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<li id="toc-Single-nave_church,_Type_A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-nave_church,_Type_A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Single-nave church, Type A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-nave_church,_Type_A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_with_a_raised_roof,_Type_B" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_with_a_raised_roof,_Type_B"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Church with a raised roof, Type B</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_with_a_raised_roof,_Type_B-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Construction techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palisade_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palisade_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Palisade work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palisade_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_post_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_post_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>The post technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_post_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stave_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stave_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Stave work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stave_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_arsons_and_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_arsons_and_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Church arsons and attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_arsons_and_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_decoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_decoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Architecture and decoration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture_and_decoration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture and decoration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_decoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Portals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dating_of_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating_of_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dating of churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating_of_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stave_Churches_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stave_Churches_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Stave Churches Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stave_Churches_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_stave_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_stave_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of stave churches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_stave_churches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of stave churches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_stave_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_stave_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_stave_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Old stave churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_stave_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Norway_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Outside Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_replicas_and_later_built_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_replicas_and_later_built_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Notable replicas and later built churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_replicas_and_later_built_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stave church</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabkirche" title="Stabkirche – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stabkirche" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ставкирка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ставкирка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavkirke" title="Stavkirke – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Stavkirke" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavkirke" title="Stavkirke – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stavkirke" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavkirke" title="Stavkirke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stavkirke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabkirche" title="Stabkirche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stabkirche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCstpalkkirik" title="Püstpalkkirik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Püstpalkkirik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavkirke" title="Stavkirke – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Stavkirke" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastonpre%C4%9Dejo" title="Bastonpreĝejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bastonpreĝejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavkirke" title="Stavkirke – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Stavkirke" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavkirke" title="Stavkirke – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stavkirke" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steaftsjerke" title="Steaftsjerke – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Steaftsjerke" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavkirke" title="Stavkirke – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Stavkirke" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EB%84%90_%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="통널 교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통널 교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AD%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Հիմնակմախքային եկեղեցի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիմնակմախքային եկեղեցի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafkirkja" title="Stafkirkja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stafkirkja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavkirke" title="Stavkirke – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stavkirke" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staafkerk" title="Staafkerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Staafkerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="スターヴ教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スターヴ教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavkirke" title="Stavkirke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stavkirke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavkyrkje" title="Stavkyrkje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stavkyrkje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_s%C5%82upowy" title="Kościół słupowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kościół słupowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavkirke" title="Stavkirke – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Stavkirke" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavkirke" title="Stavkirke – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stavkirke" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Каркасная церковь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каркасная церковь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavkirke" title="Stavkirke – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stavkirke" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauvakirkko" title="Sauvakirkko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sauvakirkko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavkyrka" title="Stavkyrka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wooden Christian church building</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borgundstavkirke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Borgundstavkirke.jpg/220px-Borgundstavkirke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Borgundstavkirke.jpg/330px-Borgundstavkirke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Borgundstavkirke.jpg/440px-Borgundstavkirke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Borgund_Stave_Church" title="Borgund Stave Church">Borgund Stave Church</a> in Borgund, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A6rdal" title="Lærdal">Lærdal</a>, is one of Norway's most visited stave churches.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stavechurch-heddal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Stavechurch-heddal.jpg/290px-Stavechurch-heddal.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Stavechurch-heddal.jpg/435px-Stavechurch-heddal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Stavechurch-heddal.jpg/580px-Stavechurch-heddal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3218" data-file-height="2840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heddal_Stave_Church" title="Heddal Stave Church">Heddal Stave Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notodden" title="Notodden">Notodden</a>, the largest stave church in Norway</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>stave church</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> wooden <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church building</a> once common in <a href="/wiki/North-western_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="North-western Europe">north-western Europe</a>. The name derives from the building's structure of <a href="/wiki/Post_and_lintel" title="Post and lintel">post and lintel</a> construction, a type of <a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">timber framing</a> where the load-bearing <a href="/wiki/Ore-pine" title="Ore-pine">ore-pine</a> posts are called <i>stafr</i> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> (<i>stav</i> in modern <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>). Two related church building types also named for their structural elements, the <a href="/wiki/Post_church" title="Post church">post church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palisade_church" title="Palisade church">palisade church</a>, are often called 'stave churches'. </p><p>Originally much more widespread, most of the surviving stave churches are in Norway. The only remaining medieval stave churches outside Norway are those of <i>circa</i> 1500 <a href="/wiki/Hedared_stave_church" title="Hedared stave church">Hedared stave church</a> in Sweden and <a href="/wiki/Vang_Stave_Church" title="Vang Stave Church">one Norwegian stave church</a> relocated in 1842 to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Karpacz" title="Karpacz">Karpacz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Karkonosze" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkonosze">Karkonosze</a> mountains of Poland. One other church, the Anglo-Saxon <a href="/wiki/Greensted_Church" title="Greensted Church">Greensted Church</a> in England, exhibits many similarities with a stave church but is generally considered a palisade church. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gol_stavkirke_1883.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gol_stavkirke_1883.jpg/220px-Gol_stavkirke_1883.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gol_stavkirke_1883.jpg/330px-Gol_stavkirke_1883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gol_stavkirke_1883.jpg/440px-Gol_stavkirke_1883.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1203" /></a><figcaption>Drawing during reconstruction of Gol stave church by T. Prytz, 1883</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeological excavations have shown that stave churches are descended from <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a> constructions and from later churches with earth-bound posts. </p><p>Similar palisade constructions are known from buildings from the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(botany)" title="Trunk (botany)">Logs</a> were split in two halves, set or rammed into the earth (generally called <a href="/wiki/Post_in_ground" title="Post in ground">post in ground</a> construction) and given a roof. This proved a simple but very strong form of construction. If set in gravel, the wall could last many decades, even centuries. An archaeological excavation in <a href="/wiki/Maria_Minor_church" title="Maria Minor church">Lund</a> uncovered the <a href="/wiki/Posthole" class="mw-redirect" title="Posthole">postholes</a> of several such churches. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Post_church" title="Post church">post churches</a>, the walls were supported by <a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">sills</a>, leaving only the posts earth-bound. Such churches are easy to spot at archaeological sites as they leave very distinct holes where the posts were once placed. Occasionally some of the wood remains, making it possible to date the church more accurately using <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">dendrochronology</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Urnes_Stave_Church" title="Urnes Stave Church">Urnes Stave Church</a>, remains of two such churches have been found, with Christian graves discovered beneath the oldest church structure. </p><p>A single church of palisade construction has been discovered under the <a href="/wiki/Hemse_stave_church" title="Hemse stave church">Hemse stave church</a>. </p><p>The next design phase resulted from the observation that earthbound posts were susceptible to humidity, causing them to rot away over time. To prevent this, the posts were placed on top of large stones, significantly increasing their lifespans. The stave church in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ldal_Stave_Church" title="Røldal Stave Church">Røldal</a> is believed to be of this type. </p><p>In later churches the posts were set on a raised sill frame resting on stone foundations. This is the stave church in its most mature form. </p><p>It is now common to group the churches into two categories: the first, without free-standing posts, often referred to as Type A; and the second, with a raised roof and free-standing internal posts, usually called Type B. </p><p>Those with the raised roof, Type B, are often further divided into two subgroups. The first of these, the <a href="/wiki/Kaupanger_Stave_Church" title="Kaupanger Stave Church">Kaupanger group</a>, have a whole arcade row of posts and intermediate posts along the sides and details that mimic stone <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a>. These churches give an impression of a <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a>. </p><p>The other subgroup is the <a href="/wiki/Borgund_Stave_Church" title="Borgund Stave Church">Borgund group</a>. In these churches the posts are connected halfway up with one or two horizontal double ″<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pincer_beam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pincer beam (page does not exist)">pincer beams</a>″ with semicircular indentations, clasping the row of posts from both sides. Cross-braces are inserted between the posts and the upper and lower pincer beams (or above the single pincer beam), forming a very rigid interconnection, and resembling the <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a> of stone <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilicas</a>. This design made it possible to omit the freestanding lower part of intermediate posts. In some churches only the four corner posts remain (for example in <a href="/wiki/Lomen_Stave_Church" title="Lomen Stave Church">Lomen Stave Church</a>). </p><p>Many stave churches had or still have outer galleries or ambulatories around their whole perimeters, loosely connected to the plank walls. These probably served to protect the church from a harsh climate, and for processions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-nave_church,_Type_A"><span id="Single-nave_church.2C_Type_A"></span>Single-nave church, Type A</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Single-nave church, Type A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Plans of Type A churches</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holt%C3%A5len,_H%C3%A5kon_Christie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holtålen Stave Church, drawing by Håkon Christie."><img alt="Holtålen Stave Church, drawing by Håkon Christie." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Holt%C3%A5len%2C_H%C3%A5kon_Christie.jpg/307px-Holt%C3%A5len%2C_H%C3%A5kon_Christie.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Holt%C3%A5len%2C_H%C3%A5kon_Christie.jpg/461px-Holt%C3%A5len%2C_H%C3%A5kon_Christie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Holt%C3%A5len%2C_H%C3%A5kon_Christie.jpg/615px-Holt%C3%A5len%2C_H%C3%A5kon_Christie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="2600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Holtålen Stave Church, drawing by <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_Christie" title="Håkon Christie">Håkon Christie</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reinli.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reinli Stave Church, drawing by Georg Andreas Bull, ca. 1855."><img alt="Reinli Stave Church, drawing by Georg Andreas Bull, ca. 1855." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Reinli.jpg/303px-Reinli.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Reinli.jpg/454px-Reinli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Reinli.jpg/606px-Reinli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reinli Stave Church, drawing by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Andreas_Bull" title="Georg Andreas Bull">Georg Andreas Bull</a>, ca. 1855.</div> </li> </ul> <p>At the base of Type A churches, there are four heavy sill beams on a low foundation of stones. These are interconnected in the corner notch, forming a rigid sill frame. The corner posts or staves (<i>stavene</i> in Norwegian) are cross-cut at the lower end and fit over the corner notches and cover them, protecting them from moisture. </p><p>On top of the sill beam is a groove into which the lower ends of the wall planks (<i>veggtilene</i>) fit. The last wall plank is wedge-shaped and rammed into place. When the wall is filled in with planks, the frame is completed by a wall plate (<i>stavlægje</i>) with a groove on the bottom, holding the top ends of the wall planks. The whole structure consists of frames – a sill frame resting on the stone foundation, and the four wall frames made up of sills, corner posts and wall plate. </p><p>The wall plates support the roof trusses, consisting of a pair of principal rafters and an additional pair of intersecting "scissor rafters". For lateral bracing, additional wooden brackets (<i>bueknær</i>) are inserted between the rafters. </p><p>Every piece is locked into position by other pieces, making for a very rigid construction; yet all points otherwise susceptible to the harsh weather are covered. </p> <ul><li>The <b>single-nave church</b> has a square nave and a narrower square choir. This type of stave church was common at the beginning of the 12th century.</li> <li>The <b>long church</b> (<b>Langkyrkje</b>), has a rectangular plan with nave and choir of the same width. The nave will usually take up two-thirds of the whole length. This type was common at the end of the 13th century.</li> <li>The <b>center-post church</b> (<b>Midtmastkyrkje</b>), has a single central post reaching all the way up to and connected to the roof construction. But the roof is a simple hipped one, without the raised central part of the Type B churches. This variation on the common type of church, found in <a href="/wiki/Numedal" title="Numedal">Numedal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hallingdal" title="Hallingdal">Hallingdal</a>, dates to around 1200.</li></ul> <p>Single-nave churches in Norway: <a href="/wiki/Grip_Stave_Church" title="Grip Stave Church">Grip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haltdalen_Stave_Church" title="Haltdalen Stave Church">Haltdalen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Undredal_Stave_Church" title="Undredal Stave Church">Undredal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hedal_Stave_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedal Stave Church">Hedal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinli_Stave_Church" title="Reinli Stave Church">Reinli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eidsborg_Stave_Church" title="Eidsborg Stave Church">Eidsborg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rollag_Stave_Church" title="Rollag Stave Church">Rollag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uvdal_Stave_Church" title="Uvdal Stave Church">Uvdal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nore_Stave_Church" title="Nore Stave Church">Nore</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8yjord_Stave_Church" title="Høyjord Stave Church">Høyjord</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ldal_Stave_Church" title="Røldal Stave Church">Røldal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garmo_Stave_Church" title="Garmo Stave Church">Garmo</a>. </p><p>The only remaining church of this type outside Norway is the <a href="/wiki/Hedared_stave_church" title="Hedared stave church">Hedared</a> church in Sweden, which shows similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Haltdalen_Stave_Church" title="Haltdalen Stave Church">church at Haltdalen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_with_a_raised_roof,_Type_B"><span id="Church_with_a_raised_roof.2C_Type_B"></span>Church with a raised roof, Type B</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Church with a raised roof, Type B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Plans of Type B churches</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 278.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 276.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stave_church_construction.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Håkon Christie drawing of Borgund Stave Church."><img alt="Håkon Christie drawing of Borgund Stave Church." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Stave_church_construction.jpg/415px-Stave_church_construction.jpg" decoding="async" width="277" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Stave_church_construction.jpg/623px-Stave_church_construction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Stave_church_construction.jpg/831px-Stave_church_construction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2001" data-file-height="2168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Håkon Christie drawing of Borgund Stave Church.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borgund,_GABull.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="G. A. Bull drawing of Borgund Stave Church."><img alt="G. A. Bull drawing of Borgund Stave Church." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Borgund%2C_GABull.jpg/296px-Borgund%2C_GABull.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Borgund%2C_GABull.jpg/445px-Borgund%2C_GABull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Borgund%2C_GABull.jpg/593px-Borgund%2C_GABull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1977" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">G. A. Bull drawing of Borgund Stave Church.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stabkirche-Gol.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gol Stave Church. The drawing is slightly erroneous, as the sill under the church floor is missing."><img alt="Gol Stave Church. The drawing is slightly erroneous, as the sill under the church floor is missing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Stabkirche-Gol.jpg/235px-Stabkirche-Gol.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Stabkirche-Gol.jpg/353px-Stabkirche-Gol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Stabkirche-Gol.jpg/471px-Stabkirche-Gol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2582" data-file-height="4935" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gol Stave Church. The drawing is slightly erroneous, as the sill under the church floor is missing.</div> </li> </ul> <p>On the stone foundation, four huge ground beams (<i>grunnstokker</i>) are placed like a <span style="font-size:120%">⌗</span> sign, their ends protruding 1–2 meters from the <a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">lap joint</a> where they intersect. The ends of these beams support the sills of the outer walls, forming a separate horizontal frame. The tall internal posts are placed on the internal frame of ground beams, and carry the main roof above the central nave (<i>skip</i>). On the outer frame of sills rest the main wall planks (<i>veggtiler</i>), carrying the roof over the pentice or aisles (<i>omgang</i>) surrounding the central space. The roof thus slopes down in two steps, as in a <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a>. </p><p>The tall internal posts (<i>staver</i>) are interconnected with brackets (<i>bueknær</i>), and also connected to the outer walls with aisle rafters, creating a laterally rigid construction. Closer to the top of the posts (<i>staver</i>), shorter sills inserted between them support the upper wall (<i>tilevegg</i>). On top of the posts wall plates (<i>stavlægjer</i>) support the roof trusses, similar to those of the single-nave churches. </p><p><b>The Kaupanger group</b> consists of: <a href="/wiki/Kaupanger_Stave_Church" title="Kaupanger Stave Church">Kaupanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urnes_Stave_Church" title="Urnes Stave Church">Urnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopperstad_Stave_Church" title="Hopperstad Stave Church">Hopperstad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lom_Stave_Church" title="Lom Stave Church">Lom</a>. </p><p><b>The Borgund group</b> consists of: <a href="/wiki/Borgund_Stave_Church" title="Borgund Stave Church">Borgund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gol_Stave_Church" title="Gol Stave Church">Gol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hegge_Stave_Church" title="Hegge Stave Church">Hegge</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8re_Stave_Church" title="Høre Stave Church">Høre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lomen_Stave_Church" title="Lomen Stave Church">Lomen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ringebu_Stave_Church" title="Ringebu Stave Church">Ringebu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%98ye_Stave_Church" title="Øye Stave Church">Øye</a>. </p><p>This form of a church can also be recognized from the holes which remain from earlier earth-bound post churches built on the same sites. Little is known about what these older churches actually looked like or how they were constructed, as they were all destroyed or replaced many centuries ago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_techniques">Construction techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Construction techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palisade_work">Palisade work</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Palisade work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Palisade_church" title="Palisade church">Palisade church</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stavkirke_1pallisade.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Stavkirke_1pallisade.png/100px-Stavkirke_1pallisade.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Stavkirke_1pallisade.png 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption>Palisade work</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest technique is often called palisade work and was a self-supporting wall construction with densely placed earthen pillars or planks, which enclosed a room and at the same time carried the roof. Later, split logs were used, which gave the walls a flat inside, and the edges could be leveled or fitted with tongue and groove. Palisade churches have not been found in Norway. </p><p>To prevent early decay, the posts or planks were tarred, and the lower ends were charred by burning. The palisade rows were often placed in ditches filled with stone. It was long thought that this technique disappeared before the turn of the last millennium, but new research shows that it was in use right up to the beginning of the 12th century. </p><p>The only structure in this technique that has survived into our time is a wall in the middle section of <a href="/wiki/Greensted_Church" title="Greensted Church">Greensted Church</a> in England. This led to this church being for a long time considered the oldest wooden structure in Europe. A common dating of the church was about the year 845, but modern <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronological" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendrochronological">dendrochronological</a> dating estimates the church's year of construction to the period just after the year 1053 (+10 / −55 years).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_post_technique">The post technique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The post technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post_church" title="Post church">Post church</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stavkirke_2hjornegravd.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Stavkirke_2hjornegravd.png/100px-Stavkirke_2hjornegravd.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Stavkirke_2hjornegravd.png 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>The post technique</figcaption></figure> <p>By lifting the pole planks up from the ground and placing them on sleepers clamped between more powerful corner or intermediate posts, the risk of rot damage was reduced. Thinner materials could then be used in the complementary parts of the construction. Earthen piles of coarse round timber could stand for a relatively long time before rotting. They may have been scorched at the lower end to avoid premature decay. </p><p>Postholes, often with remnants of the former pillars, have been found under or near several stave churches and in places where legends say that there must have been churches. Remains of approximately 25 pillar buildings have been identified in Norway, and indirect traces of 7–8 more. Remains of pillar churches are also found under stone churches such as Mære and Kinsarvik.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the earliest churches in Norway were built using this technique, but no such buildings have survived. It is an open question whether limited life was the reason why they were replaced by real stave churches with sleepers, or whether there were other reasons. Some of the older materials found in several of the stave churches are thought to originate from such early pillar churches, in particular at the Urnes stave church in Luster, where many building parts with wooden sheds in the urn style must have belonged to an older church. It has now been proven that the reused building parts originally belonged to the current church's forerunner, dendrochronologically dated to the period 1070–1080. However, this was not a post church, but a real stave church where corner poles and wall planks stood on sleepers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Håkon Christie assumed that the post construction fell out of use because the posts rotted from below.<sup id="cite_ref-Christie1981_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christie1981-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jørgen H. Jensenius believes that archaeological material does not provide unequivocal support for Christie's hypothesis; a change in size or transition to a stone church may also explain why excavated pillars fell out of use. Røldal Stave Church may have had some pillars set in the ground until 1913. In Lom Stave Church, the stone foundations have been laid approximately directly over the refilled postholes. Apart from different foundation methods, Jensenius believes that the pillar churches were essentially similar to stave churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensenius2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensenius2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stave_work">Stave work</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stave work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stavkirke_3svill.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Stavkirke_3svill.png/100px-Stavkirke_3svill.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Stavkirke_3svill.png 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption>Stave work</figcaption></figure> <p>Of buildings from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> with standing timber in load-bearing structures, only the churches in the last developed method of construction, the stave, have been left standing in our time.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By lifting the entire structure up on stone foundations and placing the poles on sleepers, the life of the structure was significantly extended. The technique was developed as early as the 11th century, but it has only been proven in the forerunner of the current stave church. This was also a real stave church, since both the corner stakes and the tiles have stood on sleepers that were reused as foundations for the existing church.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stone as a base for poles was used as early as Roman times and additional walls in sleepers may have been used from the 400s and 600s.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensenius2001_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensenius2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stedje_lengdesnitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stedje_lengdesnitt.jpg/220px-Stedje_lengdesnitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stedje_lengdesnitt.jpg/330px-Stedje_lengdesnitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stedje_lengdesnitt.jpg/440px-Stedje_lengdesnitt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="991" /></a><figcaption>Side view of Stedje Stave Church by G. A. Bull</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_Dietrichson" title="Lorentz Dietrichson">Lorentz Dietrichson</a> believed that the stave churches were originally small and only later built with larger dimensions. He believed that the background for this was the construction technique. He points out that the youngest churches in the Mør type are the largest. He calculated the ground plan and area for 79 churches, and the nine largest were all in Sunnmøre with Hjørundfjord, Volda and Norddal of over 280 m<sup>2</sup>. This is three times larger than, for example, Urnes and Hopperstad. According to Dietrichson, the large size of the stave churches in Sunnmøre were partly a result of later expansions. He estimated the cross arms of Volda Stave Church at 7.3 × 6 meters. Hjørundfjord Stave Church was a "half-cross church" with only one cross arm measuring 7.9 × 9.1 meters. The first stave church had cross arms of 7.9 × 6.7 meters after expansion. Dietrichson was unsure whether the cross arms in the Møre churches were generally added in the lath construction or whether it was a medieval stave construction. He concluded that several were originally listed as cruciform churches in stakes, including Hareid, Volda, Vatne and Ørsta. For some other churches (Bremsnes and Kornstad on Nordmøre), contemporary sources say that the cross arms were later added to the lumber.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Håkon Christie, these churches of the Mør type had a simpler construction and were both larger and longer than the other types.<sup id="cite_ref-Christie1981_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christie1981-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roar Hauglid estimated that most (80–90%) of the medieval Norwegian stave churches were simple single-nave buildings (Type A) and most were relatively small. Hauglid called these "the ordinary Norwegian stave church".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jelling_gr_Stein_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jelling_gr_Stein_3.JPG/220px-Jelling_gr_Stein_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jelling_gr_Stein_3.JPG/330px-Jelling_gr_Stein_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jelling_gr_Stein_3.JPG/440px-Jelling_gr_Stein_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Jelling church stone in Denmark</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A5berg_portal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/F%C3%A5berg_portal.jpg/220px-F%C3%A5berg_portal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/F%C3%A5berg_portal.jpg/330px-F%C3%A5berg_portal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/F%C3%A5berg_portal.jpg/440px-F%C3%A5berg_portal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption>The portal from Fåberg Stave Church</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urnesportalen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Urnesportalen.jpg/220px-Urnesportalen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Urnesportalen.jpg/330px-Urnesportalen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Urnesportalen.jpg/440px-Urnesportalen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Arch decoration from Urnes Stave Church</figcaption></figure> <p>Stave churches were once common in northern Europe. In Norway alone, it was thought about 1000 were built; recent research has increased this estimate and it is now believed there may have been closer to 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Norwegian stave churches older than the 1100s are known only from written sources or from archaeological excavations, but written sources are sparse and difficult to interpret.<sup id="cite_ref-Anker_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anker-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 271 masonry churches were constructed in Norway during the same period, of which 160 still exist, while in Sweden and Denmark there were 900 and 1800 masonry churches respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frostathing_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Frostathing Law">Frostathing Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulating" title="Gulating">Gulating</a> law rules about "corner posts" show that the stave church was the standard church building in Norway, even though the Catholic church preferred stone.<sup id="cite_ref-Anker_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anker-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All wooden churches in Norway before the reformation were constructed with staves. Log building is younger than stave building in Norway, and was introduced in residential buildings around year 1000. Stave building is not influenced by the log technique.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 29 stave churches have survived in Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these were built between 1150 and 1350.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "stave church" is unknown in Old Norse, presumably because there were no other types of wooden churches. When Norway's churches after the Reformation were constructed from logs, there was a need for a separate term for the older churches. In written sources from the Middle Ages, there is a clear distinction between <i>stafr</i> (posts) and <i>þili</i> or <i>vægþili</i> (wall boards). However, in documents from the 1600–1700s, "stave" was also used for wall boards or panels. Emil Eckhoff in his <i>Svenska stavkyrkor</i> (1914–1916) also included wood-frame church buildings without posts.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Norway's oldest written laws and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian_Homily_Book" title="Old Norwegian Homily Book">Old Norwegian Homily Book</a>, the consecration of the church was valid as long as the four corner posts were standing.<sup id="cite_ref-Anker_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anker-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the sermons in the old homily book is known as the "stave church sermon". The sermon dates from around 1100 and was presumably performed at consecrations, or on their anniversaries. The sermon text is a theological interpretation of the building elements in the church. It names most of the building elements in the stave church, and can be a source of terminology and technique.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the sermon says: "The four corner posts of the church are a symbol for the four gospels, because their teachings are the strongest supports within the whole of Christianity."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Church building was mentioned in the <i>Gulatingsloven</i> (Gulating Law), which was written down in the 1000s. In the chapter on Christianity, the 12th article states:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If one man builds a church, either <a href="/wiki/Lendmann" title="Lendmann">lendmann</a> does it or a farmer, or whoever builds a church, shall keep the church and the plot in good condition. But if the church breaks down and corner posts fall, then he shall bring timber to the plot before twelve months; if not, he will pay three marks in punishment to the bishop and bring timber and rebuild the church anyway.<br /> (<i>Um einskildmenn byggjer kyrkje, anten lendmann gjer det eller bonde, eller kven det er som byggjer kyrkje, skal han halda henne i stand og inkje øyda tufti. Men um kyrkja brotnar og hyrnestavane fell, då skal han føra timber på tufti innan tolv månadar; um det ikkje kjem, skal han bøta tre merker for det til biskopen og koma med timber og byggja opp kyrkja likevel.</i>)</p></blockquote> <p>In Norway, stave churches were gradually replaced; many survived until the 19th century when a substantial number were destroyed. Today, 28 historical stave churches remain standing in Norway. Stave churches were particularly common in less populated areas in high valleys and forest land, and in fishermen's villages on islands and minor villages along fjords. By about 1800, 322 stave churches were still known in Norway, most of them in sparsely populated areas. If the main church was masonry, the annex church could be a stave church.<sup id="cite_ref-Anker_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anker-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masonry churches were mostly built in towns, along the coast, and in rich agricultural areas in <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a> and eastern Norway, as well as in the larger parishes in fjord districts in western Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No new churches were built in Norway during the 1400s and 1500s.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway's stave churches largely disappeared until 1700 and were replaced by log buildings. Several stave churches were redesigned or enlarged using different techniques during 1600–1700; for instance, <a href="/wiki/Flesberg_Stave_Church" title="Flesberg Stave Church">Flesberg Stave Church</a> was converted into a cruciform church partly in log construction.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dietrichson, most stave churches were dismantled to make room for a new church, partly because the old church had become too small for the congregation, and partly because the stave church was in poor condition. Fire, storm, avalanche and decay were other reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1650 there were about 270 stave churches left in Norway, and in the next hundred years 136 of these disappeared. There were still 95 stave churches in 1800, while over 200 former stave churches were still known by name or in written sources. From 1850 to 1885, 32 stave churches disappeared; since then only the <a href="/wiki/Fantoft_Stave_Church" title="Fantoft Stave Church">Fantoft Stave Church</a> has been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-Anker_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anker-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heddal stave church was the first stave church described in a scholarly publication, when <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Flintoe" title="Johannes Flintoe">Johannes Flintoe</a> wrote an essay in <i>Samlinger til det Norske Folks Sprog og Historie</i> (Christiania, 1834). The book also printed Flintoe's drawings of the facade, the ground floor and the floor plan – the first known architectural drawing of a stave church.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1950 and 1970, postholes from older buildings were discovered under Lom stave church as well as under masonry churches such as <a href="/wiki/Kinsarvik_Church" title="Kinsarvik Church">Kinsarvik Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Anker_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anker-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this discovery was an important contribution to understanding the origin of stave churches. Postholes were first identified during excavations in Urnes stave church.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of stave churches constructed in Iceland and the rest of Europe is unknown.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some believe<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> they were the first type of church to be constructed in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>; however, the <a href="/wiki/Post_church" title="Post church">post churches</a> are an older type, although the difference between the two is slight. A stave church has a lower construction set on a frame, whereas a post church has earth-bound posts. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, the stave churches were considered obsolete in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and were replaced. In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, traces of post churches have been found at several locations, and there are also parts still in existence from some of them. A plank of one such church was found in <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>. The plank is now on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Denmark" title="National Museum of Denmark">National Museum of Denmark</a> in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> and an attempt at reconstructing the church is a featured display at the <a href="/wiki/Moesg%C3%A5rd_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesgård Museum">Moesgård Museum</a> near <a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a>. Marks created by several old post churches have also been found at the old stone church in <a href="/wiki/Jelling" title="Jelling">Jelling</a>. </p><p>In Sweden, the medieval <a href="/wiki/Hedared_stave_church" title="Hedared stave church">Hedared stave church</a> was constructed c. 1500 at the same location as a previous stave church. Other notable places are <a href="/wiki/Maria_Minor_church" title="Maria Minor church">Maria Minor church</a> in Lund, with its traces of a post church with <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisades</a>, and some old parts of <a href="/wiki/Hemse_stave_church" title="Hemse stave church">Hemse stave church</a> on <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Skåne</a> alone there were around 300 such churches when <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> visited Denmark in the first half of the 11th century, but how many of those were stave churches or post churches is unknown. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, there is one similar church of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Saxon</a> origin, with much debate as to whether it is a stave church or predates them. This is the <a href="/wiki/Greensted_Church" title="Greensted Church">Greensted Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>. General consensus categorizes it as Saxon Type A. Another church bears similarities to stave churches, the medieval stone church of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_and_St_David,_Kilpeck" title="Church of St Mary and St David, Kilpeck">St. Mary in Kilpeck</a> in <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>. It features a number of dragon heads. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, there is one stone church with a motif depicting a dragon similar to those often seen on Norwegian stave churches and on surviving artifacts from Denmark and Gotland. Whether this decoration can be attributed to cultural similarities or whether it indicates similar construction methods in Germany has sparked controversy. </p><p>Replica stave churches have been built in several American communities, mostly in the Upper Midwest, with Norwegian or Islandic immigrant populations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borgund_stavkirke_2016,_detalj_inngangsd%C3%B8r-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Borgund_stavkirke_2016%2C_detalj_inngangsd%C3%B8r-2.jpg/220px-Borgund_stavkirke_2016%2C_detalj_inngangsd%C3%B8r-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Borgund_stavkirke_2016%2C_detalj_inngangsd%C3%B8r-2.jpg/330px-Borgund_stavkirke_2016%2C_detalj_inngangsd%C3%B8r-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Borgund_stavkirke_2016%2C_detalj_inngangsd%C3%B8r-2.jpg/440px-Borgund_stavkirke_2016%2C_detalj_inngangsd%C3%B8r-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5889" data-file-height="3681" /></a><figcaption>Details of Borgund Stave Church</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_Dietrichson" title="Lorentz Dietrichson">Lorentz Dietrichson</a> in his book <i>De norske Stavkirker</i> ("The Norwegian Stave Churches") (1892) claimed that the stave church is "a brilliant translation of the Romanesque basilica from stone to wood" ("<i>En genial oversettelse fra sten til tre av den romanske basilika</i>"). Dietrichson claimed that Type B displays an influence from early Christian and <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Roman</a> basilicas. The style was assumed to be transferred via Anglo-Saxon and Irish architecture, where only the particular roof construction was local. Dietrichson emphasized the <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a>, arcades and <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "basilica theory" was introduced by N. Nicolaysen in <i>Mindesmærker af Middelalderens Kunst i Norge</i> (1854). Nicolaysen wrote: "Our stave churches are now the only remaining of its kind, and according to the sparse records and known circumstances, it appears that nothing similar existed except perhaps in Britain and Ireland." ("<i>Vore stavkirker er nu de eneste i sit slags, og saavidt sparsomme beretninger og andre omstændigheder lader formode, synes de heller ikke tidligere at have havt noget sidestykke med undtagelse af maaske i Storbritannien og Irland</i>.")<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicolaysen further claimed that the layout and design may have been inspired by Byzantine architecture. Nicolaysen wrote: "All facts suggest that the stave churches like the masonry churches and all medieval architecture in Western Europe originated from the Roman basilica." ("<i>Alt synes at henpege paa, at forbilledet til vore stavkirker ligesom til stenkirkerne og overhovedet til hele den vesteuropæiske arkitektur i middelalderen er udgaaet fra den romerske basilika.</i>")<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory was further developed by <a href="/wiki/Anders_Bugge" title="Anders Bugge">Anders Bugge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roar_Hauglid" title="Roar Hauglid">Roar Hauglid</a>. Peter Anker believed that the influence from foreign masonry architecture was primarily in decorative details.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Per_Jonas_Nordhagen" title="Per Jonas Nordhagen">Per Jonas Nordhagen</a> does not reject the basilica theory, but suggests development along two paths and that the basilical was a development towards larger and technically more sophisticated churches. The main, progressive path according to Nordhagen lead to Torpo and Borgund.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Folklore and circumstantial evidence seem to suggest that stave churches were built upon old indigenous <a href="/wiki/Norse_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse paganism">Norse</a> worship sites, the <i><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">hof</a></i>. Dietrichson believed that the stave churches were closely connected to the hof and the "hof theory" attracted interest in the 1930s and 1940s. The theory assumed that the hofs had a square, raised roof supported by four columns.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Christianization of Norway local chiefs were forced to either dismantle the hofs or to convert hofs into churches. Bugge and Norberg-Schultz accordingly claimed that "there is no reason to believe that the last hofs and the first churches had any major differences" ("<i>og da er det liten grunn til å tro at de siste hov har skilt seg synderlig fra de første kirker</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This assumption has been rejected by archeological evidence several times, in the case of Iceland by Åge Roussel.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olaf Olsen described the hof merely as function related to ordinary buildings on major farms. If the hof was a particular building they remain to be identified, according to Olsen.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olsen rejected the hof theory. Nicolay Nicolaysen also concluded that there is not a single known case of a hof that was converted to a church.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lack of historical evidence for hofs as buildings undermines the hof theory.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicolaysen also introduced the community centre hypothesis which argued that hofs were destroyed and churches constructed on the same convenient location for the local community. Location near a previous hof would then be a coincidence, according to Nicolaysen. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> encouraged (year 601) <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a> to reuse pre-Christian temples, but this had little relevance for Norway according to Nicolaysen. Jan Brendalsmo in his dissertation concluded that churches were often established on major farms or farms of local chiefs and close to feasting halls or graveyards.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stave churches sometimes appear to have built upon or used materials from old pagan worship sites and are considered to be the best evidence for the existence of Norse Pagan temples and the best guide as to what they looked like.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The layout of the churches is believed to have mimicked old Pagan temples in design and was possibly designed in order to adhere to old Norse cosmological beliefs, especially as some churches were built around a central point like a world tree. Stave churches were also often located near or in the sight of large natural formations which also had a significant role in Norse Paganism, thus also suggesting a form of continuity through placement and symbolism.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, dragons' heads and other clear mythological symbolism suggests the cultural blending of Norse mythological beliefs and Christianity in a non-contradictory synthesis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Owing to this evidence newer research has suggested that Christianity was introduced into Norway much earlier than was previously assumed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_arsons_and_attempts">Church arsons and attempts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Church arsons and attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bergen,_Fantoft2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bergen%2C_Fantoft2.jpg/220px-Bergen%2C_Fantoft2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bergen%2C_Fantoft2.jpg/330px-Bergen%2C_Fantoft2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bergen%2C_Fantoft2.jpg/440px-Bergen%2C_Fantoft2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fantoft_Stave_Church" title="Fantoft Stave Church">Fantoft Stave Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Building_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Building restoration">restored</a> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Fantoft_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fantoft-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>While church fires of wooden churches in Norway are relatively common, due to wood's flammable nature, from 1992 to 1995, the number rose dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1992 and 1996, there were at least 50 attacks on Christian churches in Norway,<sup id="cite_ref-grude_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grude-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-euronymousinterview_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euronymousinterview-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of which were Stave churches. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Norwegian_black_metal_scene" title="Early Norwegian black metal scene">Norwegian black metal scene</a> are thought to be largely responsible; in every arson case that was solved, those responsible were black metal fans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind2003106_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind2003106-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first church burned was Norway's <a href="/wiki/Fantoft_Stave_Church" title="Fantoft Stave Church">Fantoft Stave Church</a>, which was burnt to the ground in June 1992. Police believe <a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Varg Vikernes</a> of the metal band <a href="/wiki/Burzum" title="Burzum">Burzum</a> was responsible,<sup id="cite_ref-grude_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grude-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the cover of Burzum's EP <i><a href="/wiki/Aske_(EP)" title="Aske (EP)">Aske</a></i> ("ashes") is a photograph of the destroyed church.<sup id="cite_ref-Fantoft_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fantoft-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 May 1994,<sup id="cite_ref-Count_Regrets_Nothing_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Count_Regrets_Nothing-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vikernes was found guilty for burning down the <a href="/wiki/Holmenkollen_Chapel" title="Holmenkollen Chapel">Holmenkollen Chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skjold_Church,_Rogaland" title="Skjold Church, Rogaland">Skjold Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_%C3%85sane_Church" title="Old Åsane Church">Åsane Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200393_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200393-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-untilthelight_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-untilthelight-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those convicted for church burnings showed no remorse and described their actions as a symbolic "retaliation" against Christianity in Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200389_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200389-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vikernes would come to be seen as "the perpetrator of a few and inspiration for many of the fires".<sup id="cite_ref-Mapped-Smith-2019_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mapped-Smith-2019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following is a partial list of the church arsons: </p><p><b>1992</b> </p> <ul><li>23 May: attempted burning of <a href="/wiki/Storetveit_Church" title="Storetveit Church">Storetveit Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6 June: burning of <a href="/wiki/Fantoft_stave_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantoft stave church">Fantoft stave church</a> in Bergen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201260_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201260-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Varg Vikernes is strongly suspected as the culprit, but was not convicted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1 August: burning of <a href="/wiki/Revheim_Church" title="Revheim Church">Revheim Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>21 August: burning of <a href="/wiki/Holmenkollen_Chapel" title="Holmenkollen Chapel">Holmenkollen Chapel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Varg Vikernes and Faust were convicted for this; Euronymous also participated, but was murdered in August 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-untilthelight_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-untilthelight-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-onceuponatime_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onceuponatime-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1 September: burning of <a href="/wiki/Orm%C3%B8ya" title="Ormøya">Ormøya</a> Church in Oslo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>13 September: burning of <a href="/wiki/Skjold_Church_(Rogaland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skjold Church (Rogaland)">Skjold Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vindafjord" title="Vindafjord">Vindafjord</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f_48-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Varg Vikernes and Samoth were convicted for this.</li> <li>3 October: burning of <a href="/wiki/Hauketo" title="Hauketo">Hauketo</a> Church in Oslo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200389_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200389-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>24 December: burning of <a href="/wiki/Old_%C3%85sane_Church" title="Old Åsane Church">Åsane Church</a> in Bergen<sup id="cite_ref-grude_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grude-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Varg Vikernes and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Inge_Tunsberg" title="Jørn Inge Tunsberg">Jørn Inge Tunsberg</a> were convicted for this.<sup id="cite_ref-grude_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grude-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>25 December: burning of a Methodist church in <a href="/wiki/Sarpsborg" title="Sarpsborg">Sarpsborg</a><sup id="cite_ref-grude_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grude-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a firefighter was killed while fighting this fire.<sup id="cite_ref-grude_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grude-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>1993</b> </p> <ul><li>7 February: burning of Lundby New Church in <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind2003117_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind2003117-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>1994</b> </p> <ul><li>13 March: burning of a church in <a href="/wiki/Sund,_Norway" title="Sund, Norway">Sund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnk1994_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnk1994-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>27 March: burning of Seegård Church in <a href="/wiki/Snertingdal" class="mw-redirect" title="Snertingdal">Snertingdal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnk1994_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnk1994-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>16 May: attempted burning of <a href="/wiki/Gol_stave_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Gol stave church">Gol stave church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buskerud" title="Buskerud">Buskerud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnk1994_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnk1994-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>17 May: attempted burning of Åmodt Chapel in <a href="/wiki/Buskerud" title="Buskerud">Buskerud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnk1994_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnk1994-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>4 June: burning of Frogn Church in <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B8bak" title="Drøbak">Drøbak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnk1994_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnk1994-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>19 June: attempted burning of Heni Church in <a href="/wiki/Gjerdrum" title="Gjerdrum">Gjerdrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnk1994_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnk1994-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>7 July: burning of a church in <a href="/wiki/Jel%C3%B8y" title="Jeløy">Jeløy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnk1994_53-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnk1994-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>21 July: attempted burning of Odda's Church.<sup id="cite_ref-dnk1994_53-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnk1994-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>13 August: attempted burning of Loop Chapel in <a href="/wiki/Meldal" title="Meldal">Meldal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnk1994_53-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnk1994-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>10 December: attempted burning of <a href="/wiki/%C3%85kra" title="Åkra">Åkra</a> Church.<sup id="cite_ref-dnk1994_53-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnk1994-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>22 December: attempted burning of <a href="/wiki/Askim" title="Askim">Askim</a> Church.<sup id="cite_ref-dnk1994_53-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnk1994-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>26 December: attempted burning of Klemestrud Church.<sup id="cite_ref-dnk1994_53-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnk1994-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>1995</b> </p> <ul><li>13 May: burning of Lord Church in <a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnk1995_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnk1995-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>25 May: burning of Såner Church in <a href="/wiki/Vestby" title="Vestby">Vestby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnk1995_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnk1995-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>14 June: burning of Moe Church in <a href="/wiki/Sandefjord" title="Sandefjord">Sandefjord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnk1995_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnk1995-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>21 July: attempted burning of a church college in <a href="/wiki/Eidanger" title="Eidanger">Eidanger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnk1995_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnk1995-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>3 September: attempted burning of Vågsbygd church college in <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand">Kristiansand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnk1995_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnk1995-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>3 November: burning of <a href="/wiki/Innset_Church" title="Innset Church">Innset Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rennebu" title="Rennebu">Rennebu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnk1995_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnk1995-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture_and_decoration">Architecture and decoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Architecture and decoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%B8njum_portal_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/T%C3%B8njum_portal_detail.jpg/220px-T%C3%B8njum_portal_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/T%C3%B8njum_portal_detail.jpg/330px-T%C3%B8njum_portal_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/T%C3%B8njum_portal_detail.jpg/440px-T%C3%B8njum_portal_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>Portal detail from Tønjum Stave Church</figcaption></figure> <p>Even though the wooden churches had structural differences, they give a recognizable general impression. Formal differences may hide common features of their planning, while apparently similar buildings may turn out to have their structural elements organized completely differently. Despite this, certain basic principles must have been common to all types of building. </p><p>Basic geometrical figures, numbers that were easy to work with, one or just a few length units and simple ratios, and perhaps proportions, were among the theoretical aids all builders inherited. The specialist was the man who knew a particular type of building so well that he could systematise its elements in a slightly different way from previous building designs, thus carrying developments a stage further. </p><p>"Exposing the timber frame on the interior and/or exterior of the structures is seen to release its matrix of timber members and its capacity to contribute architectural expression to buildings. The matrix, forming ‘lines’ in space, has an expressive potential that includes the capacity to delineate proportion, direct eye-movement, suggest spatial enclosure, create patterning, permit transparency and establish continuity with landscape."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portals">Portals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Portals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Den_utrolige_portalen_til_Hedalen_stavkirke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Den_utrolige_portalen_til_Hedalen_stavkirke.jpg/300px-Den_utrolige_portalen_til_Hedalen_stavkirke.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Den_utrolige_portalen_til_Hedalen_stavkirke.jpg/450px-Den_utrolige_portalen_til_Hedalen_stavkirke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Den_utrolige_portalen_til_Hedalen_stavkirke.jpg/600px-Den_utrolige_portalen_til_Hedalen_stavkirke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4356" data-file-height="2883" /></a><figcaption>Main portal in Hedal stave church</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hedal_stavkirke_portal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hedal_stavkirke_portal.jpg/220px-Hedal_stavkirke_portal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hedal_stavkirke_portal.jpg/330px-Hedal_stavkirke_portal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hedal_stavkirke_portal.jpg/440px-Hedal_stavkirke_portal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>Drawing by G. A. Bull of the main portal in Hedal stave church, from c.1853</figcaption></figure> <p>Portals or parts of the portals from about 140 stave churches have been preserved. There are roughly three portal types: the simple profile portal, the column portal and the beam portal. </p><p>The simple profile portal is a doorway framed by simple profiles or pilasters. These portals are mostly used on cord doors. About 20 such doors have been preserved. </p><p>The column portal is derived from stone architecture. It has full or half columns that carry a curved archivolt. The columns have bases and chapters. They are richly decorated and were used both on front doors and inside cross-sections. About 40 such portals are known. </p><p>The beam (or magnificent) portal consists of two portal planks and a top piece with continuous decoration. The upper part has two to five horizontal planks that are folded into each other with tongue and groove. This is supported by the standing wall planks that flank the doorway. 75 more or less complete portals of this type have been preserved. In some beam portals, the column motif is also incorporated together with the surface decorations, with or without archivolt. </p><p>Most of the preserved material comes from Sogn-Hardanger and from the mountain villages in eastern Norway. The main part of the portals is Romanesque and lacks Gothic features. </p><p>It is possible that the portals may have been painted, but this has been difficult to determine with certainty. The paint on the few that are painted today seems to be newer. </p><p>It is common to divide the portals according to style to Urnes style and <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque style</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iconography">Iconography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most portals show dragons, "lions" and vines that do not refer to specific biblical or other Christian stories. One of the exceptions is the Christian motifs found on the west portal<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the torn Hemsedal stave church, which shows St. Olav's martyrdom and status as a Christlike saint.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A research problem has been the portal's iconography. As for the Urnes style portals, the idea that it should have a pagan content is rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large animal has been interpreted as a lion. The lion can represent Christ who fights with and wins over evil. </p><p>Common features of most portals are that they are monumental and that they have fighting dragons, which may be symbolic of magic to avert pain. Bugge believes that this may be a pagan iconography in Christian interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Sogn-Valdres portals the lion is replaced by a vine, which also represents Christianity. in reference to Joh. 15.5: "I am the vine, you are the branches." Hohler opposes this interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She believes that the portals cannot have a religious content, but is a picture of the client's or builder's intention, a ruling motif. There are many portals in Europe that are pure ornaments. She refers to Bernhard of Clairvaux, who opposed the use of animals in the Christian context. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Door_of_a_stave_church_from_Historisk_museum,_Oslo,_Norway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lion on the door, Historisk museum, Oslo"><img alt="Lion on the door, Historisk museum, Oslo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Door_of_a_stave_church_from_Historisk_museum%2C_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg/202px-Door_of_a_stave_church_from_Historisk_museum%2C_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Door_of_a_stave_church_from_Historisk_museum%2C_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg/304px-Door_of_a_stave_church_from_Historisk_museum%2C_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Door_of_a_stave_church_from_Historisk_museum%2C_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg/405px-Door_of_a_stave_church_from_Historisk_museum%2C_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lion on the door, Historisk museum, Oslo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eidsborg_satvkyrkje_loeve.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lion from the portal of Eidsborg Stave Church."><img alt="Lion from the portal of Eidsborg Stave Church." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Eidsborg_satvkyrkje_loeve.jpg/180px-Eidsborg_satvkyrkje_loeve.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Eidsborg_satvkyrkje_loeve.jpg/270px-Eidsborg_satvkyrkje_loeve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Eidsborg_satvkyrkje_loeve.jpg/360px-Eidsborg_satvkyrkje_loeve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2588" data-file-height="3882" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lion from the portal of Eidsborg Stave Church.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wang_-_lew.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lion from the Vang Stave Church"><img alt="Lion from the Vang Stave Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wang_-_lew.jpg/202px-Wang_-_lew.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wang_-_lew.jpg/304px-Wang_-_lew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wang_-_lew.jpg/405px-Wang_-_lew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lion from the Vang Stave Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borgund.4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lion on arch decoration from Borgund Stave Church"><img alt="Lion on arch decoration from Borgund Stave Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Borgund.4.jpg/154px-Borgund.4.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Borgund.4.jpg/231px-Borgund.4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Borgund.4.jpg/309px-Borgund.4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lion on arch decoration from Borgund Stave Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hylestad_-_Sigurd_Sucking_Thumb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sigurd sucking the dragon blood off his thumb, engravings from Hylestad Stave Church"><img alt="Sigurd sucking the dragon blood off his thumb, engravings from Hylestad Stave Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hylestad_-_Sigurd_Sucking_Thumb.jpg/202px-Hylestad_-_Sigurd_Sucking_Thumb.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hylestad_-_Sigurd_Sucking_Thumb.jpg/304px-Hylestad_-_Sigurd_Sucking_Thumb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hylestad_-_Sigurd_Sucking_Thumb.jpg/405px-Hylestad_-_Sigurd_Sucking_Thumb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sigurd sucking the dragon blood off his thumb, <a href="/wiki/Hylestad_Stave_Church#Engravings" title="Hylestad Stave Church">engravings from Hylestad Stave Church</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 123.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 121.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigurd_F%C3%A5vnesbane.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The slaying of Regin, engravings from Hylestad Stave Church"><img alt="The slaying of Regin, engravings from Hylestad Stave Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sigurd_F%C3%A5vnesbane.jpg/182px-Sigurd_F%C3%A5vnesbane.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sigurd_F%C3%A5vnesbane.jpg/274px-Sigurd_F%C3%A5vnesbane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Sigurd_F%C3%A5vnesbane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The slaying of Regin, engravings from Hylestad Stave Church</div> </li> </ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What justification do the beasts of the monastery have for the formless treasure of form and the formless formlessness? What do pictures there have to do with unclean monkeys, wild lions, amazing centaurs and half-humans? Why serve tigers, fighting knights, hunters who blow their horns? There you see under a head several bodies, and there you see on a four-legged body a snake's tail, there on a fish an animal head – Everywhere there is such a rich and fantastic collection of different shapes that one directs one's eyes to the sculptures rather than the content of the holy books.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>She therefore believes that animal motifs in Romanesque art have little religious significance, and the portals can be pure ruler symbols. </p><p>Hoftun believes that many of the so-called pagan portal motifs have a clear Christian message, believing that in principle the Norwegian stave church motifs do not differ from many of the motifs found in other Romanesque church art, such as on Romanesque church portals and stone baptismal fonts in Sweden and Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other researchers believe that the portals are inspired by English art. The background may be manuscripts and stone sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these manuscripts are animal books with a Christian allegorical content, often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Bestiaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestiaries">bestiaries</a>. The origin of these is the <i><a href="/wiki/Physiologus" title="Physiologus">Physiologus</a></i>, a collection of allegories about animals with Christian interpretations, which are said to have originated in Alexandria in the 2nd century. This basic text was in Greek, and throughout the Middle Ages the text was translated into a number of languages. These stories are also the background for all the bestiaries that are preserved in various libraries and collections. The sources of the <i>Physiologus</i> are Indian, Hebrew and Egyptian animal stories and various classical texts written by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>. No early Greek text has survived; the oldest preserved are in Latin, but these must be very close to the Greek original. Gradually, it became common to illustrate the texts, but there is a leap in development, and a number of texts with illustrations have been lost. </p><p>Lindkvist refers to the <i>Physiologus</i> as a background for animal depictions in portals on Gotland.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These stone churches were often built after the stave churches in the same places had become too small. Unfortunately, most of the wooden churches have disappeared, so it is not possible to study the decor. But it is not unreasonable to assume that they have had the same decor as Norwegian stave churches, and that these motifs may then have been continued in the stone portals. Background and origin would then be approximately the same. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating_of_churches">Dating of churches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dating of churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stave churches can be dated in various ways: by historical records or inscriptions, by stylistic means using construction details or ornaments, or by <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">dendrochronology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a>. Often historical records or inscriptions will point to a year when the church is known to have existed. Archaeological excavations can yield finds that provide <a href="/wiki/Relative_dating" title="Relative dating">relative dating</a> for the structure, whereas <a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">absolute dating</a> methods such as radiocarbon dating and dendrochronology can provide a more exact date. One drawback of dendrochronology is that it tends to overlook the possibility that the wood could have been reused from an older structure, or felled and left for many years before use. </p><p>An important problem in dating the churches is that the solid ground sills are the construction elements most likely to have the outer parts of the log still preserved. Yet they are the most susceptible to humidity, and as people back then reused building parts, the church may have been rebuilt several times. If so, a dendrochronological dating may be based upon a log from a later reconstruction. </p><p>Coin finds made under the church floors are also important for dating. </p><p>Results from studies with the photodendrome method published in 2019 have come with adjusted estimates for age of the timber used. The churches at Urnes, Kaupanger and Hopperstad were examined particularly thoroughly.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Hoppestad Stave Church dendrodated to 1131–1132, previously assumed 1125–1250.</li> <li>Kaupanger Stave Church dated to 1137–1138, formerly adopted 1170–1200.</li> <li>Gol Stave Church 1204–05, previously assumed 1170–1309.</li> <li>Borgund Stave Church 1180–1181, previously assumed 1150–1250.</li> <li>Kvernes Stave Church, 1633, previously believed to be from the Middle Ages, is the only known stave church in Norway built after the Reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stave_Churches_Program">Stave Churches Program</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Stave Churches Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The poor condition of the stave churches led the National Heritage Board to start the Stave Churches Program in 2001. The program was to create positive ripple effects in the form of greater local activity with traditional ways of using materials and resources. </p><p>The goals of the program were: </p> <ul><li>to restore the stave churches so that they can be preserved for posterity,</li> <li>to preserve the decor and church art,</li> <li>to supplement the documentation of the stave churches as a basis for research and reconstruction of lost parts.</li></ul> <p>The results of the program with the details of what has been done at the individual churches was documented in a report in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Old and modern photos of the most iconic Norwegian stave churches</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stavkirken_Borgund_(R%C3%B8rbye).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Borgund Stave Church, Martinus Rørbye, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, København, 1833"><img alt="Borgund Stave Church, Martinus Rørbye, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, København, 1833" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stavkirken_Borgund_%28R%C3%B8rbye%29.JPG/360px-Stavkirken_Borgund_%28R%C3%B8rbye%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stavkirken_Borgund_%28R%C3%B8rbye%29.JPG/540px-Stavkirken_Borgund_%28R%C3%B8rbye%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stavkirken_Borgund_%28R%C3%B8rbye%29.JPG/720px-Stavkirken_Borgund_%28R%C3%B8rbye%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="633" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Borgund Stave Church, Martinus Rørbye, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, København, 1833</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borgundstavechurch.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Borgund Stave Church, 2005"><img alt="Borgund Stave Church, 2005" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Borgundstavechurch.JPG/180px-Borgundstavechurch.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Borgundstavechurch.JPG/270px-Borgundstavechurch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Borgundstavechurch.JPG/360px-Borgundstavechurch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Borgund Stave Church, 2005</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 268px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norge_fremstillet_i_Tegninger_-_no-nb_digibok_2008112511001-173_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heddal Stave Church. Illustration from the book Norge fremstillet i Tegninger, 1848"><img alt="Heddal Stave Church. Illustration from the book Norge fremstillet i Tegninger, 1848" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Norge_fremstillet_i_Tegninger_-_no-nb_digibok_2008112511001-173_%28cropped%29.jpg/402px-Norge_fremstillet_i_Tegninger_-_no-nb_digibok_2008112511001-173_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Norge_fremstillet_i_Tegninger_-_no-nb_digibok_2008112511001-173_%28cropped%29.jpg/603px-Norge_fremstillet_i_Tegninger_-_no-nb_digibok_2008112511001-173_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Norge_fremstillet_i_Tegninger_-_no-nb_digibok_2008112511001-173_%28cropped%29.jpg/804px-Norge_fremstillet_i_Tegninger_-_no-nb_digibok_2008112511001-173_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4091" data-file-height="2748" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heddal Stave Church. Illustration from the book <i>Norge fremstillet i Tegninger</i>, 1848</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heddal_Stavechurch,_Norway_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heddal Stave Church, 2010"><img alt="Heddal Stave Church, 2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Heddal_Stavechurch%2C_Norway_-_panoramio.jpg/405px-Heddal_Stavechurch%2C_Norway_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Heddal_Stavechurch%2C_Norway_-_panoramio.jpg/607px-Heddal_Stavechurch%2C_Norway_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Heddal_Stavechurch%2C_Norway_-_panoramio.jpg/810px-Heddal_Stavechurch%2C_Norway_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heddal Stave Church, 2010</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:202._Thelemarken,_Eidsborg_Stavekirke_fra_Siden_-_NB_bldsa_AL0202.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eidsborg Stave Church, 1880–1890"><img alt="Eidsborg Stave Church, 1880–1890" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/202._Thelemarken%2C_Eidsborg_Stavekirke_fra_Siden_-_NB_bldsa_AL0202.jpg/360px-202._Thelemarken%2C_Eidsborg_Stavekirke_fra_Siden_-_NB_bldsa_AL0202.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/202._Thelemarken%2C_Eidsborg_Stavekirke_fra_Siden_-_NB_bldsa_AL0202.jpg/540px-202._Thelemarken%2C_Eidsborg_Stavekirke_fra_Siden_-_NB_bldsa_AL0202.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/202._Thelemarken%2C_Eidsborg_Stavekirke_fra_Siden_-_NB_bldsa_AL0202.jpg/720px-202._Thelemarken%2C_Eidsborg_Stavekirke_fra_Siden_-_NB_bldsa_AL0202.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6674" data-file-height="5009" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eidsborg Stave Church, 1880–1890</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eidsborg_Stavkyrkje.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eidsborg Stave Church, 2018"><img alt="Eidsborg Stave Church, 2018" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Eidsborg_Stavkyrkje.jpg/405px-Eidsborg_Stavkyrkje.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Eidsborg_Stavkyrkje.jpg/608px-Eidsborg_Stavkyrkje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Eidsborg_Stavkyrkje.jpg/810px-Eidsborg_Stavkyrkje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3718" data-file-height="2479" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eidsborg Stave Church, 2018</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 248.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 246.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirche_Wang_Zeichnung.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vang Stave Church (Now in Poland) on a postcard, 1886"><img alt="Vang Stave Church (Now in Poland) on a postcard, 1886" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kirche_Wang_Zeichnung.jpg/370px-Kirche_Wang_Zeichnung.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kirche_Wang_Zeichnung.jpg/556px-Kirche_Wang_Zeichnung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kirche_Wang_Zeichnung.jpg/741px-Kirche_Wang_Zeichnung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="824" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vang Stave Church (Now in Poland) on a postcard, 1886</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karpacz_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Wang_AL02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vang Stave Church, 2012"><img alt="Vang Stave Church, 2012" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Karpacz_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Wang_AL02.jpg/360px-Karpacz_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Wang_AL02.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Karpacz_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Wang_AL02.jpg/540px-Karpacz_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Wang_AL02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Karpacz_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Wang_AL02.jpg/720px-Karpacz_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Wang_AL02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vang Stave Church, 2012</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_stave_churches">List of stave churches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: List of stave churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_stave_churches_in_Norway" title="List of stave churches in Norway">List of stave churches in Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_and_dismantled_stave_churches" title="List of archaeological sites and dismantled stave churches">List of archaeological sites and dismantled stave churches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_later_stave_churches_and_replicas" title="List of later stave churches and replicas">List of later stave churches and replicas</a></div> <p>Most stave churches are in Norway, but they can also be found in Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, and Germany. Stave churches are quite popular phenomenon and several have been built or rebuilt around the world. The two most copied are Borgund and Hedared, with some variations, and sometimes with adaptations to add elements from known stave churches from the area. In other places they are of a freer form and built for display. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_stave_churches">Old stave churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Old stave churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:452px"><div style="position:relative;width:450px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norway_south_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stave church is located in Norway South"><img alt="Stave church is located in Norway South" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Norway_south_location_map.svg/450px-Norway_south_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="634" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Norway_south_location_map.svg/675px-Norway_south_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Norway_south_location_map.svg/900px-Norway_south_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1465" data-file-height="2063" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.407%;left:40.793%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Borgund"><img alt="Borgund" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Borgund_Stave_Church" title="Borgund Stave Church">Borgund</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.456%;left:44.154%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Eidsborg"><img alt="Eidsborg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Eidsborg_Stave_Church" title="Eidsborg Stave Church">Eidsborg</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.561%;left:58.516%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Flesberg"><img alt="Flesberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Flesberg_Stave_Church" title="Flesberg Stave Church">Flesberg</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.021%;left:66.278%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fåvang"><img alt="Fåvang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5vang_Stave_Church" title="Fåvang Stave Church">Fåvang</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.131%;left:67.949%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Garmo"><img alt="Garmo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Garmo_Stave_Church" title="Garmo Stave Church">Garmo</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.082%;left:72.344%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gol"><img alt="Gol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Gol_Stave_Church" title="Gol Stave Church">Gol</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:12.792%;left:38.395%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Grip"><img alt="Grip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Grip_Stave_Church" title="Grip Stave Church">Grip</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:12.23%;left:67.163%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Haltdalen"><img alt="Haltdalen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Haltdalen_Stave_Church" title="Haltdalen Stave Church">Haltdalen</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.474%;left:58.381%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hedal"><img alt="Hedal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Hedal_Stave_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedal Stave Church">Hedal</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:76.318%;left:54.984%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Heddal"><img alt="Heddal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Heddal_Stave_Church" title="Heddal Stave Church">Heddal</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.665%;left:53.992%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hegge"><img alt="Hegge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Hegge_Stave_Church" title="Hegge Stave Church">Hegge</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.913%;left:27.131%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hopperstad"><img alt="Hopperstad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Hopperstad_Stave_Church" title="Hopperstad Stave Church">Hopperstad</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.685%;left:48.147%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Høre"><img alt="Høre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8re_Stave_Church" title="Høre Stave Church">Høre</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.357%;left:65.619%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Høyjord"><img alt="Høyjord" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8yjord_Stave_Church" title="Høyjord Stave Church">Høyjord</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.161%;left:34.432%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kaupanger"><img alt="Kaupanger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Kaupanger_Stave_Church" title="Kaupanger Stave Church">Kaupanger</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.307%;left:39.802%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kvernes"><img alt="Kvernes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Kvernes_Stave_Church" title="Kvernes Stave Church">Kvernes</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.859%;left:48.93%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lomen"><img alt="Lomen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Lomen_Stave_Church" title="Lomen Stave Church">Lomen</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.946%;left:46.547%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lom"><img alt="Lom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Lom_Stave_Church" title="Lom Stave Church">Lom</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.013%;left:53.887%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nore"><img alt="Nore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Nore_Stave_Church" title="Nore Stave Church">Nore</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.534%;left:45.449%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Øye"><img alt="Øye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/%C3%98ye_Stave_Church" title="Øye Stave Church">Øye</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.454%;left:57.069%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Reinli"><img alt="Reinli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Reinli_Stave_Church" title="Reinli Stave Church">Reinli</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.21%;left:65.96%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ringebu"><img alt="Ringebu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ringebu_Stave_Church" title="Ringebu Stave Church">Ringebu</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.389%;left:55.635%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rollag"><img alt="Rollag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Rollag_Stave_Church" title="Rollag Stave Church">Rollag</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.679%;left:35.097%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rødven"><img alt="Rødven" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8dven_Stave_Church" title="Rødven Stave Church">Rødven</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.348%;left:29.92%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Røldal"><img alt="Røldal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ldal_Stave_Church" title="Røldal Stave Church">Røldal</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.097%;left:47.505%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Torpo"><img alt="Torpo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Torpo_Stave_Church" title="Torpo Stave Church">Torpo</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.985%;left:32.995%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Undredal"><img alt="Undredal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Undredal_Stave_Church" title="Undredal Stave Church">Undredal</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.307%;left:33.979%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Urnes"><img alt="Urnes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Urnes_Stave_Church" title="Urnes Stave Church">Urnes</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.026%;left:48.357%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Uvdal"><img alt="Uvdal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Uvdal_Stave_Church" title="Uvdal Stave Church">Uvdal</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Norway_south_location_map.svg" title="File:Norway south location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Map of well-preserved old stave churches in Norway</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norway_2">Norway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borgund_Stave_Church" title="Borgund Stave Church">Borgund Stave Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogn_og_Fjordane" title="Sogn og Fjordane">Sogn og Fjordane</a> – end of the 12th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidsborg_Stave_Church" title="Eidsborg Stave Church">Eidsborg Stave Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a> – middle of the 13th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flesberg_Stave_Church" title="Flesberg Stave Church">Flesberg Stave Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Flesberg" title="Flesberg">Flesberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buskerud" title="Buskerud">Buskerud</a> – c. 1200.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmo_Stave_Church" title="Garmo Stave Church">Garmo Stave Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oppland" title="Oppland">Oppland</a> – c. 1150.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gol_Stave_Church" title="Gol Stave Church">Gol Stave Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gol,_Norway" title="Gol, Norway">Gol</a> (now at <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Museum_of_Cultural_History" title="Norwegian Museum of Cultural History">Norwegian Museum of Cultural History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>), Buskerud – 1212.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grip_Stave_Church" title="Grip Stave Church">Grip Stave Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal" title="Møre og Romsdal">Møre og Romsdal</a> – second half of the 15th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltdalen_Stave_Church" title="Haltdalen Stave Church">Haltdalen Stave Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Sør-Trøndelag">Sør-Trøndelag</a> – 1170–1179.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedal_Stave_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedal Stave Church">Hedal Stave Church</a>, Oppland – second half of the 12th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heddal_Stave_Church" title="Heddal Stave Church">Heddal Stave Church</a>, Telemark – beginning of the 13th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegge_Stave_Church" title="Hegge Stave Church">Hegge Stave Church</a>, Oppland – 1216.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopperstad_Stave_Church" title="Hopperstad Stave Church">Hopperstad Stave Church</a>, Sogn og Fjordane – 1140.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8re_Stave_Church" title="Høre Stave Church">Høre Stave Church</a>, Oppland – 1179.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8yjord_Stave_Church" title="Høyjord Stave Church">Høyjord Stave Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andebu" title="Andebu">Andebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestfold" title="Vestfold">Vestfold</a> – second half of the 12th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaupanger_Stave_Church" title="Kaupanger Stave Church">Kaupanger Stave Church</a>, Sogn og Fjordane – 1190.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvernes_Stave_Church" title="Kvernes Stave Church">Kvernes Stave Church</a>, Møre og Romsdal – second half of the 14th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomen_Stave_Church" title="Lomen Stave Church">Lomen Stave Church</a>, Oppland – 1179.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom_Stave_Church" title="Lom Stave Church">Lom Stave Church</a>, Oppland – 1158.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nore_Stave_Church" title="Nore Stave Church">Nore Stave Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nore_og_Uvdal" title="Nore og Uvdal">Nore og Uvdal</a>, Buskerud – 1167.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98ye_Stave_Church" title="Øye Stave Church">Øye Stave Church</a>, Oppland – second half of the 12th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinli_Stave_Church" title="Reinli Stave Church">Reinli Stave Church</a>, Oppland – 1190.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringebu_Stave_Church" title="Ringebu Stave Church">Ringebu Stave Church</a>, Oppland – first quarter of the 13th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollag_Stave_Church" title="Rollag Stave Church">Rollag Stave Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rollag" title="Rollag">Rollag</a>, Buskerud – second half of the 12th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8dven_Stave_Church" title="Rødven Stave Church">Rødven Stave Church</a>, Møre og Romsdal – c. 1200.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ldal_Stave_Church" title="Røldal Stave Church">Røldal Stave Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hordaland" title="Hordaland">Hordaland</a> – first half of the 13th century (could be a <a href="/wiki/Post_church" title="Post church">post church</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpo_Stave_Church" title="Torpo Stave Church">Torpo Stave Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85l" title="Ål">Ål</a>, Buskerud – 1192.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undredal_Stave_Church" title="Undredal Stave Church">Undredal Stave Church</a>, Sogn og Fjordane – middle of the 12th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnes_Stave_Church" title="Urnes Stave Church">Urnes Stave Church</a>, Sogn og Fjordane – first half of the 12th century (on <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>’s <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvdal_Stave_Church" title="Uvdal Stave Church">Uvdal Stave Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uvdal" title="Uvdal">Uvdal</a>, Buskerud – 1168.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outside_Norway">Outside Norway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Outside Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vang_Stave_Church" title="Vang Stave Church">Vang Stave Church</a>, moved from Norway to <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> in 1842.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedared_stave_church" title="Hedared stave church">Hedared stave church</a>, Sweden, c. 1500, built on the site of an earlier stave church.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensted_Church" title="Greensted Church">Greensted Church</a>, England, 845 or 1053, the only one <a href="/wiki/Palisade_church" title="Palisade church">palisade church</a> is known to survive, has been claimed to be the oldest wooden church in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and probably the oldest wooden building in Europe still standing.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_replicas_and_later_built_churches">Notable replicas and later built churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notable replicas and later built churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skaga_stave_church" title="Skaga stave church">Skaga stave church</a> in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6reboda" title="Töreboda">Töreboda</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_G%C3%B6taland" class="mw-redirect" title="Västra Götaland">Västra Götaland</a> county, Sweden, built in the 12th century, torn down in the 19th century, rebuilt in the 1950s, burnt down, and rebuilt again in 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimaey_stave_church" title="Heimaey stave church">Heimaey stave church</a> at <a href="/wiki/Heimaey" title="Heimaey">Heimaey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestmannaeyjar" title="Vestmannaeyjar">Vestmannaeyjar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, built in 2000.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_in_the_Hills" title="Chapel in the Hills">Chapel in the Hills</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City, South Dakota</a>, United States, a replica of Borgund Stave Church, 1969.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Norway,_Wisconsin" title="Little Norway, Wisconsin">Little Norway, Wisconsin</a>, United States, relocated to Orkdal, Norway, in 2016.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantoft_Stave_Church" title="Fantoft Stave Church">Fantoft Stave Church</a>, Norway, built c. 1150, destroyed by arson in 1992 and rebuilt in 1997.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5vang_Stave_Church" title="Fåvang Stave Church">Fåvang Stave Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ringebu" title="Ringebu">Ringebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oppland" title="Oppland">Oppland</a>, Norway, rebuilt in 1630 (two old churches rebuilt as one).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjemkomst_Center" title="Hjemkomst Center">Hjemkomst Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moorhead,_Minnesota" title="Moorhead, Minnesota">Moorhead, Minnesota</a>, United States, Hopperstad replica built in 1998.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Island_Stavkirke" title="Washington Island Stavkirke">Washington Island Stavkirke</a> on <a href="/wiki/Washington_Island_(Wisconsin)" title="Washington Island (Wisconsin)">Washington Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. Its design is based on the Borgund Stave Church, and was built between 1983 and 1995.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_in_Norway" title="Churches in Norway">Churches in Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Norway" title="Architecture of Norway">Architecture of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_architecture" title="Medieval Scandinavian architecture">Medieval Scandinavian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_Churches_of_Maramure%C8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Wooden Churches of Maramureș">Wooden Churches of Maramureș</a> – <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvanian</a> churches of similar character</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Churches_in_the_Tro%C3%B6dos_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Painted Churches in the Troödos Region">Painted Churches in the Troödos Region</a> – wooden-roofed medieval churches in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizhi">Kizhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kizhi_Pogost" title="Kizhi Pogost">Kizhi Pogost</a> – an open-air museum of Russian wooden architecture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Chilo%C3%A9" title="Churches of Chiloé">Churches of Chiloé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Heathen hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Norwegian_black_metal_scene#Church_arsons_and_attempts" title="Early Norwegian black metal scene">Black metal church arsons</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Directorate for Cultural Heritage, <i>Stave Churches</i></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnker1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anker, Peter (1997). <i>Stavkirkene: Deres egenart og historie</i> (in Norwegian). Oslo: J.W. Cappelens forlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-02-15978-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-02-15978-8"><bdi>978-82-02-15978-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stavkirkene%3A+Deres+egenart+og+historie&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=J.W.+Cappelens+forlag&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-82-02-15978-8&rft.aulast=Anker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindgrenLydbergSandstrømWaklberg2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lindgren, Mereth; Lydberg, Louise; Sandstrøm, Birgitta; Waklberg, Anna Greta (2002). <i>Svensk Konsthistoria</i> (in Swedish). Kristianstad. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-85330-72-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-85330-72-0"><bdi>978-91-85330-72-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svensk+Konsthistoria&rft.place=Kristianstad&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-91-85330-72-0&rft.aulast=Lindgren&rft.aufirst=Mereth&rft.au=Lydberg%2C+Louise&rft.au=Sandstr%C3%B8m%2C+Birgitta&rft.au=Waklberg%2C+Anna+Greta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuggeMezzanotte1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bugge, Gunnar; Mezzanotte, Bernardino (1993). <i>Stavkirker</i> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Grøndahl og Dreyer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-504-2072-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-504-2072-4"><bdi>978-82-504-2072-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stavkirker&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Gr%C3%B8ndahl+og+Dreyer&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-82-504-2072-4&rft.aulast=Bugge&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rft.au=Mezzanotte%2C+Bernardino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBugge1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bugge, Gunnar (1981). <i>Stavkirkene i Norge</i> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Dreyer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-09-01890-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-09-01890-3"><bdi>978-82-09-01890-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stavkirkene+i+Norge&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Dreyer&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-82-09-01890-3&rft.aulast=Bugge&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoftun2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hoftun, Oddgeir (2002). <i>Stavkirkene – og det norske middelaldersamfunnet</i> (in Norwegian). Copenhagen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-21-01977-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-21-01977-8"><bdi>978-87-21-01977-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stavkirkene+%E2%80%93+og+det+norske+middelaldersamfunnet&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-87-21-01977-8&rft.aulast=Hoftun&rft.aufirst=Oddgeir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoftun2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hoftun, Oddgeir (2003). <i>Stabkirchen – und die mittelalterliche Gesellschaft Norwegens</i> (in German). Köln: Verlag der Buchhandlung König. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88375-675-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88375-675-2"><bdi>978-3-88375-675-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stabkirchen+%E2%80%93+und+die+mittelalterliche+Gesellschaft+Norwegens&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pub=Verlag+der+Buchhandlung+K%C3%B6nig&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-88375-675-2&rft.aulast=Hoftun&rft.aufirst=Oddgeir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoftun2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hoftun, Oddgeir (2008). <i>Kristningsprosessens og herskermaktens ikonografi i nordisk middelalder</i> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Solum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-560-1619-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-560-1619-8"><bdi>978-82-560-1619-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kristningsprosessens+og+herskermaktens+ikonografi+i+nordisk+middelalder&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Solum&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-82-560-1619-8&rft.aulast=Hoftun&rft.aufirst=Oddgeir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHohler1999" class="citation book cs1">Hohler, Erla Bergendahl (1999). <i>Norwegian Stave Church Sculpture</i>. Vol. 1–2. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-00-12748-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-00-12748-2"><bdi>978-82-00-12748-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norwegian+Stave+Church+Sculpture&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Scandinavian+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-82-00-12748-2&rft.aulast=Hohler&rft.aufirst=Erla+Bergendahl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagerlöfSvahnström1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lagerlöf, Erland; Svahnström, Gunnar (1991). <i>Gotlands Kyrkor</i> (in Swedish). Kristianstad: R&S. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-29-61598-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-29-61598-2"><bdi>978-91-29-61598-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gotlands+Kyrkor&rft.place=Kristianstad&rft.pub=R%26S&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-91-29-61598-2&rft.aulast=Lagerl%C3%B6f&rft.aufirst=Erland&rft.au=Svahnstr%C3%B6m%2C+Gunnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElstad2002" class="citation journal cs1">Elstad, Hallgeir (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051111103331/http://www.tf.uio.no/lo/stavkirker/stavkyrkjer.html">"Dei norske stavkyrkjene – ei innføring"</a>. Faculty of Theology, University of Oslo, curriculum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tf.uio.no/lo/stavkirker/stavkyrkjer.html">the original</a> on 11 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dei+norske+stavkyrkjene+%E2%80%93+ei+innf%C3%B8ring&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Elstad&rft.aufirst=Hallgeir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tf.uio.no%2Flo%2Fstavkirker%2Fstavkyrkjer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li>Hauglid, Roar, <i>Norske Stavkirker</i>, Oslo 1973, multipart work</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Note that Roar Hauglid is a prolific author and the listed title is just one of several. Other books by him include: Norwegische Stabkirchen, Oslo 1970, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-09-00938-9" title="Special:BookSources/82-09-00938-9">82-09-00938-9</a> and Norwegian stave churches, Oslo 1970</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Note: Several sections of this article have been translated from its Norwegian version. For complete detailed references in Norwegian, see the original version at <a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavkirke" class="extiw" title="no:Stavkirke">no:Stavkirke</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba10/ba10news.html">"British Archaeology, no 10, December 1995: News"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Archaeology%2C+no+10%2C+December+1995%3A+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britarch.ac.uk%2Fba%2Fba10%2Fba10news.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magnell, Steinar (2009): <i>De første kirkene i Norge. Kirkebyggingen og kirkebyggere før 1100-tallet.</i> Masteroppgave, Universitetet i Oslo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krogh 2011 s. 166–170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christie1981-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christie1981_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christie1981_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHåkon_Christie1981" class="citation book cs1">Håkon Christie (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2013062105002"><i>Stavkirkene – arkitektur</i></a>. pp. 139–252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8205122644" title="Special:BookSources/8205122644"><bdi>8205122644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stavkirkene+%E2%80%93+arkitektur&rft.pages=139-252&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=8205122644&rft.au=H%C3%A5kon+Christie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2013062105002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jensenius2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jensenius2010_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jensenius, Jørgen H. (2010): Bygningstekniske og arkeologiske bemerkninger om trekirker i Norge i vikingtid og middelalder. <i>Collegium Medievale</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christie 1974 s. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krogh 2011 s. 74–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jensenius2001-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jensenius2001_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jensenius, Jørgen H. (2001): <i>Trekirkene før stavkirkene.</i> Avhandling dr.ing., Arkitekthøyskolen i Oslo, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dietrichson, L. (1892). <i>De norske stavkirker: studier over deres system, oprindelse og historiske udvikling : et bidrag til Norges middelalderske bygningskunsts historie.</i> Kristiania: Cammermeyer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hauglid, 1976, s.339–344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421161219/http://www.riksantikvaren.no/Norsk/Fagemner/Bygninger/Kirker/Stavkirker/?module=Articles%3Baction%3DArticle.publicShow%3BID%3D2201">"Verdifulle stavkirker : Riksantikvaren"</a>. Riksantikvaren.no. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riksantikvaren.no/Norsk/Fagemner/Bygninger/Kirker/Stavkirker/?module=Articles;action=Article.publicShow;ID=2201">the original</a> on 21 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verdifulle+stavkirker+%3A+Riksantikvaren&rft.pub=Riksantikvaren.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riksantikvaren.no%2FNorsk%2FFagemner%2FBygninger%2FKirker%2FStavkirker%2F%3Fmodule%3DArticles%3Baction%3DArticle.publicShow%3BID%3D2201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anker-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anker_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anker_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anker_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anker_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anker_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anker_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anker, Leif: <i>Middelalder i tre, Stavkirker,</i> ARFO forlag 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-91399-16-6" title="Special:BookSources/82-91399-16-6">82-91399-16-6</a> (Kirker i Norge; bind 4)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekroll, Øystein (1997): <i>Med kleber og kalk. Norsk steinbygging i mellomalderen.</i> Oslo: Samlaget.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bugge and Mezzanotte, 1994, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Havran, Jiri (trans. Challman, Tim). <i>Norwegian Stave Churches: A Guide to the29 Remaining Stave Churches</i>. ARFO. ISBN 97882-91399-355</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Storsletten, Ola (1993). <i>En arv i tre: de norske stavkirkene</i>. Oslo: Aschehoug. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8203220061" title="Special:BookSources/8203220061">8203220061</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gjærder, Per (1999). <i>Stolper og staver i bygningsteknisk sammenheng.</i> Grindbygde hus i Vest-Norge. NIKU-seminar om grindbygde hus, Bryggens museum 23.-25.03 1998. Edited by Helge Schjelderup and Ola Storsletten. Oslo: Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Storsletten, Ola (1993). <i>Takverk i steinkirker fra middelalderen.</i> Oslo: Program for forskning om kulturminnevern, Norges forskningsråd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8212001040" title="Special:BookSources/8212001040">8212001040</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ágústsson, Hördur 1976: "Kyrkjehus i ei norrøn homilie". By og Bygd, vol. XXV, 1–38; according to Jørgen H. Jensenius "Stavkirkeprekenen som bygningshistorisk kilde" I: Fortidsminneforeningens årbok, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gammelnorsk homiliebok.</i> Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1971, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gulatingslovi.</i> Oslo: Samlaget. 1952</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Halvor_Vreim" title="Halvor Vreim">Vreim, Halvor</a> (1947): <i>Norsk trearkitektur.</i> Oslo: Gyldendal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muri, Sigurd: <i>Gamle kyrkjer i ny tid</i>. Oslo: Samlaget, 1975, s. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBugge1954" class="citation book cs1">Bugge, Anders (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2014082208009"><i>Heddal stavkirke</i></a>. Oslo: Grøndahl.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heddal+stavkirke&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Gr%C3%B8ndahl&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Bugge&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2014082208009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christie, Håkon: Urnes stavkirkes forløper belyst ved utgravninger under kirken, <i>Foreningen til norske Fortidsminnesmerkers bevaring, Årbok</i> 1958, vol. 113, pp. 49–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dietrichson (1892) p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dietrichson (1892) p, 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Anker (1997) <i>Stavkirkene: deres egenart og historie</i>. Oslo: Cappelen. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8202159784" title="Special:BookSources/8202159784">8202159784</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nordhagen, Per Jonas, "Stavkyrkjene" in <i>Norsk arkitekturhistorie: frå steinalder og bronsealder til det 21. hundreåret.</i> Oslo: Samlaget 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-521-5748-3" title="Special:BookSources/82-521-5748-3">82-521-5748-3</a>, pp. 89–119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bugge og Norgberg-Schultz, 1994, s. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aage Roussel, <i>Islands gudehove</i>, Stenberger 1943, side 215–223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olaf Olsen, <i>Hørg, hov og kirke</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jensenius, Jørgen H. (2001): <i>Trekirkene før stavkirkene.</i> Avhandling dr.ing. [PhD-dissertation], Arkitekthøyskolen i Oslo, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nordhagen 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen, Margareth (2014). <i>Fire kirkesteder i Romsdal</i>. Bergen: Universitetet i Bergen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Davidson, H. R. Ellis</a>. 1988. <i>Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe : Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions</i>. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-2441-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-2441-7">0-8156-2441-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reed, Michael F. "Norwegian Stave Churches and Their Pagan Antecedents." <i>RACAR: Revue D'art Canadienne</i> / <i>Canadian Art Review</i> 24, no. 2 (1997): 3–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fantoft-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fantoft_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fantoft_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/norwegian-church-draws-black-metal-fans/">"Norwegian Church Draws Black Metal Fans"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Blabbermouth.net" title="Blabbermouth.net">Blabbermouth.net</a></i>. 5 August 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730084004/https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/norwegian-church-draws-black-metal-fans/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blabbermouth.net&rft.atitle=Norwegian+Church+Draws+Black+Metal+Fans&rft.date=2004-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blabbermouth.net%2Fnews%2Fnorwegian-church-draws-black-metal-fans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cameron-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron" class="citation web cs1">Cameron, James Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stainedglassattitudes.wordpress.com/2018/01/13/black-metal-church-burnings-a-historical-view/">"3 JANUARY 2018J.A. CAMERON Black metal church burnings: a historical view"</a>. <i>Stained Glass Attitudes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stained+Glass+Attitudes&rft.atitle=3+JANUARY+2018J.A.+CAMERON+Black+metal+church+burnings%3A+a+historical+view&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=James+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstainedglassattitudes.wordpress.com%2F2018%2F01%2F13%2Fblack-metal-church-burnings-a-historical-view%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grude-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grude_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grude_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grude_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grude_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grude_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grude_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Grude, Torstein (director) (1998). <i>Satan rir Media</i> (motion picture). Norway: Grude, Torstein.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satan+rir+Media&rft.place=Norway&rft.pub=Grude%2C+Torstein&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-euronymousinterview-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-euronymousinterview_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090909160330/http://www.angelfire.com/band/mayhem/euro2.html">"Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth"</a>. June 1992. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelfire.com/band/mayhem/euro2.html">the original</a> on 9 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2009</span>. <q>Well, the original idea was to make a specialist shop for metal in general, but that's a long time ago. Normal metal isn't very popular any more, all the children are listening to 'death' metal now. I'd rather be selling Judas Priest than Napalm Death, but at least now we can be specialized within 'death' metal and make a shop where all the trend people know that they will find all the trend music. This will help us earning money so that we can order more EVIL records to the evil people. But no matter how shitty music we have to sell, we'll make a BLACK METAL look on the shop, we've had a couple of 'actions' in churches lately, and the shop is going to look like a black church in the future. We've also thought about having total darkness inside, so that people would have to carry torches to be able to see the records.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%98ystein+%27Euronymous%27+Aarseth&rft.date=1992-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fband%2Fmayhem%2Feuro2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind2003106-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind2003106_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoynihanSøderlind2003">Moynihan & Søderlind 2003</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Count_Regrets_Nothing-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Count_Regrets_Nothing_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/2009_interview_dagbladet.shtml"><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Count' Regrets Nothing"</a>. Burzum.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200393-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200393_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoynihanSøderlind2003">Moynihan & Søderlind 2003</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-untilthelight-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-untilthelight_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-untilthelight_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Aites, Aaron (director, producer); Ewell, Audrey (director, producer) (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/Until_the_Light_Takes_Us" title="Until the Light Takes Us">Until the Light Takes Us</a></i> (motion picture). Variance Films.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Until+the+Light+Takes+Us&rft.pub=Variance+Films&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200389-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200389_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200389_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoynihanSøderlind2003">Moynihan & Søderlind 2003</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mapped-Smith-2019-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mapped-Smith-2019_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2019" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Peter (22 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailyhive.com/mapped/norway-black-metal-church-fires-history">"How the black metal scene in Norway led to the arson of over 50 churches"</a>. <i>Mapped</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mapped&rft.atitle=How+the+black+metal+scene+in+Norway+led+to+the+arson+of+over+50+churches&rft.date=2019-04-22&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailyhive.com%2Fmapped%2Fnorway-black-metal-church-fires-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f_48-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200382f_48-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoynihanSøderlind2003">Moynihan & Søderlind 2003</a>, p. 82f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201260-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201260_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2012">Williams 2012</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onceuponatime-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-onceuponatime_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Ledang, Martin (director); Aasdal, Pål (director) (2007). <i>Once Upon a Time in Norway</i> (motion picture). Another World Entertainment.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Once+Upon+a+Time+in+Norway&rft.pub=Another+World+Entertainment&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kristiansen, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind2003117-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind2003117_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoynihanSøderlind2003">Moynihan & Søderlind 2003</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dnk1994-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dnk1994_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnk1994_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnk1994_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnk1994_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnk1994_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnk1994_53-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnk1994_53-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnk1994_53-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnk1994_53-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnk1994_53-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnk1994_53-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnk1994_53-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirken.no/?event=doLink&famID=11820">"Startside kirken.no"</a>. <i>Den norske kirke, Kirkerådet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Den+norske+kirke%2C+Kirker%C3%A5det&rft.atitle=Startside+kirken.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirken.no%2F%3Fevent%3DdoLink%26famID%3D11820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dnk1995-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dnk1995_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnk1995_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnk1995_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnk1995_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnk1995_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnk1995_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirken.no/?event=doLink&famID=11821">"Startside kirken.no"</a>. <i>Den norske kirke, Kirkerådet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Den+norske+kirke%2C+Kirker%C3%A5det&rft.atitle=Startside+kirken.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirken.no%2F%3Fevent%3DdoLink%26famID%3D11821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Expressive Capacity of the Timber Frame by Brit Andresen. School of Geography, Planning and Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Physical Sciences and Architecture, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/ocs/index.php/AASA/2007/paper/viewFile/54/7">http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/ocs/index.php/AASA/2007/paper/viewFile/54/7</a>. Retrieved 2 November 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The west portal in Hemsedal Stave Church is preserved <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khm.uio.no/historisk_museum/">History Museum in Oslo</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoftun 2002; 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anker 2005</i> s.61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anker 1997</i> s. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anker 2005</i> s. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Paulsson 1969</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hoftun 2002; 2008</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anker 1997</i> s. 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lindkvist 1997</i> s. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gemini.no/2019/10/stavkirker-i-norge-er-eldre-enn-antatt/">"Stavkirker i Norge er eldre enn antatt"</a>. <i>Gemini.no</i>. 31 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gemini.no&rft.atitle=Stavkirker+i+Norge+er+eldre+enn+antatt&rft.date=2019-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgemini.no%2F2019%2F10%2Fstavkirker-i-norge-er-eldre-enn-antatt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAksnes2019" class="citation web cs1">Aksnes, Solveig Nyhus (11 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrk.no/mr/eit-lite-hol-avslorte-ein-stor-hemmelegheit-1.14819362">"Eit lite hol avslørte ein stor hemmelegheit"</a>. <i>NRK</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NRK&rft.atitle=Eit+lite+hol+avsl%C3%B8rte+ein+stor+hemmelegheit&rft.date=2019-12-11&rft.aulast=Aksnes&rft.aufirst=Solveig+Nyhus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Fmr%2Feit-lite-hol-avslorte-ein-stor-hemmelegheit-1.14819362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riksantikvaren (2008): <i>Stavkirkeprogrammet 2001–2015. Hva har skjedd så langt?</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ra.brage.unit.no/ra-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/176325/Stavkirkeprogrammet_rapport_2008.pdf">(in Norwegian) (pdf)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frewins, Clive. <i>The Church Explorer's Handbook</i>. Canterbury Press Ltd, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85311-622-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85311-622-X">1-85311-622-X</a>. p. 16.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoynihanSøderlind2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jenkins_Moynihan" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Jenkins Moynihan">Moynihan, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Didrik_S%C3%B8derlind" title="Didrik Søderlind">Søderlind, Didrik</a> (2003) [1998]. <i><a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Chaos_(book)" title="Lords of Chaos (book)">Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground</a></i> (Revised and expanded ed.). <a href="/wiki/Port_Townsend,_Washington" title="Port Townsend, Washington">Port Townsend, Washington</a>: Feral House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-922915-94-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-922915-94-6"><bdi>0-922915-94-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lords+of+Chaos%3A+The+Bloody+Rise+of+the+Satanic+Metal+Underground&rft.place=Port+Townsend%2C+Washington&rft.edition=Revised+and+expanded&rft.pub=Feral+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-922915-94-6&rft.aulast=Moynihan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=S%C3%B8derlind%2C+Didrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2012" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Thomas J. T. (May 2012). "A Blaze in the Northern Sky: Black Metal and Crimes Against Culture". <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Archaeology_(journal)" title="Public Archaeology (journal)">Public Archaeology</a></i>. <b>11</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Maney_Publishing" title="Maney Publishing">Maney Publishing</a>: 59–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F1465518712Z.0000000006">10.1179/1465518712Z.0000000006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145058950">145058950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+Blaze+in+the+Northern+Sky%3A+Black+Metal+and+Crimes+Against+Culture&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59-72&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F1465518712Z.0000000006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145058950%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStave+church" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stave_church&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stave_churches" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stave churches">Stave churches</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stavkirke.info/">Stave Church – Medieval Wooden Churches in Norway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031712/https://fortidsminneforeningen.no/properties/61">Stave churches owned</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Preservation_of_Ancient_Norwegian_Monuments" title="Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments">Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments</a></li> <li><a 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stave_churches" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stave_churches" title="Template:Stave churches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stave_churches" title="Template talk:Stave churches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stave_churches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stave churches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stave_churches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stave churches</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old Norwegian churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borgund_Stave_Church" title="Borgund Stave Church">Borgund Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidsborg_Stave_Church" title="Eidsborg Stave Church">Eidsborg Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flesberg_Stave_Church" title="Flesberg Stave Church">Flesberg Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmo_Stave_Church" title="Garmo Stave Church">Garmo Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gol_Stave_Church" title="Gol Stave Church">Gol Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grip_Stave_Church" title="Grip Stave Church">Grip Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltdalen_Stave_Church" title="Haltdalen Stave Church">Haltdalen Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedalen_Stave_Church" title="Hedalen Stave Church">Hedalen Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heddal_Stave_Church" title="Heddal Stave Church">Heddal Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegge_Stave_Church" title="Hegge Stave Church">Hegge Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopperstad_Stave_Church" title="Hopperstad Stave Church">Hopperstad Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8re_Stave_Church" title="Høre Stave Church">Høre Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8yjord_Stave_Church" title="Høyjord Stave Church">Høyjord Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaupanger_Stave_Church" title="Kaupanger Stave Church">Kaupanger Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvernes_Stave_Church" title="Kvernes Stave Church">Kvernes Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomen_Stave_Church" title="Lomen Stave Church">Lomen Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom_Stave_Church" title="Lom Stave Church">Lom Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nore_Stave_Church" title="Nore Stave Church">Nore Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98ye_Stave_Church" title="Øye Stave Church">Øye Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinli_Stave_Church" title="Reinli Stave Church">Reinli Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringebu_Stave_Church" title="Ringebu Stave Church">Ringebu Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollag_Stave_Church" title="Rollag Stave Church">Rollag Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8dven_Stave_Church" title="Rødven Stave Church">Rødven Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ldal_Stave_Church" title="Røldal Stave Church">Røldal Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpo_Stave_Church" title="Torpo Stave Church">Torpo Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undredal_Stave_Church" title="Undredal Stave Church">Undredal Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnes_Stave_Church" title="Urnes Stave Church">Urnes Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvdal_Stave_Church" title="Uvdal Stave Church">Uvdal Stave Church</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borgundstavkirke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Borgund Stave Church"><img alt="Borgund Stave Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Borgundstavkirke.jpg/90px-Borgundstavkirke.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Borgundstavkirke.jpg/135px-Borgundstavkirke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Borgundstavkirke.jpg/180px-Borgundstavkirke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vang_Stave_Church" title="Vang Stave Church">Vang Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedared_stave_church" title="Hedared stave church">Hedared stave church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensted_Church" title="Greensted Church">Greensted Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skaga_stave_church" title="Skaga stave church">Skaga stave church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Adolf_Stave_Church" title="Gustav Adolf Stave Church">Gustav Adolf Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantoft_Stave_Church" title="Fantoft Stave Church">Fantoft Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5vang_Stave_Church" title="Fåvang Stave Church">Fåvang Stave Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_in_the_Hills" title="Chapel in the Hills">Chapel in the Hills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stave_churches_in_Norway" title="List of stave churches in Norway">stave churches in Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_later_stave_churches_and_replicas" title="List of later stave churches and replicas">later stave churches and replicas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_and_dismantled_stave_churches" title="List of archaeological sites and dismantled stave churches">archaeological sites and dismantled stave churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Norway" title="Architecture of Norway">Architecture of Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture_in_Norway" title="Vernacular architecture in Norway">Vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Norwegian_black_metal_scene#Church_arsons_and_attempts" title="Early Norwegian black metal scene">Black metal-related church arson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes#Arson_of_churches" title="Varg Vikernes">by Varg Vikernes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Heathen hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_architecture" title="Medieval Scandinavian architecture">Medieval Scandinavian architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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