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Several [[classical antiquity|classical]] authors place northern Tunisia's [[Phoenician colonies|colonization]] {{c.|1100}}{{nbsp}}BC but modern archaeology has only found evidence suggestive of a date closer to {{c.|800}}{{nbsp}}BC. In either case, the settlement at Ghar el-Melh came to serve as Utica's chief port as the [[Medjerda River|Medjerda]] changed course and began silting up Utica's harbor.{{sfnp|Moore|1949|loc=[https://archive.org/details/L381LivyHistoryOfRomeVIII2830/page/n587 "Utica and Carthage"]}} Its [[Punic language|Punic]] name Rus Eshmun meant "Cape [[Eshmun]]", after the Punic name for Cape Farina.{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=82}}{{sfnp|Bonnet|2005}} [[Scipio Africanus]] landed nearby, took the town, and pillaged the surrounding countryside in 204{{nbsp}}BC ahead of [[Siege of Utica (204 BC)|his siege of Utica]] during the [[Second Punic War]]. A naval battle ending in Roman victory was fought off the town's coast the next year, ahead of [[Battle of Zama|Zama]] and the end of the war.<ref name=livy/> ===Roman city=== The port fell under [[Roman Republic|Roman rule]] along with the rest of the [[Carthaginian Empire]] during the course of the [[Punic Wars]]. It sometimes preserved its former name, [[latinization of names|Latinized]] as Rusucmona,{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=82}}{{sfnp|Bonnet|2005}}<ref name=livy>{{harvp|Moore|1949|p=[https://archive.org/details/L381LivyHistoryOfRomeVIII2830/page/n415 415]}}.</ref> but also came to be known as {{nowrap|Castra Lalia}}{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=82}} or Delia,<ref name=imperium>{{citation |contribution=Ghar El Melh (Porto Farina) |contribution-url=http://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/places/28166.html |title=Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire |date=2013 }}.</ref> presumably after [[Scipio Africanus|Scipio]]'s friend and lieutenant [[Gaius Laelius|G. Laelius]].{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=82}} Its peninsula preserved an ancient and important [[Ancient Roman temples|temple]] to "[[Apollo]]", probably representing a continuation of the [[Carthaginian Empire|Carthaginian]] worship of the [[healing god]] [[Eshmun]] [[Interpretatio graeca|harmonized with the Greco-Roman pantheon]].{{sfnp|Bonnet|2005}} {{nowrap|Castra Delia}} held [[civitas|native city]] (''{{lang|la|civitas}}'') status<ref>R.B. Hitchner, R. Warner, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, sgilles [https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/315132/rusucmona Rusucmona] at Pleiades.</ref> as part of the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Byzacena]].<ref>[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t1485.htm Rusuca at ''gcatholic.org''].</ref> It flourished from around 30{{nbsp}}BC to around AD{{nbsp}}330.<ref name=imperium/> During this time the city was also the seat of a [[Early Christianity|Christian]] [[bishopric]].<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2r44.html Eintrag in ''catholic-hierarchy.org'' (englisch)]</ref> ===Pirate base=== Much later, it became an important base for the [[Barbary corsairs]]. Following the [[Conquest of Tunis (1535)|conquest of Tunisia]] by [[Emperor Charles V|Charles{{nbsp}}V]] in 1534 and 1535, Spaniards tried to remove the pirates unsuccessfully. [[John of Austria]] also visited the bay during his [[Conquest of Tunis (1573)|reconquest of Tunis]] in October 1573, following his [[Battle of Lepanto|victory at Lepanto]].{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=83}} The [[Italians|Italian]] [[Christian converts to Islam|convert]], [[Ottoman corsairs|Ottoman corsair]], and [[Dey of Tunis|Tunisian dey]] [[Usta Murad]] expanded the city{{mdash}}then known as Porto{{nbsp}}Farina{{mdash}}greatly enough to consider it a second founding.{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=83}} He established fortifications to prevent the harbor's use by Christian powers and attracted [[Expulsion of the Moriscos|refugee Moriscos]] by the provision of certain liberties at Porto Farina, [[Rafraf]], and [[Ras el-Djebel]].{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=83}} During this era, it rivaled the size and importance of [[Bizerte]]. In early 1655, an [[Commonwealth of England|English]] fleet under [[Robert Blake (admiral)|Robert Blake]] [[blockade]]d nine warships in Porto Farina's harbor in order to pressure the [[Dey of Tunis|dey]] [[Mustafa Laz]]{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=85}} to free Englishmen held as [[slavery in the Ottoman Empire|slaves]] and to provide compensation for English ships recently seized by local pirates. The dey offered to provide a new treaty going forward but refused emancipation or compensation for people and ships already taken. Any such action, he felt, should begin with the English, one of whose captains had recently sold a company of Tunisian troops as [[galley slaves]] to the [[Knights of Malta]] instead of transporting them to [[Smyrna]] (present-day Izmir) as arranged. When Blake maintained his blockade, the dey had his warships' rigging removed, the town's fortifications strengthened, and its garrison increased. On April 14, 1655, Blake [[Action of 14 April 1655|finally attacked]]. Dividing his fleet to attack the warships and the 20-[[cannon|gun]] fort simultaneously, he had his men storm and burn the warships in turn before declaring victory and leaving the harbor. Because his sustained assault was able to silence the town's defenses entirely, the engagement is celebrated as the first successful naval attack on shore-based fortifications.{{sfnp|Plant|2010}} The port and its defenses were then quickly rebuilt. The [[Ottoman Empire]] erected [[Borj el-Loutani]] as a fort in 1659;{{CN|date=April 2023}} Fort Nadur and the "Genovese fort" were also raised around the same time.{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=85}} Borj el-Loutani was later used as an [[artillery]] base and as a prison;{{CN|date=April 2023}} the others gradually fell into disrepair. The town began to be used by British and [[Malta|Maltese]] [[privateer]]s, as well as Turkish and local corsairs. [[Muhammad Talak]] and [[Ali Bey of Tunis|Ali Bey]] were arrested and strangled in Porto Farina in 1682 as part of the chaotic struggles of the later [[Muradid dynasty]].{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=85}} Shortly afterward, three ships arriving from Turkey proper infected the town with the [[bubonic plague|plague]].{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=86}} When [[Husain ibn Ali of Tunis|Husain I]] took advantage of [[Ibrahim Sharif of Tunis|Ibrahim Sharif]]'s Algerian imprisonment to usurp control of [[Beylik of Tunis|Tunisia]] in 1705, the Algerians released Sharif to return home. Husain, intent upon consolidating his power, had Sharif killed en route at Porto Farina. The former dey's tomb lies beside one of the town's forts.<ref>{{citation |author=Ibn Abi Dhiaf |title=Présent des Hommes de Notre Temps: Chroniques des Rois de Tunis et du Pacte Fondamental |volume=II |publisher=Maison Tunisienne de l'Édition |location=Tunis |date=1990 |page=115 }}. {{in lang|fr}}</ref>{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=87}} Husain established an arsenal at Porto Farina two years later.{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=87}} Locals were calling the town Ghar el-Melh (recorded by a visiting Frenchman as "'''Gramela'''") by 1724.{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=88}} [[Kingdom of France|French]] annoyance at [[Barbary pirates|piracy in the area]] prompted {{nowrap|[[Louis XV]]}} to order an attack in 1770 by [[Jean-Joseph de Rafélis de Broves|Admiral de Broves]], commanding a squadron consisting of 2 warships (bearing 74 and 50 [[cannon|guns]] respectively), 2 [[frigate]]s (24 guns each), a [[Barque|bark]] (18 guns), 2 [[schooner]]s, a [[Fluyt|flute]], and some other ships provided by [[Hospitaller Malta]]. The ships fired on Porto Farina for two days.{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=89}} De Brove's fleet also attacked [[Bizerte]] and [[Monastir, Tunisia|Monastir]]<ref>{{Citation|publisher=E.J. Brill |title=First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |first=M. Th. |last=Houtsma |year=1987 |page=735 |isbn=9004082654 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rezD7rvuf9YC&pg=PA735 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502114041/http://books.google.com/books?id=rezD7rvuf9YC&pg=PA735 |archive-date=2 May 2014 }}.</ref> before the [[Treaty of Bardo (1770)|Treaty of Bardo]] ended hostilities on August 25.{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=89}} Similarly, when [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] took exception to [[Beylik of Tunis|Tunisia]]n-based piracy in the early 1780s, its leaders [[Venetian bombardments of the Beylik of Tunis (1784–1788)|ordered a series of bombardments]] that included an attack by [[Angelo Emo|Admiral Emo]]'s fleet on Porto Farina on September 6, 1784.{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=89}} This seems, however, to have been the last time a foreign fleet bothered the port; by 1806, it was only a winter port for the bey's warships and it was necessary to take special measures each voyage to get them over the harbor's rising [[sandbar]].{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=89}} The beylik's arsenal was finally removed in 1818, but fear that a similar fate might befall its navy as [[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|had Algeria's]] caused the bey to hire [[dredger]]s and workers to improve conditions; he was again able to bring his fleet into the harbor by December.{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=90}} When a severe storm destroyed the beylik's fleet at anchor off [[La Goulette]] on February 7–8, 1821, however, such efforts were discontinued and the sandbar off Porto Farina was allowed to continue to grow.{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=90}} ===Modern town=== In 1834 a large private arsenal belonging to a Maltese pirate exploded and destroyed part of the town. [[Ahmed Bey]], the last [[Bey]] of [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]], decided to clamp down on piracy and attempted to turn the port over to legitimate trade.<ref name=marge/> In 1837, he began efforts to restore the town's arsenal. Although that never proved feasible, the bey established a palace in the city and an attendant garrison.{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=90}} Command was given to a favorite of the bey's, the general [[Salah Cheboul]].{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=91}} The forts were renovated, and the port cleaned and maintained.{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=90}} From 1840, a community of [[Maltese people|Maltese]], [[Italians]], and [[French people|French]] settled in the locality.<ref name=marge>{{citation |first=Margaret Ames |last=Alexander |author2=Cécile Dulière |author3=Saïda Besrour |author4=Mongi Ennaïfer |contribution=Sheet 7: Region of Ghar el Melh (Porto Farina) |title=Archaeological Atlas of Tunisia |publisher=National Institute of Archeology and Art |location=Tunis |date=1973 }}.</ref> By 1853, however, the beylik's new frigates could no longer access the harbor and the garrison was reduced.{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|p=91}} In the early years of [[French Tunisia|Tunisia's French occupation]], the [[Bizerte Port Company]] ({{langx|fr|Compagnie du Port de Bizerte}}) made an attempt to again dredge access to Porto Farina's harbor but a storm from the northeast closed the channel almost immediately after its opening and further attempts were abandoned. The formerly prosperous town's public buildings had already fallen into disrepair and were thoroughly scavenged by locals for other purposes.{{sfnp|Molinier|1909|pp=91–2}} The prison, which was listed as a Tunisian Historic Monument in 1922, closed in 1964.{{CN|date=April 2023}} Today Ghar el-Melh is a small farming town.<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/citizen59/ Ghar El-Melh's photos]</ref> ==Religion== The ancient bishopric survives today as a [[titular see]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.apostolische-nachfolge.de/titulare_p.htm |title=Apostolische Nachfolge – Titularsitze |access-date=2016-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216210046/http://www.apostolische-nachfolge.de/titulare_p.htm |archive-date=2016-12-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the current [[bishop]] is [[Geoffrey James Robinson]] of [[Australia]]. ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Ras sidi Ali el Mekki.jpg |Ruins at Oum al-Abouab File:VueAerienneGharElMelh 1.jpg | Aerial view of the town File:AerialViewCapFarina2005.jpg | Aerial view of Cape Farina Image:PanoramiqueGhalElMelhJuin2012.jpg | Aerial view of Cape Farina File:El Boj Loutani.jpg | Borj el-Loutani </gallery> {{Clear}} ==See also== *[[Tunisian navy (1705-1881)]] == References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist|2}} ===Bibliography=== * {{citation |last=Bonnet |first=Corinne |date=2005 |contribution-url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/eshmun |contribution=Eshmun |title=Encyclopedia of Religion |publisher=Thomson Gale |edition=2nd |location=Detroit |editor=Lindsay Jones |display-editors=0 }}. * {{citation |author=T. Livius Patavinus |author-link=Livy |url=https://archive.org/details/L381LivyHistoryOfRomeVIII2830/page/n5 |title=Livy |volume=VIII |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] |series=''Loeb Classical Library'', No.{{nbsp}}381 |publisher=Harvard University Press |editor2=T.E. Page |editor3=C. Capps |editor4=L.A. Post |editor5=W.H.D. Rouse |editor6=E.H. Warmington |display-editors=1 |editor-last=Moore |editor-first=Frank Gardiner |date=1949 |ref={{harvid|Moore|1949}} }}. {{in lang|la}}{{nbsp}}& {{in lang|en}} * {{citation |last=Molinier |first=J. |contribution-url=http://best.mmsh.univ-aix.fr/Pdf/1952-064-1378.pdf |contribution=Porto Farina |pages=81–92 |title=Bulletin Economique et Social de la Tunisie |date=1909 }}. {{in lang|fr}} * {{citation |last=Plant |first=David |contribution=Blake in the Mediterranean, 1654–5 |contribution-url=http://bcw-project.org/military/anglo-spanish-war/mediterranean |title=BCW Project |url=http://bcw-project.org |date=2010 }}. {{Communes of Tunisia}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Populated places in Bizerte Governorate]] [[Category:Catholic titular sees in Africa]] [[Category:Populated coastal places in Tunisia]] [[Category:Ancient Berber cities]] [[Category:Roman towns and cities in Tunisia]] [[Category:Barbary Wars]] [[Category:Communes of Tunisia]] [[Category:Pirate dens and locations]] 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