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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_stacking" title="Focus stacking – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Focus stacking" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fookuse_virnastamine" title="Fookuse virnastamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fookuse virnastamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apilamiento_de_enfoque" title="Apilamiento de enfoque – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apilamiento de enfoque" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_stacking" title="Focus stacking – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Focus stacking" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_stacking" title="Focus stacking – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Focus stacking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E7%82%B9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="焦点合成 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="焦点合成" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Digital image processing technique</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Focus_stacking_Tachinid_fly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Focus_stacking_Tachinid_fly.jpg/400px-Focus_stacking_Tachinid_fly.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Focus_stacking_Tachinid_fly.jpg/600px-Focus_stacking_Tachinid_fly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Focus_stacking_Tachinid_fly.jpg/800px-Focus_stacking_Tachinid_fly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Series of images demonstrating a six-image <a href="/wiki/Bracketing#Focus_bracketing" title="Bracketing">focus bracket</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Tachinid_fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachinid fly">Tachinid fly</a>. First two images illustrate typical <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">DOF</a> of a single image at f/10 while the third image is the composite of six images.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FocusStack_BrightFieldLightMicroscopy_DiatomaceousEarth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/FocusStack_BrightFieldLightMicroscopy_DiatomaceousEarth.jpg/220px-FocusStack_BrightFieldLightMicroscopy_DiatomaceousEarth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/FocusStack_BrightFieldLightMicroscopy_DiatomaceousEarth.jpg/330px-FocusStack_BrightFieldLightMicroscopy_DiatomaceousEarth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/FocusStack_BrightFieldLightMicroscopy_DiatomaceousEarth.jpg/440px-FocusStack_BrightFieldLightMicroscopy_DiatomaceousEarth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Focus stacking (for extended depth of field) in <a href="/wiki/Bright_field_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright field microscopy">bright field</a> <a href="/wiki/Light_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Light microscopy">light microscopy</a>. This example is of a <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatom</a> <a href="/wiki/Microfossil" title="Microfossil">microfossil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">diatomaceous earth</a>. Three source images at different focus distances (top left) are combined with masks (top right) to obtain the contributions of their respective images to the final focus stacked image (bottom). Black is no contribution; white is full.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Focus stacking</b> – also called <b>focal plane merging</b>, <b>z-stacking</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>focus blending</b> – is a <a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">digital image processing</a> technique which combines multiple images taken at different <a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focus</a> distances to give a resulting image with a greater <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a> (DOF) than any of the individual source images.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Focus stacking can be used in any situation where individual images have a very shallow depth of field; <a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">macro photography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optical_microscope" title="Optical microscope">optical microscopy</a> are two typical examples. Focus stacking can also be useful in <a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">landscape photography</a>. </p><p>Focus stacking offers flexibility: since it is a computational technique, images with several different depths of field can be generated in post-processing and compared for best artistic merit or scientific clarity. Focus stacking also allows generation of images physically impossible with normal imaging equipment; images with nonplanar focus regions can be generated. Alternative techniques for generating images with increased or flexible depth of field include <a href="/wiki/Wavefront_coding" title="Wavefront coding">wavefront coding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light-field_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-field camera">light-field cameras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tilt-shift_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilt-shift photography">tilt</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focus_stacking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The starting point for focus stacking is a series of images captured at different focus distances; in each image different areas of the sample will be in focus. While none of these images has the sample entirely in focus they collectively contain all the data required to generate an image which has all parts of the sample in focus. In-focus regions of each image may be detected automatically, for example via <a href="/wiki/Edge_detection" title="Edge detection">edge detection</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fourier_analysis" title="Fourier analysis">Fourier analysis</a>, or selected manually. The in-focus patches are then blended together to generate the final image. </p><p>This processing is also called <b>z-stacking</b>, focal plane merging (or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">zedification</i></span> in French).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_photography">In photography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focus_stacking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Getting sufficient <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a> can be particularly challenging in <a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">macro photography</a>, because depth of field is smaller (shallower) for objects nearer the camera, so if a small object fills the frame, it is often so close that its entire depth cannot be in focus at once. Depth of field is normally increased by <a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">stopping down</a> <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> (using a larger <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f-number</a>), but beyond a certain point, stopping down causes <a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography#Diffraction_limit" title="Science of photography">blurring due to diffraction</a>, which counteracts the benefit of being in <a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focus</a>. It also reduces the luminosity of the image. Focus stacking allows the depth of field of images taken at the sharpest aperture to be effectively increased. The images at right illustrate the increase in DOF that can be achieved by combining multiple exposures. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA18609_-_First_Sampling_Hole_in_Mount_Sharp_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PIA18609_-_First_Sampling_Hole_in_Mount_Sharp_.jpg/220px-PIA18609_-_First_Sampling_Hole_in_Mount_Sharp_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PIA18609_-_First_Sampling_Hole_in_Mount_Sharp_.jpg/330px-PIA18609_-_First_Sampling_Hole_in_Mount_Sharp_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PIA18609_-_First_Sampling_Hole_in_Mount_Sharp_.jpg/440px-PIA18609_-_First_Sampling_Hole_in_Mount_Sharp_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption>Stacked image of the <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_Rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosity Rover">Curiosity Rover</a>'s first sampling hole in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sharp" title="Mount Sharp">Mount Sharp</a>. The hole is 1.6 cm (0.63 in) wide and 6.7 cm (2.6 in) deep.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> mission has a device called <a href="/wiki/Mars_Hand_Lens_Imager" title="Mars Hand Lens Imager">Mars Hand Lens Imager</a> (MAHLI), which can take photos that can later be focus stacked.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_microscopy">In microscopy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focus_stacking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In microscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopy</a>, high <a href="/wiki/Numerical_aperture" title="Numerical aperture">numerical apertures</a> are desirable to capture as much light as possible from a small sample. A high numerical aperture (equivalent to a low f-number) gives a very shallow depth of field. Higher magnification <a href="/wiki/Objective_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective lens">objective lenses</a> generally have shallower depth of field; a 100× <a href="/wiki/Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objective lens</a> with a numerical aperture of around 1.4 has a depth of field of approximately 1 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a>. When observing a sample directly, the limitations of the shallow depth of field are easy to circumvent by focusing up and down through the sample; to effectively present microscopy data of a complex 3D structure in 2D, focus stacking is a very useful technique. </p><p>Atomic resolution <a href="/wiki/Scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Scanning transmission electron microscopy">scanning transmission electron microscopy</a> encounters similar difficulties, where specimen features are much larger than the depth of field. By taking a <a href="/wiki/TSOM" title="TSOM">through-focal series</a>, the depth of focus can be reconstructed to create a single image entirely in focus.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software/application"><span id="Software.2Fapplication"></span>Software/application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focus_stacking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Software/application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Focus stacking software </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Primary author </th> <th>Application type </th> <th>Platform </th> <th>License </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CS4, CS5, CS6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe</a> </td> <td>Desktop </td> <td>Windows, Mac OS X </td> <td>Proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Affinity_Photo" title="Affinity Photo">Affinity Photo</a> 'Focus Merge' </td> <td>Serif </td> <td>Desktop </td> <td>Windows, Mac OS X </td> <td>Proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aphelion_(software)" title="Aphelion (software)">Aphelion</a> with Multifocus extension </td> <td>ADCIS </td> <td>Desktop </td> <td>Windows </td> <td>Proprietary, 30-day trial </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amira_(software)" title="Amira (software)">Amira</a> / <a href="/wiki/Avizo_(software)" title="Avizo (software)">Avizo</a> 'Image Stack Projection'<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific" title="Thermo Fisher Scientific">Thermo Fisher</a> </td> <td>Desktop </td> <td>Windows, Mac OS X, Linux </td> <td>Proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td>CamRanger </td> <td>CamRanger </td> <td>Desktop / Mobile </td> <td>iOS, Android, Mac OS X, Windows </td> <td>Proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chasys_Draw_IES" title="Chasys Draw IES">Chasys Draw IES</a> </td> <td>John Paul Chacha </td> <td>Desktop </td> <td>Windows </td> <td>Proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CombineZ" title="CombineZ">CombineZ</a> </td> <td>Alan Hadley </td> <td>Desktop </td> <td>Windows </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CUVI Vision & Imaging Library </td> <td>TunaCode </td> <td>Desktop / Embedded </td> <td>Windows, Linux </td> <td>Proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enfuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfuse">Enfuse</a> (combined with <code>align_image_stack</code> or similar) </td> <td>Andrew Mihal and <a href="/wiki/Hugin_(software)" title="Hugin (software)">hugin</a> development team </td> <td>Desktop </td> <td>Multiplatform </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>FocusFusion </td> <td>DelphiTools </td> <td>Desktop </td> <td>Windows </td> <td>Proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td>Focus Stacker </td> <td>Alexander Boltnev, Olga Kacher </td> <td>Desktop </td> <td>Mac OS X </td> <td>Proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td>Focus Stacking Online<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Focus Stacking Online </td> <td>Web application </td> <td>All </td> <td>Proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shutter Stream Product Photography Software </td> <td>Iconasys </td> <td>Desktop </td> <td>Windows, Mac OS X </td> <td>Proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helicon_Focus" title="Helicon Focus">Helicon Focus</a> </td> <td>Danylo Kozub </td> <td>Desktop </td> <td>Windows, Mac OS X </td> <td>Proprietary, 30-day trial </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ImageJ" title="ImageJ">ImageJ</a> with Extended Depth of Field Plugin </td> <td>Alex Prudencio, Jesse Berent, Daniel Sage </td> <td>Desktop </td> <td>Unix, Linux, Windows, Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X </td> <td>Public domain </td></tr> <tr> <td>MacroFusion<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Dariusz Duma </td> <td>Desktop </td> <td>Linux </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematica">Mathematica</a> via <code>ImageFocusCombine</code><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Research" title="Wolfram Research">Wolfram Research</a> </td> <td>Desktop / Web </td> <td>Windows, Mac OS X, Linux </td> <td>Proprietary, 15-day trial </td></tr> <tr> <td>Picolay </td> <td>Heribert Cypionka </td> <td>Desktop </td> <td>Windows </td> <td>Freeware </td></tr> <tr> <td>QuickPHOTO with Deep Focus extension </td> <td>Promicra </td> <td>Desktop </td> <td>Windows </td> <td>Proprietary, 30-day trial </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zerene Stacker </td> <td>Rik Littlefield </td> <td>Desktop </td> <td>Windows, Mac OS X, Linux </td> <td>Proprietary, 30-day trial </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focus_stacking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pictures">Pictures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focus_stacking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pictures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zassenhaus_pepper_mill_-_underside_view_-_grinder_(2019-08-06).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pepper mill, stack of 28 frames"><img alt="Pepper mill, stack of 28 frames" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Zassenhaus_pepper_mill_-_underside_view_-_grinder_%282019-08-06%29.jpg/120px-Zassenhaus_pepper_mill_-_underside_view_-_grinder_%282019-08-06%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Zassenhaus_pepper_mill_-_underside_view_-_grinder_%282019-08-06%29.jpg/180px-Zassenhaus_pepper_mill_-_underside_view_-_grinder_%282019-08-06%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Zassenhaus_pepper_mill_-_underside_view_-_grinder_%282019-08-06%29.jpg/240px-Zassenhaus_pepper_mill_-_underside_view_-_grinder_%282019-08-06%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7590" data-file-height="5360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Pepper mill, stack of 28 frames</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric_guide_3%C3%972.5_mm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stacked image of 3 × 2.5 mm electric wires"><img alt="Stacked image of 3 × 2.5 mm electric wires" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Electric_guide_3%C3%972.5_mm.jpg/120px-Electric_guide_3%C3%972.5_mm.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Electric_guide_3%C3%972.5_mm.jpg/250px-Electric_guide_3%C3%972.5_mm.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4504" data-file-height="3232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Stacked image of 3 × 2.5 mm electric wires</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philips_Series_7000_shaver_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shaver head, stack of 36 frames, retouched"><img alt="Shaver head, stack of 36 frames, retouched" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Philips_Series_7000_shaver_head.jpg/120px-Philips_Series_7000_shaver_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Philips_Series_7000_shaver_head.jpg/180px-Philips_Series_7000_shaver_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Philips_Series_7000_shaver_head.jpg/240px-Philips_Series_7000_shaver_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5692" data-file-height="3795" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Shaver head, stack of 36 frames, retouched</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Macrolepiota_procera_Parasol_-20191014-RM-165319.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Macrolepiota procera, stack of 15 frames"><img alt="Macrolepiota procera, stack of 15 frames" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Macrolepiota_procera_Parasol_-20191014-RM-165319.jpg/90px-Macrolepiota_procera_Parasol_-20191014-RM-165319.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Macrolepiota_procera_Parasol_-20191014-RM-165319.jpg/135px-Macrolepiota_procera_Parasol_-20191014-RM-165319.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Macrolepiota_procera_Parasol_-20191014-RM-165319.jpg/180px-Macrolepiota_procera_Parasol_-20191014-RM-165319.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3886" data-file-height="5182" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Macrolepiota procera</a></i>, stack of 15 frames</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orchideenbl%C3%BCte_2019-05-22_11-34-28_(C)-PSD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stacked image of the inner ridge of an orchid blossom"><img alt="Stacked image of the inner ridge of an orchid blossom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orchideenbl%C3%BCte_2019-05-22_11-34-28_%28C%29-PSD.jpg/120px-Orchideenbl%C3%BCte_2019-05-22_11-34-28_%28C%29-PSD.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orchideenbl%C3%BCte_2019-05-22_11-34-28_%28C%29-PSD.jpg/180px-Orchideenbl%C3%BCte_2019-05-22_11-34-28_%28C%29-PSD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orchideenbl%C3%BCte_2019-05-22_11-34-28_%28C%29-PSD.jpg/240px-Orchideenbl%C3%BCte_2019-05-22_11-34-28_%28C%29-PSD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Stacked image of the inner ridge of an orchid blossom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Arecaceae_in_the_fields_viewed_through_a_hole_in_a_tree_trunk_in_Laos_at_golden_hour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stacked image of two Arecaceae viewed through a hole in a tree trunk"><img alt="Stacked image of two Arecaceae viewed through a hole in a tree trunk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Two_Arecaceae_in_the_fields_viewed_through_a_hole_in_a_tree_trunk_in_Laos_at_golden_hour.jpg/80px-Two_Arecaceae_in_the_fields_viewed_through_a_hole_in_a_tree_trunk_in_Laos_at_golden_hour.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Two_Arecaceae_in_the_fields_viewed_through_a_hole_in_a_tree_trunk_in_Laos_at_golden_hour.jpg/120px-Two_Arecaceae_in_the_fields_viewed_through_a_hole_in_a_tree_trunk_in_Laos_at_golden_hour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Two_Arecaceae_in_the_fields_viewed_through_a_hole_in_a_tree_trunk_in_Laos_at_golden_hour.jpg/160px-Two_Arecaceae_in_the_fields_viewed_through_a_hole_in_a_tree_trunk_in_Laos_at_golden_hour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4261" data-file-height="6391" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Stacked image of two <i><a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a></i> viewed through a hole in a tree trunk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-06-07_14-57-13-bille-32f.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pellet, stack of 32 frames"><img alt="Pellet, stack of 32 frames" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/2013-06-07_14-57-13-bille-32f.JPG/120px-2013-06-07_14-57-13-bille-32f.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/2013-06-07_14-57-13-bille-32f.JPG/250px-2013-06-07_14-57-13-bille-32f.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3505" data-file-height="2077" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Pellet, stack of 32 frames</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2016-01-06_14-51-04_parc-tete-or_10f.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alluaudia comosa, stack of 10 frames"><img alt="Alluaudia comosa, stack of 10 frames" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/2016-01-06_14-51-04_parc-tete-or_10f.jpg/120px-2016-01-06_14-51-04_parc-tete-or_10f.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/2016-01-06_14-51-04_parc-tete-or_10f.jpg/180px-2016-01-06_14-51-04_parc-tete-or_10f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/2016-01-06_14-51-04_parc-tete-or_10f.jpg/240px-2016-01-06_14-51-04_parc-tete-or_10f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i><a href="/wiki/Alluaudia_comosa" title="Alluaudia comosa">Alluaudia comosa</a></i>, stack of 10 frames</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-12-28_19-51-33_Litchi-20f.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mold on Litchi chinensis, stack of 20 frames"><img alt="Mold on Litchi chinensis, stack of 20 frames" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2013-12-28_19-51-33_Litchi-20f.jpg/120px-2013-12-28_19-51-33_Litchi-20f.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2013-12-28_19-51-33_Litchi-20f.jpg/180px-2013-12-28_19-51-33_Litchi-20f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2013-12-28_19-51-33_Litchi-20f.jpg/240px-2013-12-28_19-51-33_Litchi-20f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Mold on <i><a href="/wiki/Litchi_chinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Litchi chinensis">Litchi chinensis</a></i>, stack of 20 frames</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skull_(front)_-_Dolmen_de_Marie_Gaillard_MHNT_ANT_2017_0_54.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skull, stack of 6 frames"><img alt="Skull, stack of 6 frames" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Skull_%28front%29_-_Dolmen_de_Marie_Gaillard_MHNT_ANT_2017_0_54.jpg/120px-Skull_%28front%29_-_Dolmen_de_Marie_Gaillard_MHNT_ANT_2017_0_54.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Skull_%28front%29_-_Dolmen_de_Marie_Gaillard_MHNT_ANT_2017_0_54.jpg/180px-Skull_%28front%29_-_Dolmen_de_Marie_Gaillard_MHNT_ANT_2017_0_54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Skull_%28front%29_-_Dolmen_de_Marie_Gaillard_MHNT_ANT_2017_0_54.jpg/240px-Skull_%28front%29_-_Dolmen_de_Marie_Gaillard_MHNT_ANT_2017_0_54.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5159" data-file-height="3591" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Skull, stack of 6 frames</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sympetrum_flaveolum_male_-_Kulna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sympetrum flaveolum male, stack of 36 frames"><img alt="Sympetrum flaveolum male, stack of 36 frames" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sympetrum_flaveolum_male_-_Kulna.jpg/120px-Sympetrum_flaveolum_male_-_Kulna.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sympetrum_flaveolum_male_-_Kulna.jpg/180px-Sympetrum_flaveolum_male_-_Kulna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sympetrum_flaveolum_male_-_Kulna.jpg/240px-Sympetrum_flaveolum_male_-_Kulna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Yellow-winged_darter" title="Yellow-winged darter">Sympetrum flaveolum</a> male, stack of 36 frames</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinot_Grigio-20201027-RM-114053.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pinot Gris grape, stack of 12 frames."><img alt="Pinot Gris grape, stack of 12 frames." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Pinot_Grigio-20201027-RM-114053.jpg/90px-Pinot_Grigio-20201027-RM-114053.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Pinot_Grigio-20201027-RM-114053.jpg/135px-Pinot_Grigio-20201027-RM-114053.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Pinot_Grigio-20201027-RM-114053.jpg/180px-Pinot_Grigio-20201027-RM-114053.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3886" data-file-height="5182" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Pinot_gris" title="Pinot gris">Pinot Gris</a> grape, stack of 12 frames.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videos">Videos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focus_stacking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Videos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hindesite_-_Lily_-_Focus_Stacking_%28by%29.ogv/120px--Hindesite_-_Lily_-_Focus_Stacking_%28by%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="Hindesite_-_Lily_-_Focus_Stacking_(by).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Hindesite_-_Lily_-_Focus_Stacking_%28by%29.ogv/Hindesite_-_Lily_-_Focus_Stacking_%28by%29.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Hindesite_-_Lily_-_Focus_Stacking_%28by%29.ogv/Hindesite_-_Lily_-_Focus_Stacking_%28by%29.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Hindesite_-_Lily_-_Focus_Stacking_%28by%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Hindesite_-_Lily_-_Focus_Stacking_%28by%29.ogv/Hindesite_-_Lily_-_Focus_Stacking_%28by%29.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Hindesite_-_Lily_-_Focus_Stacking_%28by%29.ogv/Hindesite_-_Lily_-_Focus_Stacking_%28by%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Hindesite_-_Lily_-_Focus_Stacking_%28by%29.ogv/Hindesite_-_Lily_-_Focus_Stacking_%28by%29.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Hindesite_-_Lily_-_Focus_Stacking_%28by%29.ogv/Hindesite_-_Lily_-_Focus_Stacking_%28by%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Focus stacking images of a lily</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Focus_stacking_NEC_USB_chip_imgp0017_wp.ogv/120px--Focus_stacking_NEC_USB_chip_imgp0017_wp.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="67" data-durationhint="50" data-mwtitle="Focus_stacking_NEC_USB_chip_imgp0017_wp.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Focus_stacking_NEC_USB_chip_imgp0017_wp.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="804" data-height="452" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Focus_stacking_NEC_USB_chip_imgp0017_wp.ogv/Focus_stacking_NEC_USB_chip_imgp0017_wp.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Focus_stacking_NEC_USB_chip_imgp0017_wp.ogv/Focus_stacking_NEC_USB_chip_imgp0017_wp.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Focus_stacking_NEC_USB_chip_imgp0017_wp.ogv/Focus_stacking_NEC_USB_chip_imgp0017_wp.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Focus_stacking_NEC_USB_chip_imgp0017_wp.ogv/Focus_stacking_NEC_USB_chip_imgp0017_wp.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Focus stacking images of a microchip</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagrams">Diagrams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focus_stacking&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diagrams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stack_and_Stitch_Illustration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Software creates from the sharpest areas in a stack of sections."><img alt="Software creates from the sharpest areas in a stack of sections." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stack_and_Stitch_Illustration.png/120px-Stack_and_Stitch_Illustration.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stack_and_Stitch_Illustration.png/180px-Stack_and_Stitch_Illustration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stack_and_Stitch_Illustration.png/240px-Stack_and_Stitch_Illustration.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="589" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Software creates from the sharpest areas in a stack of sections.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focus_stacking&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Brenizer Method">Brenizer Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_focus" title="Deep focus">Deep focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_photography" title="Epsilon photography">Epsilon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_bracketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Focus bracketing">Focus bracketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier_lens" title="Frazier lens">Frazier lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_dynamic_range_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="High dynamic range imaging">High dynamic range imaging</a> (HDR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_stitching" title="Image stitching">Image stitching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_fusion" title="Image fusion">Image fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscopy#Deconvolution" title="Microscopy">Microscopy § Deconvolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift-and-add" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift-and-add">Shift-and-add</a> for stacking astrophotos</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focus_stacking&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msss.com/science/msl-mahli-instrument-description.php">"Malin Space Science Systems - Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) Instrument Description"</a>. <i>Msss.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Msss.com&rft.atitle=Malin+Space+Science+Systems+-+Mars+Science+Laboratory+%28MSL%29+Mars+Hand+Lens+Imager+%28MAHLI%29+Instrument+Description&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsss.com%2Fscience%2Fmsl-mahli-instrument-description.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFocus+stacking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2008" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Dave (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtodoeverythin00john_142"><i>How to Do Everything: Digital Camera</i></a></span> (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtodoeverythin00john_142/page/n352">336</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-149580-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-149580-6"><bdi>978-0-07-149580-6</bdi></a>. <q>There are a number of programs that allow you to get the equivalent of infinite depth of field in your photos, with sharp focus from the foreground all the way back to the rear. How is this possible? By taking multiple photos of the same scene and stacking them afterwards into a composite that features only the sharpest bits of each image. One of the best is Helicon Focus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Do+Everything%3A+Digital+Camera&rft.pages=336&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Osborne+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-07-149580-6&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowtodoeverythin00john_142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFocus+stacking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cuzYl4hx-B8C&pg=PA231&dq=multi-plane-scanning">231–232</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lenaturaliste.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=253&t=3397&p=50691">"Afficher le sujet - Proposition d'un terme français pour "focus stacking" • Le Naturaliste"</a>. <i>Lenaturaliste.net</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lenaturaliste.net&rft.atitle=Afficher+le+sujet+-+Proposition+d%27un+terme+fran%C3%A7ais+pour+%22focus+stacking%22+%E2%80%A2+Le+Naturaliste&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lenaturaliste.net%2Fforum%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ff%3D253%26t%3D3397%26p%3D50691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFocus+stacking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msss.com/science/msl-mahli-instrument-description.php">"Malin Space Science Systems - Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) Instrument Description"</a>. <i>Msss.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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