CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" dir="ltr" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <title>Authentic assessment is not an educational panacea</title> <meta name="description" content="Enthusiasts claim that authentic tasks boost work-readiness, promote inclusion and diminish cheating, but the evidence remains unclear, says Tim Fawns" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/opinion/authentic-assessment-not-educational-panacea" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" lang="en" /> <meta name="referrer" content="unsafe-url" /> <meta name="com.silverpop.brandeddomains" content="[http://www.pages06.net, timeshighered-events.com,http://timeshighereducation.com,www.timeshighered-events.com,http://www.timeshighereducation.com,www.pages06.net,timeshighered-events.com,timeshighereducation.com,www.timeshighered-events.com,www.timeshighereducation.com]" /> <meta name="referrer" content="unsafe-url" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Enthusiasts claim that authentic tasks boost work-readiness, promote inclusion and diminish cheating, but the evidence remains unclear, says Tim Fawns" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sites/default/files/parachute_getty_0.jpg" />  <meta property="mz:id" content="734231" /> <meta property="mz:section" content="academic" /> <meta property="mz:subsection" content="Opinion" /> <meta property="mz:type" content="article" /> <meta property="mz:pagename" content="Authentic assessment is not an educational panacea" /> <meta property="mz:language" content="en" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Authentic assessment is not an educational panacea" /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2024-11-19T06:34:39+00:00" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-11-19T00:00:00+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-11-19T06:34:39+00:00" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Times Higher Education (THE)" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/opinion/authentic-assessment-not-educational-panacea" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="DBA2827FABEE1B561280B9DBAD77C9A3" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="KJs1E-IVyjYA-caTRM8z_rMaVUI_xI-lHuRXCAqu4Zo" /> <meta name="atdlayout" content="article" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@timeshighered" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Authentic assessment is not an educational panacea" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Enthusiasts claim that authentic tasks boost work-readiness, promote inclusion and diminish cheating, but the evidence remains unclear, says Tim Fawns" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sites/default/files/parachute_getty_0.jpg" /> <meta baidu-gxt-verify-token="264dee6caa2e44b18a2ebf9ed11b782b" /> <link href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/opinion/authentic-assessment-not-educational-panacea" rel="alternate" hreflang="en" /> <link href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/cn/opinion/authentic-assessment-not-educational-panacea" rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-hans" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/opinion/authentic-assessment-not-educational-panacea" hreflang="X-default" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sites/default/themes/custom/the_responsive/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link href="https://go.automatad.com" rel="preconnect" /> <link href="https://b2cdn.automatad.com" rel="preconnect" /> <link href="https://go.automatad.com" rel="dns-prefetch" /> <link href="https://b2cdn.automatad.com" rel="dns-prefetch" /> <script src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js" async=""></script> <script>(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.eu01.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"201236847",accountID:"2378272",trustKey:"2378272",xpid:"VgUAWVRUChABXVhWDggEVVY=",licenseKey:"da4493c478",applicationID:"199499332"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>g,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),h(a.gm,f),h(c.prototype,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>s,Qu:()=>c,TZ:()=>a,ih:()=>u,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit"],o="api",a=n.K7.softNav,s={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},c={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},u={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>A,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>E,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>T,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",T="cb"+R,A="jsTime",E="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>j});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),p=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),w=r(3785),R=r(2646),x=r(3434);function T(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,x.YM)(i),a=new R.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function A(){const e=(0,h.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const E={};var S=r(9417),N=r(5603),O=r(5284);const _=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let I=!1;function j(e,t={},g,R){let{init:x,info:j,loader_config:P,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=g;const L=(0,h.pV)();j||(x=L.init,j=L.info,P=L.loader_config),(0,S.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),(0,N.a)(e.agentIdentifier,P||{}),j.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(j.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,j);const H=(0,S.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),D=[j.beacon,j.errorBeacon];I||(H.proxy.assets&&(_(H.proxy.assets),D.push(H.proxy.assets)),H.proxy.beacon&&D.push(H.proxy.beacon),A(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===H.soft_navigations.enabled&&H.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...H.ajax.deny_list||[],...H.ajax.block_internal?D:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const g={};var R=s.ee.get(e),x=R.get("tracer");E[e]=b.g.OFF,R.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{E[e]=t}));var A="api-",S=A+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(A,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function O(){}g.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,w.R)(R,e,t,r)},g.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),T(R,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{g[e]=I(A,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=I(A,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(A,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},g.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),R.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},g[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g.interaction=function(e){return(new O).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const _=O.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),h||(0,a.p)(S+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,R),function(){if(x.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw x.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{x.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,v.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,R),r?void 0:this}}function j(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),R.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{_[e]=I(S,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),g.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(S,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(A,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),g.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!E[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,R)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>j()),!0):j(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,R,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),I=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.274.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-1vUqEfJPB8Pihje9mv5CfYgkitO1FWcS+UQb84DbXqP8oYctRv4/lzl/MzNLPlRhcY1WVDBGL20I8vm6s2VV7g==",249:"sha512-Y/BeZAh6VSTmUtUNmS5XdyKxL92s30Fyyj8xVW76HSPxcKItL4+x2+kGMZc8pMJnUpZDz1L4eftZQAJh3D8NnA==",212:"sha512-Gn2tQ3qog5Yhrx/gRutkSTYPp+7nkKFt4/mIXg99LxcNpMDAYJZDBYmAACdoHNM86+iq1F3cBcQotFNzjIX8bw=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),T=i(2843),A=i(3878),E=i(782),S=i(1863);class N extends b{static featureName=E.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,E.T,t),p.RI&&((0,T.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,A.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var O=i(3969);class _ extends b{static featureName=O.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,O.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),j=i(3304);class P{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,j.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new P(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new P(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class D extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var M=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,M.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,j.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,j.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};pe(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){T(t,e)}),(0,A.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},pe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),pe(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCazptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):T(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function T(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,x.p)(O.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function pe(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const ge={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||ge[t.debugId]++||(ge[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:we,d3:Re,Kp:xe,TZ:Te,Lc:Ae,uP:Ee,Rz:Se}=be;class Ne extends b{static featureName=Te;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Te,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ee,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+Re,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:we,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var Oe=i(2614);class _e extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(Oe.H3,"_").concat(Oe.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(Oe.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=Oe.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=Oe.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3962);class je extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ie.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=ve(this.ee);Ie.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,S.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,A.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var Pe=i(7378);const Ce={},ke=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||Ce[t.debugId])return t;Ce[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,ke,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const He={};function De(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(He[t.debugId])return t;He[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const Me={},Ke="setTimeout",Ue="setInterval",Ve="clearTimeout",Ge="-start",Fe=[Ke,"setImmediate",Ue,Ve,"clearImmediate"];function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(Me[t.debugId]++)return t;Me[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(0,2),Ke+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(2,3),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(3),Ve+"-"),t.on(Ue+Ge,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ke+Ge,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const We={};function ze(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:qe,d3:Ze,Kp:Ye,$p:Xe,wW:Je,e5:Qe,tH:$e,uP:et,rw:tt,Lc:rt}=Pe;class nt extends b{static featureName=qe;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,qe,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=Le(this.ee),a=De(this.ee),s=Be(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=ve(this.ee),f=ze(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[et]=(0,S.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,S.t)();this[Qe]=~~this[Qe]+e-this[et],this[rt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,S.t)()}))}this.ee.on(et,g),a.on(tt,g),o.on(tt,g),this.ee.on(rt,m),a.on(Je,m),o.on(Je,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([et,rt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([et],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Ye,"clearTimeout"+Ze,et],this.featureName),c.buffer([et,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ze],this.featureName),d.buffer([$e+Ze,$e+"-done",$e+Xe+Ze,$e+Xe+Ye],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([et],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",tt,Je,"executor-err","resolve"+Ze],this.featureName),i.buffer([et,"no-"+et],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,$e+Ze),v(d,$e+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var it=i(3333);class ot extends b{static featureName=it.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,it.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled];p.RI&&e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(it.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),it.qN.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)))))),r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var at=i(993),st=i(3785);class ct extends b{static featureName=at.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,at.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,st.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,_e,_,D,ot,ct,je,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script> <script src="https://go.automatad.com/geo/ktlyva/afihbs.js" async=""></script> <script id="Cookiebot" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="5f3e2218-92b3-450a-a647-b4e800bc8cbc" data-framework="TCFv2.2" async="async"></script> <script id="acoustic-script" src="https://www.sc.pages06.net/lp/static/js/iMAWebCookie.js?4924e0f0-17c3c66f1f5-0310566f5c908adfce8bff30120fa182&h=www.pages06.net" data-cookieconsent="marketing" type="text/plain" async="async"></script> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "@id": "https://www.timeshighereducation.com", "name": "Times Higher Education (THE)", "url": "https://www.timeshighereducation.com", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sites/default/themes/custom/the_responsive/img/logo/logo-wur-2x.png", "width": "612px", "height": "200px" } }, "@type": "NewsArticle", "headline": "Authentic assessment is not an educational panacea", "name": "Authentic assessment is not an educational panacea", "description": "Enthusiasts claim that authentic tasks boost work-readiness, promote inclusion and diminish cheating, but the evidence remains unclear, says Tim Fawns", "author": { "@type": "Person", "@id": "https://www.timeshighereducation.com/author/tim-fawns", "name": "Tim Fawns", "url": "https://www.timeshighereducation.com/author/tim-fawns", "sameAs": "" }, "datePublished": "November 19, 2024 - 12:00am", "dateModified": "November 19, 2024 - 12:00am", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.timeshighereducation.com/" }, "mainEntityOfPage": "https://www.timeshighereducation.com/opinion/authentic-assessment-not-educational-panacea", "hasPart": { "@type": "WebPageElement", "@id": "https://www.timeshighereducation.com/opinion/authentic-assessment-not-educational-panacea", "name": "Authentic assessment is not an educational panacea", "isAccessibleForFree": "False", "cssSelector": ".pane-node-field-body" }, "isAccessibleForFree": "False", "about": [ "Opinion" ] }, { "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "@id": "https://www.timeshighereducation.com", "name": "Times Higher Education (THE)", "url": "https://www.timeshighereducation.com", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sites/default/themes/custom/the_responsive/img/logo/logo-wur-2x.png", "width": "612px", "height": "200px" } }, "@type": "WebSite", "@id": "https://www.timeshighereducation.com", "name": "Times Higher Education (THE)", "url": "https://www.timeshighereducation.com" } ] }</script> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/node/734231" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__auMRXxsm9-oi69RKh0ANyvMxvMFuYmvnIeIXAisL9BU__fkq314dPArmEby5bEWGViHzQj29DAFllpT2VDX2Ma0s__kB2y3IxtIXZMcaZX3Rk8YaGWl4Iqt93nD1VU3lZhwm4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__Czf__I9Wfioyrt2hIJN0Rp7mlvwKmUhKo90gSEiL8hc__MZtX2zq7Tju8xlt-VjTBpaoVjrNEU7WIFOM9P0xeO2U__kB2y3IxtIXZMcaZX3Rk8YaGWl4Iqt93nD1VU3lZhwm4.css" media="all" /> <script> (function(w){w._mz = {};w._mz_def=[];_mz.emit=function(t,d,n){w._mz_def.push({f:'emit',t:t,d:d,n:n});};}(window)); </script>    <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__9Cx5V9kgfqBOBsVd7ynjlMqo7MQiW51n4JtwKGs0EXw__x4aTKZ1-p9TKEP60zycQP_WMi7ZT-xiFhhjbPmcnbM0__kB2y3IxtIXZMcaZX3Rk8YaGWl4Iqt93nD1VU3lZhwm4.js" defer="defer" onload="if(jQuery.isFunction(jQuery.holdReady)){jQuery.holdReady(true);}"></script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__9ici6QMeDS-cROq8R0RhuICsMGMP2wcJZNQQFsqQi44__X4Rruq2pzP-lYa7ohNqzXAw4U4QfJhhTFBE7GZ5LUcg__kB2y3IxtIXZMcaZX3Rk8YaGWl4Iqt93nD1VU3lZhwm4.js" defer="defer" onload=";function advagg_mod_1(){advagg_mod_1.count=++advagg_mod_1.count||1;try{if(advagg_mod_1.count<=40){init_drupal_core_settings();advagg_mod_1.count=100}}catch(d){if(advagg_mod_1.count>=40){throw d} else{window.setTimeout(advagg_mod_1,1)}}};function advagg_mod_1_check(){if(window.init_drupal_core_settings&&window.jQuery&&window.Drupal){advagg_mod_1()} else{window.setTimeout(advagg_mod_1_check,1)}};advagg_mod_1_check();"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__jY3-3CF_aW2-zV7M-ZJG0aboHTCHOpI0LqsoubNNRFI__ldX-GYGVbJarE_FwlYdMigsz0wUJ72Qj_I4V8NwWM6E__kB2y3IxtIXZMcaZX3Rk8YaGWl4Iqt93nD1VU3lZhwm4.js" defer="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__k2A6sBlJkaSKPzBvSC6BmdupGpa7fDJKu1yBg0SNenU__UK3tT6F7qxO_OcGXoNQ4hKef5GtxvJVLMtkZ5ZHSIrQ__kB2y3IxtIXZMcaZX3Rk8YaGWl4Iqt93nD1VU3lZhwm4.js" defer="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in no-sidebars page-node page-node- page-node-734231 node-type-breaking-news i18n-en global-nav-enabled image-lazy-load-enabled" > <div class="white-modal"></div> <div id="skip-link"> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> </div>  <header id="navbar" role="banner" class="navbar navbar-default navbar-white navbar--global-nav js-navbar js-sticky-nav" data-esi-url="/global-nav-esi/en/"> <script defer src="/global-nav-esi/static/js/main.940ff9f9.js"></script><style data-emotion="css" data-s="">.css-s0zvr5{position:relative;background:#000;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;margin:0;z-index:20;min-width:290px}.css-s0zvr5 .mz-marker{display:contents}.css-11lkxxv{display:flex;max-width:1536px;margin:0 auto;height:56px;padding:0 8px 0 16px}.css-5u9fd8{width:100px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:center;justify-content:center}.css-i0npmp{display:block;width:92px;height:37px;background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,<svg width="92" height="37" viewBox="0 0 92 37" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<path d="M45.7539 5.81088V11.6951H47.3413V5.81088H49.5049V4.47632H43.5903V5.81088H45.7539Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M51.6617 5.65923V4.47632H50.226V5.65923H51.6617ZM50.226 6.46805V11.6951H51.6617V6.46805H50.226Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M52.8326 6.46805V11.6951H54.2682V8.66199C54.2682 8.40586 54.3053 8.20028 54.3795 8.04526C54.4536 7.88349 54.5412 7.76217 54.6423 7.68129C54.7502 7.59366 54.858 7.53637 54.9659 7.50941C55.0804 7.47571 55.1714 7.45886 55.2388 7.45886C55.468 7.45886 55.6399 7.4993 55.7545 7.58018C55.8758 7.65433 55.96 7.75543 56.0072 7.88349C56.0611 8.01156 56.0915 8.1531 56.0982 8.30813C56.1049 8.45641 56.1083 8.60807 56.1083 8.76309V11.6951H57.544V8.78331C57.544 8.62155 57.5541 8.46315 57.5743 8.30813C57.6013 8.14636 57.6485 8.00482 57.7159 7.88349C57.79 7.75543 57.8877 7.65433 58.0091 7.58018C58.1371 7.4993 58.3023 7.45886 58.5045 7.45886C58.7067 7.45886 58.8651 7.49256 58.9796 7.55996C59.101 7.62737 59.192 7.71836 59.2526 7.83294C59.3133 7.94753 59.3504 8.08233 59.3638 8.23735C59.3773 8.39238 59.3841 8.55751 59.3841 8.73276V11.6951H60.8197V8.19691C60.8197 7.8599 60.7725 7.57344 60.6782 7.33754C60.5838 7.09489 60.4524 6.89942 60.2839 6.75114C60.1154 6.60285 59.9132 6.49501 59.6773 6.42761C59.4413 6.36021 59.1852 6.32651 58.9089 6.32651C58.5449 6.32651 58.2281 6.41413 57.9585 6.58937C57.6956 6.76462 57.4867 6.96682 57.3317 7.19599C57.1901 6.87246 56.9812 6.64667 56.7048 6.5186C56.4352 6.39054 56.1353 6.32651 55.805 6.32651C55.4613 6.32651 55.1546 6.40065 54.885 6.54893C54.6221 6.69722 54.3963 6.90616 54.2076 7.17577H54.1874V6.46805H52.8326Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M65.473 8.52044H63.1375C63.1443 8.41934 63.1645 8.30476 63.1982 8.17669C63.2386 8.04863 63.3026 7.9273 63.3903 7.81272C63.4846 7.69814 63.606 7.60377 63.7542 7.52963C63.9093 7.44875 64.1014 7.40831 64.3305 7.40831C64.681 7.40831 64.9405 7.50267 65.109 7.6914C65.2843 7.88012 65.4056 8.15647 65.473 8.52044ZM63.1375 9.43037H66.9087C66.9356 9.02596 66.9019 8.6384 66.8076 8.26768C66.7132 7.89697 66.5582 7.5667 66.3425 7.27687C66.1335 6.98705 65.8639 6.75788 65.5337 6.58937C65.2034 6.41413 64.8158 6.32651 64.371 6.32651C63.9733 6.32651 63.6093 6.39728 63.2791 6.53882C62.9555 6.68037 62.6758 6.87583 62.4399 7.12522C62.204 7.36787 62.022 7.6577 61.8939 7.99471C61.7659 8.33172 61.7018 8.69569 61.7018 9.08662C61.7018 9.49103 61.7625 9.86174 61.8838 10.1988C62.0119 10.5358 62.1905 10.8256 62.4197 11.0682C62.6488 11.3109 62.9286 11.4996 63.2588 11.6344C63.5891 11.7625 63.9598 11.8265 64.371 11.8265C64.9641 11.8265 65.4696 11.6917 65.8875 11.4221C66.3054 11.1525 66.6155 10.7043 66.8177 10.0774H65.5539C65.5067 10.2392 65.3786 10.3942 65.1697 10.5425C64.9607 10.684 64.7113 10.7548 64.4215 10.7548C64.0171 10.7548 63.7071 10.6503 63.4914 10.4414C63.2757 10.2325 63.1577 9.89544 63.1375 9.43037Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M68.8723 9.99655H67.5074C67.5209 10.347 67.5984 10.6402 67.7399 10.8761C67.8882 11.1053 68.0736 11.2907 68.296 11.4322C68.5251 11.5738 68.7846 11.6749 69.0745 11.7355C69.3643 11.7962 69.6609 11.8265 69.9642 11.8265C70.2608 11.8265 70.5506 11.7962 70.8337 11.7355C71.1235 11.6816 71.3796 11.5839 71.6021 11.4423C71.8245 11.3008 72.0031 11.1154 72.1379 10.8863C72.2794 10.6503 72.3502 10.3605 72.3502 10.0168C72.3502 9.77412 72.303 9.57192 72.2087 9.41015C72.1143 9.24164 71.9896 9.10347 71.8346 8.99563C71.6796 8.88104 71.5009 8.79005 71.2987 8.72265C71.1033 8.65525 70.9011 8.59795 70.6921 8.55077C70.4899 8.50359 70.2911 8.45978 70.0956 8.41934C69.9002 8.3789 69.7249 8.33509 69.5699 8.28791C69.4216 8.23398 69.3003 8.16658 69.2059 8.0857C69.1115 8.00482 69.0644 7.90034 69.0644 7.77228C69.0644 7.66444 69.0913 7.58018 69.1452 7.51952C69.1992 7.45212 69.2632 7.40157 69.3373 7.36787C69.4182 7.33417 69.5058 7.31395 69.6002 7.30721C69.6946 7.29373 69.7822 7.28698 69.8631 7.28698C70.1192 7.28698 70.3416 7.33754 70.5304 7.43864C70.7191 7.533 70.8236 7.71836 70.8438 7.99471H72.2087C72.1817 7.67118 72.0975 7.40494 71.9559 7.19599C71.8211 6.98031 71.6492 6.80843 71.4403 6.68037C71.2313 6.5523 70.9921 6.46131 70.7225 6.40739C70.4596 6.35347 70.1866 6.32651 69.9035 6.32651C69.6204 6.32651 69.3441 6.35347 69.0745 6.40739C68.8049 6.45457 68.5622 6.54219 68.3465 6.67026C68.1308 6.79158 67.9556 6.96008 67.8208 7.17577C67.6927 7.39146 67.6287 7.66781 67.6287 8.00482C67.6287 8.23398 67.6759 8.42945 67.7702 8.59121C67.8646 8.74624 67.9893 8.87767 68.1443 8.98552C68.2993 9.08662 68.4746 9.17087 68.6701 9.23827C68.8723 9.29894 69.0778 9.35286 69.2868 9.40004C69.799 9.50788 70.1967 9.61573 70.4798 9.72357C70.7696 9.83141 70.9146 9.99318 70.9146 10.2089C70.9146 10.3369 70.8842 10.4448 70.8236 10.5324C70.7629 10.6133 70.6854 10.6807 70.591 10.7346C70.5034 10.7818 70.4023 10.8189 70.2877 10.8458C70.1799 10.866 70.0754 10.8761 69.9743 10.8761C69.8327 10.8761 69.6946 10.8593 69.5598 10.8256C69.4317 10.7919 69.3171 10.7413 69.216 10.6739C69.1149 10.5998 69.0307 10.5088 68.9633 10.401C68.9026 10.2864 68.8723 10.1516 68.8723 9.99655Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M43.5806 14.5869V21.8057H45.1679V18.6917H48.0898V21.8057H49.6771V14.5869H48.0898V17.3571H45.1679V14.5869H43.5806Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M52.3989 15.7698V14.5869H50.9632V15.7698H52.3989ZM50.9632 16.5786V21.8057H52.3989V16.5786H50.9632Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M55.9659 20.5722C55.7435 20.5722 55.5582 20.525 55.4099 20.4307C55.2616 20.3363 55.1403 20.215 55.0459 20.0667C54.9583 19.9184 54.8942 19.7533 54.8538 19.5713C54.8201 19.3826 54.8032 19.1938 54.8032 19.0051C54.8032 18.8097 54.8235 18.6243 54.8639 18.4491C54.9111 18.2671 54.9819 18.1087 55.0762 17.9739C55.1773 17.8323 55.2987 17.7211 55.4402 17.6402C55.5885 17.5593 55.7637 17.5189 55.9659 17.5189C56.2018 17.5189 56.3973 17.5627 56.5523 17.6503C56.7074 17.738 56.8321 17.8559 56.9264 18.0042C57.0208 18.1525 57.0882 18.3244 57.1286 18.5198C57.1691 18.7086 57.1893 18.9108 57.1893 19.1264C57.1893 19.3152 57.1623 19.4972 57.1084 19.6724C57.0612 19.8409 56.9871 19.9926 56.886 20.1274C56.7849 20.2622 56.6568 20.37 56.5018 20.4509C56.3468 20.5318 56.1681 20.5722 55.9659 20.5722ZM58.5542 21.472V16.5786H57.1893V17.2763H57.1691C56.9938 16.9729 56.7748 16.7573 56.5119 16.6292C56.2558 16.5011 55.9558 16.4371 55.6121 16.4371C55.2481 16.4371 54.9246 16.5079 54.6415 16.6494C54.3651 16.791 54.1326 16.9831 53.9439 17.2257C53.7551 17.4616 53.6102 17.738 53.5091 18.0548C53.4148 18.3648 53.3676 18.6883 53.3676 19.0253C53.3676 19.3826 53.408 19.723 53.4889 20.0465C53.5765 20.3633 53.7113 20.643 53.8933 20.8856C54.0753 21.1215 54.3078 21.3103 54.5909 21.4518C54.874 21.5866 55.211 21.654 55.602 21.654C55.9188 21.654 56.2187 21.59 56.5018 21.4619C56.7916 21.3271 57.014 21.1215 57.1691 20.8452H57.1893V21.5327C57.196 21.9034 57.105 22.2101 56.9163 22.4527C56.7343 22.6954 56.4411 22.8167 56.0367 22.8167C55.7806 22.8167 55.5548 22.7628 55.3593 22.6549C55.1638 22.5538 55.0324 22.3685 54.965 22.0989H53.5395C53.5597 22.3954 53.6406 22.6482 53.7821 22.8571C53.9304 23.0728 54.1124 23.2481 54.3281 23.3829C54.5505 23.5177 54.7931 23.6154 55.056 23.6761C55.3256 23.7435 55.5885 23.7772 55.8446 23.7772C56.4445 23.7772 56.923 23.6963 57.2803 23.5345C57.6375 23.3728 57.9105 23.1739 58.0992 22.938C58.2879 22.7089 58.4093 22.4595 58.4632 22.1899C58.5238 21.9203 58.5542 21.681 58.5542 21.472Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M59.7101 14.5869V21.8057H61.1457V19.0658C61.1457 18.5333 61.2334 18.1525 61.4086 17.9233C61.5838 17.6874 61.8669 17.5695 62.2579 17.5695C62.6016 17.5695 62.8409 17.6773 62.9757 17.893C63.1105 18.1019 63.1779 18.4221 63.1779 18.8535V21.8057H64.6136V18.5906C64.6136 18.2671 64.5832 17.9739 64.5226 17.711C64.4687 17.4414 64.3709 17.2156 64.2294 17.0336C64.0878 16.8449 63.8924 16.7 63.643 16.5989C63.4003 16.491 63.0869 16.4371 62.7027 16.4371C62.4331 16.4371 62.1568 16.5079 61.8737 16.6494C61.5906 16.7842 61.358 17.0033 61.1761 17.3066H61.1457V14.5869H59.7101Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M69.2216 18.631H66.8861C66.8928 18.5299 66.9131 18.4154 66.9468 18.2873C66.9872 18.1592 67.0512 18.0379 67.1389 17.9233C67.2332 17.8087 67.3545 17.7144 67.5028 17.6402C67.6579 17.5593 67.8499 17.5189 68.0791 17.5189C68.4296 17.5189 68.6891 17.6133 68.8576 17.802C69.0329 17.9907 69.1542 18.2671 69.2216 18.631ZM66.8861 19.541H70.6572C70.6842 19.1366 70.6505 18.749 70.5561 18.3783C70.4618 18.0076 70.3068 17.6773 70.0911 17.3875C69.8821 17.0976 69.6125 16.8685 69.2822 16.7C68.952 16.5247 68.5644 16.4371 68.1196 16.4371C67.7219 16.4371 67.3579 16.5079 67.0276 16.6494C66.7041 16.791 66.4244 16.9864 66.1885 17.2358C65.9526 17.4785 65.7706 17.7683 65.6425 18.1053C65.5145 18.4423 65.4504 18.8063 65.4504 19.1972C65.4504 19.6016 65.5111 19.9723 65.6324 20.3093C65.7605 20.6464 65.9391 20.9362 66.1683 21.1788C66.3974 21.4215 66.6772 21.6102 67.0074 21.745C67.3377 21.8731 67.7084 21.9371 68.1196 21.9371C68.7127 21.9371 69.2182 21.8023 69.6361 21.5327C70.054 21.2631 70.364 20.8149 70.5662 20.188H69.3025C69.2553 20.3498 69.1272 20.5048 68.9183 20.6531C68.7093 20.7946 68.4599 20.8654 68.1701 20.8654C67.7657 20.8654 67.4556 20.7609 67.24 20.552C67.0243 20.3431 66.9063 20.006 66.8861 19.541Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M71.5087 16.5786V21.8057H72.9444V19.45C72.9444 19.2141 72.968 18.995 73.0152 18.7928C73.0623 18.5906 73.1399 18.4154 73.2477 18.2671C73.3623 18.112 73.5106 17.9907 73.6925 17.9031C73.8745 17.8155 74.097 17.7717 74.3598 17.7717C74.4475 17.7717 74.5384 17.7784 74.6328 17.7919C74.7272 17.7986 74.8081 17.8087 74.8755 17.8222V16.4877C74.7609 16.454 74.6564 16.4371 74.562 16.4371C74.38 16.4371 74.2048 16.4641 74.0363 16.518C73.8678 16.5719 73.7094 16.6494 73.5611 16.7505C73.4128 16.8449 73.2814 16.9628 73.1668 17.1044C73.0522 17.2392 72.9612 17.3875 72.8938 17.5492H72.8736V16.5786H71.5087Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M43.5806 24.6189V31.8377H49.0604V30.5031H45.1679V28.7338H48.6661V27.5003H45.1679V25.9535H48.9795V24.6189H43.5806Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M53.6953 29.209C53.6953 29.4247 53.6751 29.6336 53.6346 29.8358C53.5942 30.038 53.5268 30.22 53.4324 30.3818C53.3381 30.5368 53.21 30.6615 53.0482 30.7559C52.8932 30.8502 52.6977 30.8974 52.4618 30.8974C52.2394 30.8974 52.0473 30.8502 51.8856 30.7559C51.7305 30.6548 51.5991 30.5267 51.4913 30.3717C51.3901 30.2099 51.316 30.0279 51.2688 29.8257C51.2216 29.6235 51.1981 29.4213 51.1981 29.2191C51.1981 29.0034 51.2183 28.7978 51.2587 28.6024C51.3059 28.4002 51.3767 28.2215 51.471 28.0665C51.5721 27.9115 51.7036 27.7868 51.8653 27.6924C52.0271 27.5981 52.2259 27.5509 52.4618 27.5509C52.6977 27.5509 52.8932 27.5981 53.0482 27.6924C53.2033 27.7868 53.328 27.9115 53.4223 28.0665C53.5234 28.2148 53.5942 28.39 53.6346 28.5922C53.6751 28.7877 53.6953 28.9933 53.6953 29.209ZM53.7155 31.1704V31.8377H55.0804V24.6189H53.6447V27.2476H53.6245C53.4628 26.9914 53.2403 26.7994 52.9572 26.6713C52.6809 26.5365 52.3877 26.4691 52.0776 26.4691C51.6935 26.4691 51.3564 26.5466 51.0666 26.7016C50.7768 26.8499 50.5341 27.0487 50.3387 27.2981C50.15 27.5475 50.005 27.8373 49.9039 28.1676C49.8096 28.4911 49.7624 28.8282 49.7624 29.1786C49.7624 29.5426 49.8096 29.8931 49.9039 30.2301C50.005 30.5671 50.15 30.8671 50.3387 31.1299C50.5341 31.3861 50.7802 31.5916 51.0767 31.7467C51.3733 31.8949 51.717 31.9691 52.108 31.9691C52.4517 31.9691 52.7584 31.9084 53.028 31.7871C53.3044 31.659 53.5268 31.4535 53.6953 31.1704H53.7155Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M61.069 31.8377V26.6106H59.6334V29.3505C59.6334 29.883 59.5457 30.2672 59.3705 30.5031C59.1953 30.7323 58.9122 30.8468 58.5212 30.8468C58.1775 30.8468 57.9382 30.7424 57.8034 30.5334C57.6686 30.3177 57.6012 29.9942 57.6012 29.5628V26.6106H56.1655V29.8257C56.1655 30.1492 56.1925 30.4458 56.2464 30.7154C56.3071 30.9783 56.4082 31.2041 56.5497 31.3928C56.6913 31.5748 56.8834 31.7163 57.126 31.8174C57.3754 31.9185 57.6922 31.9691 58.0764 31.9691C58.3797 31.9691 58.6763 31.9017 58.9661 31.7669C59.2559 31.6321 59.4918 31.413 59.6738 31.1097H59.7041V31.8377H61.069Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M65.7175 28.4507H67.1228C67.1026 28.1137 67.0217 27.8239 66.8802 27.5812C66.7386 27.3318 66.5533 27.1263 66.3241 26.9645C66.1017 26.796 65.8455 26.6713 65.5557 26.5904C65.2726 26.5095 64.9761 26.4691 64.666 26.4691C64.2414 26.4691 63.8639 26.5399 63.5337 26.6814C63.2034 26.8229 62.9237 27.0218 62.6945 27.2779C62.4653 27.5273 62.2901 27.8272 62.1688 28.1777C62.0542 28.5215 61.9969 28.8956 61.9969 29.3C61.9969 29.6909 62.0609 30.0515 62.189 30.3818C62.3171 30.7053 62.4957 30.985 62.7248 31.2209C62.954 31.4568 63.2303 31.6422 63.5539 31.777C63.8841 31.9051 64.2448 31.9691 64.6357 31.9691C65.3299 31.9691 65.8995 31.7871 66.3443 31.4231C66.7892 31.0592 67.0588 30.5301 67.1531 29.8358H65.768C65.7209 30.1593 65.6029 30.4188 65.4142 30.6143C65.2322 30.803 64.9693 30.8974 64.6256 30.8974C64.4031 30.8974 64.2144 30.8468 64.0594 30.7457C63.9044 30.6446 63.7797 30.5166 63.6853 30.3616C63.5977 30.1998 63.5337 30.0212 63.4932 29.8257C63.4528 29.6302 63.4326 29.4381 63.4326 29.2494C63.4326 29.054 63.4528 28.8585 63.4932 28.663C63.5337 28.4608 63.6011 28.2788 63.6954 28.1171C63.7965 27.9486 63.9246 27.8138 64.0796 27.7127C64.2346 27.6048 64.4267 27.5509 64.6559 27.5509C65.2693 27.5509 65.6231 27.8508 65.7175 28.4507Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M67.9035 28.2182C67.9237 27.8812 68.008 27.6014 68.1563 27.379C68.3046 27.1566 68.4933 26.978 68.7225 26.8432C68.9516 26.7084 69.2078 26.614 69.4908 26.5601C69.7807 26.4994 70.0705 26.4691 70.3603 26.4691C70.6232 26.4691 70.8894 26.4893 71.159 26.5297C71.4287 26.5634 71.6747 26.6342 71.8971 26.7421C72.1195 26.8499 72.3015 27.0016 72.4431 27.197C72.5846 27.3858 72.6554 27.6385 72.6554 27.9553V30.675C72.6554 30.9109 72.6688 31.1367 72.6958 31.3524C72.7228 31.568 72.77 31.7298 72.8374 31.8377H71.3815C71.3545 31.7568 71.3309 31.6759 71.3107 31.595C71.2972 31.5074 71.2871 31.4198 71.2804 31.3321C71.0512 31.5681 70.7816 31.7332 70.4715 31.8275C70.1615 31.9219 69.8447 31.9691 69.5212 31.9691C69.2718 31.9691 69.0392 31.9388 68.8236 31.8781C68.6079 31.8174 68.4191 31.7231 68.2574 31.595C68.0956 31.4669 67.9676 31.3052 67.8732 31.1097C67.7856 30.9143 67.7418 30.6817 67.7418 30.4121C67.7418 30.1155 67.7923 29.8729 67.8934 29.6842C68.0013 29.4887 68.1361 29.3337 68.2978 29.2191C68.4663 29.1045 68.6551 29.0203 68.864 28.9663C69.0797 28.9057 69.2954 28.8585 69.5111 28.8248C69.7268 28.7911 69.9391 28.7641 70.148 28.7439C70.357 28.7237 70.5423 28.6934 70.7041 28.6529C70.8658 28.6125 70.9939 28.5552 71.0883 28.481C71.1826 28.4002 71.2264 28.2856 71.2197 28.1373C71.2197 27.9823 71.1927 27.8609 71.1388 27.7733C71.0916 27.679 71.0242 27.6082 70.9366 27.561C70.8557 27.5071 70.758 27.4734 70.6434 27.4599C70.5356 27.4397 70.4176 27.4296 70.2896 27.4296C70.0065 27.4296 69.784 27.4902 69.6223 27.6115C69.4605 27.7329 69.3661 27.9351 69.3392 28.2182H67.9035ZM71.2197 29.2797C71.159 29.3337 71.0815 29.3775 70.9872 29.4112C70.8995 29.4381 70.8018 29.4617 70.694 29.482C70.5929 29.5022 70.485 29.519 70.3704 29.5325C70.2559 29.546 70.1413 29.5628 70.0267 29.5831C69.9188 29.6033 69.811 29.6302 69.7032 29.6639C69.6021 29.6976 69.5111 29.7448 69.4302 29.8055C69.356 29.8594 69.2954 29.9302 69.2482 30.0178C69.201 30.1054 69.1774 30.2166 69.1774 30.3514C69.1774 30.4795 69.201 30.5873 69.2482 30.675C69.2954 30.7626 69.3594 30.8334 69.4403 30.8873C69.5212 30.9345 69.6155 30.9682 69.7234 30.9884C69.8312 31.0086 69.9424 31.0187 70.057 31.0187C70.3401 31.0187 70.5592 30.9715 70.7142 30.8772C70.8692 30.7828 70.9838 30.6716 71.0579 30.5435C71.1321 30.4087 71.1759 30.2739 71.1894 30.1391C71.2096 30.0043 71.2197 29.8965 71.2197 29.8156V29.2797Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M75.5896 26.6106V25.0435H74.1539V26.6106H73.2844V27.5711H74.1539V30.6548C74.1539 30.9176 74.1977 31.1299 74.2853 31.2917C74.373 31.4535 74.4909 31.5782 74.6392 31.6658C74.7942 31.7534 74.9695 31.8107 75.1649 31.8377C75.3671 31.8714 75.5795 31.8882 75.8019 31.8882C75.9434 31.8882 76.0883 31.8848 76.2366 31.8781C76.3849 31.8714 76.5197 31.8579 76.641 31.8377V30.7255C76.5736 30.739 76.5029 30.7491 76.4287 30.7559C76.3546 30.7626 76.2771 30.766 76.1962 30.766C75.9535 30.766 75.7918 30.7255 75.7109 30.6446C75.63 30.5638 75.5896 30.402 75.5896 30.1593V27.5711H76.641V26.6106H75.5896Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M78.8002 25.8018V24.6189H77.3646V25.8018H78.8002ZM77.3646 26.6106V31.8377H78.8002V26.6106H77.3646Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M81.2046 29.2292C81.2046 29.0203 81.2248 28.8147 81.2652 28.6125C81.3057 28.4103 81.3731 28.2316 81.4675 28.0766C81.5686 27.9216 81.7 27.7969 81.8618 27.7025C82.0235 27.6014 82.2257 27.5509 82.4684 27.5509C82.711 27.5509 82.9132 27.6014 83.075 27.7025C83.2435 27.7969 83.3749 27.9216 83.4693 28.0766C83.5704 28.2316 83.6412 28.4103 83.6816 28.6125C83.722 28.8147 83.7423 29.0203 83.7423 29.2292C83.7423 29.4381 83.722 29.6437 83.6816 29.8459C83.6412 30.0414 83.5704 30.22 83.4693 30.3818C83.3749 30.5368 83.2435 30.6615 83.075 30.7559C82.9132 30.8502 82.711 30.8974 82.4684 30.8974C82.2257 30.8974 82.0235 30.8502 81.8618 30.7559C81.7 30.6615 81.5686 30.5368 81.4675 30.3818C81.3731 30.22 81.3057 30.0414 81.2652 29.8459C81.2248 29.6437 81.2046 29.4381 81.2046 29.2292ZM79.7689 29.2292C79.7689 29.6471 79.833 30.0245 79.961 30.3616C80.0891 30.6986 80.2711 30.9884 80.507 31.231C80.7429 31.4669 81.026 31.6489 81.3562 31.777C81.6865 31.9051 82.0572 31.9691 82.4684 31.9691C82.8795 31.9691 83.2502 31.9051 83.5805 31.777C83.9175 31.6489 84.204 31.4669 84.4399 31.231C84.6758 30.9884 84.8578 30.6986 84.9858 30.3616C85.1139 30.0245 85.1779 29.6471 85.1779 29.2292C85.1779 28.8113 85.1139 28.4339 84.9858 28.0968C84.8578 27.7531 84.6758 27.4633 84.4399 27.2274C84.204 26.9847 83.9175 26.7994 83.5805 26.6713C83.2502 26.5365 82.8795 26.4691 82.4684 26.4691C82.0572 26.4691 81.6865 26.5365 81.3562 26.6713C81.026 26.7994 80.7429 26.9847 80.507 27.2274C80.2711 27.4633 80.0891 27.7531 79.961 28.0968C79.833 28.4339 79.7689 28.8113 79.7689 29.2292Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M86.1114 26.6106V31.8377H87.5471V29.0978C87.5471 28.5653 87.6347 28.1845 87.8099 27.9553C87.9852 27.7194 88.2683 27.6014 88.6592 27.6014C89.003 27.6014 89.2422 27.7093 89.377 27.925C89.5118 28.1339 89.5792 28.4541 89.5792 28.8854V31.8377H91.0149V28.6226C91.0149 28.299 90.9846 28.0059 90.9239 27.743C90.87 27.4734 90.7723 27.2476 90.6307 27.0656C90.4892 26.8769 90.2937 26.732 90.0443 26.6308C89.8017 26.523 89.4882 26.4691 89.1041 26.4691C88.8007 26.4691 88.5042 26.5399 88.2143 26.6814C87.9245 26.8162 87.6886 27.0353 87.5066 27.3386H87.4763V26.6106H86.1114Z" fill="white"/>
<path d="M0 7.28182C0 3.26018 3.26018 0 7.28182 0H29.1273C33.1489 0 36.4091 3.26018 36.4091 7.28182V29.1273C36.4091 33.1489 33.1489 36.4091 29.1273 36.4091H7.28182C3.26018 36.4091 0 33.1489 0 29.1273V7.28182Z" fill="url(#paint0_linear_2039_25212)"/>
<path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19.0196 6.85596V16.5606H17.3888V6.85596H14.1267V29.5013H17.3888V19.7955H19.0196V29.5013H22.2811V6.85596H19.0196ZM6.0249 6.85669V10.0916H7.64785V29.502H10.8943V10.0916H12.5173V6.85669H6.0249ZM23.8917 29.5013V6.85596H30.384V10.0908H27.1376V16.5606H29.5723V19.7955H27.1376V26.2664H30.384V29.5013H23.8917Z" fill="white"/>
<defs>
<linearGradient id="paint0_linear_2039_25212" x1="-2.12543e-07" y1="11.5144" x2="35.3168" y2="26.1235" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse">
<stop stop-color="#FE4537"/>
<stop offset="0.509095" stop-color="#DE1B7C"/>
<stop offset="1" stop-color="#4352FF"/>
</linearGradient>
</defs>
</svg>
)}.css-1euml9w{-webkit-box-flex:1;flex-grow:1;display:flex}.css-po9bxc{display:flex;position:static;-webkit-box-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start;margin:0 auto;padding:0}@media only screen and (max-width:880px){.css-po9bxc{display:none;background:#000;padding:0;position:absolute;top:100%;left:0;width:100%;min-height:100vh}}.css-etjx5n{list-style-type:none;margin-right:1em;position:relative;flex:0 0 auto;font-size:20px}@media only screen and (min-width:880px){.css-etjx5n{font-size:14px;margin-right:.8em}}@media only screen and (min-width:1100px){.css-etjx5n{margin-right:2em}}.css-etjx5n:last-child{margin-right:0}.css-etjx5n>a{display:inline-flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;color:#d5d5d5;text-decoration:none;padding:1em;width:100%}@media only screen and (min-width:880px){.css-etjx5n>a{width:initial;-webkit-box-align:center;align-items:center;padding:1em .5em}}.css-etjx5n>a::after{content:attr(data-text);height:0;visibility:hidden;overflow:hidden;user-select:none;pointer-events:none;font-weight:700}@media speech{.css-etjx5n>a::after{display:none}}.css-etjx5n>a:focus,.css-etjx5n>a:hover{color:#fff}@media only screen and (min-width:1100px){.css-4cjk30{width:100px}}.css-4cjk30>.search-icon{display:block;width:40px;height:40px;background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBmb2N1c2FibGU9ImZhbHNlIiBwcmVzZXJ2ZUFzcGVjdFJhdGlvPSJ4TWlkWU1pZCBtZWV0IiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIGZpbGw9IndoaXRlIiB3aWR0aD0iMjAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjAiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAzMiAzMiIgYXJpYS1oaWRkZW49InRydWUiPgo8cGF0aCBkPSJNMjksMjcuNTg1OWwtNy41NTIxLTcuNTUyMWExMS4wMTc3LDExLjAxNzcsMCwxLDAtMS40MTQxLDEuNDE0MUwyNy41ODU5LDI5Wk00LDEzYTksOSwwLDEsMSw5LDlBOS4wMSw5LjAxLDAsMCwxLDQsMTNaIj48L3BhdGg+Cjwvc3ZnPg==);background-size:24px;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat}.css-1gkc6sk{display:none;visibility:hidden}@media only screen and (max-width:880px){.css-1gkc6sk{display:flex;visibility:visible;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:center;justify-content:center;width:40px;height:40px;background:#000;margin:8px 0 0;border:none;padding:0;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1em;cursor:pointer;-webkit-appearance:none}.css-1gkc6sk:focus{outline:#fff dotted 1px}.css-1gkc6sk>span{display:block;margin:0 auto;width:24px;height:24px;background-size:contain;background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMTgiIGhlaWdodD0iMTgiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxOCAxOCIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj4KPHBhdGggZmlsbC1ydWxlPSJldmVub2RkIiBmaWxsPSJ3aGl0ZSIgZD0ibS0wLjIgMTMuM2gxOC4ydjEuNmgtMTguMnptMC05LjJoMTguMnYxLjZoLTE4LjJ6Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPgo=)}}.css-1mpwl8m{position:relative;background:#fff;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;margin:0;padding:0;min-width:290px;border-bottom:1px solid #d5d5d5;box-shadow:rgba(0,0,0,.1) 0 5px 5px 0;display:block}.css-1vb6yxk{max-width:1536px;margin:0 auto;min-height:44px;padding:0 0 0 16px}.css-1n5h39i{display:none}.css-1n5h39i.show{display:flex;height:89px}@media only screen and (min-width:880px){.css-1n5h39i.show{height:44px}}.css-1n5h39i.blank{height:44px}.css-vsbmu6{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-box-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;width:100%}.show .css-vsbmu6{height:89px}@media only screen and (min-width:880px){.show .css-vsbmu6{height:44px;flex-wrap:nowrap}}.blank .css-vsbmu6{height:44px}.css-q48bew{flex:0 0 auto;order:1;height:50%;font-weight:700;font-size:1.1em;max-width:300px;display:flex;margin-right:10px}@media only screen and (min-width:880px){.css-q48bew{height:43px;margin-bottom:2px}}.css-q48bew a{padding:.5em 0;color:#000;text-decoration:none}.css-7t49wx{display:flex;flex:1 0 auto;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:center;justify-content:center}.css-f41wm4{width:100%;height:50%;min-width:0;overflow:hidden;order:3;display:flex;flex:0 1 auto;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:center;justify-content:center}@media only screen and (min-width:880px){.css-f41wm4{order:2;height:100%}}.css-19yn5ir{width:max-content;display:flex;position:static;-webkit-box-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start;margin:0;padding:0}@media only screen and (min-width:880px){.css-19yn5ir{padding:0 30px;margin:0 0 0 auto}}.css-1w6gwe9{list-style-type:none;margin:0 10px;position:relative;flex:0 0 auto}.css-1w6gwe9:first-of-type{margin-left:0}.css-1w6gwe9>a{display:inline-flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-pack:center;place-content:center;color:#595959;text-decoration:none;padding:0;width:100%;height:42px;border-bottom:2px solid #fff}@media only screen and (min-width:880px){.css-1w6gwe9>a{width:initial;-webkit-box-align:center;align-items:center}}.css-1w6gwe9>a::after{content:attr(data-text);height:0;visibility:hidden;overflow:hidden;user-select:none;pointer-events:none;font-weight:700}@media speech{.css-1w6gwe9>a::after{display:none}}.css-1w6gwe9>a:focus,.css-1w6gwe9>a:hover{color:#000}.css-1w6gwe9>a.active{color:#000;font-weight:700;border-bottom:2px solid #000}.css-1649knw{margin-right:50px;height:50%;order:2;display:flex;flex:0 0 auto;-webkit-box-pack:center;justify-content:center}@media only screen and (min-width:880px){.css-1649knw{order:3;height:100%}}.css-1649knw>.search-icon{display:block;width:44px;height:44px;background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBmb2N1c2FibGU9ImZhbHNlIiBwcmVzZXJ2ZUFzcGVjdFJhdGlvPSJ4TWlkWU1pZCBtZWV0IiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIGZpbGw9ImN1cnJlbnRDb2xvciIgd2lkdGg9IjIwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjIwIiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMzIgMzIiIGFyaWEtaGlkZGVuPSJ0cnVlIj4KPHBhdGggZD0iTTI5LDI3LjU4NTlsLTcuNTUyMS03LjU1MjFhMTEuMDE3NywxMS4wMTc3LDAsMSwwLTEuNDE0MSwxLjQxNDFMMjcuNTg1OSwyOVpNNCwxM2E5LDksMCwxLDEsOSw5QTkuMDEsOS4wMSwwLDAsMSw0LDEzWiI+PC9wYXRoPgo8L3N2Zz4=);background-size:24px;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat}.css-1649knw>.ambassadors-icon{display:block;width:44px;height:44px;background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-size:24px;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat}.css-c9p0lq{display:none;font-weight:400;font-size:.7em;color:#838383;padding:0 10px;margin:0 0 0 10px;line-height:1;border-left:1px solid #838383}@media only screen and (min-width:1100px){.css-c9p0lq{display:block}}</style><div data-module="main-menu" id="root"><nav class="css-s0zvr5" data-position="primary"><div class="css-11lkxxv"><div class="css-5u9fd8"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/" rel=""><span aria-label="Times Higher Education logo" role="img" class="css-i0npmp"></span></a></div><div class="css-1euml9w"><ul class="css-po9bxc"><li class="css-etjx5n"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/" rel="" data-text="Home">Home</a></li><li class="css-etjx5n"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/academic/news" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/academic/news" rel="" data-text="News">News</a></li><li class="css-etjx5n"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings" rel="" data-text="Rankings">Rankings</a></li><li class="css-etjx5n"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/unijobs" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/unijobs" rel="" data-text="Jobs">Jobs</a></li><li class="css-etjx5n"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student" rel="" data-text="Students">Students</a></li><li class="css-etjx5n"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/events" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/events" rel="" data-text="Events">Events</a></li><li class="css-etjx5n"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus" rel="" data-text="Resources">Resources</a></li><li class="css-etjx5n"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions" rel="" data-text="Solutions">Solutions</a></li></ul></div><div class="css-4cjk30"><button class="css-1gkc6sk"><span aria-label="Menu" role="img"></span></button></div></div></nav><nav class="css-1mpwl8m" data-position="secondary"><div class="css-1vb6yxk"><div class="hide css-1n5h39i"><div class="css-vsbmu6"><div class="css-q48bew"><div class="css-7t49wx"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/academic/news" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/academic/news" rel="">News</a></div></div><div class="css-f41wm4"><ul class="css-19yn5ir"><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="news:home"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/academic/news" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/academic/news" rel="" data-text="Home" class="">Home</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="news:latest"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/academic/news/all" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/academic/news/all" rel="" data-text="Latest" class="">Latest</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="news:opinion"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/academic/opinion" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/academic/opinion" rel="" data-text="Opinion" class="">Opinion</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="news:features"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/academic/features" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/academic/features" rel="" data-text="In-depth" class="">In-depth</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="news:leadership"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/academic/talking-leadership" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/academic/talking-leadership" rel="" data-text="Leadership" class="">Leadership</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="news:editions"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/digital-editions" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/digital-editions" rel="" data-text="Digital editions" class="">Digital editions</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="news:newsletters"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/newsletters" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/newsletters" rel="" data-text="Newsletters" class="">Newsletters</a></li></ul></div><div class="css-1649knw"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/search" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/search" rel="" class="search-icon"></a></div></div></div><div class="hide css-1n5h39i"><div class="css-vsbmu6"><div class="css-q48bew"><div class="css-7t49wx"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus" rel="">Campus</a></div><div class="css-7t49wx"><p class="css-c9p0lq">Resources for<br>academics and university staff</p></div></div><div class="css-f41wm4"><ul class="css-19yn5ir"><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="resources:home"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus" rel="" data-text="Home" class="">Home</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="resources:topics"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/key-topics" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/key-topics" rel="" data-text="Key topics in HE" class="">Key topics in HE</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="resources:spotlights"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/spotlight" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/spotlight" rel="" data-text="Spotlight guides" class="">Spotlight guides</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="resources:collections"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/collections" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/collections" rel="" data-text="Collective insight" class="">Collective insight</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="resources:podcast"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/keywords/podcast" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/keywords/podcast" rel="" data-text="Podcasts" class="">Podcasts</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="resources:partners"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/partners" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/partners" rel="" data-text="University partners" class="">University partners</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="resources:green_skills"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/green-skills" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/green-skills" rel="" data-text="Green skills" class="">Green skills</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="resources:about"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/about-campus" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/about-campus" rel="" data-text="About" class="">About</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="resources:newsletters"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/newsletters" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/newsletters" rel="" data-text="Newsletter sign up" class="">Newsletter sign up</a></li></ul></div><div class="css-1649knw"></div></div></div><div class="hide css-1n5h39i"><div class="css-vsbmu6"><div class="css-q48bew"><div class="css-7t49wx"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/unijobs" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/unijobs" rel="">Jobs</a></div></div><div class="css-f41wm4"><ul class="css-19yn5ir"><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="jobs:home"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/unijobs" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/unijobs" rel="" data-text="Home" class="">Home</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="jobs:find"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/unijobs/listings" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/unijobs/listings" rel="" data-text="Find a job" class="">Find a job</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="jobs:alerts"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/unijobs/newalert" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/unijobs/newalert" rel="" data-text="Jobs alerts" class="">Jobs alerts</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="jobs:careers"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/unijobs/careers" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/unijobs/careers" rel="" data-text="Careers advice" class="">Careers advice</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="jobs:post"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://recruiters.timeshighereducation.com/pricing" href="https://recruiters.timeshighereducation.com/pricing" rel="" data-text="Post a job" class="">Post a job</a></li></ul></div><div class="css-1649knw"></div></div></div><div class="hide css-1n5h39i"><div class="css-vsbmu6"><div class="css-q48bew"><div class="css-7t49wx"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/events" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/events" rel="">Events</a></div></div><div class="css-f41wm4"><ul class="css-19yn5ir"><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="events:home"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/events" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/events" rel="" data-text="Home" class="">Home</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="events:summits"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/events/upcoming" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/events/upcoming" rel="" data-text="Upcoming events" class="">Upcoming events</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="events:getinvolved"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/events/sponsor" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/events/sponsor" rel="" data-text="Partner with us" class="">Partner with us</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="events:awards"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/events/awards" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/events/awards" rel="" data-text="Awards" class="">Awards</a></li></ul></div><div class="css-1649knw"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/search" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/search" rel="" class="search-icon"></a></div></div></div><div class="hide css-1n5h39i"><div class="css-vsbmu6"><div class="css-q48bew"><div class="css-7t49wx"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings" rel="">Rankings</a></div></div><div class="css-f41wm4"><ul class="css-19yn5ir"><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="rankings:home"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings" rel="" data-text="Home" class="">Home</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="rankings:wur"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/latest/world-ranking" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/latest/world-ranking" rel="" data-text="World University Rankings 2025" class="">World University Rankings 2025</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="rankings:subject"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/by-subject" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/by-subject" rel="" data-text="Rankings by subject" class="">Rankings by subject</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="rankings:impact"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/impactrankings" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/impactrankings" rel="" data-text="Impact Rankings" class="">Impact Rankings</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="rankings:reputation"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/reputation-ranking" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/reputation-ranking" rel="" data-text="Reputation Rankings" class="">Reputation Rankings</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="rankings:isrranking"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/interdisciplinary-science-rankings" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/interdisciplinary-science-rankings" rel="" data-text="Interdisciplinary Science Rankings" class="">Interdisciplinary Science Rankings</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="rankings:arabranking"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/arab-university-rankings" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/arab-university-rankings" rel="" data-text="Arab Rankings" class="">Arab Rankings</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="rankings:asiaranking"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/regional-ranking" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/regional-ranking" rel="" data-text="Asia Rankings" class="">Asia Rankings</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="rankings:csr"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/ratings/china-subject-ratings/2024" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/ratings/china-subject-ratings/2024" rel="" data-text="China Subject Ratings" class="">China Subject Ratings</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="rankings:japan"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/rankings/japan-university/2023" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/rankings/japan-university/2023" rel="" data-text="Japan University Rankings" class="">Japan University Rankings</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="rankings:ssaranking"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sub-saharan-africa-university-rankings" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sub-saharan-africa-university-rankings" rel="" data-text="Sub-Saharan Africa University Rankings" class="">Sub-Saharan Africa University Rankings</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="rankings:news"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/policy/rankings" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/policy/rankings" rel="" data-text="News" class="">News</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="rankings:about"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/about-the-times-higher-education-world-university-rankings" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/about-the-times-higher-education-world-university-rankings" rel="" data-text="About THE rankings" class="">About THE rankings</a></li></ul></div><div class="css-1649knw"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/search" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/search" rel="" class="search-icon"></a></div></div></div><div class="hide css-1n5h39i"><div class="css-vsbmu6"><div class="css-q48bew"><div class="css-7t49wx"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student" rel="">Student</a></div><div class="css-7t49wx"><p class="css-c9p0lq">Everything you need for each step<br>of your study abroad journey</p></div></div><div class="css-f41wm4"><ul class="css-19yn5ir"><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="student:home"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student" rel="" data-text="Home" class="">Home</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="student:best"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities" rel="" data-text="Best universities" class="">Best universities</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="student:business_education"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/poets-and-quants" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/poets-and-quants" rel="" data-text="Business education" class="">Business education</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="student:events"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/events" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/events" rel="" data-text="Events/ festivals" class="">Events/ festivals</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="student:certifications"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/certifications/skills-now-maximise-your-employability" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/certifications/skills-now-maximise-your-employability" rel="" data-text="Certifications" class="">Certifications</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="student:counsellor_resources"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/counsellor" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/counsellor" rel="" data-text="Counsellor resources" class="">Counsellor resources</a></li></ul></div><div class="css-1649knw"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/ambassadors" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/ambassadors" rel="" class="ambassadors-icon"></a></div></div></div><div class="hide css-1n5h39i"><div class="css-vsbmu6"><div class="css-q48bew"><div class="css-7t49wx"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions" rel="">Solutions</a></div></div><div class="css-f41wm4"><ul class="css-19yn5ir"><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="solutions:home"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions" rel="" data-text="Home" class="">Home</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="solutions:data"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions/data-and-insights" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions/data-and-insights" rel="" data-text="Data and insights" class="">Data and insights</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="solutions:consultancy"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions/consultancy" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions/consultancy" rel="" data-text="Consultancy" class="">Consultancy</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="solutions:hiring"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions/hiring-solutions" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions/hiring-solutions" rel="" data-text="Hiring solutions" class="">Hiring solutions</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="solutions:branding"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions/branding" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions/branding" rel="" data-text="Branding" class="">Branding</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="solutions:institutional"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions/institutional-subscriptions" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions/institutional-subscriptions" rel="" data-text="Institutional subscriptions" class="">Institutional subscriptions</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="solutions:student"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions/student-recruitment" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions/student-recruitment" rel="" data-text="Student recruitment" class="">Student recruitment</a></li><li class="css-1w6gwe9" data-menu-id="solutions:campusplus"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions/campus-partnership" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/our-solutions/campus-partnership" rel="" data-text="Campus+" class="">Campus+</a></li></ul></div><div class="css-1649knw"><a data-mz="true" data-type="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/search" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/search" rel="" class="search-icon"></a></div></div></div></div></nav></div> <div class="global-nav__layout-mimic"> <div class="global-nav__layout-mimic-inner"> <ul class="global-nav__icons"><li class="global-nav__icon"><button data-target="block-the-login-modal-the-login-modal-multistep" class="user-menu__icon user-menu__icon--user js-user-menu__icon" title="User account"></button></li> </ul> </div> <div class="region region-secondary-navigation"> <section id="block-the-social-links-share-buttons" class="block block-the-social-links clearfix"> <ul class="soc share-buttons js-share-buttons"><li><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/opinion/authentic-assessment-not-educational-panacea&via=timeshighered&text=Authentic assessment is not an educational panacea" class="twitter" title="Share on twitter" target="_blank" data-network="twitter">Share on twitter</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/opinion/authentic-assessment-not-educational-panacea&p[title]=Authentic assessment is not an educational panacea" class="facebook" title="Share on facebook" target="_blank" data-network="facebook">Share on facebook</a></li> <li><div class="comment-stack"><a href="#node-comments" data-network="comments-count"><span class="comment-stack-counter">1</span></a></div></li> </ul> </section> <section id="block-the-login-modal-the-login-modal-multistep" class="block block-the-login-modal clearfix"> <nav id="global-nav-user-menu" class="user-menu js-user-menu"> <ul class="links"> <li><a href="/the-ums-modal/register/nojs" id="modal-register" class="ctools-use-modal js-modal-register js-modal-register--main-menu user-menu__button user-menu__button--register ctools-modal-the-ums-modal-style-xxlarge">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/the-ums-modal/login/nojs" id="modal-login" class="ctools-use-modal js-modal-login js-modal-login--main-menu user-menu__button user-menu__button--login ctools-modal-the-ums-modal-style-xlarge">Login</a></li> <li></li> <li><a href="/store" data-mz="" class="user-menu__button user-menu__button--subscribe">Subscribe</a></li> </ul> <div class="user-menu__messaging js-the-corporate-subscriptions-ip-messaging"></div> </nav> </section> <section id="block-the-site-search-tsskeyword" class="block block-the-site-search clearfix"> <form class="the-search-form the-search-form--keyword" action="/opinion/authentic-assessment-not-educational-panacea" method="post" id="the-site-search-form-keyword" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="form-item form-item-keys form-type-textfield form-group"><input title="Search" placeholder="Search institutions, news" class="search-form__textfield search-keys-field form-control form-text" type="text" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" size="60" maxlength="128" /></div><button type="submit" id="edit-submit--2" name="op" value="Search" class="btn btn-primary form-submit form-submit">Search</button> <input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-pHfZBCDo5j2F1-oR2epzomeoK-ALNXqXYnCju5_8SMo" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="the_site_search_form_keyword" /> </div></form> </section> </div> </div> </header> <div class="region region-hero"> </div> <div class="main-container"> <header role="banner" id="page-header"> <div class="region region-header"> <section id="block-the-dfp-the-dfp-header" class="block block-the-dfp clearfix"> <div id="div-gpt-ad-486621910683769-1" data-ad-page="opinion" data-ad-unit="21841059662/THE_COM/academic/article" data-ad-mobile-size="[[300,50],[320,50],[300,100]]" data-ad-size="[970,250]" data-ad-priority="high" data-ad-position="the_dfp_header" data-ad-limit="1" data-ad-key-values="2b1c36dae566ffe27bf4fb3dcbcfafd0" class="the-dfp"></div> </section> </div> </header>  <a id="main-content"></a> <div class="region region-content"> <section id="block-system-main" class="block block-system clearfix"> <div class="the-article-layout"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row the-article-layout__content-wrapper"> <div class="the-article-layout__main-wrapper"> <div class="the-article-layout__article-wrapper"> <div class="the-article-layout__article-header"> <div class="panel-pane pane-page-title" > <div class="pane-content"> <h1>Authentic assessment is not an educational panacea</h1> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-entity-field pane-node-field-standfirst" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="field field-name-field-standfirst field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><h2 class="standfirst">Enthusiasts claim that authentic tasks boost work-readiness, promote inclusion and diminish cheating, but the evidence remains unclear, says Tim Fawns</h2></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="the-article-layout__article-top"> <div class="the-article-layout__article-top-left"> <div class="panel-pane pane-node-created" > <div class="pane-content"> November 19, 2024 </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-editorial-bylines-list-by-article" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="article-byline article-byline--grouped"><div class="article-byline__title article-byline__title--grouped"> <a href="/author/tim-fawns">Tim Fawns</a></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="the-article-layout__article-top-right"> <div class="the-article-layout__article-top-right-wrapper js-the-article-layout__article-top-right-wrapper"> <div class="panel-pane pane-social-links" > <div class="pane-content"> <ul class="soc share-buttons js-share-buttons"><li><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/opinion/authentic-assessment-not-educational-panacea&via=timeshighered&text=Authentic assessment is not an educational panacea" class="twitter" title="Share on twitter" target="_blank" data-network="twitter">Share on twitter</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/opinion/authentic-assessment-not-educational-panacea&p[title]=Authentic assessment is not an educational panacea" class="facebook" title="Share on facebook" target="_blank" data-network="facebook">Share on facebook</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/opinion/authentic-assessment-not-educational-panacea&title=Authentic assessment is not an educational panacea" class="linkedin" title="Share on linkedin" target="_blank" data-network="linkedin">Share on linkedin</a></li> <li><a href="mailto:?subject=Check out Authentic assessment is not an educational panacea&body= View it here https://www.timeshighereducation.com/opinion/authentic-assessment-not-educational-panacea&url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/opinion/authentic-assessment-not-educational-panacea&title=Authentic assessment is not an educational panacea" class="mail" title="Share on mail" target="_blank" data-network="mail">Share on mail</a></li> <li><div class="comment-stack"><a href="#node-comments" data-network="comments-count"><span class="comment-stack-counter">1</span></a></div></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="the-article-layout__article-body-wrapper"> <div class="the-article-layout__article-body the-article-layout__article-body--with-image-nojs js-the-article-layout__article-body--with-image"> <div class="the-article-layout__article-image the-article-layout__article-image--nojs js-the-article-layout__article-image"> <div class="panel-pane pane-views-panes pane-breaking-news-images-panel-pane-1 view-mode-teaser" > <div class="pane-content"> <div data-module="breaking_news_images-panel_pane_1" class="view view-breaking-news-images view-id-breaking_news_images view-display-id-panel_pane_1 view-dom-id-7a3681cf71381900ef5f8d524d1f00c9"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-breaking-news-images"> <div class="field-content"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sites/default/files/styles/the_breaking_news_image_style/public/parachute_getty_0.jpg?itok=nPXVxQyJ" width="620" height="413" alt="Parachute in city" title="Authentic assessment is not an educational panacea" /></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-field-file-image-credit"> <div class="field-content">Source: Getty Images</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-pane pane-entity-field pane-node-field-body" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="field field-name-field-body field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>In recent years, authentic assessment has come to be hailed as something of an educational cure-all, the solution to a broad range of complex problems, particularly in programmes linked to professions and industry.</p> <p>It involves asking students to do tasks that resemble “real-world” scenarios, rather than abstract exams and essays. And it has prompted educators to reimagine assessments to make them more relevant and meaningful in the eyes of students, employers and others.</p> <p>The trouble is, as colleagues and I argue in a <a data-mz="" data-module="breaking_news-body" data-position="body" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02602938.2024.2404634">recent research paper</a>, the enthusiasts often overlook a number of important questions about authentic assessment. What exactly <em>is</em> the “real world”, for instance. How do we define “authenticity”? And to what, or to whom, should these tasks be authentic: a future workplace, society at large or the individual student?</p> <p>A prime example of the unexamined rush to authentic assessment is the argument that it is the best way to prepare students for workplaces. The logic seems sound: by engaging with realistic tasks, students apply knowledge to situations they might encounter after graduation. In addition, authentic assessments are said to be more engaging, promoting richer, more complex learning experiences, in which students are motivated to invest themselves.</p><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><body><div class="before-ad-container-label-article">ADVERTISEMENT</div><div id="div-gpt-in-article-ad-3-mobile" data-ad-position="the_dfp_in_article_ad" data-ad-size="[300,250]" data-ad-priority="high" data-ad-unit="21841059662/THE_COM/academic/article" data-ad-page="opinion" class="the-dfp the-dfp__in-article js-the-dfp__in-article the-dfp__in-article-preload--mobile js-the-dfp__in-article-preload--mobile"></div></body></html> <p></p><div id="node-706860" class="node node-visualisation node-promoted node-node_embed clearfix"> <div class="content"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><hr /> <p><a data-mz="" data-module="breaking_news-body" data-position="body" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/subscriptions"><strong>Find out more about how to get full unlimited article access to THE for staff and students.</strong></a></p> <hr /></div></div></div> </div> </div> <p>This personal investment, and the need to apply knowledge to realistic situations, is part of an argument that authentic assessments make cheating less likely. This idea is gaining traction because of its appeal to those worried about students using generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) to do their assessment work.</p> <p>Others have said that authentic assessment is more inclusive because it allows students to demonstrate their knowledge and skills in diverse ways, which offer greater personal agency than standardised formats do.</p><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><body><div class="before-ad-container-label-article">ADVERTISEMENT</div><div id="div-gpt-in-article-ad-5-desktop" data-ad-position="the_dfp_in_article_ad" data-ad-size="[300,250]" data-ad-priority="high" data-ad-unit="21841059662/THE_COM/academic/article" data-ad-page="opinion" class="the-dfp the-dfp__in-article js-the-dfp__in-article the-dfp__in-article-preload--desktop js-the-dfp__in-article-preload--desktop"></div></body></html> <p>Yet it is risky to assume that authentic tasks will address such educational challenges. The evidence remains unclear. That probably has a lot to do with the fact that there are a huge range of assessment types that have been labelled as “authentic”, including workplace-based assessments, simulation-based assessments, projects, problem-based learning, portfolios, report writing and even some scenario-based multiple-choice exam questions.</p> <p>It also matters how things are done – and doing authentic assessment well is difficult. It requires considerable expertise and attention to the particular aims of the assessment, the learners, the conditions in which the assessment is undertaken and the evidence required to demonstrate learning and achievement. An authentic assessment for first-year physics students would look very different from one designed for postgraduate nursing students or even for third- or fourth-year physics students.</p> <p>Simply deciding to implement authentic assessment achieves nothing. The real work lies in designing targeted tasks and conditions, as well as negotiating trade-offs between authenticity and other concerns. An authentic assessment will also work best within a more “authentic” educational approach, rather than expecting students to do challenging, authentic tasks from within a more traditional curriculum.</p> <p></p><div id="node-682231" class="node node-visualisation node-node_embed clearfix"> <div class="content"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><hr /> <p><a data-mz="" data-module="breaking_news-body" data-position="body" href="/write-times-higher-education"><strong>Want to write for <em>THE</em>? Click for more information</strong></a></p> <hr /></div></div></div> </div> </div> <p>Another key question is whether an assessment needs to be authentic – and, if so, to what extent, and why? It is often taken for granted that authenticity is desirable, but education involves scaffolding and support to develop critical thinking, deepen theoretical knowledge, and hone students’ ability to make abstractions from applied contexts. There are difficult trade-offs to be made between authenticity and other aspirations, including assessment security, inclusion and even preparing students for life after graduation.</p><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><body><div class="before-ad-container-label-article">ADVERTISEMENT</div><div id="div-gpt-in-article-ad-9-mobile" data-ad-position="the_dfp_in_article_ad" data-ad-size="[300,250]" data-ad-priority="low" data-ad-unit="21841059662/THE_COM/academic/article" data-ad-page="opinion" class="the-dfp the-dfp__in-article js-the-dfp__in-article the-dfp__in-article-preload--mobile js-the-dfp__in-article-preload--mobile"></div></body></html> <p>For instance, in preparing students for professional practice, the goal is not merely to have them replicate existing methods – especially problematic ones – but to equip them to think critically and drive positive change within workplaces. Therefore, simply mimicking employee tasks is both insufficient and ineffective.</p> <p>Authentic assessment does not automatically reduce cheating, either. While it’s tempting to think that GenAI is less capable of doing “real-world” tasks, the reality depends on the specific task and context. Careful design of assessment security and promotion of academic integrity are still essential, and cheating and lapses in integrity are part of the authenticity of most contexts. And, of course, AI is becoming part of many workplace practices.</p> <p>Then again, just allowing students to use AI is not automatically authentic: we need to know more about how the integration of technology within workplace practices is evolving. Moreover, we must consider what kinds of practices we want to promote through education and how they relate to the learning outcomes that are set for our students.</p> <p>Making assessment more inclusive by allowing additional time or support, or giving students more choice in completing assignments, can also clash with authentic workplace contexts that are less flexible or accommodating. Consider the high-pressure environments of an emergency ward or a top-tier law firm. A challenge for higher education is to negotiate a balance between authenticity and promoting inclusive environments for learning.</p><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><body><div class="before-ad-container-label-article">ADVERTISEMENT</div><div id="div-gpt-in-article-ad-13-desktop" data-ad-position="the_dfp_in_article_ad" data-ad-size="[300,250]" data-ad-priority="low" data-ad-unit="21841059662/THE_COM/academic/article" data-ad-page="opinion" class="the-dfp the-dfp__in-article js-the-dfp__in-article the-dfp__in-article-preload--desktop js-the-dfp__in-article-preload--desktop"></div></body></html> <p>If we’re not careful, the authentic assessment label can be used to sidestep difficult conversations about the nuances of assessment and what constitutes appropriate evidence of learning and achievement in specific contexts. Labelling assessment as authentic doesn’t remove the hard work of design or the challenging choices around the trade-offs between different goals and practical considerations.</p> <p>Designing authentic assessments demands careful balancing with other educational goals. Rather than being adopted as a simple answer to complex issues, authenticity is more wisely used to encourage critical reflection about the challenges of preparing students for their future professional contexts.</p><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><body><div class="before-ad-container-label-article">ADVERTISEMENT</div><div id="div-gpt-in-article-ad-15-mobile" data-ad-position="the_dfp_in_article_ad" data-ad-size="[300,250]" data-ad-priority="low" data-ad-unit="21841059662/THE_COM/academic/article" data-ad-page="opinion" class="the-dfp the-dfp__in-article js-the-dfp__in-article the-dfp__in-article-preload--mobile js-the-dfp__in-article-preload--mobile"></div></body></html> <p><strong><a data-mz="" data-module="breaking_news-body" data-position="body" href="https://research.monash.edu/en/persons/tim-fawns">Tim Fawns</a> is an associate professor (education-focused) at the </strong><strong>Monash Education Academy, <a data-mz="" data-module="breaking_news-body" data-position="body" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/monash-university">Monash University</a>. “<a data-mz="" data-module="breaking_news-body" data-position="body" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02602938.2024.2404634">Authentic assessment: from panacea to criticality</a>” is published in </strong><strong><em>Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education</em></strong><strong>.</strong></p></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-entity-field pane-node-field-breaking-news-policy-tags article-tags" > <div class="pane-title"> Read more about </div> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="field field-name-field-breaking-news-policy-tags field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><div class="field-label">Read more about: </div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/policy/teaching-and-learning">Teaching and learning</a></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-restrictions-cta" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="paywall"> <div class="paywall__one"> <div class="col1 register_box"> <div class="htmlContent"> <h3>Register to continue</h3> <p>Why register?</p> <ul class="option-list"> <li>Registration is free and only takes a moment</li> <li>Once registered, you can read 3 articles a month</li> <li>Sign up for our newsletter</li> </ul> <a href="/the-ums-modal/register/nojs" id="modal-register" class="ctools-use-modal button paywall-cta btn-primary btn--underline-hover ctools-modal-the-ums-modal-style-xxlarge">Register</a> </div> </div> <div class="col2 subscribe_box"> <div class="htmlContent"> <h3>Subscribe</h3> <p>Or subscribe for unlimited access to:</p> <ul class="option-list"> <li>Unlimited access to news, views, insights & reviews</li> <li>Digital editions</li> <li>Digital access to <i>THE’s</i> university and college rankings analysis</li> </ul> <a class="button button-secondary" data-mz href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/store">Subscribe </a> </div> </div> <p class="limit-sign-in text-center">Already registered or a current subscriber? <a href="/the-ums-modal/login/nojs" id="modal-login" class="ctools-use-modal btn--clear btn--inline-text btn--underline-hover ctools-modal-the-ums-modal-style-xlarge">Login</a></p> </div> <div class="paywall__two"> <div class="paywall-sticky js-paywall-sticky">Please <a href="/the-ums-modal/login/nojs" id="modal-login" class="ctools-use-modal btn--clear btn--inline-text btn--underline-hover ctools-modal-the-ums-modal-style-xlarge">Login</a> or <a href="/the-ums-modal/register/nojs" id="modal-register" class="ctools-use-modal btn--clear btn--inline-text btn--underline-hover ctools-modal-the-ums-modal-style-xxlarge">Register</a> to read this article.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="the-article-layout__main-bottom"> <div class="panel-pane pane-views-panes pane-news-articles-panel-pane-9 view-mode-teaser_standard show-4-items" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Related articles </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div data-module="related articles" class="view view-news-articles view-id-news_articles view-display-id-panel_pane_9 view-dom-id-455502735d36c1f8579bbc6a593e5691"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <article class="teaser-card"> <div class="teaser-card__image-wrapper"> <a data-mz data-position="teaser-card" href="/news/online-exams-technology-or-authentic-assessment-theanswer"> <div class="media media--ratio media--ratio--fluid media--loading media--image" style="padding-bottom: 69.23%;" data-ratio="69.23"><img typeof="foaf:Image" height="270" width="390" alt="Close-up of an eye" title="Close-up of an eye" class="media__element b-lazy" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_standard/public/eyecloseup_reuters.jpg?itok=2DT89NRJ" loading="lazy" /></div> <h3 class="teaser-card__title">Online exams: is technology or authentic assessment the answer? <span aria-label="Article behind paywall" class="subscription icon"></span> </h3> </a> </div> <div class="teaser-card__standfirst"><p>Academics debate how best to test students’ learning at a distance and reduce cheating: remote invigilation or exercises that ask students to apply their knowledge</p></div> <div class="teaser-card__meta-info"> <div class="teaser-card__author-name"><a href="/author/anna-mckie" data-mz="">By Anna McKie</a></div> <div class="teaser-card__date">28 January</div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even"> <article class="teaser-card"> <div class="teaser-card__image-wrapper"> <a data-mz data-position="teaser-card" href="/career/case-authentic-assessment-hes-new-normal"> <div class="media media--ratio media--ratio--fluid media--loading media--image" style="padding-bottom: 69.23%;" data-ratio="69.23"><img typeof="foaf:Image" height="270" width="390" alt="Assessment exams" title="" class="media__element b-lazy" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_standard/public/istock-683561310.jpg?itok=4HB6Onbl" loading="lazy" /></div> <h3 class="teaser-card__title">The case for authentic assessment in HE’s ‘new normal’ <span aria-label="Article behind paywall" class="subscription icon"></span> </h3> </a> </div> <div class="teaser-card__standfirst"><p>Traditional forms of assessment, such as exams and essays, are largely irrelevant once students arrive in the workplace – we need new methods that relate to jobs, now more than ever</p></div> <div class="teaser-card__meta-info"> <div class="teaser-card__author-name"><a href="/author/debbie-bartlett" data-mz="">By Debbie Bartlett</a></div> <div class="teaser-card__date">2 October</div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd"> <article class="teaser-card"> <div class="teaser-card__image-wrapper"> <a data-mz data-position="teaser-card" href="/opinion/employability-agenda-does-not-need-be-controversial"> <div class="media media--ratio media--ratio--fluid media--loading media--image" style="padding-bottom: 69.23%;" data-ratio="69.23"><img typeof="foaf:Image" height="270" width="390" alt="Concept of a businessman flying away from crowd with balloons" title="Concept of a businessman flying away from crowd with balloons" class="media__element b-lazy" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_standard/public/web-_32.jpg?itok=Fetf8KxX" loading="lazy" /></div> <h3 class="teaser-card__title">The employability agenda does not need to be controversial <span aria-label="Article behind paywall" class="subscription icon"></span> </h3> </a> </div> <div class="teaser-card__standfirst"><p>Embracing multiple measures of career ‘success’ can move us beyond tiresome debates and put students’ needs first, says Tom Coward</p></div> <div class="teaser-card__meta-info"> <div class="teaser-card__author-name"><a href="/author/tom-coward" data-mz="">By Tom Coward</a></div> <div class="teaser-card__date">23 May</div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-4 views-row-even views-row-last"> <article class="teaser-card"> <div class="teaser-card__image-wrapper"> <a data-mz data-position="teaser-card" href="/news/employability-mantra-supplanting-higher-educations-inner-core"> <div class="media media--ratio media--ratio--fluid media--loading media--image" style="padding-bottom: 69.23%;" data-ratio="69.23"><img typeof="foaf:Image" height="270" width="390" alt="Simon Marginson, professor of higher education at University of Oxford" title="Simon Marginson, professor of higher education at University of Oxford" class="media__element b-lazy" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_standard/public/marginson_6.png?itok=HV2ugCSt" loading="lazy" /></div> <h3 class="teaser-card__title">Employability ‘mantra’ supplanting higher education’s ‘inner core’ <span aria-label="Article behind paywall" class="subscription icon"></span> </h3> </a> </div> <div class="teaser-card__standfirst"><p>Focus on jobs and commercialisation inconsistent with sector’s ‘intrinsic purposes’, says Simon Marginson</p></div> <div class="teaser-card__meta-info"> <div class="teaser-card__author-name"><a href="/author/john-ross" data-mz="">By John Ross</a></div> <div class="teaser-card__date">27 March</div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-node-comments" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Reader's comments (1) </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <a id="comment-71187"></a> <div class="comment clearfix"> <div class="submitted"> #1 Submitted by Tony English on 十一月 20, 2024 - 4:44am </div> <div class="content"> <div class="field field-name-comment-body field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">A constructive, inspiring piece with a perfect finale: "It is often taken for granted that authenticity is desirable, but education involves scaffolding and support to develop critical thinking, deepen theoretical knowledge, and hone students’ ability to make abstractions from applied contexts."</div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-views-panes pane-related-tagged-content-panel-pane-1 view-mode-teaser_standard" > <h2 class="pane-title"> You might also like </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div data-module="you might also like" class="view view-related-tagged-content view-id-related_tagged_content view-display-id-panel_pane_1 view-dom-id-538f4c7201afb62f42410f83061b6d9c"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <article class="teaser-card"> <div class="teaser-card__image-wrapper"> <a data-mz data-position="teaser-card" href="/news/let-students-review-marked-exam-scripts-says-thinktank"> <div class="media media--ratio media--ratio--fluid media--loading media--image" style="padding-bottom: 69.23%;" data-ratio="69.23"><img typeof="foaf:Image" height="270" width="390" alt="Examination hall in Birmingham to illustrate Let students review marked exam scripts, says thinktank" title="Examination hall in Birmingham" class="media__element b-lazy" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_standard/public/web-the_211124_p11_exams_alamy.jpg?itok=71hpy1mb" loading="lazy" /></div> <h3 class="teaser-card__title">Let students review marked exam scripts, says thinktank <span aria-label="Article behind paywall" class="subscription icon"></span> </h3> </a> </div> <div class="teaser-card__standfirst"><p>Hepi paper says keeping papers under lock and key could be harming student learning</p></div> <div class="teaser-card__meta-info"> <div class="teaser-card__author-name"><a href="/author/patrick-jack" data-mz="">By Patrick Jack</a></div> <div class="teaser-card__date">21 November</div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even"> <article class="teaser-card"> <div class="teaser-card__image-wrapper"> <a data-mz data-position="teaser-card" href="/opinion/i-thought-i-could-harness-ai-good-i-was-wrong-now-what"> <div class="media media--ratio media--ratio--fluid media--loading media--image" style="padding-bottom: 69.23%;" data-ratio="69.23"><img typeof="foaf:Image" height="270" width="390" alt="Three Thinkers Sitting In Front Of A Computer Screen to illustrate I thought I could harness AI for the good, but I was wrong. Now what?" title="Three Thinkers Sitting In Front Of A Computer Screen with data behind them" class="media__element b-lazy" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_standard/public/web-the_211124_p24_statues_gettyistock.jpg?itok=Bha5yJqg" loading="lazy" /></div> <h3 class="teaser-card__title">I thought I could harness AI for the good, but I was wrong. Now what? <span aria-label="Article behind paywall" class="subscription icon"></span> </h3> </a> </div> <div class="teaser-card__standfirst"><p>Encouraged to use ChatGPT to help them with the hard stuff, my students let it do all their thinking for them. Maybe I should give up, says Dan Sarofian-Butin</p></div> <div class="teaser-card__meta-info"> <div class="teaser-card__author-name"><a href="/author/dan-sarofian-butin" data-mz="">By Dan Sarofian-Butin</a></div> <div class="teaser-card__date">21 November</div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd"> <article class="teaser-card"> <div class="teaser-card__image-wrapper"> <a data-mz data-position="teaser-card" href="/news/deadline-looms-indias-national-academic-credit-bank"> <div class="media media--ratio media--ratio--fluid media--loading media--image" style="padding-bottom: 69.23%;" data-ratio="69.23"><img typeof="foaf:Image" height="270" width="390" alt="Group of people looking at their phones in Mumbai to illustrate Deadline looms for India’s national academic credit bank" title="Group of people looking at their phones in Mumbai" class="media__element b-lazy" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_standard/public/web-the_211124_p15_phones_getty.jpg?itok=MsoxLqzv" loading="lazy" /></div> <h3 class="teaser-card__title">Deadline looms for India’s national academic credit bank <span aria-label="Article behind paywall" class="subscription icon"></span> </h3> </a> </div> <div class="teaser-card__standfirst"><p>Universities raise quality concerns as regulator sets end-of-year cut-off for transition to digital credits</p></div> <div class="teaser-card__meta-info"> <div class="teaser-card__author-name"><a href="/author/helen-packer" data-mz="">By Helen Packer</a></div> <div class="teaser-card__date">19 November</div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-4 views-row-even views-row-last"> <article class="teaser-card"> <div class="teaser-card__image-wrapper"> <a data-mz data-position="teaser-card" href="/news/gender-gap-first-class-degrees-baked-oxbridge-system"> <div class="media media--ratio media--ratio--fluid media--loading media--image" style="padding-bottom: 69.23%;" data-ratio="69.23"><img typeof="foaf:Image" height="270" width="390" alt="Oxford United Kingdom - June 19 2009; University city street scene with man in gown and mortarboard or Oxford cap walking on sidewalk." title="Oxford United Kingdom - June 19 2009; University city street scene with man in gown and mortarboard or Oxford cap walking on sidewalk." class="media__element b-lazy" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_standard/public/oxford_united_kingdom_-_june_19_2009_university_city_street_scene_with_man_in_gown_and_mortarboard_or_oxford_cap_walking_on_sidewalk.jpg?itok=LxMUSfYD" loading="lazy" /></div> <h3 class="teaser-card__title">Gender gap on first-class degrees ‘baked into Oxbridge system’ <span aria-label="Article behind paywall" class="subscription icon"></span> </h3> </a> </div> <div class="teaser-card__standfirst"><p>Tutorial system monopolised by ‘domineering’ male students and focus on final-year examinations seen as disadvantaging women</p></div> <div class="teaser-card__meta-info"> <div class="teaser-card__author-name"><a href="/author/patrick-jack" data-mz="">By Patrick Jack</a></div> <div class="teaser-card__date">14 November</div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-multiple-hub-traffic-drivers" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Sponsored </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="panel-pane pane-hub-traffic-drivers" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="traffic-driver-container"></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-pane pane-hub-traffic-drivers" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="traffic-driver-container"></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-pane pane-hub-traffic-drivers" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="traffic-driver-container"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-the-dfp-advert" > <div class="pane-content"> <div data-ad-page="opinion" class="the-dfp" id="div-gpt-ad-271077806592621-1" data-ad-unit="21841059662/THE_COM/academic/article" data-ad-size="[1,1]" data-ad-mobile-size="[1,1]" data-ank="strnativekey" data-anv="1375e497"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="the-article-layout__sidebar js-the-article-layout__sidebar sidebar-primary--right"> <div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-right-sidebar-academic" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="panel-pane pane-the-jobs" > <h2 class="pane-title"> Featured jobs </h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="job-listings" data-module="the-jobs"> </div> <div class="job-see-more"> <a href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/unijobs/listings/" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm" data-mz="" data-module="See all jobs">See all jobs</a> <a href="/the-ums-modal/login/nojs?post_login_redirect_callback=redirectToExternalWithUserData" id="modal-login" class="ctools-use-modal js-modal-login js-modal-login--main-menu btn btn-default btn-sm ctools-modal-the-ums-modal-style-xlarge" data-mz="" data-module="Update job preferences">Update job preferences</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-hub-traffic-drivers" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="traffic-driver-container"></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-the-dfp-advert" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="before-ad-container-label">ADVERTISEMENT</div> <div data-ad-page="opinion" class="the-dfp" id="div-gpt-ad-733918472986218-1" data-ad-unit="21841059662/THE_COM/academic/article" data-ad-pos="1" data-ad-priority="high" data-ad-size="[[300,600],[300,250]]" data-ad-mobile-size="[300,250]" data-ad-refresh="1"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="region region-footer-ads"> <section id="block-the-dfp-the-dfp-footer" class="block block-the-dfp clearfix"> <div id="div-gpt-ad-819455564576890-2" data-ad-page="opinion" data-ad-unit="21841059662/THE_COM/academic/article" data-ad-mobile-size="[320,50]" data-ad-size="[728,90]" data-ad-priority="low" data-ad-position="the_dfp_footer" data-ad-limit="1" class="the-dfp"></div> </section> </div> <footer class="footer" data-module="footer"> <div class="region region-footer"> <section id="block-menu-menu-footer-nav" class="block block-menu clearfix"> <ul class="menu nav"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/faqs/general-faqs" title="" data-mz="" data-position="menu">FAQs</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/contact-us" title="" data-mz="" data-position="menu">Contact us</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about-us" title="" data-mz="" data-position="menu">About us</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="https://careers.timeshighereducation.com/" title="" data-mz="" data-position="menu">Work for THE</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/terms-and-conditions" title="" data-mz="" data-position="menu">Terms & conditions</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/privacy-policy" title="" data-mz="" data-position="menu">Privacy</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/cookie-policy" title="" data-mz="" data-position="menu">Cookie policy</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/content/online-accessibility-statement" title="" data-mz="" data-position="menu">Accessibility statement</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/our-partners" title="" data-mz="" data-position="menu">THE Connect</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/media-centre" title="" data-mz="" data-position="menu">Media Centre</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/about-us/modern-slavery-act-2015" title="" data-mz="" data-position="menu">Modern slavery statement</a></li> </ul> </section> <section id="block-locale-language" class="block block-locale clearfix"> <ul class="language-switcher-locale-url"><li class="en first active"><a href="/opinion/authentic-assessment-not-educational-panacea" class="language-link active" xml:lang="en" hreflang="en" data-mz="" data-position="language-switcher">English</a></li> <li class="zh-hans last"><a href="/cn/opinion/authentic-assessment-not-educational-panacea" class="language-link" xml:lang="zh-hans" hreflang="zh-hans" data-mz="" data-position="language-switcher">Simplified Chinese (简体中文)</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="footer--copyright"> Copyright © 2024 THE - Times Higher Education </div> </div> <section id="footer-top" class="footer-top"><div class="section-container container"><div><div id="the-subscribe" class="the-subscribe footer-top-col"><p class="footer-section-title">Subscribe to Times Higher Education</p><p>As the voice of global higher education, THE is an invaluable daily resource. Subscribe today to receive unlimited news and analyses, commentary from the sharpest minds in international academia, our influential university rankings analysis and the latest insights from our World Summit series.</p><a class="btn-the processed" href="/store" data-mz="">Find out more</a></div></div></div></section> </footer> <div class="region region-page-bottom"> <div id="the-nag-footer" class="the-nag-footer the-nag-footer--sitewide-advert js-the-nag-footer"><div class="the-nag-footer__content js-the-nag-footer__content"><div id="nag-footer-sitewide-ad" data-ad-position="the_dfp_nag_footer" data-ad-limit="1" data-ad-unit="21841059662/THE_COM/home" data-ad-mobile-size="[320,50]" data-ad-size="exclude" data-ad-priority="nag" class="the-dfp"></div> </div></div> <noscript><img src="//dmp.adform.net/dmp/profile/?pid=10648&sg=DeUr-8da6f5e5" style="display:none !important;"><img src="https://track.adform.net/Serving/TrackPoint/?pm=711826" width="1" height="1" alt="" /></noscript> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__zNAHT0SADDZFLIByN9wFyO7SCBnwvvvwxbnHWUXyZN4__hphuSQCT7TC4b_YLP9mbDDKVmaOqLf-BxXB2uYTQ3uY__kB2y3IxtIXZMcaZX3Rk8YaGWl4Iqt93nD1VU3lZhwm4.js" defer="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__Aka5iFE5YMlzuArLwiyl-4J57vfjH48LnhOOIIY0PAM__U0_3gxML0bp2noeIssJO4SUvwi71-BtIC9Nq6kzpt8E__kB2y3IxtIXZMcaZX3Rk8YaGWl4Iqt93nD1VU3lZhwm4.js" defer="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js___UCrGrplLGFJVO1_hEbvOjKzg0wWyld0pSCepzSuyKc__dG3j7zgzB30npGHnDF_nCHTiX_TGMU9P7s7ai8zVqNc__kB2y3IxtIXZMcaZX3Rk8YaGWl4Iqt93nD1VU3lZhwm4.js" defer="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__pDBpEYLK_uDjWD-sVcGDVcPAU7udyC3bNi_KnYmeFrQ__LEtproARWtrHxwyitTONYTFt1EKSeZtUCLJIv2de2TE__kB2y3IxtIXZMcaZX3Rk8YaGWl4Iqt93nD1VU3lZhwm4.js" defer="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__RzyK8attJI0lmjxHLl0J6XdQ88b1rqCnexlxCXVvTYg__rkQiIv4tTAh-8UvKRFwfW34xa8xAd9wSSvfiLfv4Qvo__kB2y3IxtIXZMcaZX3Rk8YaGWl4Iqt93nD1VU3lZhwm4.js" defer="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> </body> </html>