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line-height:25px\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-left:50px;\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-top:2px; color:#444; font-size:1.15em; line-height:1.5;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-left:8px; padding-right:8px;\"\u003EПрикључите се \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_2\" title=\"Википедија:Акција писања изабраних спискова 2\"\u003Eдругој акцији писања изабраних спискова\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E.\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"noticebanner\" style=\"display: none;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"plainlinks\" style=\"background-color: #FBEBEA; border-radius:5px; margin-top:10px; position:relative; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-family: \u0026#39;Helvetica\u0026#39;, \u0026#39;Arial\u0026#39;, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; box-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.15 ); overflow:hidden;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"display:block; top:4px; width:100%; text-align:center;;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"color:#000085; font-size:25px; line-height:25px\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-left:50px;\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-top:2px; color:#444; font-size:1.15em; line-height:1.5;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"padding-left:8px; padding-right:8px;\"\u003EПридружите се \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_2\" title=\"Википедија:Акција писања чланака о образовним установама 2\"\u003Eдругој акцији писања чланака о образовним установама\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E.\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сајт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Садржај" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Садржај</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">помери на страну</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">сакриј</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Почетак</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istorija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istorija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istorija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ljuske" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ljuske"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ljuske</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ljuske-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podljuske" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podljuske"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Podljuske</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podljuske-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broj_elektrona_u_svakoj_ljusci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broj_elektrona_u_svakoj_ljusci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Broj elektrona u svakoj ljusci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broj_elektrona_u_svakoj_ljusci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valentna_ljuska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valentna_ljuska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Valentna ljuska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valentna_ljuska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spisak_elemenata_sa_brojem_elektrona_po_ljusci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spisak_elemenata_sa_brojem_elektrona_po_ljusci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Spisak elemenata sa brojem elektrona po ljusci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spisak_elemenata_sa_brojem_elektrona_po_ljusci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vidi_još" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vidi_još"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vidi još</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vidi_još-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoljašnje_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoljašnje_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Spoljašnje veze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoljašnje_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Садржај" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Садржај" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Прикажи/сакриј садржај" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Прикажи/сакриј садржај</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elektronska ljuska</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Чланак на другим језицима. Доступан на: 62" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 језика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronskil" title="Elektronskil — африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektronskil" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A4" title="غلاف تكافؤ — арапски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلاف تكافؤ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арапски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capa_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Capa electrónica — астуријски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Capa electrónica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астуријски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_qab%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Elektron qabığı — азербејџански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektron qabığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербејџански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron — индонежански" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelopak elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонежански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petala_elektron" title="Petala elektron — малајски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Petala elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малајски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Електронен слой — бугарски" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електронен слой" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="бугарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0" title="ইলেকট্রনের শক্তিস্তর — бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলেকট্রনের শক্তিস্তর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capa_d%27electrons" title="Capa d'electrons — каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Capa d'electrons" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Электронлă йăлхах — чувашки" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электронлă йăлхах" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronov%C3%BD_obal" title="Elektronový obal — чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektronový obal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronskal" title="Elektronskal — дански" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektronskal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomh%C3%BClle" title="Atomhülle — немачки" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atomhülle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немачки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronkiht" title="Elektronkiht — естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektronkiht" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Ηλεκτρονιακή στιβάδα — грчки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρονιακή στιβάδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грчки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell — енглески" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electron shell" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="енглески" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capa_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Capa electrónica — шпански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Capa electrónica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="шпански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronkovra%C4%B5o" title="Elektronkovraĵo — есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektronkovraĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geruza_elektroniko" title="Geruza elektroniko — баскијски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Geruza elektroniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскијски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="لایه الکترونی — персијски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لایه الکترونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персијски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couche_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Couche électronique — француски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Couche électronique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קליפת אלקטרונים — хебрејски" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קליפת אלקטרונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="хебрејски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन कोश — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन कोश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronska_ljuska" title="Elektronska ljuska — хрватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektronska ljuska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хрватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%AE%BB" title="電子殻 — јапански" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子殻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="јапански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B_%D1%82%D2%B1%D1%80%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Химиялық элементтердің периодтық жүйесін атом құрылысы тұрғысынан сипаттау — казашки" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химиялық элементтердің периодтық жүйесін атом құрылысы тұрғысынан сипаттау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mzingo_elektroni" title="Mzingo elektroni — свахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mzingo elektroni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="свахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%EA%BB%8D%EC%A7%88" title="전자 껍질 — корејски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자 껍질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корејски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegimen_electronicum" title="Tegimen electronicum — латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tegimen electronicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronh%C3%A9j" title="Elektronhéj — мађарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektronhéj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="мађарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електронска обвивка — македонски" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електронска обвивка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%85%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB" title="Электрон бүрхүүл — монголски" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Электрон бүрхүүл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монголски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronenschil" title="Elektronenschil — холандски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektronenschil" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="холандски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronskall" title="Elektronskall — норвешки букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektronskall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвешки букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronskal" title="Elektronskal — норвешки нинорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektronskal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвешки нинорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capa_electronica" title="Capa electronica — окситански" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Capa electronica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomdagi_elektronlarning_qobiqlari" title="Atomdagi elektronlarning qobiqlari — узбечки" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atomdagi elektronlarning qobiqlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбечки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronenschaal" title="Elektronenschaal — нисконемачки" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elektronenschaal" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="нисконемачки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow%C5%82oka_elektronowa" title="Powłoka elektronowa — пољски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powłoka elektronowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="пољски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADvel_eletr%C3%B4nico" title="Nível eletrônico — португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nível eletrônico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Enveli%C8%99_electronic" title="Înveliș electronic — румунски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Înveliș electronic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румунски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1uku_hawa" title="Iñuku hawa — кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iñuku hawa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Електронный обал — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Електронный обал" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электронная оболочка — руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электронная оболочка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%A0" title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝන කවච — синхалешки" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝන කවච" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="синхалешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electron shell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr%C3%B3nov%C3%BD_obal" title="Elektrónový obal — словачки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrónový obal" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словачки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronska_lupina" title="Elektronska lupina — словеначки" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektronska lupina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словеначки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronska_ljuska" title="Elektronska ljuska — српскохрватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektronska ljuska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="српскохрватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronikuori" title="Elektronikuori — фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elektronikuori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%AF" title="Электрон сүрү — татарски" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Электрон сүрү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ระดับชั้นอิเล็กตรอน — тајски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระดับชั้นอิเล็กตรอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тајски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%8F_electron" title="Vỏ electron — вијетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vỏ electron" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вијетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Абри электронӣ — таџички" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Абри электронӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таџички" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_kabu%C4%9Fu" title="Elektron kabuğu — турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektron kabuğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електронна оболонка — украјински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електронна оболонка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украјински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%84" title="برقیہ خول — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقیہ خول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%84%DB%90%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%82%DB%95%DB%8B%DB%95%D8%AA" title="ئېلېكترون قەۋەت — ујгурски" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېلېكترون قەۋەت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ујгурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%82" title="电子层 — ву кинески" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电子层" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву кинески" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%A4" title="電子層 — кинески" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="電子層" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кинески" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%A4" title="電子層 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="電子層" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%AE%BC" title="電子殼 — кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電子殼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193793#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Уреди међујезичке везе" class="wbc-editpage">Уреди везе</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именски простори"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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title="Хемија">hemiji</a> i <a href="/wiki/Atomic_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic physics">atomskoj fizici</a>, <b>elektronska ljuska</b>, ili <b>glavni energetski nivo</b>, može se smatrati <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Орбита">orbitom</a> koju prate <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон">elektroni</a> oko <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Атомско језгро">jezgra</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом">atoma</a>. Ljuska najbliža jezgru naziva se „<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">1</span> ljuska” (ona se takođe zove „K ljuska”), a zatim sledi „<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">2</span> ljuska” (ili „L ljuska”), zatim „<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">3</span> ljuska” (ili „M ljuska”) i tako dalje i dalje od jezgra. Ljuske odgovaraju <a href="/wiki/Principal_quantum_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal quantum number">glavnim kvantnim brojevima</a> (<i>n</i> = 1, 2, 3, 4 ...) ili su abecedno označene slovima koja se koriste u <a href="/w/index.php?title=X-ray_notation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X-ray notation (страница не постоји)">rendgenskoj notaciji</a> (K, L, M, ...). </p><p>Svaka ljuska može da sadrži samo fiksni broj elektrona. Prva ljuska može da sadrži do dva elektrona, druga ljuska može da sadrži do osam (2 + 6) elektrona, treća ljuska može da drži do 18 (2 + 6 + 10 ) i tako dalje. Opšta formula je da <i>n</i>-ta ljuska može u principu da sadrži do 2(<a href="/wiki/Square_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Square number"><i>n</i><sup>2</sup></a>) elektrona.<sup id="cite_ref-madsci_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsci-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Budući se elektrone <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Електрично поље">privlači</a> jezgro, elektroni atoma će generalno zauzimati spoljašnje ljuske samo ako su unutrašnje ljuske već potpuno popunili drugi elektroni. Međutim, to nije strog zahtev: atomi mogu da imaju dve ili čak tri nepotpune spoljašnje ljuske. (Za više detalja pogledajte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aufbau_principle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aufbau principle (страница не постоји)">Madelungovo pravilo</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-corrosionsource.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corrosionsource.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elektroni u najudaljenijoj zauzetoj ljusci (ili ljuskama) određuju hemijska svojstva atoma; ona se naziva <i>valentna ljuska</i>. Svaka ljuska se sastoji od jedne ili više <i>podljuski</i>, i svaka podljuska se sastoji od jedne ili više <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Атомска орбитала">atomskih orbitala</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorija">Istorija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronska_ljuska&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Уредите одељак „Istorija”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronska_ljuska&action=edit&section=1" title="Уреди извор одељка: Istorija"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Terminologija ljuske potiče iz <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Zomerfeld" title="Arnold Zomerfeld">Arnold Zomerfeldove</a> modifikacije <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Боров модел атома">Borovog modela</a>. Zomerfeld je zadržao Borov planetarni model, ali je dodao blago eliptične orbite (okarakterisane dodatnim <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Квантни бројеви">kvantnim brojevima</a> <i>ℓ</i> i <i>m</i>) da bi objasnio finu <a href="/wiki/Emisioni_spektar" title="Emisioni spektar">spektroskopsku strukturu</a> nekih elemenata.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Višestruki elektroni sa istim glavnim kvantnim brojem (<i>n</i>) imali su bliske orbite koje su formirale „ljusku” pozitivne debljine umesto beskonačno tanke kružne orbite Borovog modela. </p><p>Postojanje elektronskih ljuski prvo je eksperimentalno primećeno u studijama apsorpcije <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Рендгенски зраци">rendgenskih zraka</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Чарлс Гловер Баркла">Čarlsa Barkla</a> i <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Хенри Мозли">Henrija Mozlija</a>. Barkl ih je označio slovima K, L, M, N, O, P i Q.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poreklo ove terminologije bilo je abecedno. Sumljalo se da postoji i „J” serija, mada su kasniji eksperimenti pokazali da K apsorpcione linije proizvode najdublji elektroni. Kasnije je utvrđeno da se ova slova odgovaraju <a href="/wiki/Principal_quantum_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal quantum number"><i>n</i> vrednostima</a> 1, 2, 3, itd. Ona se koriste se u spektroskopskoj <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegbahn_notation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siegbahn notation (страница не постоји)">Sigbanovoj notaciji</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Физичка хемија">Fizički hemičar</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%8A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Гилберт Њутон Луис">Gilbert Njuton Luis</a> bio je odgovoran za veći deo ranog razvoja teorije o učešću elektrona valentne ljuske u hemijskom vezivanju. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Лајнус Полинг">Lajnus Poling</a> je kasnije generalizovao i proširio teoriju primenjujući uvide iz <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum mechanics">kvantne mehanike</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ljuske">Ljuske</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronska_ljuska&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Уредите одељак „Ljuske”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronska_ljuska&action=edit&section=2" title="Уреди извор одељка: Ljuske"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elektronske ljuske su označene sa K, L, M, N, O, P i Q; ili 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 i 7; iduči od ljuske najbliže jezgru ka spoljašnjosti. Elektroni u spoljnim ljuskama imaju višu prosečnu energiju i putuju dalje od jezgra od onih u unutrašnjim ljušturama. Ovo ih čini važnijim u određivanju kako atomi hemijski reaguju i kako se ponašaju kao provodnici, jer privlačenje jezgra atoma slabije deluje na njih i lakše se prevladava. Stoga je reaktivnost datog elementa u velikoj meri zavisna od njegove elektronske konfiguracije. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Podljuske">Podljuske</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronska_ljuska&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Уредите одељак „Podljuske”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronska_ljuska&action=edit&section=3" title="Уреди извор одељка: Podljuske"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Svaka ljuska je sastavljena od jedne ili više potljuski, koje su i same sastavljene od <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic orbital">atomskih orbitala</a>. Na primer, prva (K) ljuska ima jednu podljusku, zvanu <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">1s</span>; druga (L) ljuska ima dve potljuske, koje se zovu <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">2s</span> i <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">2p</span>; treća ljuska ima <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">3s</span>, <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">3p</span> i <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">3d</span>; četvrta ljuska ima <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">4s</span>, <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">4p</span>, <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">4d</span> i <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">4f</span>; peta ljuska ima <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">5s</span>, <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">5p</span>, <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">5d</span> i <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">5f</span>, i teoretski može da drži više u <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">5g</span> podljusci, koja nije popunjena u osnovnom stanju elektronske konfiguracije bilo kog poznatog elementa.<sup id="cite_ref-corrosionsource.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corrosionsource.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Različite moguće podljuske su prikazane u sledećoj tabeli: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Oznaka podljske</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Azimuthal_quantum_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Azimuthal quantum number"><i>ℓ</i></a></th> <th>Maks. elektrona</th> <th>Ljuske koje je sadrže</th> <th>Istorijsko ime </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">s</span></td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>Svaka ljuska</td> <td align="left"> <b>s</b>harp </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">p</span></td> <td>1</td> <td>6</td> <td>2. ljuska i više</td> <td align="left"> <b>p</b>rincipal </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">d</span></td> <td>2</td> <td>10</td> <td>3. ljuska i više</td> <td align="left"> <b>d</b>iffuse </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">f</span></td> <td>3</td> <td>14</td> <td>4. ljuska i više</td> <td align="left"> <b>f</b>undamental </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">g</span></td> <td>4</td> <td>18</td> <td>5. ljuska i više (teoretski)</td> <td align="left"><i>(sledeće u alfabetu nakon <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">f</span>, izuzimajući <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">i</span>)</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Prva kolona je „oznaka podljuske”, koja se piše malim slovima. Na primer, „<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">4s</span> podljuska” je potljuska četvrte (N) ljuske, sa tipom <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">s</span> opisanim u prvom redu.</li> <li>Druga kolona je <a href="/wiki/Azimuthal_quantum_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Azimuthal quantum number">azimutni kvantni broj</a> (ℓ) podljuske. Precizna definicija uključuje <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum mechanics">kvantnu mehaniku</a>, ali to je broj koji karakteriše potljusku.</li> <li>Treća kolona je maksimalni broj elektrona koji mogu da zauzimaju podljusku tog tipa. Na primer, gornji red navodi da svaka podljuska <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">s</span>-tipa (<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">1s</span>, <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">2s</span>, itd.) može da ima najviše dva elektrona u sebi. Svaka podljuska osim prve može da ima 4 elektrona više od prethodne.</li> <li>Četvrta kolona navodi koje ljuske imaju podljusku datog tipa. Na primer, gledajući gornja dva reda, svaka ljuska ima <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">s</span> podljusku, dok samo druga ljuska i više imaju <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">p</span> podljusku (i.e., ne postoji <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">1p</span> podljuska).</li> <li>Krajnja kolona navodi istorijsko poreklo oznaka: <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">s</span>, <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">p</span>, <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">d</span>, i <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">f</span>. One potiču od ranih studija <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Спектроскопија">atomskih spektralnih linija</a>. Ostale etikete, naime <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">g</span>, <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">h</span> i <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">i</span>, su abecedni nastavak nakon poslednje istorijski nastale etikete <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">f</span>.</li></ul> <p>Iako se obično kaže da svi elektroni u ljusci imaju istu energiju, ovo je aproksimacija. Međutim, elektroni u jednoj <i>podljusci</i> imaju potpuno isti nivo energije,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dok sledeće podljuske imaju više energije po elektronu od prethodnih. Ovaj efekat je dovoljno veliki da se energetski rasponi povezani sa ljuskama mogu preklapati (pogledajte <i><a href="#valentna_ljuska">valentne ljuske</a></i> i <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF#Ауфбау_принцип" title="Паулијев принцип">Aufbau princip</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Broj_elektrona_u_svakoj_ljusci">Broj elektrona u svakoj ljusci</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronska_ljuska&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Уредите одељак „Broj elektrona u svakoj ljusci”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronska_ljuska&action=edit&section=4" title="Уреди извор одељка: Broj elektrona u svakoj ljusci"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Electron_subshels_(triangles).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Electron_subshels_%28triangles%29.png/220px-Electron_subshels_%28triangles%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="768" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Electron_subshels_%28triangles%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="883" /></a><figcaption>Ljuske i podljuske. 1 pravougaoni trougao (1/2 ćelije) = 1 elektron na datom nivou. Crvena boja označava podnivo <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">s</span>; narandžasta - <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">p</span>; žuta - <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">d</span>; zelena - <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">f</span>; plava - <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">g</span>; indigo - <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">h</span>; ljubičasta - <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">i</span></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ime<br />ljuske</th> <th>Ime<br />podljuske</th> <th>Maks.<br />elektrona<br />u podljusci</th> <th>Maks.<br />elektrona<br />u ljusci </th></tr> <tr> <td>K</td> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">1s</span></td> <td>2</td> <td><b>2</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">L </td> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">2s</span> </td> <td>2 </td> <td rowspan="2">2 + 6 = <b>8</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">2p</span> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">M </td> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">3s</span> </td> <td>2 </td> <td rowspan="3">2 + 6 + 10<br />= <b>18</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">3p</span> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">3d</span> </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">N </td> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">4s</span> </td> <td>2 </td> <td rowspan="4">2 + 6 +<br /> 10 + 14<br />= <b>32</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">4p</span> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">4d</span> </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">4f</span> </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">O </td> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">5s</span> </td> <td>2 </td> <td rowspan="5">2 + 6 +<br /> 10 + 14 +<br /> 18 = <b>50</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">5p</span> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">5d</span> </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">5f</span> </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">5g</span> </td> <td>18 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Svaka podljuska je ograničena da sadrži najviše <span class="texhtml">4<i>ℓ</i> <b>+</b> 2</span> elektrona, naime: </p> <ul><li>Svaka <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">s</span> podljuska sadrži najviše 2 elektrona</li> <li>Svaka <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">p</span> podljuska sadrži najviše 6 elektrona</li> <li>Svaka <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">d</span> podljuska sadrži najviše 10 elektrona</li> <li>Svaka <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">f</span> podljuska sadrži najviše 14 elektrona</li> <li>Svaka <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">g</span> podljuska sadrži najviše 18 elektrona</li></ul> <p>Stoga, K ljuska, koja sadrži samo <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">s</span> podljusku, može da ima samo do 2 elektrona; L ljuska, koja sadrži <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">s</span> i <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">p</span>, može da sadrži do 2 + 6 = 8 elektrona, i tako dalje; generalno, <a href="/wiki/Square_number#Properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Square number"><i>n</i>-ta ljuska može da sadrži do 2<i>n</i><sup>2</sup></a> elektrona.<sup id="cite_ref-madsci_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsci-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iako ta formula u principu daje maksimum, u stvari se maksimum jedino <i>postiže</i> (kod poznatih elemenata) za prve četiri ljuske (K, L, M, N). Ni jedan poznati element nema više od 32 elektrona u bilo kojoj ljusci.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To je zato što se podljuske popunjavaju po Aufbau principu. Prvi elementi koji bi imali više od 32 elektrona u jednoj ljusci pripadali bi <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Проширени периодни систем"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">g</span>-bloku</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_8_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 8 element">8. periode</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Периодни систем">periodnog sistema</a>. Ovi elementi bi imali neke od elektrona u svojoj <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">5g</span> podljusci i na taj način imali bi više od 32 elektrona u O ljusci (petoj glavnoj ljusci). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Valentna_ljuska">Valentna ljuska</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronska_ljuska&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Уредите одељак „Valentna ljuska”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronska_ljuska&action=edit&section=5" title="Уреди извор одељка: Valentna ljuska"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24414138">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Takođe pogledajte: <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Валентни електрон">Valentni elektron</a></div> <p><b>Valentna ljuska</b> je najudaljenija ljuska <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом">atoma</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Валентни електрон">Valentni elektroni</a> u elementima koji nisu <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Прелазни метал">prelazni metali</a> nalaze se u ovoj ljusci. Takvi elementi sa kompletnom valentnom školjkom (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Племенити гасови">plemeniti gasovi</a>) su u najvećoj meri hemijski nereaktivni, dok su najreaktivniji oni koji imaju samo jedan elektron u svojoj valentnoj ljusci (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Алкални метал">alkalni metali</a>) ili im nedostaje samo jedan elektron do kompletne ljuske (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Халоген">halogeni</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Međutim, ova terminologija je donekle pogrešna u slučaju prelaznih metala. Kod tih elemenata valentni elektron takođe može biti u unutrašnjoj ljusci. Stoga, elektroni koji određuju kako atom hemijski reaguje su oni koji se kreću najudaljenije od jezgra, odnosno oni sa najvišom <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Енергија">energijom</a>, a ne nužno u valentnoj ljusci. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spisak_elemenata_sa_brojem_elektrona_po_ljusci">Spisak elemenata sa brojem elektrona po ljusci</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronska_ljuska&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Уредите одељак „Spisak elemenata sa brojem elektrona po ljusci”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronska_ljuska&action=edit&section=6" title="Уреди извор одељка: Spisak elemenata sa brojem elektrona po ljusci"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sledeća lista daje elemente poređane po rastućem atomskom broju i prikazuje broj elektrona po ljusci. Na prvi pogled se vidi da podskupovi liste pokazuju očigledne obrasce. Konkretno, sedam elemenata (sa <span style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #c0ffff; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> plavom pozadinom) pre <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble gas">plemenitog gasa</a> (grupa 18, <span style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ff9; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> žutom) viši od <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хелијум">helijuma</a>, imaju broj elektrona u <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" class="mw-redirect" title="Valence electron">valentnoj ljusci</a> u <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_progression" class="mw-redirect" title="Arithmetic progression">aritmetičkoj progresiji</a>. (Međutim, ovaj obrazac se može da bude narušen u <a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 7 element">sedmoj periodi</a> zbog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relativistic_quantum_chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relativistic quantum chemistry (страница не постоји)">relativističkih efekata</a>.) </p><p>Sortiranje tabele prema hemijskim <a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (periodic table)">grupama</a> pokazuje dodatne obrasce, posebno u odnosu na poslednje dve najudaljenije ljuske. (Elementi 57 do 71 pripadaju <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Лантаноиди">lantanoidima</a>, dok su 89 do 103 <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Актиноиди">aktinoidi</a>.) </p><p>Sledeća lista je prvenstveno u skladu sa Aufbau principom. Međutim, postoji nekoliko izuzetaka od pravila; na primer, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Паладијум">paladijum</a> (atomski broj 46) nema elektrone u petoj ljusci, za razliku od drugih atoma sa <i>nižim</i> atomskim brojem. Neki unosi u tabeli su nesigurni, jer eksperimentalni podaci nisu dostupni. (Na primer, elementi iznad 108. imaju tako kratak <a href="/wiki/Polu%C5%BEivot" class="mw-redirect" title="Poluživot">poluživot</a> tako da njihove elektronske konfiguracije još nisu merene.) </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic number"><i>Z</i></a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical element">Element</a></th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page) (страница не постоји)">Br. elektrona/ljuska</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (periodic table)">Grupa</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Водоник">Vodonik</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff9;"> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хелијум">Helijum</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Litijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Litijum">Litijum</a></td> <td>2, 1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Берилијум">Berilijum</a></td> <td>2, 2</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Бор (хемијски елемент)">Bor</a></td> <td>2, 3</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Угљеник">Ugljenik</a></td> <td>2, 4</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот">Azot</a></td> <td>2, 5</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кисеоник">Kiseonik</a></td> <td>2, 6</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Флуор">Fluor</a></td> <td>2, 7</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff9;"> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Неон">Neon</a></td> <td>2, 8</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Натријум">Natrijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Магнезијум">Magnezijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 2</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Алуминијум">Aluminijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 3</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Силицијум">Silicijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 4</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор">Fosfor</a></td> <td>2, 8, 5</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Сумпор">Sumpor</a></td> <td>2, 8, 6</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор">Hlor</a></td> <td>2, 8, 7</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff9;"> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Аргон">Argon</a></td> <td>2, 8, 8</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калијум">Kalijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 8, 1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калцијум">Kalcijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 8, 2</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Скандијум">Skandijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 9, 2</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Титанијум">Titanijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 10, 2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ванадијум">Vanadijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 11, 2</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром">Hrom</a></td> <td>2, 8, 13, 1</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Манган">Mangan</a></td> <td>2, 8, 13, 2</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%92%D0%B5" title="Гвожђе">Gvožđe</a></td> <td>2, 8, 14, 2</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Кобалт">Kobalt</a></td> <td>2, 8, 15, 2</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Никал">Nikal</a></td> <td>2, 8, 16, 2</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>29</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бакар">Bakar</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 1</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк">Cink</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 2</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>31</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Галијум">Galijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 3</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>32</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Германијум">Germanijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 4</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>33</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Арсен">Arsen</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 5</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>34</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Селенијум">Selenijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 6</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>35</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром">Brom</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 7</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff9;"> <td>36</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Криптон">Kripton</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 8</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>37</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рубидијум">Rubidijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 8, 1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>38</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Стронцијум">Stroncijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 8, 2</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>39</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Итријум">Itrijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 9, 2</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Цирконијум">Cirkonijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 10, 2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ниобијум">Niobijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 12, 1</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>42</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден">Molibden</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 13, 1</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>43</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Технецијум">Tehnecijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 13, 2</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рутенијум">Rutenijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 15, 1</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Родијум">Rodijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 16, 1</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Паладијум">Paladijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>47</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Сребро">Srebro</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 1</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>48</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Кадмијум">Kadmijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 2</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>49</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Индијум">Indijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 3</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>50</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Калај">Kalaj</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 4</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>51</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антимон">Antimon</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 5</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>52</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80" title="Телур">Telur</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 6</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>53</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Јод">Jod</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 7</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff9;"> <td>54</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ксенон">Ksenon</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 8</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>55</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Цезијум">Cezijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>56</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Баријум">Barijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>57</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лантан">Lantan</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>58</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Церијум">Cerijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>59</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Празеодимијум">Prazeodimijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Неодимијум">Neodimijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Прометијум">Prometijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>62</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Самаријум">Samarijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>63</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Европијум">Evropijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>64</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Гадолинијум">Gadolinijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>65</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Тербијум">Terbijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 27, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>66</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Диспрозијум">Disprozijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>67</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Холмијум">Holmijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 29, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>68</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ербијум">Erbijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>69</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Тулијум">Tulijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>70</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Итербијум">Iterbijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>71</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Лутецијум">Lutecijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 9, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>72</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хафнијум">Hafnijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>73</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Тантал">Tantal</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>74</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Волфрам">Volfram</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ренијум">Renijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>76</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Осмијум">Osmijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>77</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Иридијум">Iridijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>78</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Платина">Platina</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>79</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Злато">Zlato</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>80</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Жива">Živa</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>81</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Талијум">Talijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>82</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Олово">Olovo</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>83</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бизмут">Bizmut</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>84</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Полонијум">Polonijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>85</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Астат">Astat</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff9;"> <td>86</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Радон">Radon</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>87</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Францијум">Francijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>88</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Радијум">Radijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>89</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Актинијум">Aktinijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 2</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>90</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Торијум">Torijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>91</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Протактинијум">Protaktinijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 20, 9, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>92</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Уранијум">Uranijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 21, 9, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>93</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Нептунијум">Neptunijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 22, 9, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>94</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Плутонијум">Plutonijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>95</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Америцијум">Americijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>96</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Киријум">Kirijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 9, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>97</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Берклијум">Berklijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 27, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>98</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калифорнијум">Kalifornijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>99</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ајнштајнијум">Ajnštajnijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 29, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Фермијум">Fermijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 30, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>101</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Мендељевијум">Mendeljevijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 31, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>102</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Нобелијум">Nobelijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>103</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Лоренцијум">Lorencijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>104</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Радерфордијум">Raderfordijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 10, 2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Дубнијум">Dubnijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 11, 2</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>106</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Сиборгијум">Siborgijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>107</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Боријум">Borijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 2</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>108</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хасијум">Hasijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>109</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Мајтнеријум">Majtnerijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 15, 2 (?)</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>110</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Дармштатијум">Darmštatijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 16, 2 (?)</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffc0c0;"> <td>111</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рендгенијум">Rendgenijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 2 (?)</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>112</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Коперницијум">Kopernicijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 2 (?)</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>113</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Нихонијум">Nihonijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 3 (?)</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>114</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Флеровијум">Flerovijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 4 (?)</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>115</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Московијум">Moskovijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 5 (?)</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>116</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ливерморијум">Livermorijum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 6 (?)</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>117</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Тенесин">Tenesin</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 7 (?)</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff9;"> <td>118</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Оганесон">Oganeson</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8 (?)</td> <td>18 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vidi_još"><span id="Vidi_jo.C5.A1"></span>Vidi još</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronska_ljuska&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Уредите одељак „Vidi još”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronska_ljuska&action=edit&section=7" title="Уреди извор одељка: Vidi još"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periodic table (electron configurations) (страница не постоји)">Periodni sistem (elektronske konfiguracije)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_counting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electron counting (страница не постоји)">Brojanje elektrona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=18-Electron_rule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18-Electron rule (страница не постоји)">Pravilo 18-elektrona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Core_charge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Core charge (страница не постоји)">Naelektrisanje jezgra</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronska_ljuska&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Уредите одељак „Reference”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronska_ljuska&action=edit&section=8" title="Уреди извор одељка: Reference"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r28440201">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-madsci-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-madsci_1-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-madsci_1-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/1999-03/921736624.Ch.r.html">Re: Why do electron shells have set limits ?</a> madsci.org, 17 March 1999, Dan Berger, Faculty Chemistry/Science, Bluffton College</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corrosionsource.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-corrosionsource.com_2-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-corrosionsource.com_2-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305052723/http://www.corrosionsource.com/FreeContent/1/Periodic%20Table">Electron Subshells</a>. Corrosion Source.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Sadoway, <i>Introduction to Solid State Chemistry</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/materials-science-and-engineering/3-091-introduction-to-solid-state-chemistry-fall-2004/video-lectures/embed05/">Lecture 5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629132604/http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/materials-science-and-engineering/3-091-introduction-to-solid-state-chemistry-fall-2004/video-lectures/embed05/">Архивирано</a> на веб-сајту <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (29. јун 2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Barkla, Charles G. (1911). „XXXIX.The spectra of the fluorescent Röntgen radiations”. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. Series 6. <b>22</b> (129): 396—412. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786440908637137">10.1080/14786440908637137</a>. „<i>Previously denoted by letters B and A (...). The letters K and L are, however, preferable, as it is highly probable that series of radiations both more absorbable and more penetrating exist.</i>”</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AElektronska+ljuska&rft.atitle=XXXIX.The+spectra+of+the+fluorescent+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiations&rft.aufirst=Charles+G.&rft.aulast=Barkla&rft.date=1911&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=129&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.pages=396-412&rft.volume=22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786440908637137&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jue, T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-W1bL7s--igC&pg=PA33">„Quantum Mechanic Basic to Biophysical Methods”</a>. <i>Fundamental Concepts in Biophysics</i>. Berlin: Springer. стр. 33. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-1-58829-973-4" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-1-58829-973-4">978-1-58829-973-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AElektronska+ljuska&rft.atitle=Quantum+Mechanic+Basic+to+Biophysical+Methods&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.aulast=Jue&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Concepts+in+Biophysics&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-58829-973-4&rft.pages=33&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-W1bL7s--igC%26pg%3DPA33&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The statement that the electrons in one subshell have exactly the same level of energy is true in an isolated atom, where it follows quantum-mechanically from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spherical_symmetry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spherical symmetry (страница не постоји)">spherical symmetry</a> of the system. When the atom is part of a molecule, this no longer holds; see, for example, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_field_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crystal field theory (страница не постоји)">crystal field theory</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem4kids.com/files/atom_orbital.html">Orbitals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030220/http://www.chem4kids.com/files/atom_orbital.html">Архивирано</a> на веб-сајту <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (26. март 2023). Chem4Kids. Retrieved on 1 December 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemistry.patent-invent.com/chemistry/electron_configuration.html">Electron & Shell Configuration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181228045933/http://www.chemistry.patent-invent.com/chemistry/electron_configuration.html">Архивирано</a> на веб-сајту <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (28. децембар 2018). Chemistry.patent-invent.com. Retrieved on 1 December 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=54">Chemical Reactions</a>. Vision Learning (26 July 2011). 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