abusu, utzikeria eta etxeko zailtasunak barne) 2 motako diabetesa izateko probabilitatea % 32 handitzen dute gerorako bizitzan, eraginik handiena utzikeriak duelarik<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neuroleptiko" title="Neuroleptiko">Botika antipsikotikoen</a> albo-ondorioak (bereziki anomalia metabolikoak, dislipidemia eta pisua igotzea) eta bizimodu ez-osasungarriak (dieta txarra eta jarduera fisikoa gutxitzea barne) arrisku-faktore potentzialak dira<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haurdunaldiko_diabetesa">Haurdunaldiko diabetesa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Haurdunaldiko diabetesa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Haurdunaldiko diabetesa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Haurdunaldiko diabetesak 2 motako diabetesaren antza du hainbat alderditan, intsulinaren jariatze nahiko desegokia eta erreaktibotasuna konbinatuta inplikatzen baitu. <a href="/wiki/Haurdunaldi" title="Haurdunaldi">Haurdunaldi</a> guztien % 2tik 10era gertatzen da, eta, erditu ondoren, hobetu edo desager daiteke<a href="#cite_note-NDIC_Stats-78">[78]</a>. Haurdun dauden emakume guztiei, 24-28 aste inguruko haurdunalditik hasita, proba egitea gomendatzen da. Gehienetan, bigarren edo hirugarren hiruhilekoan diagnostikatzen da, une horretan gertatzen den intsulinaren antagonista-hormonaren mailaren igoeragatik<a href="#cite_note-:2-79">[79]</a>. Hala ere, haurdunaldiaren ondoren, haurdunaldiko diabetesa duten emakumeen % 5-10, gutxi gorabehera, beste diabetes mota bat dute, gehienetan, 2 motakoa<a href="#cite_note-NDIC_Stats-78">[78]</a>. Haurdunaldiko diabetesa guztiz tratagarria da, baina, haurdunaldi osoan zehar, arreta medikoaren gainbegira behar du. Kudeaketa izan daiteke: dieta aldaketak, odoleko glukosa kontrolatzea eta, kasu batzuetan, intsulina behar izatea<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>. Iragankorra izan daitekeen arren, tratatu gabeko haurdunaldiko diabetesa <a href="/wiki/Umeki" title="Umeki">fetuaren</a> edo amaren osasuna kaltetu dezake. Haurraren arriskuak makrosomia (jaiotzan pisu handia), jaiotzetiko bihotzeko eta nerbio-sistema zentralaren anomaliak eta hezurren muskulu-malformazioak dira. Fetuaren odolean intsulina-maila handitzeak fetuaren surfaktantearen ekoizpena galarazi dezake, eta haurren arnasketa-sindromea eragin dezake. Odoleko <a href="/wiki/Bilirrubina" title="Bilirrubina">bilirrubina</a> maila altua globulu gorriak suntsitzearen ondorioz izan daiteke. Kasu larrietan, jaioberriaren heriotza gerta daiteke narriadura baskularrengatik, gehienetan <a href="/wiki/Karen" title="Karen">plazenta-perfusio</a> eskasaren ondorioz. Erditze-indukzioa plazenta-funtzioa murriztuta egon daiteke. <a href="/wiki/Zesartar_ebakuntza" title="Zesartar ebakuntza">Zesarea</a> bat egin daiteke fetuaren estutasun nabarmena badago<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> edo makrosomarekin lotutako lesio arriskua areagotzen bada, hala nola sorbaldako distoziak<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beste_mota_batzuk">Beste mota batzuk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Beste mota batzuk»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Beste mota batzuk">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Gazteen heldutasun-hasieraren diabetesa (MODY) diabetes autosomikoaren herentziazko forma arraro bat da, intsulina ekoizpenean akatsak eragiten dituen gene bakarreko mutazioetako bat dela eta<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>. Hiru mota nagusiek baino askoz gutxiago ematen da; kasu guztien % 1-2 osatzen dute. Gaixotasun horren izenak bere izaerari buruzko lehen hipotesiei egiten die erreferentzia. Gene akastun bat dela eta, gaixotasunaren aurkezpena adinaren eta larritasuna gene-akats zehatzaren arabera ematen da; horrela, gutxienez, 13 MODY azpimota daude. MODY duten pertsonek, askotan, intsulina erabili gabe kontrola dezakete<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>. Diabetesaren kasu batzuk intsulinari erantzuten ez dioten gorputzeko ehun hartzaileek eragiten dute (nahiz eta intsulina-maila normala izan, 2 motako diabetesa bereizten duena baita); forma hori oso arraroa da. Mutazio genetikoak (autosomikoak edo mitokondrialak) beta zelulen funtzioan akatsak sor ditzakete. Intsulinaren ekintza anormala ere genetikoki determinatua izan daiteke kasu batzuetan. <a href="/wiki/Pankrea" title="Pankrea">Pankreako</a> kalte handiak eragiten dituen edozein gaixotasunek diabetesa sor dezakete (adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Pankreatitis" title="Pankreatitis">pankreatitis</a> kronikoa eta <a href="/wiki/Fibrosi_kistiko" title="Fibrosi kistiko">fibrosi kistikoa</a>). Intsulinaren hormona-antagonikoen gehiegi jariatzearekin lotutako gaixotasunek diabetesa sor dezakete (normalean hormona gehiegizkoa kendu ondoren konpontzen da). Botika askok intsulinaren jariapena hondatzen dute, eta toxina batzuek pankreako beta zelulak kaltetzen dituzte; beste batzuek, ordea, intsulinarekiko erresistentzia areagotzen dute (batez ere <a href="/wiki/Glukokortikoide" title="Glukokortikoide">glukokortikoideek</a>, «diabetes esteroideak» eragin dezaketenak). ICD-10 (1992) diagnostiko-entitatea ―desnutrizioarekin lotutako diabetes mellitus (ICD-10 kodea E12)― baztertu egin zuen Osasunaren Mundu Erakundeak (OME) gaur egungo <a href="/wiki/Taxonomia" title="Taxonomia">taxonomia</a> 1999an ezarri zenean. Jendeak garatu dezakeen beste diabetes mota bat ere diabetes bikoitza da. Hori gertatzen da 1 motako diabetikoa intsulinarekiko erresistentea, 2 motako diabetesaren bereizgarria bihurtzen denean edo 2 motako diabetesa izateko familia-aurrekariak dituenean<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a>. 1990ean edo 1991n aurkitu zuten lehen aldiz. Diabetesa izateko arriskua areagotu dezaketen nahasteen zerrenda da honakoa<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div style="-moz-column-width:30em; -webkit-column-width:30em; column-width:30em;"> <ul><li>β-zelulen funtzioaren akats genetikoak <ul><li>Heldutasun-hasiera gazteen diabetesa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_mitokondrial" title="DNA mitokondrial">DNA mitokondrialaren</a> mutazioak</li></ul></li> <li>Akats genetikoak intsulinaren prozesamenduan edo intsulinaren ekintzan <ul><li>Prointsulinaren bihurketaren akatsak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intsulina" title="Intsulina">Intsulinaren</a> geneen mutazioak</li> <li>Intsulinaren hartzailearen mutazioak</li></ul></li> <li>Pankreako akats exokrinoak (ikus 3c motako diabetesa, hau da, diabetes pankreatogenoa) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pankreatitis" title="Pankreatitis">Pankreatitis kronikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankreaktomia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pankreaktomia (sortu gabe)">Pankreaktomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankreako_minbizi" title="Pankreako minbizi">Pankreako neoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrosi_kistiko" title="Fibrosi kistiko">Fibrosi kistikoa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemokromatosi" title="Hemokromatosi">Hemokromatosia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankreatopatia_fibrokalkulutsua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pankreatopatia fibrokalkulutsua (sortu gabe)">Pankreatopatia fibrokalkulutsua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endokrinopatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endokrinopatia (sortu gabe)">Endokrinopatiak</a></li> <li>Hazkunde hormona gehiegizkoa (<a href="/wiki/Akromegalia" title="Akromegalia">akromegalia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushingen_sindrome" title="Cushingen sindrome">Cushing sindromea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipertiroidismo" title="Hipertiroidismo">Hipertiroidismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipotiroidismo" title="Hipotiroidismo">Hipotiroidismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feokromozitoma" title="Feokromozitoma">Feokromozitoma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glukagonoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glukagonoma (sortu gabe)">Glukagonoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infekzio" title="Infekzio">Infekzioak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zitomegalobirus" title="Zitomegalobirus">Zitomegalobirusaren infekzioa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coxsackievirus_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coxsackievirus B (sortu gabe)">Coxsackievirus B</a></li></ul></li> <li>Drogak <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glukokortikoide" title="Glukokortikoide">Glukokortikoideak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormona_tiroideo" title="Hormona tiroideo">Tiroidearen hormona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-adrenergik_agonistak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-adrenergik agonistak (sortu gabe)">β-adrenergik agonistak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estatina" title="Estatina">Estatinak</a>[83]</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fisiopatologia">Fisiopatologia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fisiopatologia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Fisiopatologia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Suckale08_fig3_glucose_insulin_day.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Suckale08_fig3_glucose_insulin_day.png/310px-Suckale08_fig3_glucose_insulin_day.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Suckale08_fig3_glucose_insulin_day.png/465px-Suckale08_fig3_glucose_insulin_day.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Suckale08_fig3_glucose_insulin_day.png/620px-Suckale08_fig3_glucose_insulin_day.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odoleko_azukre-maila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odoleko azukre-maila (sortu gabe)">odoleko azukrea</a> (gorria) eta azukrea murrizteko <a href="/wiki/Intsulina" title="Intsulina">intsulina</a> (urdina) hormonaren (urdina) gizakietan hiru otordutako egunean zehar. <a href="/wiki/Sakarosa" title="Sakarosa">azukre</a> aberatsa den <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almidoia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almidoia (sortu gabe)">almidoia</a> bazkari baten efektuetako bat nabarmentzen da</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Glucose-insulin-release.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Glucose-insulin-release.svg/310px-Glucose-insulin-release.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Glucose-insulin-release.svg/465px-Glucose-insulin-release.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Glucose-insulin-release.svg/620px-Glucose-insulin-release.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Pankreako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_zelula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta zelula (sortu gabe)">beta zelula</a> normaletan intsulina askatzeko mekanismoa. Intsulinaren ekoizpena gutxi gorabehera konstantea da beta zeluletan. Bere askapena elikagaiek eragiten dute, batez ere glukosa xurgagarria duten elikagaiak.</figcaption></figure> Intsulina da odoletik gorputzeko zelula gehienetara glukosa hartzea erregulatzen duen hormona nagusia, batez ere, <a href="/wiki/Gibel" title="Gibel">gibelean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gantz_ehun" title="Gantz ehun">gantz-ehunean</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Muskulu" title="Muskulu">muskuluetan</a>, muskulu leuna izan ezik, zeinetan intsulinak IGF-1 bidez jarduten duen. Beraz, intsulinaren edo haren hartzaileen sentikortasun ezak garrantzi handia dute diabetes mellitus mota guztietan<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>. Gorputzak hiru iturri nagusitatik lortzen du glukosa: elikagaien hesteetako xurgapena; glukogenoaren deskonposizioa (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glikogenolisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glikogenolisia (sortu gabe)">glikogenolisia</a>), gibelean aurkitzen den glukosaren biltegiratze forma; eta <a href="/wiki/Glukoneogenesi" title="Glukoneogenesi">glukoneogenesia</a>, glukosa sortzea gorputzean <a href="/wiki/Karbono_hidrato" title="Karbono hidrato">karbohidratoak</a> ez diren substratuetatik<a href="#cite_note-:12-88">[88]</a> Intsulinak zeregin garrantzitsua du gorputzeko glukosa maila arautzeko. Intsulinak glukogenoaren deskonposizio edo glukoneogenesi prozesua eragotzi dezake, glukosaren garraioa suspertu dezake gantz- eta gihar-zeluletara, eta glukosaren biltegiratzea susper dezake glukogeno moduan<a href="#cite_note-:12-88">[88]</a>. Intsulina pankreako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Langerhans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langerhans (sortu gabe)">Langerhans irlatan</a> aurkitzen diren <a href="/wiki/Beta" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Beta">beta zelulek</a> (β-zelulek) odolera isurtzen dute odoleko glukosa-maila igotzean, normalean jan ondoren. Intsulina, gutxi gorabehera, gorputzeko zelulen bi herenek erabiltzen dute odoleko glukosa xurgatzeko eta erregai gisa erabiltzeko beharrezkoak diren beste molekulak bihurtzeko edo biltegiratzeko. Glukosa maila baxuagoek beta zeluletatik intsulina askapena gutxitzen dute, eta <a href="/wiki/Glukogeno" title="Glukogeno">glukogenoa</a> glukosan deskonposatzen da. Prozesu hori, batez ere, <a href="/wiki/Glukagoi" title="Glukagoi">glukagoi</a> hormonak kontrolatzen du, intsulinaren kontrako erara jokatzen duena<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>. Eskuragarri dagoen intsulina kantitatea nahikoa ez bada, zelulek intsulinaren eraginei gaizki erantzuten badiote (intsulinarekiko erresistentzia) edo intsulina bera akastuna bada, orduan, gorputz-zelulek ez dute behar duten glukosa behar bezala xurgatzen, eta ez dute behar bezala gordetzen gibelean eta muskuluetan. Efektu garbia odoleko glukosa maila altuak, proteinen sintesia eskasa eta beste nahaste metaboliko batzuk dira, hala nola azido metabolikoa intsulina gabezia osoa dagoen kasuetan<a href="#cite_note-:12-88">[88]</a>. Odolean glukosa-kontzentrazioa denboran zehar altua mantentzen denean, giltzurrunak birxurgatzeko atalase batera iristen dira, eta gorputzak glukosa kanporatzen du <a href="/wiki/Gernu" title="Gernu">gernuan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glukosuria" title="Glukosuria">glukosuria</a>)<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>. Horrek gernuaren presio osmotikoa areagotzen du, eta giltzurruneko ura birxurgatzea eragozten du, gernuaren ekoizpena areagotzen (<a href="/wiki/Poliuria" title="Poliuria">poliuria</a>) eta likido-galera areagotzen du. Galdutako odol-bolumena <a href="/wiki/Osmosi" title="Osmosi">osmotikoki</a> ordezkatzen da gorputzeko zeluletan eta gorputzeko beste konpartimentuetako uretatik, <a href="/wiki/Deshidratazio" title="Deshidratazio">deshidratazioa</a> eta egarria areagotzea (<a href="/wiki/Polidipsia" title="Polidipsia">polidipsia</a>) eraginez<a href="#cite_note-:12-88">[88]</a>. Gainera, zelula barneko glukosaren gabeziak jateko gogoa estimulatzen du, gehiegizko elikagaiak hartzea (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polifagia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polifagia (sortu gabe)">polifagia</a>) eraginez<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Islet_of_Langerhans_and_Insulin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Islet_of_Langerhans_and_Insulin.jpg/187px-Islet_of_Langerhans_and_Insulin.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Islet_of_Langerhans_and_Insulin.jpg/281px-Islet_of_Langerhans_and_Insulin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Islet_of_Langerhans_and_Insulin.jpg/374px-Islet_of_Langerhans_and_Insulin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Langerhansen uhartetxoak eta intsulina.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pankrea" title="Pankrea">Pankreak</a>, fisiologikoki, jariatzen du tartean <a href="/wiki/Intsulina" title="Intsulina">intsulina</a> izeneko <a href="/wiki/Hormona" title="Hormona">hormona</a>. Intsulinak erregulatzen du azukrearen kantitatea odolean. Gaixo diabetikoen pankreak, ordea, ez dute intsulina behar bezala sortzen, eta horren ondorioz azukrearen kopurua odolean normalean baino handiagoa daukate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intsulina">Intsulina</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Intsulina»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Intsulina">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Intsulina" title="Intsulina">Intsulina</a>»</div> Intsulina 51 <a href="/wiki/Aminoazido" title="Aminoazido">aminoazidoz</a> osaturiko <a href="/wiki/Hormona" title="Hormona">hormona</a> <a href="/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina">polipeptidiko</a> bat da. <a href="/wiki/Pankrea" title="Pankrea">Pankreako</a> <a href="/wiki/Langerhansen_uhartetxoak" class="mw-redirect" title="Langerhansen uhartetxoak">Langerhansen irletako</a> beta zelulek jariatzen dute eta odoleko azukre kantitatea erregulatzea da bere funtzioa. Organismoak glukosa jaso behar du (elikagaien bidez); xurgatu egin behar du (digestioan) odolean zirkulatu eta gorputz osoan banatzeko, eta, azkenik, odoletik zelulen barrura joan behar du, erabili ahal izateko. Glukosa odoletik zelula barrura joateaz arduratzen den hormona intsulina da. <a href="/wiki/Glukagoi" title="Glukagoi">Glukagoia</a> odoleko glukosa-maila igotzen duen beste hormona pankreatiko bat da. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosia">Diagnosia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Diagnosia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Diagnosia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Diabetes mellitusa odoleko glukosa-edukiaren proba batekin diagnostikatzen da, honako hauetakoren bat frogatuz<a href="#cite_note-WHO1999-DefDiagClass-92">[92]</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glukosa_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glukosa test (sortu gabe)">Barauko glukosa-maila</a> ≥ 7,0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL). Proba horretarako, odola baraualdi baten ondoren hartzen da, hau da, goizean gosaldu aurretik, gaixoak gauean barau egiteko denbora nahikoa izan ondoren.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odoleko_azukre_maila" title="Odoleko azukre maila">Plasmako glukosa</a> ≥ 11,1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) 75 gramoko ahozko glukosa karga baten ondoren, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glukosa_tolerantzia_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glukosa tolerantzia test (sortu gabe)">glukosaren tolerantzia</a> proba batean (OGTT) bezalaxe.</li> <li>Odoleko azukre altuaren eta plasmako glukosaren ≥ 11,1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) sintomak barau bitartean edo baraurik egin gabe.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemoglobina_glikatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemoglobina glikatu (sortu gabe)">Hemoglobina glikatu</a> (HbA1C) ≥ 48 mmol/mol (≥ 6,5 DCCT %)<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Munduko_Osasun_Erakundea" title="Munduko Osasun Erakundea">OMEren</a> diabetesa diagnostikatzeko irizpideak<a href="#cite_note-who2006-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Baldintza </th> <th colspan="2">2 orduko glukosa </th> <th colspan="2">Barauko glukosa </th> <th colspan="2">HbA1c </th></tr> <tr> <td>Unitatea </td> <td>mmol/L</td> <td>mg/dL </td> <td>mmol/L</td> <td>mg/dL </td> <td>mmol/mol</td> <td>DCCT % </td></tr> <tr> <td width="34%">Normal</td> <td>< 7.8</td> <td>< 140</td> <td>< 6.1</td> <td>< 110</td> <td>< 42</td> <td>< 6.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barauko_glukosa_urritasun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barauko glukosa urritasun (sortu gabe)">Barauko glukosa urritasuna</a></td> <td>< 7.8</td> <td>< 140</td> <td>6.1–7.0</td> <td>110–125</td> <td>42–46</td> <td>6.0–6.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glukosaren_tolerantzia_urria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glukosaren tolerantzia urria (sortu gabe)">Glukosaren tolerantzia urria</a></td> <td>≥ 7.8</td> <td>≥ 140</td> <td>< 7.0</td> <td>< 126</td> <td>42–46</td> <td>6.0–6.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a></td> <td>≥ 11.1</td> <td>≥ 200</td> <td>≥ 7.0</td> <td>≥ 126</td> <td>≥ 48</td> <td>≥ 6.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> Emaitza positiboa, odoleko azukre altua argirik ez dagoenean, egun desberdin batean errepikatuz baieztatu behar da aurreko metodoetako edozeinekin. Hobe da barau- eta glukosa-maila neurtzea, neurtzeko erraztasunagatik eta glukosaren tolerantzia-proba formalen denbora-konpromiso handiagatik, bi ordu behar baititu burutzeko eta ez baitu pronostiko abantailarik eskaintzen barau-probaren aldean<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>. Egungo definizioaren arabera, 7,0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) baino gehiagoko glukosa barau neurketa diagnostikotzat hartzen da diabetes mellitusarentzat. OMEren arabera, barauko glukosa maila 6,1 eta 6,9 mmol/L (110 eta 125 mg/dL) artean duten pertsonek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barauko_glukosa_urritasuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barauko glukosa urritasuna (sortu gabe)">barauko glukosa urritasuna</a> dutela jotzen da<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurrediabetesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurrediabetesa (sortu gabe)">Glukosaren tolerantzia kaltetua</a> dutela jotzen da 75 gramoko ahozko glukosa karga bat hartu eta bi ordu igaro ondoren 7,8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) edo goragoko glukosa plasmatikoa duten pertsonek (baina ez 11,1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) baino gehiago). Bi egoera prediabetiko hauetatik, azken hori, bereziki, diabetes mellitus erabateko progresiorako arrisku-faktore nagusia da, baita gaixotasun kardiobaskularrerako ere<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a>. American Diabetes Associationek (ADA), 2003az geroztik, 5,6 eta 6,9 mmol/L (100 eta 125 mg/dL) barau-glukosaren narriadurarako tarte apur bat desberdina erabiltzen du<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a>. Gaixotasun kardiobaskularren eta heriotzaren arriskuak zehazteko, hobea da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemoglobina_glikatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemoglobina glikatu (sortu gabe)">hemoglobina glikatua</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glukosa_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glukosa test (sortu gabe)">barauko glukosa</a> baino<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prebentzioa">Prebentzioa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Prebentzioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Prebentzioa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Ez dago 1 motako diabetesaren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osasun_prebentibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osasun prebentibo (sortu gabe)">prebentzio-neurririk</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a>. 2 motako diabetesa, mundu osoko kasu guztien % 85-90 hartzen duena, sarritan, saihestu edo atzeratu daiteke<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gorputz-masaren_indize" title="Gorputz-masaren indize">gorputz-pisu normala</a> mantenduz, jarduera fisikoa eginez eta dieta osasuntsu bat eginez<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a>. Jarduera fisikoaren maila altuagoek (eguneko 90 minutu baino gehiago) diabetesa izateko arriskua % 28 murrizten dute<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2016-102">[102]</a>. Diabetesa prebenitzeko eraginkorrak direla ezaguna den dieta-aldaketak, besteak beste, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ale_integral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ale integral (sortu gabe)">zereal integraletan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Zuntz_dietetiko" title="Zuntz dietetiko">zuntzetan</a> aberatsa den dieta mantentzea eta gantz onak aukeratzea, hala nola fruitu lehorretan, landare-olioetan eta arrainetan aurkitzen diren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gantz_poliinsaturatua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gantz poliinsaturatua (sortu gabe)">koipe poliinsaturatuak</a><a href="#cite_note-HarvardNutrition-103">[103]</a>. Edari azukredunak mugatzeak eta haragi gorri eta <a href="/wiki/Gantz-azido_ase" title="Gantz-azido ase">gantz aseen</a> beste iturri gutxiago jateak ere lagun dezake diabetesa prebenitzen<a href="#cite_note-HarvardNutrition-103">[103]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erretzeari_utzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erretzeari utzi (sortu gabe)">Tabakoa erretzea</a> diabetesa izateko arriskua areagotzearekin eta haren konplikazioekin ere lotuta dago, beraz, erretzeari uztea prebentzio neurri garrantzitsua ere izan daiteke<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a>. 2 motako diabetesaren eta alda daitezkeen arrisku-faktore nagusien arteko erlazioa (gehiegizko pisua, elikadura ez-osasungarria, jarduera fisikorik eza eta tabakoaren kontsumoa) antzekoa da munduko eskualde guztietan. Gero eta ebidentzia handiagoa dago diabetesaren azpiko faktoreak aldaketa sozial, ekonomiko eta kulturalaren eragile nagusien isla direla: <a href="/wiki/Globalizazio" title="Globalizazio">globalizazioa</a>, urbanizazioa, biztanleriaren zahartzea eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osasun_politika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osasun politika (sortu gabe)">osasun-politika</a> orokorraren ingurunea<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kudeaketa">Kudeaketa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kudeaketa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Kudeaketa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Diabetesaren kudeaketa odoleko azukre maila normaletik gertu mantentzean zentratzen da, odoleko azukre baxurik eragin gabe. Normalean dieta aldaketarekin<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a>, ariketa fisikoarekin, pisu galerarekin eta botika egokien erabilerarekin (intsulina, ahozko sendagaiak) lor daiteke. Gaixotasunari buruz ikastea eta tratamenduan aktiboki parte hartzea garrantzitsua da, odoleko azukre-maila ondo kudeatzen duten pertsonengan konplikazioak askoz ere gutxiago eta larri txikiagokoak baitira<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a>. American College of Physicians-en arabera, tratamenduaren helburua % 7-8ko HbA1C maila da<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a>. Diabetesaren ondorio negatiboak azkartu ditzaketen beste osasun-arazo batzuei ere arreta jartzen zaie, besteak beste, <a href="/wiki/Erretze" title="Erretze">erretzea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hipertentsio" title="Hipertentsio">hipertentsio arteriala</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindrome_metaboliko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sindrome metaboliko (sortu gabe)">sindrome metabolikoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obesitate" title="Obesitate">obesitatea</a> eta ohiko ariketa eza<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>. Oinetako espezializatuak asko erabiltzen dira oin diabetikoaren <a href="/wiki/Ultzera" title="Ultzera">ultzerak</a> izateko arriskua murrizteko oinaren presioa arinduz<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>. Diabetesa kudeatzeko printzipioak antzekoak izan daitezke diabetesa duten biztanleria orokorrean; hala ere, baliteke kontuan hartu behar izatea esku-hartzea egokitzeko orduan, batez ere populazio berezietan. <a href="/wiki/Buruko_gaitz" title="Buruko gaitz">Buru-gaixotasun</a> larria dutenak kontuan hartuta, <a href="/wiki/2._motako_diabetes_mellitus" title="2. motako diabetes mellitus">2 motako diabetesa</a> autokudeatzeko esku-hartzeen eraginkortasuna oraindik gutxi aztertuta dago, eta ez dago froga zientifiko nahikorik esku-hartze horiek populazio orokorrean ikusitakoen antzeko emaitzak ote dituzten erakusteko<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bizimodua">Bizimodua</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bizimodua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Bizimodua">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Diabetesa duten pertsonentzat gaixotasunari, tratamenduari, dieta aldaketei eta ariketa fisikoari buruzko heziketa onuragarria izan daiteke epe laburrean edota epe luzean odoleko glukosa maila muga onargarrietan mantentzeko helburuarekin. Gainera, <a href="/wiki/Gaixotasun_kardiobaskular" title="Gaixotasun kardiobaskular">gaixotasun kardiobaskularrak</a> izateko arrisku handiagoak direla eta, bizimodu aldaketak gomendatzen dira odol-presioa kontrolatzeko<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a>. Pisua galtzeak aurrediabetesetik 2 motako diabetesera igarotzea ekidin dezake, gaixotasun kardiobaskularra izateko arriskua murrizten du, edo, diabetesa duten pertsonengan, atzerapen partziala eragin dezake<a href="#cite_note-ADA2019-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADA2018-118">[118]</a>. Diabetesa duten pertsona guztientzat onena ez da dieta eredu bakarra<a href="#cite_note-Em2015-119">[119]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elikadura" title="Elikadura">Elikadura-eredu</a> osasungarriak, hala nola dieta mediterraneoa, <a href="/wiki/Karbono_hidrato" title="Karbono hidrato">karbohidrato</a> gutxiko dieta edo DASH dieta, sarritan gomendatzen dira, nahiz eta ebidentziak ez duen bat besteen gainetik jartzen<a href="#cite_note-ADA2019-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADA2018-118">[118]</a>. ADAren arabera, «diabetesa duten pertsonentzako, karbohidrato-ahorakin orokorra murrizteak frogatu du gluzemia hobetzeko froga onena bezala», eta helburu gluzemikoak bete ezin dituzten 2 motako diabetesa duten pertsonentzat edo gluzemiaren aurkako botikak murriztea lehentasuna dutenentzat, karbohidrato gutxiko edo oso gutxiko dietak bideragarriak dira<a href="#cite_note-ADA2018-118">[118]</a>. 2 motako diabetesa duten gehiegizko pisua duten pertsonentzat, pisua galaraztea lortzen duen edozein dieta eraginkorra da<a href="#cite_note-Em2015-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medikazioa">Medikazioa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Medikazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Medikazioa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <ul><li>Aho-bidezko antidiabetikoak (*): <ul><li>Sulfonilureak: Glipizide, Glyburide, Glimepiride eta Gliclazide.</li> <li>Biguanidak: Metformin.</li> <li>Meglitinidak: Repaglinide.</li> <li>Glitazonak: Rosiglitazone eta Pioglitazone.</li> <li>Alfa glukosidasaren inhibitzaileak: Miglitol eta Acarbose.</li></ul></li></ul> (*) Agertzen diren <a href="/wiki/Sendagai" title="Sendagai">sendagaien</a> izenak <a href="/wiki/Ingeles" title="Ingeles">ingelesez</a> datoz. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glukosaren_kontrola">Glukosaren kontrola</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Glukosaren kontrola»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Glukosaren kontrola">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Diabetesa tratatzeko erabiltzen diren botika gehienek odoleko azukre maila jaisten dute mekanismo ezberdinen bidez. Adostasun zabala dago diabetesa duten pertsonek glukosaren kontrol zorrotza mantentzen dutenean (glukosa-maila odolean normaltasunez mantenduz) konplikazio gutxiago izaten dituztela, hala nola giltzurrunetako arazoak edo begietako arazoak<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a>. Hala ere, <a href="/wiki/Hipoglizemia" title="Hipoglizemia">hipogluzemia</a> izateko arriskua nabarmenagoa izan dezaketen pertsonentzat, egokia eta errentagarria ote den eztabaida dago geroari begira<a href="#cite_note-Pozzilli2014-123">[123]</a>. Diabetikoen aurkako botika mota desberdinak daude. 1. motako diabetesa <a href="/wiki/Intsulina" title="Intsulina">intsulinarekin</a> tratatu behar da, hobe da intsulina askapen normalarekin bat datorren bolus basal erregimena erabiltzea: efektu luzeko intsulina tasa basalerako eta efektu laburreko intsulina otorduetan. 2. motako diabetesa, oro har, ahoz hartzen den botikekin tratatzen da (adibidez, metformina), nahiz eta azkenean batzuek intsulinarekin edo GLP-1 agonistarekin tratamendu injektagarria behar duten. Diabetikoen aurkako botika mota desberdinak daude. 1. motako diabetesa intsulinarekin tratatu behar da; hobe da intsulina askapen normalarekin bat datorren bolus basal erregimena erabiltzea: efektu luzeko intsulina tasa basalerako eta efektu laburreko intsulina otorduetan. 2. motako diabetesa, oro har, ahoz hartzen den botikekin tratatzen da (adibidez, metformina), nahiz eta, azkenean, batzuek intsulinarekin edo GLP-1 agonistarekin tratamendu injektagarria behar duten. Metformina, oro har, 2. motako diabetesaren lehen lerroko tratamendu gisa gomendatzen da, ebidentzia ona baitago hilkortasuna murrizten duela<a href="#cite_note-:5-124">[124]</a>. Gibeleko glukosa-ekoizpena gutxituz funtzionatzen du<a href="#cite_note-Drugs2005-125">[125]</a>. Beste hainbat sendagai taldek, gehienbat ahoz emandakoak, odoleko azukrea gutxitu dezakete 2. motako diabetesean. Besteak beste, intsulina askapena areagotzen duten agenteak (sulfonilureak); hesteetako azukrearen xurgapena murrizten duten agenteak (akarbosa); dipeptidil peptidasa-4 (DPP-4) entzima inhibitzen duten agenteak, hala nola GLP-1 eta GIP (sitagliptin); gorputza intsulinarekiko sentikortasun handiagoa egiten duten agenteak (tiazolidindiona), eta gernuan glukosaren kanporaketa areagotzen duten agenteak (SGLT2 inhibitzaileak)<a href="#cite_note-Drugs2005-125">[125]</a>. 2. motako diabetesean intsulina erabiltzen denean, hasiera batean, egintza luzeko formulazio bat gehitzen da, normalean, ahozko botikekin jarraitzen den bitartean<a href="#cite_note-:5-124">[124]</a>. Ondoren, intsulina dosiak handitzen dira glukosaren helburuak lortu arte<a href="#cite_note-:5-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-126">[126]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glukosaren_metabolismoa">Glukosaren metabolismoa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Glukosaren metabolismoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Glukosaren metabolismoa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Insulin_glucose_metabolism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Insulin_glucose_metabolism.jpg/264px-Insulin_glucose_metabolism.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Insulin_glucose_metabolism.jpg/396px-Insulin_glucose_metabolism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Insulin_glucose_metabolism.jpg/528px-Insulin_glucose_metabolism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1291" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>Glukosaren metabolismoa</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo">Metabolismoa</a> gorputzak energia lortzeko elikagaiak erabiltzeko duen modua da. <a href="/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa">Glukosa</a> gure organismoaren energia-iturri garrantzitsua da. Gure metabolismoak glukosa oxidatzen duenean (<a href="/wiki/Glukolisi" title="Glukolisi">glukolisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krebsen_zikloa" title="Krebsen zikloa">Krebsen zikloa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Arnas_katea" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnas katea">arnas katearen</a> bidez) energia kimiko ugari (<a href="/wiki/ATP" class="mw-disambig" title="ATP">ATP</a>) sortzen da. Dietaren bidez hartzen dugun glukosaren helmuga honako hau da: erdia (% 50) glukolisian oxidatzen da energia kimikoa sortzeko, % 10 <a href="/wiki/Glukogeno" title="Glukogeno">glukogeno</a> bihurtzen da eta % 40 inguru koipe bihurtzen da (<a href="/wiki/Lipogenesi" title="Lipogenesi">lipogenesi</a> izeneko prozesuaren bidez)<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a>. Diabetesaren kasuan, pankreak ez du intsulina sortzen edo oso gutxi sortzen du (1. motako DM) edo gorputzeko zelulek ez dute modu egokian erantzuten sortzen ari den intsulinari (2. motako DM). Ondorioz, glukosak zailtasunak ditu zelulan sartzeko eta metabolizatzeko eta glukosaren kontzentrazioa odolean asko igotzen da (<a href="/wiki/Hipergluzemia" title="Hipergluzemia">hipergluzemia</a>). Gainera, intsulinarik ezean, glukosa ezin da katabolizatu eta organismoak behar duen energia lortzeko <a href="/wiki/Lipidoen_katabolismo" title="Lipidoen katabolismo">lipidoen katabolismoa</a> aktibatzen du. Ondorioz, <a href="/wiki/Gorputz_zetoniko" title="Gorputz zetoniko">gorputz zetoniko</a> ugari sortzen da eta <a href="/wiki/Zetosi" title="Zetosi">zetosi</a> izeneko asaldura agertzen da. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Odol-presioa_jaistea">Odol-presioa jaistea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Odol-presioa jaistea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Odol-presioa jaistea">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Gaixotasun kardiobaskularra diabetesarekin lotutako konplikazio larria da, eta nazioarteko jarraibide askok 140/90 mmHg baino txikiagoak diren odol-presioaren tratamendurako helburuak gomendatzen dituzte diabetesa duten pertsonentzat<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a>. Hala ere, ebidentzia mugatua dago helburu baxuenak zeintzuk izan behar duten jakiteko. 2016ko berrikuspen sistematiko batek 140 mmHg-tik beherako helburuak tratatzeko kalte potentziala aurkitu zuen<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a>, eta 2019an egindako berrikuspen sistematiko batek ez zuen frogarik aurkitu odol-presioa 130-140 mmHg-ra jaistearen ondoriozko onura gehigarririk, nahiz eta kontrako gertaeren arriskua areagotu zen<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a>. 2015eko Amerikako Diabetes Association-en gomendioak dira: diabetesa eta <a href="/wiki/Albuminuria" title="Albuminuria">albuminuria</a> duten pertsonek renina-angiotensina sistemaren inhibitzaile bat jaso behar dutela, azken faseko <a href="/wiki/Giltzurrun" title="Giltzurrun">giltzurruneko</a> gaixotasunera, gertakari kardiobaskularrak eta heriotzara joateko arriskuak murrizteko<a href="#cite_note-:15-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-131">[131]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Angiotensinaren_entzima_bihurtzailea_2" title="Angiotensinaren entzima bihurtzailea 2">Angiotentsina-entzima bihurtzaileen</a> inhibitzaileak (ACEI) <a href="/wiki/Errenina-angiotentsina-aldosterona_sistema" title="Errenina-angiotentsina-aldosterona sistema">errenina-angiotentsina</a> sistemako beste inhibitzaile batzuekin, esate baterako, <a href="/wiki/Angiotentsina" title="Angiotentsina">angiotentsinaren</a> hartzaileen blokeatzaileak (ARB)<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a>, edo aliskirena gaixotasun kardiobaskularrak prebenitzeko baino gehiago direla froga batzuk badaude<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a>. Azken berrikuspen batek ACEI eta ARBen antzeko ondorioak aurkitu bazituen ere kardiobaskular eta giltzurrunetako emaitza nagusietan. Ez dago frogarik ACEI eta ARBak konbinatzeak onura gehigarriak ematen dituenik<a href="#cite_note-:1-134">[134]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aspirina">Aspirina</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aspirina»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Aspirina">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Diabetesaren gaixotasun kardiobaskularrak prebenitzeko aspirinaren erabilera eztabaidagarria da<a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-131">[131]</a>. Batzuek gaixotasun kardiobaskularra izateko arrisku handia duten pertsonei aspirina gomendatzen diete, baina ez da aurkitu aspirinaren ohiko erabilerak konplikaziorik gabeko diabetesaren emaitzak hobetzen dituenik<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a>. 2015eko American Diabetes Associationen aspirina erabiltzeko gomendioak (adituen adostasunean edo esperientzia klinikoan oinarrituta) dio: dosi baxuko aspirina erabiltzea arrazoizkoa dela gaixotasun kardiobaskularra izateko arrisku ertaineko diabetesa duten helduengan (10 urteko gaixotasun kardiobaskularren arriskua, % 5-10)<a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-131">[131]</a>. Osasun eta Zainketa Bikaintasunerako Institutu Nazionalak (NICE) erakundeak <a href="/wiki/Ingalaterra" title="Ingalaterra">Ingalaterrarako</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Gales" title="Gales">Galeserako</a> emandako jarraibide nazionalak aspirina ez erabiltzea gomendatzen du gaixotasun kardiobaskular berretsia ez duten 1 edo 2 motako diabetesa duten pertsonei<a href="#cite_note-NICENG17-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-NICENG28-137">[137]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kirurgia">Kirurgia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kirurgia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Kirurgia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Obesitate" title="Obesitate">Obesitatea</a> eta <a href="/wiki/2._motako_diabetes_mellitus" title="2. motako diabetes mellitus">2 motako diabetesa</a> dutenentzat, pisua galtzeko kirurgia neurri eraginkorra izan ohi da<a href="#cite_note-:13-23">[23]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kirurgia" title="Kirurgia">Kirurgia</a> ondoren, askok odoleko azukre-maila normala mantentzeko gai dira botika gutxirekin edo botikarik gabe<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a>, eta epe luzerako hilkortasuna gutxitzen da<a href="#cite_note-Schum2009-139">[139]</a>. Ebakuntzaren ondorioz, badago epe laburreko heriotza-arriskua, % 1 baino txikiagoa hala ere<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a>. Kirurgia egokia denean, gorputz-masaren mozketa-indizeak, oraindik, ez daude argi<a href="#cite_note-Schum2009-139">[139]</a>. Aukera hori kontuan hartzea gomendatzen da pisua eta odoleko azukrea kontrolpean eduki ezin dituztenentzat<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a>. Aldian-aldian, gaixotasunaren konplikazio larriak dituzten <a href="/wiki/1._motako_diabetes_mellitus" title="1. motako diabetes mellitus">1 motako diabetesa</a> duten pertsonentzat, <a href="/wiki/Pankrea" title="Pankrea">pankreako</a> transplantea aurreikus daiteke, gaixotasunaren azken fasean giltzurrun transplantea behar badu ere<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Autogestioa_eta_laguntza">Autogestioa eta laguntza</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Autogestioa eta laguntza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Autogestioa eta laguntza">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Mediku orokorreko sistema erabiltzen duten herrialdeetan, <a href="/wiki/Erresuma_Batua" title="Erresuma Batua">Erresuma Batuan</a> adibidez, arreta batez ere ospitaleetatik kanpo egina izan daiteke, ospitalean oinarritutako arreta espezializatua konplikazio, odoleko azukrearen kontrol zail edo ikerketa-proiektuen kasutarako soilik gordetzen baita. Beste egoera batzuetan, mediku orokorrek eta espezialistek arreta partekatzen dute talde-ikuspegi batean. Etxeko teleosasuneko laguntza kudeaketa-teknika eraginkorra izan daiteke<a href="#cite_note-Polisena-143">[143]</a>. 2 motako diabetesa duten helduentzako hezkuntza-programak emateko teknologiaren erabilerak ordenagailu bidezko autokudeaketa esku-hartzeak barne hartzen ditu norberaren kudeaketa errazteko erantzun egokiak lortzeko<a href="#cite_note-pal-144">[144]</a>. Ez dago froga egokirik <a href="/wiki/Kolesterol" title="Kolesterol">kolesterolean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odol-presio" title="Odol-presio">odol-presioan</a>, jokabide-aldaketan (adibidez, jarduera fisikoaren mailan eta dietan), <a href="/wiki/Depresio" title="Depresio">depresioan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisu" title="Pisu">pisuan</a> eta osasunarekin lotutako bizi-kalitatean, ezta beste emaitza <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">biologiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kognizio" title="Kognizio">kognitibo</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Emozio" title="Emozio">emozionaletan</a> ere<a href="#cite_note-pal-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Epidemiologia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Epidemiologia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:2021ean_diabetesa_duten_helduen_(20-79_urte)_kopurua.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/2021ean_diabetesa_duten_helduen_%2820-79_urte%29_kopurua.png/278px-2021ean_diabetesa_duten_helduen_%2820-79_urte%29_kopurua.png" decoding="async" width="278" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/2021ean_diabetesa_duten_helduen_%2820-79_urte%29_kopurua.png/417px-2021ean_diabetesa_duten_helduen_%2820-79_urte%29_kopurua.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/2021ean_diabetesa_duten_helduen_%2820-79_urte%29_kopurua.png/556px-2021ean_diabetesa_duten_helduen_%2820-79_urte%29_kopurua.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>2021ean diabetesa duten helduen (20-79 urte) kopurua <a href="#cite_note-#1-146">[146]</a></figcaption></figure> 2021ean, 537 milioi pertsonek zuten diabetesa mundu guztian<a href="#cite_note-#1-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a>. 1980an 108 milioi<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> eta 2014an 422 milioi pertsonek zuten bitartean<a href="#cite_note-:1-134">[134]</a>. Diabetesa duten pertsonen % 95 baino gehiagok 2 motako diabetesa dute<a href="#cite_note-:11-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-48">[48]</a>, gehiegizko pisuagatik eta jarduera fisikoren ezagatik, neurri handi batean. Munduko biztanleriaren adin-egitura aldakorra kontuan hartuta, diabetesaren prebalentzia % 10,5ekoa da helduen artean, 1980ko % 4,7ko tasaren aldean<a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ci-1-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a>. Datu batzuek adierazten dute tasak, gutxi gorabehera, berdinak direla emakumeen eta gizonen artean<a href="#cite_note-:19-24">[24]</a>, baina 2 motako intzidentzia handiagoa aurkitu da gizonezkoen diabetesa duten populazio askotan, ziurrenik intsulinarekiko sentsibilitatearen, obesitatearen ondorioen eta eskualdeko gorputz-gantzaren gordailu-toki desberdintasunaren eta beste faktore lagungarri batzuen ondorioz, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Hipertentsio" title="Hipertentsio">hipertentsioa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabako" title="Tabako">tabakoa erretzea</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Alkoholismo" title="Alkoholismo">alkohola hartzea</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a>. OMEk kalkulatzen du diabetesak 1,5 milioi heriotza eragin zituela 2012an, eta 9. heriotza-kausa da<a href="#cite_note-WHO2013Top10-154">[154]</a>. Hala ere, mundu osoan, beste 2,2 milioi heriotza goiztiarra eragiten dute odoleko glukosa altuak, gaixotasun kardiobaskularrak eta hari lotutako beste konplikazio batzuen arrisku-areagotzeak (adibidez, giltzurrun-gutxiegitasuna), eta, askotan, heriotza-ziurtagirietan, azpiko kausa gisa agertzen dira diabetesa beharrean<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a>. Esaterako, 2017an, Diabetesaren Nazioarteko Federazioak (IDF) kalkulatu zuen diabetesak 4,0 milioi heriotza eragin zituela mundu osoan<a href="#cite_note-:16-157">[157]</a> diabetesari zuzenean edo zeharka egotzi litezkeen heriotza-kopuru osoa kalkulatzeko modelizazioa erabiliz<a href="#cite_note-:16-157">[157]</a>. Diabetesa mundu osoan gertatzen da, baina ohikoagoa da (batez ere 2 motakoa) herrialde garatuagoetan. Hala ere, tasen igoerarik handiena, errenta baxuko eta ertaineko herrialdeetan ematen da<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-155">[155]</a>, non diabetikoen heriotzen % 80 baino gehiago gertatzen den<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a>. Prebalentziaren igoerarik azkarrena <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrikan</a> emango dela espero da, non, ziurrenik, diabetesa duten pertsona gehienak biziko diren 2030ean<a href="#cite_note-Wild2004-159">[159]</a>. Garapen-bidean dauden herrialdeetako tasen igoerak urbanizazio- eta bizi-estilo aldaketen joerari jarraitzen dio, barne hartuta gero eta sedentarismo handiagoak, lan fisiko gutxiago eskatzen duten eginbeharrek eta munduko elikadura-trantsizioak, energia-ugariko baina mantenugai-maila eskasekoak diren elikagaien kontsumoa areagotuz (askotan azukre askorekin eta gantz aseekin eta, batzuetan,«mendebaldeko estiloko dieta» deitua)<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wild2004-159">[159]</a>. 2017 eta 2045 artean, diabetesa kasuen kopurua % 48 handitu daiteke<a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ci-1-150">[150]</a>. Gaixotasun horrek hainbat konplikazio sortzen ditu, eta maiz begiak, giltzurrunak, nerbioak eta odol-hodiak kaltetzen ditu. Diabetesaren Nazioarteko Eguna azaroaren 14an ospatzen da. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gizartea_eta_kultura">Gizartea eta kultura</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gizartea eta kultura»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Gizartea eta kultura">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> «San Vizente Adierazpena»<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> 1989ko urriaren 10etik 12ra San Vicenten (<a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a>) ospatutako nazioarteko konferentzia baten ondorioz argitaratutako diabetesa duten pertsonen osasun-laguntzarako helburu multzo bat da<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a>. Hori egitea garrantzitsua da ez bakarrik bizi-kalitateari eta bizi-itxaropenari dagokionez, baita ekonomikoki ―diabetesaren ondoriozko gastuak osasunerako galbide handia direla frogatu da― eta produktibitatearekin lotutako baliabideak osasun-sistementzat eta gobernuentzat. Hainbat herrialdek, arrakasta gutxiago edo gehiagorekin, diabetesaren programa nazionalak ezarri zituzten gaixotasunaren tratamendua hobetzeko<a href="#cite_note-EO005-Dubois&Bankauskaite-164">[164]</a>. Sintoma neuroapatikoak dituzten diabetesa duten pertsonak, hala nola oinetan edo eskuetan inurridura edo sorgortzea dituztenak, langabezian egoteko probabilitatea bi aldiz handiagoa dute sintomarik ez dutenek baino<a href="#cite_note-pmid17563611-165">[165]</a>. Estatu Batuetan, 2010ean, diabetesarekin erlazionatutako larrialdietarako bisita-tasa handiagoak izan ziren diru-sarrera txikieneko komunitateetako pertsonen artean (526 bisita 10.000 biztanleko) errenta handieneko komunitateetakoak baino (236 bisita 10.000 biztanleko). Diabetesarekin erlazionatutako larrialdietako bisiten % 9,4, gutxi gorabehera, asegururik gabekoenak izan ziren<a href="#cite_note-hcup-us.ahrq-166">[166]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zenbakitzea">Zenbakitzea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zenbakitzea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Zenbakitzea">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> «<a href="/wiki/1._motako_diabetes_mellitus" title="1. motako diabetes mellitus">1 motako diabetesa</a>» terminoak lehengo hainbat termino ordezkatu ditu, besteak beste, haurtzaroko diabetesa, gazteen diabetesa eta intsulinaren mendeko diabetes mellitusa. Era berean, «<a href="/wiki/2._motako_diabetes_mellitus" title="2. motako diabetes mellitus">2 motako diabetesa</a>» terminoak lehengo hainbat termino ordezkatu ditu, besteak beste, helduen agerpena, obesitateari lotutako diabetesa eta intsulinarekiko mendekoa ez den diabetes mellitusa. Bi mota horietatik haratago, ez dago adostutako nomenklatura estandarrik<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a>. Diabetes mellitusa, inoiz, azukre diabetesa bezala ere ezagutu izan da, diabetes zaporegabekotik bereizteko<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beste_animalia_batzuk">Beste animalia batzuk</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Beste animalia batzuk»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Beste animalia batzuk">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Animalietan, diabetesa txakur eta katuetan aurkitzen da gehien. Adin ertaineko animaliak dira gehien kaltetuak. Txakur emeek arrek baino bi aldiz gehiago jasateko aukera dute, aldiz, iturri batzuen arabera, katu arrek emeek baino joera handiagoa dute. Bi espezieetan, arraza guztiak egon daitezke kaltetuta, baina txakur arraza txiki batzuek diabetesa garatzea ohikoagoa da, adibidez, miniaturazko kanitxeek. Katukien diabetesa gizakiaren 2 motako diabetesaren antzekoa da. Birmaniar, Errusiako Urdin, Abisiniar eta Norvegiako Basoko katu arrazek beste arrazek baino arrisku handiagoa dute. Gehiegizko pisua duten katuek ere arrisku handiagoa dute<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a>. Sintomak likido galerarekin eta <a href="/wiki/Poliuria" title="Poliuria">poliuriarekin</a> erlazionatu daitezke, baina ondorioak bihurriak ere izan daitezke. Animalia diabetikoek infekzioak izateko joera handiagoa dute. Gizakietan aitortzen diren epe luzerako konplikazioak askoz arraroagoak dira animalietan. Tratamenduaren printzipioak (pisua galtzea, ahozko antidiabetikoak, larruazalpeko intsulina) eta larrialdien kudeaketa (adibidez, zetoazidosia) gizakien antzekoak dira<a href="#cite_note-Merck-170">[170]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0-1"><a href="#cite_ref-0_1-0">↑</a> Smeltzer SC, Bare BG Capítulo 41 Valoración y tratamiento de pacientes con diabetes mellitus. En: Brunner y Suddarth. Enfermería Medicoquirúrgica. 12ª Ed. Madrid: McGraw-Hill Interamericana. 2013 Vol II: 1197-1222 </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-9">j</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/">"Diabetes Fact sheet N°312"</a>. WHO. October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/">the original</a> on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-3">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-2">c</a> Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN (July 2009). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1335.full">Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes</a>". Diabetes Care. 32 (7): 1335–1343. <a href="//doi.org/10.2337/dc09-9032" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2337/dc09-9032">doi:10.2337/dc09-9032</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699725">PMC 2699725</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19564476">PMID 19564476</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625075136/http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1335.full">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-25 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> Saedi E, Gheini MR, Faiz F, Arami MA (September 2016). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5027005">Diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairments</a>". World Journal of Diabetes. 7 (17): 412–422. <a href="//doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v7.i17.412" class="extiw" title="doi:10.4239/wjd.v7.i17.412">doi:10.4239/wjd.v7.i17.412</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5027005">PMC 5027005</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27660698">PMID 27660698</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Elflein, John. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/topics/1723/diabetes/">«Diabetes - Statistics & Facts»</a> Statista (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-03-05). </li> <li id="cite_note-OED_diabetes-6">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_diabetes_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_diabetes_6-1">b</a> Oxford English Dictionary. diabetes. </li> <li id="cite_note-OnlineEtymology_diabetes-7">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-OnlineEtymology_diabetes_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OnlineEtymology_diabetes_7-1">b</a> Harper D (2001–2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=diabetes&searchmode=none">Online Etymology Dictionary. diabetes.. </a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113074242/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=diabetes&searchmode=none">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2011-06-10. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> Aretaeus, De causis et signis acutorum morborum (lib. 2), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:tlg,0719,002:2:2&lang=original">Κεφ. β. περὶ Διαβήτεω (Chapter 2, On Diabetes, Greek original)</a> Archived 2014-07-02 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="extiw" title="en:Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, on Perseus </li> <li id="cite_note-OED_mellite-9">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_mellite_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_mellite_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_mellite_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_mellite_9-3">d</a> Oxford English Dictionary. mellite </li> <li id="cite_note-MyEtymology_mellitus-10">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-MyEtymology_mellitus_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MyEtymology_mellitus_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MyEtymology_mellitus_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MyEtymology_mellitus_10-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myetymology.com/latin/mellitus.html">MyEtimology. mellitus.. </a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-OED_-ite-11"><a href="#cite_ref-OED_-ite_11-0">↑</a> Oxford English Dictionary. -ite. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Leutholtz, Brian C.; Ripoll, Ignacio. (2011-04-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eAn9-bm_pi8C&pg=PA25">Exercise and Disease Management, Second Edition. </a> CRC Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4398-2759-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4398-2759-8">978-1-4398-2759-8</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-09-28). </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-13">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_13-1">b</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/sickening-sweet">«Sickening Sweet»</a> Science History Institute 2015-12-08 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-09-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-14">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_14-6">g</a> Poretsky L, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i0qojvF1SpUC&pg=PA3">Principles of diabetes mellitus</a> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 3. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-09840-1" class="extiw" title="en:Special:BookSources/978-0-387-09840-1">ISBN <bdi>978-0-387-09840-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404170919/https://books.google.com/books?id=i0qojvF1SpUC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-04 </li> <li id="cite_note-Laios-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Laios_15-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hormones.gr/pdf/HORMONES%202012,%20109-113.pdf">«Aretaeus of Cappadocia and the first description of diabetes»</a> Hormones 11 (1): 109–113.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03401545">10.1007/BF03401545</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22450352">22450352</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-Topiwala2012-16">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Topiwala2012_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Topiwala2012_16-1">b</a> Topiwala S; 2012. Atzitze data: 2013-02-07. Eskuragarri URL honetan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/ency/article/001214.htm">http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/ency/article/001214.htm</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ForumClinic-17">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ForumClinic_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ForumClinic_17-1">b</a> ForumClinic. Diabetes: Alimentación (bideoa). Barcelona: Hospital Clínic de Barcelona 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-2">c</a> «Update on Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Light of Recent Evidence: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association» Diabetes Care 38 (9): 1777–1803. September 2015  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2337%2Fdci15-0012">10.2337/dci15-0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/4876675">.4876675</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26246459">26246459</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> (Ingelesez) American Diabetes Association. (2015-12-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-S005">«2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes»</a> Diabetes Care 39 (Supplement_1): S13–S22.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2337%2Fdc16-S005">10.2337/dc16-S005</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0149-5992">0149-5992</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-03-05). </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osakidetza.euskadi.eus/endokrinoak/-/diabetesa-eta-haurdunaldia/">«Diabetesa eta haurdunaldia»</a> www.osakidetza.euskadi.eus 2019-05-08 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-03-05). </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/">The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310</a>". World Health Organization. October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170530121727/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> Rippe RS, Irwin JM, eds. (2010). Manual of intensive care medicine (5th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 549. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7817-9992-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7817-9992-8">ISBN 978-0-7817-9992-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-23">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_23-1">b</a> Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL, Gospodarevskaya E, Loveman E, Baxter L, Clegg AJ (September 2009). "<a href="//doi.org/10.3310/hta13410" class="extiw" title="doi:10.3310/hta13410">The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation</a>". Health Technology Assessment. 13 (41): 1–190, 215–357, iii–iv. <a href="//doi.org/10.3310/hta13410" class="extiw" title="doi:10.3310/hta13410">doi:10.3310/hta13410</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10536%2FDRO%2FDU%3A30064294">hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30064294.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19726018">PMID 19726018</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-24">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_24-1">b</a> Cash J (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCjcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA396">Family Practice Guidelines</a> (3rd ed.). Springer. p. 396. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-6875-7" class="extiw" title="en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-6875-7">ISBN <bdi>978-0-8261-6875-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151031011231/https://books.google.com/books?id=nCjcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA396">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-25">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-3">d</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/material/20200302_133351_IDFATLAS9e-final-web.pdf">IDF DIABETES ATLAS</a> Ninth Edition 2019" (PDF). www.diabetesatlas.org. Retrieved 18 May 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-26">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_26-1">b</a> Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. (December 2012). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6350784">Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010</a>". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2163–2196. <a href="//doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6350784">PMC 6350784</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23245607">PMID 23245607</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.html">"What is Diabetes?</a>". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death">«The top 10 causes of death»</a> www.who.int (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-09-25). </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> American Diabetes Association (May 2018). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5911784">Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2017</a>". Diabetes Care. 41 (5): 917–928. <a href="//doi.org/10.2337/dci18-0007" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2337/dci18-0007">doi:10.2337/dci18-0007</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5911784">PMC 5911784</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29567642">PMID 29567642</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/deaths-cost.html">Deaths and Cost | Data & Statistics | Diabetes | CDC</a>". cdc.gov. 20 February 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> Cooke DW, Plotnick L (November 2008). "Type 1 diabetes mellitus in pediatrics". Pediatrics in Review. 29 (11): 374–84, quiz 385. <a href="//doi.org/10.1542/pir.29-11-374" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1542/pir.29-11-374">doi:10.1542/pir.29-11-374</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18977856">PMID 18977856</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20528207">S2CID 20528207</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040611164055/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs138/en/">«WHO: Diabetes mellitus»</a> web.archive.org 2004-06-11 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-09-25). </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Rockefeller, J. D.. (2015-06-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WpbVCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP6">Diabetes: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Prevention. </a> J.D. Rockefeller <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-5146-0305-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-5146-0305-5">978-1-5146-0305-5</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-09-25). </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> Kenny C (April 2014). "<a href="//doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2013.09.002" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2013.09.002">When hypoglycemia is not obvious: diagnosing and treating under-recognized and undisclosed hypoglycemia</a>". Primary Care Diabetes. 8 (1): 3–11. <a href="//doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2013.09.002" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2013.09.002">doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2013.09.002</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24100231">PMID 24100231</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-35">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_35-1">b</a> Verrotti A, Scaparrotta A, Olivieri C, Chiarelli F (December 2012). "<a href="//doi.org/10.1530/EJE-12-0699" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1530/EJE-12-0699">Seizures and type 1 diabetes mellitus: current state of knowledge</a>". European Journal of Endocrinology. 167 (6): 749–758. <a href="//doi.org/10.1530/EJE-12-0699" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1530/EJE-12-0699">doi:10.1530/EJE-12-0699</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22956556">PMID 22956556</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/glucagon-injection/article.htm">«GLUCAGON - INJECTION (Glucagon) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions.»</a> MedicineNet (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-09-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-long-term-effects">«Diabetes - long-term effects - Better Health Channel»</a> www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-09-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SR, Gobin R, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, et al. (June 2010). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2904878">Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies</a>". Lancet. 375 (9733): 2215–2222. <a href="//doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60484-9" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60484-9">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60484-9.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2904878">PMC 2904878</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20609967">PMID 20609967</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, Casey DE, Chung MK, de Lemos JA, et al. (January 2013). "<a href="//doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6">2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines</a>". Circulation. 127 (4): e362–e425. <a href="//doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6">doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23247304">PMID 23247304</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> Papatheodorou K, Banach M, Bekiari E, Rizzo M, Edmonds M (11 March 2018). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5866895">Complications of Diabetes 2017</a>". Journal of Diabetes Research. 2018: 3086167. <a href="//doi.org/10.1155/2018/3086167" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1155/2018/3086167">doi:10.1155/2018/3086167</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5866895">PMC 5866895</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29713648">PMID 29713648</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> Kompaniyets L, Pennington AF, Goodman AB, Rosenblum HG, Belay B, Ko JY, et al. (July 2021). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8269743">Underlying Medical Conditions and Severe Illness Among 540,667 Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19, March 2020-March 2021</a>". Preventing Chronic Disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18: E66. <a href="//doi.org/10.5888/pcd18.210123" class="extiw" title="doi:10.5888/pcd18.210123">doi:10.5888/pcd18.210123</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8269743">PMC 8269743</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34197283">PMID 34197283</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-42">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_42-3">d</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/diabetes/action_online/basics/en/index3.html">Diabetes Programme</a>". World Health Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426214819/http://www.who.int/diabetes/action_online/basics/en/index3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000078.htm">«Diabetes eye care: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia»</a> medlineplus.gov (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-09-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> Cukierman T, Gerstein HC, Williamson JD (December 2005). "<a href="//doi.org/10.1007/s00125-005-0023-4" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0023-4">Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes--systematic overview of prospective observational studies</a>". Diabetologia. 48 (12): 2460–2469. <a href="//doi.org/10.1007/s00125-005-0023-4" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0023-4">doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0023-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16283246">PMID 16283246</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> Yang Y, Hu X, Zhang Q, Zou R (November 2016). "<a href="//doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw140" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1093/ageing/afw140">Diabetes mellitus and risk of falls in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis</a>". Age and Ageing. 45 (6): 761–767. <a href="//doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw140" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1093/ageing/afw140">doi:10.1093/ageing/afw140</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27515679">PMID 27515679</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1233344/retrieve">"Classification of Diabetes mellitus 2019</a>". WHO. Retrieved 2020-11-09 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> Tuomi T, Santoro N, Caprio S, Cai M, Weng J, Groop L (March 2014). "The many faces of diabetes: a disease with increasing heterogeneity". Lancet. 383 (9922): 1084–1094. <a href="//doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62219-9" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62219-9">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62219-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24315621">PMID 24315621</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12679248">S2CID 12679248</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-48">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_48-2">c</a> Williams textbook of endocrinology (12th ed.). Elsevier/Saunders. 2011. pp. 1371–1435. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4377-0324-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4377-0324-5">ISBN 978-1-4377-0324-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1383%2Fmedc.30.1.1.28264">10.1383/medc.30.1.1.28264</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1530%2FEJE-20-0049">10.1530/EJE-20-0049</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32229696">32229696</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiabetes.52.4.1052">10.2337/diabetes.52.4.1052</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663480">12663480</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1375%2Ftwin.11.1.28">10.1375/twin.11.1.28</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18251672">18251672</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fthg.2015.83">10.1017/thg.2015.83</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26678054">26678054</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.34172%2Fhpp.2020.18">10.34172/hpp.2020.18</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32296622">32296622</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-71908-9">10.1038/s41598-020-71908-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32901098">32901098</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..1014790L">2020NatSR..1014790L</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecl.2021.05.013">10.1016/j.ecl.2021.05.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34399949">34399949</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LM, Peters AL (July 2014). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5865481">Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association</a>". Diabetes Care. 37 (7): 2034–2054. <a href="//doi.org/10.2337/dc14-1140" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2337/dc14-1140">doi:10.2337/dc14-1140</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5865481">PMC 5865481</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24935775">PMID 24935775</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec12/ch158/ch158b.html#sec12-ch158-ch158b-1206">"Diabetes Mellitus (DM): Diabetes Mellitus and Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Merck Manual Professional</a>". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." class="extiw" title="en:Merck & Co.">Merck Publishing</a>. April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100728174722/http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec12/ch158/ch158b.html#sec12-ch158-ch158b-1206">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-07-28. Retrieved 2010-07-30 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec12/ch158/ch158b.html#sec12-ch158-ch158b-1206">Diabetes Mellitus (DM): Diabetes Mellitus and Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Merck Manual Professional</a>". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." class="extiw" title="en:Merck & Co.">Merck Publishing</a>. April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100728174722/http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec12/ch158/ch158b.html#sec12-ch158-ch158b-1206">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-07-28. Retrieved 2010-07-30 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> Dorner M, Pinget M, Brogard JM (May 1977). "[Essential labile diabetes (author's transl)]". Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift (in German). 119 (19): 671–674. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/406527?dopt=Abstract">PMID 406527</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> Petzold A, Solimena M, Knoch KP (October 2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4539350">Mechanisms of Beta Cell Dysfunction Associated With Viral Infection</a>". Current Diabetes Reports (Review). 15 (10): 73. <a href="//doi.org/10.1007/s11892-015-0654-x" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0654-x">doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0654-x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4539350">PMC 4539350.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26280364">PMID 26280364.</a> <q>So far, none of the hypotheses accounting for virus-induced beta cell autoimmunity has been supported by stringent evidence in humans, and the involvement of several mechanisms rather than just one is also plausible.</q> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> Petzold A, Solimena M, Knoch KP (October 2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4539350">Mechanisms of Beta Cell Dysfunction Associated With Viral Infection</a>". Current Diabetes Reports (Review). 15 (10): 73. <a href="//doi.org/10.1007/s11892-015-0654-x" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0654-x">doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0654-x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4539350">PMC 4539350</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26280364">PMID 26280364</a>. <q>So far, none of the hypotheses accounting for virus-induced beta cell autoimmunity has been supported by stringent evidence in humans, and the involvement of several mechanisms rather than just one is also plausible</q> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> Butalia S, Kaplan GG, Khokhar B, Rabi DM (December 2016). "Environmental Risk Factors and Type 1 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future". Canadian Journal of Diabetes (Review). 40 (6): 586–593. <a href="//doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.002" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.002">doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.002</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27545597">PMID 27545597</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> Serena G, Camhi S, Sturgeon C, Yan S, Fasano A (August 2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4586524">The Role of Gluten in Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes</a>". Nutrients. 7 (9): 7143–7162. <a href="//doi.org/10.3390/nu7095329" class="extiw" title="doi:10.3390/nu7095329">doi:10.3390/nu7095329</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4586524">PMC 4586524</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26343710">PMID 26343710</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> Visser J, Rozing J, Sapone A, Lammers K, Fasano A (May 2009). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2886850">Tight junctions, intestinal permeability, and autoimmunity: celiac disease and type 1 diabetes paradigms</a>". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1165 (1): 195–205. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NYASA1165..195V">Bibcode:2009NYASA1165..195V</a>. <a href="//doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04037.x" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04037.x">doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04037.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2886850">PMC 2886850</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19538307?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19538307</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> Laugesen E, Østergaard JA, Leslie RD (July 2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4676295">Latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult: current knowledge and uncertainty</a>". Diabetic Medicine. 32 (7): 843–852. <a href="//doi.org/10.1111/dme.12700" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1111/dme.12700">doi:10.1111/dme.12700</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4676295">PMC 4676295.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25601320">PMID 25601320</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-67">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_67-2">c</a> Shoback DG, Gardner D, eds. (2011). "Chapter 17". Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-07-162243-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-07-162243-1">ISBN 978-0-07-162243-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a> American Diabetes Association (January 2017). "<a href="//doi.org/10.2337/dc17-S005" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2337/dc17-S005">2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes</a>". Diabetes Care. 40 (Suppl 1): S11–S24. <a href="//doi.org/10.2337/dc17-S005" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2337/dc17-S005">doi:10.2337/dc17-S005</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27979889">PMID 27979889</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid30528418-69"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid30528418_69-0">↑</a> «Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus in Patients With Prediabetes» The American Journal of Cardiology 123 (3): 507–512. February 2019  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amjcard.2018.10.032">10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.10.032</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/6350898">.6350898</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30528418">30528418</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-47-70"><a href="#cite_ref-47_70-0">↑</a> «Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes» Progress in Lipid Research 48 (1): 44–51. January 2009  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.plipres.2008.10.002">10.1016/j.plipres.2008.10.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/2654180">.2654180</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19032965">19032965</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-SSB2010-71"><a href="#cite_ref-SSB2010_71-0">↑</a> «Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk» Circulation 121 (11): 1356–1364. March 2010  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1161%2FCIRCULATIONAHA.109.876185">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.876185</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/2862465">.2862465</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20308626">20308626</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> «Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis» Diabetes Care 33 (11): 2477–2483. November 2010  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2337%2Fdc10-1079">10.2337/dc10-1079</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/2963518">.2963518</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20693348">20693348</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fat2009-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Fat2009_73-0">↑</a> «Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes» Progress in Lipid Research 48 (1): 44–51. January 2009  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.plipres.2008.10.002">10.1016/j.plipres.2008.10.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/2654180">.2654180</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19032965">19032965</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a> Hu EA, Pan A, Malik V, Sun Q (March 2012). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3307808">White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis and systematic review</a>". BMJ. 344: e1454. <a href="//doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e1454" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1136/bmj.e1454">doi:10.1136/bmj.e1454</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3307808">PMC 3307808</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22422870">PMID 22422870</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a> Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT (July 2012). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3645500">Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy</a>". Lancet. 380 (9838): 219–229. <a href="//doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3645500">PMC 3645500</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22818936?dopt=Abstract">PMID 22818936</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a> Huang H, Yan P, Shan Z, Chen S, Li M, Luo C, et al. (November 2015). "Adverse childhood experiences and risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Metabolism. 64 (11): 1408–1418. <a href="//doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2015.08.019" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.08.019">doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.08.019.</a> <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26404480?dopt=Abstract">PMID 26404480</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a> Zhang Y, Liu Y, Su Y, You Y, Ma Y, Yang G, et al. (November 2017). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698995">The metabolic side effects of 12 antipsychotic drugs used for the treatment of schizophrenia on glucose: a network meta-analysis</a>". BMC Psychiatry. 17 (1): 373. <a href="//doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1539-0" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1539-0">doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1539-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698995">PMC 5698995</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29162032?dopt=Abstract">PMID 29162032</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-NDIC_Stats-78">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-NDIC_Stats_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NDIC_Stats_78-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/#Gestational">National Diabetes Clearinghouse (NDIC): National Diabetes Statistics 2011. </a> U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-79"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_79-0">↑</a> Aipuaren errorea: Konpondu beharreko <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">erreferentzia kodea</a> dago orri honetan: ez da testurik eman <code>:2</code> izeneko erreferentziarako</li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/gestational/management-treatment">«Managing & Treating Gestational Diabetes | NIDDK»</a> National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> Tarvonen M, Hovi P, Sainio S, Vuorela P, Andersson S, Teramo K (November 2021). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8505288">Intrapartal cardiotocographic patterns and hypoxia-related perinatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus</a>". Acta Diabetologica. 58 (11): 1563–1573. <a href="//doi.org/10.1007/s00592-021-01756-0" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1007/s00592-021-01756-0">doi:10.1007/s00592-021-01756-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8505288">PMC 8505288</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34151398">PMID 34151398</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235487220">S2CID 235487220</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health (February 2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0080685/">Intrapartum care</a>". Diabetes in Pregnancy: Management of diabetes and its complications from preconception to the postnatal period. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK) </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/monogenic-neonatal-mellitus-mody#3">«Monogenic Forms of Diabetes»</a> National institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases (US NIH). </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a> «Diagnosis and management of maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)» BMJ 343 (oct19 3): d6044. October 2011  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.d6044">10.1136/bmj.d6044</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22012810">22012810</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a> Cleland SJ, Fisher BM, Colhoun HM, Sattar N, Petrie JR (July 2013). «Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes: what is 'double diabetes' and what are the risks?» Diabetologia (National Library of Medicine) 56 (7): 1462–1470. July 2013  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-013-2904-2">10.1007/s00125-013-2904-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/3671104">.3671104</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23613085">23613085</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a> Unless otherwise specified, reference is: Table 20-5 in Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4160-2973-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4160-2973-1">ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/medication/insulin/insulin-basics.html">Insulin Basics. </a> American Diabetes Association. </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-88">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_88-3">d</a> Shoback DG, Gardner D, eds. (2011). Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical.<a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/_978-0-07-162243-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/ 978-0-07-162243-1">ISBN 978-0-07-162243-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a> Barrett KE, et al. (2012). Ganong's review of medical physiology (24th ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-07-178003-2|<a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-07-178003-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-07-178003-2">ISBN 978-0-07-178003-2</a>]] </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a> Murray RK, et al. (2012). Harper's illustrated biochemistry (29th ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-07-176576-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-07-176576-3">ISBN 978-0-07-176576-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a> Mogotlane S (2013). Juta's Complete Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing. Cape Town: Juta. p. 839 </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO1999-DefDiagClass-92"><a href="#cite_ref-WHO1999-DefDiagClass_92-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2.pdf">Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications. </a> <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/Supplement_1/S3.full">«Summary of revisions for the 2010 Clinical Practice Recommendations»</a> Diabetes Care 33 (Suppl 1): S3. January 2010  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2337%2Fdc10-S003">10.2337/dc10-S003</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/2797388">.2797388</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042773">20042773</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-who2006-94"><a href="#cite_ref-who2006_94-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/Definition%20and%20diagnosis%20of%20diabetes_new.pdf">Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia: Report of a WHO/IDF consultation</a> (PDF). Geneva: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization" class="extiw" title="en:World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. 2006. p. 21 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-92-4-159493-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-92-4-159493-6">978-92-4-159493-6</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a> Vijan S (March 2010). "In the clinic. Type 2 diabetes". Annals of Internal Medicine. 152 (5): ITC31-15, quiz ITC316.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-152-5-201003020-01003">10.7326/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-01003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194231">20194231</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a> Saydah SH,Miret M, Sung J, Varas C, Gause D, Brancati FL (August 2001). "<a href="//doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.8.1397" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2337/diacare.24.8.1397">Postchallenge hyperglycemia and mortality in a national sample of U.S. adults</a>". Diabetes Care. 24 (8): 1397–1402. <a href="//doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.8.1397" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2337/diacare.24.8.1397">doi:10.2337/diacare.24.8.1397</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11473076">PMID 11473076</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/Definition%20and%20diagnosis%20of%20diabetes_new.pdf">Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia: report of a WHO/IDF consultation</a> (PDF). World Health Organization. 2006. p. 21. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-159493-6" class="extiw" title="en:Special:BookSources/978-92-4-159493-6">ISBN <bdi>978-92-4-159493-6</bdi>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511072821/http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/Definition%20and%20diagnosis%20of%20diabetes_new.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a> Santaguida PL, Balion C, Hunt D, Morrison K, Gerstein H, Raina P, et al. (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/impglusum.htm">«Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose»</a> Evidence Report/Technology Assessment (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (sortu gabe)">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality</a>) (128): 1–11. August 2005 <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/4780988">.4780988</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16194123">16194123</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a> Bartoli E, Fra GP, Carnevale Schianca GP (February 2011). «The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) revisited» European Journal of Internal Medicine 22 (1): 8–12. February 2011  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejim.2010.07.008">10.1016/j.ejim.2010.07.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21238885">21238885</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a> Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, Matsushita K, Wagenknecht L, Pankow J, et al. (March 2010) «Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults» The New England Journal of Medicine 362 (9): 800–811. March 2010  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa0908359">10.1056/NEJMoa0908359</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/2872990">.2872990</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20200384">20200384</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a> «Tackling risk factors for type 2 diabetes in adolescents: PRE-STARt study in Euskadi» Anales de Pediatria (Anales de Pediatría) 95 (3): 186–196. 2020  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.anpedi.2020.11.001">10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.11.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33388268">33388268</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-BMJ2016-102"><a href="#cite_ref-BMJ2016_102-0">↑</a> Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, et al. (August 2016). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4979358">Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013</a>". BMJ 354: i3857. August 2016  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.i3857">10.1136/bmj.i3857</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/4979358">.4979358</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27510511">27510511</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-HarvardNutrition-103">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-HarvardNutrition_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarvardNutrition_103-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/preventing-diabetes-full-story/#references">«Simple Steps to Preventing Diabetes»</a> The Nutrition Source (Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health) 18 September 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a> Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, Faris PD, Cornuz J (December) 2007 «Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis» JAMA 298 (22): 2654–2664. December 2007  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.298.22.2654">10.1001/jama.298.22.2654</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18073361">18073361</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/media/Factsheet1.pdf">Chronic diseases and their common risk factors. </a> World Health Organization 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017172040/http://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/media/Factsheet1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-17. Retrieved 30 August 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a> Toumpanakis A, Turnbull T, Alba-Barba I (2018-10-30) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6235058">Effectiveness of plant-based diets in promoting well-being in the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review</a>. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 6 (1): e000534. 2018-10-30  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjdrc-2018-000534">10.1136/bmjdrc-2018-000534</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/6235058">.6235058</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30487971">30487971</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a> Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, Genuth SM, Lachin JM, Orchard TJ, et al. (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2637991">Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes</a> The New England Journal of Medicine 353 (25): 2643–2653. December 2005  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa052187">10.1056/NEJMoa052187</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/2637991">.2637991</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16371630">16371630</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a> «The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the development and progression of neuropathy. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group» Annals of Internal Medicine 122 (8): 561–568. April 1995  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-122-8-199504150-00001">10.7326/0003-4819-122-8-199504150-00001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7887548">7887548</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a> Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Kansagara D, Horwitch C, Barry MJ, Forciea MA, et al. (April 2018).<a href="//doi.org/10.7326/M17-0939" class="extiw" title="doi:10.7326/M17-0939">Hemoglobin A1c Targets for Glycemic Control With Pharmacologic Therapy for Nonpregnant Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Guidance Statement Update From the American College of Physicians</a> Annals of Internal Medicine 168 (8): 569–576. April 2018  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7326%2FM17-0939">10.7326/M17-0939</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29507945">29507945</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence&oldid=1095858857">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. </a> 2022-06-30 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-09-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Bus, S. A.; van Deursen, R. W.; Armstrong, D. G.; Lewis, J. E. A.; Caravaggi, C. F.; Cavanagh, P. R.; on behalf of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF). (5 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.2702">«Footwear and offloading interventions to prevent and heal foot ulcers and reduce plantar pressure in patients with diabetes: a systematic review: Footwear and Offloading Interventions for Patients With Diabetes»</a> Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 32: 99–118.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fdmrr.2702">10.1002/dmrr.2702</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26342178">26342178</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Heuch, Lisa; Streak Gomersall, Judith. (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.lww.com/01938924-201607000-00018">«Effectiveness of offloading methods in preventing primary diabetic foot ulcers in adults with diabetes: a systematic review»</a> JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports 14 (7): 236–265.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.11124%2FJBISRIR-2016-003013">10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003013</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2202-4433">2202-4433</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532798">27532798</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Netten, Jaap J.; Raspovic, Anita; Lavery, Lawrence A.; Monteiro‐Soares, Matilde; Rasmussen, Anne; Sacco, Isabel C. N.; Bus, Sicco A.. (19 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.3270">«Prevention of foot ulcers in the at‐risk patient with diabetes: a systematic review»</a> Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 36 (S1): e3270.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fdmrr.3270">10.1002/dmrr.3270</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1520-7552">1520-7552</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31957213">31957213</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a> McBain H, Mulligan K, Haddad M, Flood C, Jones J, Simpson A, et al. (Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (April 2016). «Self management interventions for type 2 diabetes in adult people with severe mental illness» The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4: CD011361. April 2016  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD011361.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD011361.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27120555">27120555</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a> Haw JS, Galaviz KI, Straus AN, Kowalski AJ, Magee MJ, Weber MB, et al. (December 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5820728">Long-term Sustainability of Diabetes Prevention Approaches: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials</a> JAMA Internal Medicine 177 (12): 1808–1817. December 2017  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamainternmed.2017.6040">10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.6040</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/5820728">.5820728</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29114778">29114778</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a> Mottalib A, Kasetty M, Mar JY, Elseaidy T, Ashrafzadeh S, Hamdy O (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569154">Weight Management in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity</a> Current Diabetes Reports 17 (10): 92. August 2017  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11892-017-0918-8">10.1007/s11892-017-0918-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/5569154">.5569154</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28836234">28836234</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-ADA2019-117">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ADA2019_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADA2019_117-1">b</a> American Diabetes Association. (January 2019). «5. Lifestyle Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019» Diabetes Care 42 (Suppl 1): S46–S60.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2337%2Fdc19-S005">10.2337/dc19-S005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30559231">30559231</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-ADA2018-118">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ADA2018_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADA2018_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADA2018_118-2">c</a> Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, Garvey WT, Lau KH, MacLeod J, et al. (May 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7011201">Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report</a> Diabetes Care 42 (5): 731–754. May 2019  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2337%2Fdci19-0014">10.2337/dci19-0014</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/7011201">.7011201</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31000505">31000505</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-Em2015-119">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Em2015_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Em2015_119-1">b</a> Emadian A, Andrews RC, England CY, Wallace V, Thompson JL (November 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4657029">The effect of macronutrients on glycaemic control: a systematic review of dietary randomised controlled trials in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes in which there was no difference in weight loss between treatment groups</a> The British Journal of Nutrition 114 (10): 1656–1666. November 2015  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007114515003475">10.1017/S0007114515003475</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/4657029">.4657029</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26411958">26411958</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a> Grams J, Garvey WT (June 2015). «Weight Loss and the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Using Lifestyle Therapy, Pharmacotherapy, and Bariatric Surgery: Mechanisms of Action» Current Obesity Reports 4 (2): 287–302. June 2015  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13679-015-0155-x">10.1007/s13679-015-0155-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26627223">26627223</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a> Rosberger DF (December 2013) «Diabetic retinopathy: current concepts and emerging therapy» Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 42 (4): 721–745. December 2013  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecl.2013.08.001">10.1016/j.ecl.2013.08.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24286948">24286948</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a> MacIsaac RJ, Jerums G, Ekinci EI (March 2018). «Glycemic Control as Primary Prevention for Diabetic Kidney Disease» Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 25 (2): 141–148. March 2018  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.ackd.2017.11.003">10.1053/j.ackd.2017.11.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29580578">29580578</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pozzilli2014-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Pozzilli2014_123-0">↑</a> Pozzilli P, Strollo R, Bonora E (March 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4023573">One size does not fit all glycemic targets for type 2 diabetes</a> Journal of Diabetes Investigation 5 (2): 134–141. March 2014  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fjdi.12206">10.1111/jdi.12206</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/4023573">.4023573</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24843750">24843750</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-124">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_124-2">c</a> Ripsin CM, Kang H, Urban RJ (January 2009). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0101/p29.pdf">Management of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus</a>" (PDF). American Family Physician. 79 (1): 29–36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19145963">PMID 19145963</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130505033552/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0101/p29.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2013-05-05. </li> <li id="cite_note-Drugs2005-125">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Drugs2005_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drugs2005_125-1">b</a> Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ (2005). «Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus» Drugs 65 (3): 385–411. 2005  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2165%2F00003495-200565030-00005">10.2165/00003495-200565030-00005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15669880">15669880</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-126">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_126-1">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Reports" class="extiw" title="en:Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_College_of_Physicians" class="extiw" title="en:American College of Physicians">American College of Physicians</a> (April 2012), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://consumerhealthchoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/High-Value-Care-Diabetes-ACP.pdf">Choosing a type 2 diabetes drug – Why the best first choice is often the oldest drug</a>" (PDF), High Value Care, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Reports" class="extiw" title="en:Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702223552/http://consumerhealthchoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/High-Value-Care-Diabetes-ACP.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 2, 2014, retrieved August 14, 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a> Ganong, William F.: Manual de Fisiología Médica (1980), Ed. El Manual Moderno S.A., México, 299-300 orr. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">↑</a> Mitchell S, Malanda B, Damasceno A, Eckel RH, Gaita D, Kotseva K, et al. (September 2019) <a href="//doi.org/10.1016/j.gheart.2019.07.009" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/j.gheart.2019.07.009">A Roadmap on the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Among People Living With Diabetes</a> Global Heart 14 (3): 215–240. September 2019  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gheart.2019.07.009">10.1016/j.gheart.2019.07.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31451236">31451236</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">↑</a> Brunström M, Carlberg B (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4770818">Effect of antihypertensive treatment at different blood pressure levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analyses</a> BMJ 352: i717. February 2016  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.i717">10.1136/bmj.i717</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/4770818">.4770818</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26920333">26920333</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a> Brunström M, Carlberg B (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6773352">«Benefits and harms of lower blood pressure treatment targets: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials»</a> BMJ Open 9 (9): e026686. September 2019  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2018-026686">10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026686</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/6773352">.6773352</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31575567">31575567</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-131">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_131-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_131-3">d</a> Fox CS, Golden SH, Anderson C, Bray GA, Burke LE, de Boer IH, et al. (September 2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4876675">Update on Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Light of Recent Evidence: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association</a>". Diabetes Care. 38 (9): 1777–1803. <a href="//doi.org/10.2337/dci15-0012" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2337/dci15-0012">doi:10.2337/dci15-0012</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4876675">PMC 4876675</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26246459">PMID 26246459</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a> Cheng J, Zhang W, Zhang X, Han F, Li X, He X, et al. (May 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamainternmed.2014.348">«Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular deaths, and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis»</a> JAMA Internal Medicine 174 (5): 773–785. May 2014  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamainternmed.2014.348">10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.348</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24687000">24687000</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a> Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Ayis S (September 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5600262">«Effects of aliskiren on mortality, cardiovascular outcomes and adverse events in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease or risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13,395 patients»</a> Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research 14 (5): 400–406. September 2017  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1479164117715854">10.1177/1479164117715854</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/5600262">.5600262</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28844155">28844155</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-134">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_134-1">b</a> (Gaztelaniaz) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes">«Diabetes»</a> www.who.int (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-03-05). </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">↑</a> Pignone M, Alberts MJ, Colwell JA, Cushman M, Inzucchi SE, Mukherjee D, et al. (June 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2875463">«Aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association, a scientific statement of the American Heart Association, and an expert consensus document of the American College of Cardiology Foundation»</a> Diabetes Care 33 (6): 1395–1402. June 2010  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2337%2Fdc10-0555">10.2337/dc10-0555</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/2875463">.2875463</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20508233">20508233</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-NICENG17-136"><a href="#cite_ref-NICENG17_136-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17">«Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management»</a> www.nice.org.uk (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) 26 August 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-NICENG28-137"><a href="#cite_ref-NICENG28_137-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28">«Type 2 diabetes in adults: management»</a> www.nice.org.uk (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) 2 December 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">↑</a> Frachetti KJ, Goldfine AB (April 2009) «Bariatric surgery for diabetes management» Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 16 (2): 119–124. April 2009  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FMED.0b013e32832912e7">10.1097/MED.0b013e32832912e7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19276974">19276974</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schum2009-139">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Schum2009_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schum2009_139-1">b</a> Schulman AP, del Genio F, Sinha N, Rubino F (September–October 2009). «"Metabolic" surgery for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus» Endocrine Practice 15 (6): 624–631. September–October 2009  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4158%2FEP09170.RAR">10.4158/EP09170.RAR</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19625245">19625245</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a> Colucci RA (January 2011) «Bariatric surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes: a viable option» Postgraduate Medicine 123 (1): 24–33. January 2011  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3810%2Fpgm.2011.01.2242">10.3810/pgm.2011.01.2242</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21293081">21293081</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">↑</a> Dixon JB, le Roux CW, Rubino F, Zimmet P (June 2012) «Bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes» Lancet 379 (9833): 2300–2311. June 2012  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2960401-2">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60401-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22683132">22683132</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/transplantation/pancreas-transplantation.html">Pancreas Transplantation. </a> American Diabetes Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413123750/http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/transplantation/pancreas-transplantation.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-Polisena-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Polisena_143-0">↑</a> Polisena J, Tran K, Cimon K, Hutton B, McGill S, Palmer K (October 2009). «Home telehealth for diabetes management: a systematic review and meta-analysis» Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 11 (10): 913–930. October 2009  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1463-1326.2009.01057.x">10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01057.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19531058">19531058</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-pal-144">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-pal_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pal_144-1">b</a> Pal K, Eastwood SV, Michie S, Farmer AJ, Barnard ML, Peacock R, et al. (Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (March 2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6486319">«Computer-based diabetes self-management interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus»</a> The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD008776. March 2013  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD008776.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD008776.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/6486319">.6486319</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543567">23543567</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a> Wei I, Pappas Y, Car J, Sheikh A, Majeed A, et al. (Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (December 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6486022">«Computer-assisted versus oral-and-written dietary history taking for diabetes mellitus»</a> The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12): CD008488. December 2011  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD008488.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD008488.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/6486022">.6486022</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22161430">22161430</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-146">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_146-1">b</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diabetesatlas.org/">IDF Diabetes Atlas | Tenth Edition. </a> (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-03-05). </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">↑</a> Elflein J (10 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/271442/number-of-diabetics-worldwide/">Estimated number diabetics worldwide</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a> Shi Y, Hu FB (June 2014). "The global implications of diabetes and cancer". Lancet. 383 (9933): 1947–1948. <a href="//doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60886-2" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60886-2">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60886-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24910221">PMID 24910221</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7496891">S2CID 7496891</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">↑</a> . </li> <li id="cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ci-1-150">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ci-1_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ci-1_150-1">b</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/271442/number-of-diabetics-worldwide/">«Estimated number diabetics worldwide 2021»</a> Statista (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-09-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204871/9789241565257_eng.pdf">Global Report on Diabetes</a>" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">↑</a> Gale EA, Gillespie KM (January 2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs001250051573">«Diabetes and gender»</a> Diabetologia 44 (1): 3–15. January 2001  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs001250051573">10.1007/s001250051573</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11206408">11206408</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">↑</a> Meisinger C, Thorand B, Schneider A, Stieber J, Döring A, Löwel H (January 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinte.162.1.82">«Sex differences in risk factors for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: the MONICA Augsburg cohort study»</a> Archives of Internal Medicine 162 (1): 82–89. January 2002  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinte.162.1.82">10.1001/archinte.162.1.82</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11784224">11784224</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2013Top10-154"><a href="#cite_ref-WHO2013Top10_154-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/">The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310. </a> World Health Organization October 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2016-155">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_155-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204871/9789241565257_eng.pdf">Global Report on Diabetes. </a> World Health Organization 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">↑</a> Public Health Agency of Canada, Diabetes in Canada: Facts and figures from a public health perspective. </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-157">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_157-1">b</a> Elflein J (10 December 2019 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/271442/number-of-diabetics-worldwide/">Estimated number diabetics wordwide</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">↑</a> Mathers CD, Loncar D (November 2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1664601">«Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030»</a> PLOS Medicine 3 (11): e442. November 2006  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030442">10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1664601">.1664601</a> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17132052">17132052</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wild2004-159">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Wild2004_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wild2004_159-1">b</a> Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H (May 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiacare.27.5.1047">«Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030»</a> Diabetes Care 27 (5): 1047–1053. May 2004  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiacare.27.5.1047">10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15111519">15111519</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">↑</a> Tulchinsky TH, Varavikova EA (2008). The New Public Health, Second Edition. New York: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Press" class="extiw" title="en:Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-12-370890-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-12-370890-8">ISBN 978-0-12-370890-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">↑</a> Piwernetz K, Home PD, Snorgaard O, Antsiferov M, Staehr-Johansen K, Krans M (May 1993) «Monitoring the targets of the St Vincent Declaration and the implementation of quality management in diabetes care: the DIABCARE initiative. The DIABCARE Monitoring Group of the St Vincent Declaration Steering Committee» Diabetic Medicine 10 (4): 371–377. May 1993  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1464-5491.1993.tb00083.x">10.1111/j.1464-5491.1993.tb00083.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8508624">8508624</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">↑</a> The Saint Vincent Declaration on diabetes care and research in Europe. Acta diabetologia. 1989, 10 (Suppl) 143-144 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">↑</a> Felton Anne-Marie, Hall Michael S (2009). "Diabetes - from St. Vincent to Glasgow, Have we progressed in 20 years ?". British Journal of Diabetes and Vascular Disease. 9 (4): 142–44. <a href="//doi.org/10.1177/1474651409341318" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1177/1474651409341318">doi:10.1177/1474651409341318</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EO005-Dubois&Bankauskaite-164"><a href="#cite_ref-EO005-Dubois&Bankauskaite_164-0">↑</a> Dubois H, Bankauskaite V (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.lse.ac.uk/LSEHealthAndSocialCare/pdf/euroObserver/Obsvol7no2.pdf">«Type 2 diabetes programmes in Europe»</a> Euro Observer 7 (2): 5–6.. </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17563611-165"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17563611_165-0">↑</a> Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Hirsch AG, Brandenburg NA (June 2007) «Lost productive time and costs due to diabetes and diabetic neuropathic pain in the US workforce» Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 49 (6): 672–679. June 2007  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FJOM.0b013e318065b83a">10.1097/JOM.0b013e318065b83a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17563611">17563611</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-hcup-us.ahrq-166"><a href="#cite_ref-hcup-us.ahrq_166-0">↑</a> Washington R.E.; Andrews R.M.; Mutter R.L.. (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb167.jsp">Emergency Department Visits for Adults with Diabetes, 2010. </a> Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24455787">24455787</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/type_1_vs_type_2_diabetes_similarities_differences/article.htm">«Type 1 vs. Type 2 Diabetes Differences: Which One Is Worse?»</a> MedicineNet. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">↑</a> Parker K (2008). <a href="//archive.org/details/livingwithdiabet0000park" class="extiw" title="iarchive:livingwithdiabet0000park">Living with diabetes.</a> New York: Facts On File. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4381-2108-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4381-2108-6">ISBN 978-1-4381-2108-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">↑</a> Öhlund M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/14746/1/ohlund_m_171123.pdf">Feline diabetes mellitus Aspects on epidemiology and pathogenesis</a> (PDF). Acta Universitatis agriculturae Sueciae. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-91-7760-067-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-91-7760-067-1">ISBN 978-91-7760-067-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merck-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Merck_170-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/40302.htm">«Diabetes mellitus»</a> Merck Veterinary Manual, 9th edition (online version). </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <ul><li>(Gaztelaniaz) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seenweb.org/">Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición</a></li> <li>(Frantsesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endocrino.net/">Le Site de l'Endocrinologie, Diabetologie et Maladies Metaboliques</a></li> <li>(Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diabetesatlas.org/atlas/tenth-edition/?dlmodal=active&dlsrc=https%3A%2F%2Fdiabetesatlas.org%2Fidfawp%2Fresource-files%2F2021%2F07%2FIDF_Atlas_10th_Edition_2021.pdf">IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th edition 2021</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236167">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236165">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wikimedia proiektuak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a> Datuak: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q12206">Q12206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Multimedia: <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diabetes_mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q12206%22">Q12206</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Identifikadoreak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4070446-4">4070446-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85037456">sh85037456</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573283">00573283</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114310">ph114310</a></li> <li>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/diabetes-mellitus">url</a></li> <li>Medikuntzako identifikadoreak</li> <li>DOID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.disease-ontology.org/?id=DOID:9351">DOID:9351</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIE-10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CIE-10 (sortu gabe)">CIE-10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icdcodelookup.com/icd-10/codes/E08-E13">E08-E13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIE-9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CIE-9 (sortu gabe)">CIE-9</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?action=search&srchtext=250">250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/ency/article/001214.htm">001214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117739-overview">117739</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D003920">D003920</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orphanet (sortu gabe)">Orphanet</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/101952">101952</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a> Datuak: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q12206">Q12206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Multimedia: <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diabetes_mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q12206%22">Q12206</a></li></ul> </div></div>    </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See \u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetak\u003E.");});</script><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&oldid=9976988">https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&oldid=9976988</a>"(e)tik eskuratuta</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Kategoriak" title="Berezi:Kategoriak">Kategoriak</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Erreferentziatan_akatsak_dituzten_orrialdeak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kategoria:Erreferentziatan akatsak dituzten orrialdeak">Erreferentziatan akatsak dituzten orrialdeak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Diabetesa" title="Kategoria:Diabetesa">Diabetesa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Heriotza_arrazoiak" title="Kategoria:Heriotza arrazoiak">Heriotza arrazoiak</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Ezkutuko kategoriak: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Erreferentzietan_akatsak_dituzten_orrialdeak" title="Kategoria:Erreferentzietan akatsak dituzten orrialdeak">Erreferentzietan akatsak dituzten orrialdeak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:PMID_lotura_magikoak_dituzten_orrialdeak" title="Kategoria:PMID lotura magikoak dituzten orrialdeak">PMID lotura magikoak dituzten orrialdeak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Wikipedia_guztiek_izan_beharreko_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluak">Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Artikulu_nabarmenduak" title="Kategoria:Artikulu nabarmenduak">Artikulu nabarmenduak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Wikipedia:GND_identifikatzailea_duten_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia:GND identifikatzailea duten artikuluak">Wikipedia:GND identifikatzailea duten artikuluak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Wikipedia:LCCN_identifikatzailea_duten_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia:LCCN identifikatzailea duten artikuluak">Wikipedia:LCCN identifikatzailea duten artikuluak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Wikipedia:14_elementuko_autoritate_kontrola_duten_orriak" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia:14 elementuko autoritate kontrola duten orriak">Wikipedia:14 elementuko autoritate kontrola duten orriak</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Orriaren azken aldaketa: 22 azaroa 2024, 02:23.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Testua <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.eu">Creative Commons Aitortu-PartekatuBerdin 4.0 lizentziari</a> jarraituz erabil daiteke; baliteke beste klausularen batzuk ere aplikatu behar izatea. Xehetasunen berri izateko, ikus <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">erabilera-baldintzak</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Pribazitate politika</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Wikipediari_buruz">Wikipediari buruz</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Erantzukizunen_mugaketa_orokorra">Lege oharra</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Garatzaileak</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/eu.wikipedia.org">Estatistikak</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie adierazpena</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//eu.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mugikorreko bista</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rhwrx","wgBackendResponseTime":182,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.011","walltime":"1.254","ppvisitednodes":{"value":51816,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":247560,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":76921,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":159937,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":14,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1053.459 1 -total"," 45.21% 476.271 1 Txantiloi:Erreferentzia_zerrenda"," 33.84% 356.439 194 Txantiloi:Erreferentzia/oinarria"," 20.84% 219.537 1 Txantiloi:Autoritate_kontrola"," 19.93% 209.959 55 Txantiloi:Cite_aldizkari"," 18.52% 195.138 1 Txantiloi:Gaixotasun_infotaula"," 18.17% 191.387 1 Txantiloi:Infotaula"," 7.55% 79.506 16 Txantiloi:Erreferentzia"," 6.09% 64.147 16 Txantiloi:Cite_web"," 4.55% 47.956 2 Txantiloi:Top_icon"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.228","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4372352,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-4wgjr","timestamp":"20241122012404","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Diabetes","url":"https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diabetes","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12206","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12206","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-07-07T17:18:30Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T01:23:18Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/43\/Blue_circle_for_diabetes.svg","headline":"gaixotasun edo sindrome metabolikoa da, zehazki azukrearen metabolismoarekin lotuta dagoena."}</script> </body> </html>