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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Implications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_employees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_employees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Government employees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_employees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Need_satisfaction_and_sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Need_satisfaction_and_sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Need satisfaction and sustainability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Need_satisfaction_and_sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Choice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Nationalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privatization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privatization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Privatization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privatization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Public service</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خدمة عمومية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خدمة عمومية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servijo%C3%B9_publik" title="Servijoù publik – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Servijoù publik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servei_p%C3%BAblic" title="Servei públic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Servei públic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C5%99ejn%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba" title="Veřejná služba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Veřejná služba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almmola%C5%A1_b%C3%A1lvalus" title="Almmolaš bálvalus – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Almmolaš bálvalus" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daseinsvorsorge" title="Daseinsvorsorge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Daseinsvorsorge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalik_teenus" title="Avalik teenus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avalik teenus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δημόσια υπηρεσία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημόσια υπηρεσία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_p%C3%BAblico" title="Servicio público – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Servicio público" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publika_servo" title="Publika servo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Publika servo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerbitzu_publiko" title="Zerbitzu publiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zerbitzu publiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="خدمات عمومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خدمات عمومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_public" title="Service public – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Service public" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EA%B3%B5_%EC%84%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4" title="공공 서비스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공공 서비스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հանրային ծառայություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հանրային ծառայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelayanan_publik" title="Pelayanan publik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pelayanan publik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinber_%C3%BEj%C3%B3nusta" title="Opinber þjónusta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Opinber þjónusta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servizio_pubblico" title="Servizio pubblico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Servizio pubblico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="שירות ציבורי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שירות ציבורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Јавна услуга – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јавна услуга" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkhidmatan_awam" title="Perkhidmatan awam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perkhidmatan awam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B9" title="公共サービス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="公共サービス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servici_public" title="Servici public – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Servici public" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%88" title="សេវាសាធារណៈ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សេវាសាធារណៈ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us%C5%82ugi_publiczne" title="Usługi publiczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Usługi publiczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_p%C3%BAblico" title="Serviço público – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Serviço público" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serviciu_public" title="Serviciu public – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Serviciu public" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Государственная услуга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государственная услуга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javna_slu%C5%BEba" title="Javna služba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Javna služba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Јавне услуге – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јавне услуге" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javne_slu%C5%BEbe" title="Javne službe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Javne službe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julkinen_palvelu_Suomessa" title="Julkinen palvelu Suomessa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Julkinen palvelu Suomessa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="บริการสาธารณะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บริการสาธารณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamu_hizmeti" title="Kamu hizmeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kamu hizmeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Публічні послуги – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Публічні послуги" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servisio_publego" title="Servisio publego – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Servisio publego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%8Bch_v%E1%BB%A5_c%C3%B4ng" title="Dịch vụ công – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dịch vụ công" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbisyo_sibil" title="Serbisyo sibil – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Serbisyo sibil" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1" title="公共服务 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="公共服务" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q161837#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Service(s) provided to all members of a community</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a>, a sector of government composed mainly of career service personnel who are hired rather than elected.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Public_service_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Public service (disambiguation)">Public service (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px 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1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Public_service" title="Special:EditPage/Public service">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Public_service" title="Talk:Public service">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Public_service" title="Special:EditPage/Public service">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Public+service%22">"Public service"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Public+service%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Public+service%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Public+service%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Public+service%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Public+service%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_service&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Public_service" title="Talk:Public service">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tbilisi,_Georgia_%E2%80%94_Tbilisi_Public_Service_Hall_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Tbilisi%2C_Georgia_%E2%80%94_Tbilisi_Public_Service_Hall_Building.jpg/220px-Tbilisi%2C_Georgia_%E2%80%94_Tbilisi_Public_Service_Hall_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Tbilisi%2C_Georgia_%E2%80%94_Tbilisi_Public_Service_Hall_Building.jpg/330px-Tbilisi%2C_Georgia_%E2%80%94_Tbilisi_Public_Service_Hall_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Tbilisi%2C_Georgia_%E2%80%94_Tbilisi_Public_Service_Hall_Building.jpg/440px-Tbilisi%2C_Georgia_%E2%80%94_Tbilisi_Public_Service_Hall_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Tbilisi Public Service Hall Building, <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>public service</b> or <b>service of general (economic) interest</b> is any <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">service</a> intended to address specific needs pertaining to the aggregate members of a community,<sup id="cite_ref-McGregor1982_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGregor1982-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whether provided directly by a <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> agency, via public financing available to private businesses or voluntary organisations, or provided by private businesses subject to a high level of government regulation. Some public services are provided on behalf of a government's residents or in the <a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">interest</a> of its citizens. The term is associated with a social consensus (usually expressed through democratic <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elections</a>) that certain services should be available to all, regardless of <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_ability" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical ability">physical ability</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">mental acuity</a>. Examples of such services include the <a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">fire services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">air force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public service broadcasting</a>. </p><p>Even where public services are neither publicly provided nor <a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">publicly financed</a>, they are usually subject to <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulation</a> going beyond that applying to most <a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">economic sectors</a> for social and political reasons. <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Anderfuhren2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderfuhren2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when made in the public's interest and with its motivations, is a type of public service. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sectors">Sectors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_service&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keskusrikospoliisi_Vantaa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Keskusrikospoliisi_Vantaa.jpg/220px-Keskusrikospoliisi_Vantaa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Keskusrikospoliisi_Vantaa.jpg/330px-Keskusrikospoliisi_Vantaa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Keskusrikospoliisi_Vantaa.jpg/440px-Keskusrikospoliisi_Vantaa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3822" data-file-height="2604" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Finland)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Finland)">National Bureau of Investigation</a> (NBI) headquarters building in <a href="/wiki/Tikkurila" title="Tikkurila">Tikkurila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa">Vantaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Rockhampton_train_(Sunshine_railway_station,_Brisbane).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/City_of_Rockhampton_train_%28Sunshine_railway_station%2C_Brisbane%29.jpg/220px-City_of_Rockhampton_train_%28Sunshine_railway_station%2C_Brisbane%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/City_of_Rockhampton_train_%28Sunshine_railway_station%2C_Brisbane%29.jpg/330px-City_of_Rockhampton_train_%28Sunshine_railway_station%2C_Brisbane%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/City_of_Rockhampton_train_%28Sunshine_railway_station%2C_Brisbane%29.jpg/440px-City_of_Rockhampton_train_%28Sunshine_railway_station%2C_Brisbane%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1891" data-file-height="1227" /></a><figcaption>Trains are a public service in Australia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghana_Police_Service_Motorbikes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ghana_Police_Service_Motorbikes.jpg/220px-Ghana_Police_Service_Motorbikes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ghana_Police_Service_Motorbikes.jpg/330px-Ghana_Police_Service_Motorbikes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Ghana_Police_Service_Motorbikes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption>A unit of the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Police_Service" title="Ghana Police Service">Ghana Police Service</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In modern <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>, the term "public services" (or "services of general interest") often includes:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">Emergency services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policing" class="mw-redirect" title="Policing">Policing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Public buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Public parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a>-making</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Public utilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation infrastructure">Transportation infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water supply network</a></li></ul> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>, public services tend to be much less well developed. For example, water services might only be available to the <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealthy</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> reasons, the service is often <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidized</a>, which reduces the finance potentially available for expansion to <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poorer</a> communities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The United Nations <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_5" title="Sustainable Development Goal 5">Sustainable Development Goal 5</a> is, however, a global initiative which aims to influence the provision of public services and infrastructure for marginalized demographics.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_service&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Governing bodies have long provided core public services. The tradition of keeping citizens secure through organized military defense dates to at least four thousand years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maintaining order through local delegated authority originated at least as early as the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> (5th to 3rd centuries BCE) in ancient China with the institution of <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">xiàn</i></span> (prefectures) under the control of a centrally appointed prefect. Historical evidence of state provision of <a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">dispute resolution</a> through a legal/justice system goes back at least as far as ancient Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A primary public service in ancient history involved ensuring the general favor of the <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">gods</a> through a theologically and ceremonially correct <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The widespread provision of <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">public utilities</a> as public services in developed countries usually began in the late nineteenth century, often with the <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipal</a> development of <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> services. Later, governments began to provide other services such as <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>. In most developed countries, local or national governments continue to provide such services, the biggest exceptions being the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, where private provision is arguably proportionally more significant.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, such privately provided public services are often strongly regulated, for example (in the US) by <a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public Utility Commissions</a>. </p><p>Examples noted in a history of public services in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> include street-repair, cleansing, and <a href="/wiki/Streetlighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetlighting">lighting</a>, drainage and sewage disposal, water, gas and electricity supply, police and fire services, the Post Office, transport, hospital services, and the provision of <a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">baths</a>, parks and <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">cemeteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_service&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A public service may sometimes have the characteristics of a <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public good (economics)">public good</a> (being non rivalrous and non excludable), but most are services which may (according to prevailing <a href="/wiki/Social_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Social norms">social norms</a>) be under-provided by the <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a>. In most cases public services are <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a>, i.e. they do not involve manufacturing of <a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">goods</a>. They may be provided by local or national monopolies, especially in sectors that are <a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">natural monopolies</a>. </p><p>They may involve outputs that are hard to attribute to specific individual effort or hard to measure in terms of key characteristics such as quality. They often require high levels of training and education. They may attract people with a public service ethos who wish to give something to the wider public or community through their work. </p><p>The process of assessing the needs of the people of an area, and then designing and securing an appropriate public service to meet those needs, is often referred to in the UK as <i>commissioning</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ots_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ots-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commissioned services may be delivered by organisations in the public sector, <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_sector" title="Voluntary sector">third sector</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the private or third sector is involved the process of commissioning will usually be linked with a process of <a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">procurement</a>, to determine who will provide the services, at what cost and on what terms. Commissioning is often seen as a cyclical process.<sup id="cite_ref-ots_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ots-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implications">Implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_service&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div> <p>Public services can be constructed, coordinated and operated in many ways or forms. They include government agencies, independent <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>-funded institutes, government-coordinated organizations, civil society, <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> agencies and volunteers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_employees">Government employees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_service&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Government employees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Government agencies are not profit-oriented and their employees are often motivated differently.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies of their work have found contrasting results including both higher levels of effort<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fewer hours of work.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey in the UK found that private sector hiring managers do not credit government experience as much as private sector experience.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public workers tend to make less in wages when adjusting for education, although that difference is reduced when benefits and hours are included.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public servants have other intangible benefits such as increased job security and high wages.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Need_satisfaction_and_sustainability">Need satisfaction and sustainability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_service&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Need satisfaction and sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study concluded that public services are associated with higher human <a href="/wiki/Need" title="Need">need</a> satisfaction and lower energy requirements while contemporary forms of <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> are linked with the opposite. Authors find that the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic system</a> is structurally misaligned with goals of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> and that to date no nation can provide decent <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">living standards</a> at sustainable levels of energy and resource use. They provide analysis about factors in social provisioning and assess that improving beneficial provisioning-factors and infrastructure would allow for sustainable forms of sufficient need satisfaction.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choice">Choice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_service&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Choice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Open Public Services</i>, a white paper published by the <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">Cameron–Clegg coalition</a> in the United Kingdom in July 2011, aimed to create a comprehensive policy framework for "good <a href="/wiki/Public_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Public services">public services</a>". It set out the coalition's programme for reform of public services, described as a programme of "wide ambitions" expected to be implemented over a period of time, not all at once.<sup id="cite_ref-ops_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ops-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five principles were to underlie open public services: </p> <ul><li>Choice, wherever possible</li> <li>Decentralisation to the lowest appropriate level</li> <li>Diversity</li> <li>Fairness</li> <li>Accountablity.<sup id="cite_ref-ops_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ops-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Chapter 2">: Chapter 2 </span></sup></li></ul> <p>The journalist <a href="/wiki/David_Boyle_(author)" title="David Boyle (author)">David Boyle</a> conducted an independent review for the UK's <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">Treasury</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office" title="Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office</a> on public demand for choice in public services which reported in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principle of choice where possible was embodied in the Choice Charter, published on 16 May 2013, where four choice principles were outlined: </p> <ul><li>allowing people a say in how public services are provided for them</li> <li>allowing people the opportunity to exercise choice where it is available</li> <li>making clear, accessible and high-quality information available to support choice</li> <li>facilitating complaints over the degree of choice offered as well as over the quality of services.<sup id="cite_ref-cch_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cch-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Between December 2012 and May 2013, "Choice Frameworks" were scheduled for publication covering NHS care, <a href="/wiki/Social_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Social housing">social housing</a>, school education, <a href="/wiki/Early_Years_Foundation_Stage" title="Early Years Foundation Stage">early years</a> education and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adult_social_care&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adult social care (page does not exist)">adult social care</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cch_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cch-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalization">Nationalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_service&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nationalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_group_of_Damas_de_Rojo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/A_group_of_Damas_de_Rojo.jpg/220px-A_group_of_Damas_de_Rojo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/A_group_of_Damas_de_Rojo.jpg/330px-A_group_of_Damas_de_Rojo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/A_group_of_Damas_de_Rojo.jpg/440px-A_group_of_Damas_de_Rojo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption>A group of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chilean</a> 'Damas de Rojo', volunteers at their local hospital</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></div> <p>Nationalization took off following the <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World wars</a> of the first half of the twentieth century. In parts of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">central planning</a> was implemented in the belief that it would make production more efficient. Many public services, especially electricity, fossil fuels and public transport are products of this era. Following the Second World War, many countries also began to implement <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> and expanded <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> under the funding and guidance of the state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privatization">Privatization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_service&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Privatization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></div> <p>There are several ways to privatize public services. A free-market corporation may be established and sold to private investors, relinquishing government control altogether. Thus it becomes a private (not public) service. Another option, used in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, is to establish a corporation, but keep ownership or voting power essentially in the hands of the government. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish state</a> owned 49% of <a href="/wiki/Kemira" title="Kemira">Kemira</a> until 2007, the rest being owned by private investors. A 49% share did not make it a "government enterprise", but it meant that all other investors together would have to oppose the state's opinion in order to overturn the state's decisions in the shareholder's meeting. </p><p>A regulated corporation can also acquire permits on the agreement that they fulfill certain public service duties. When a private corporation runs a <a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">natural monopoly</a>, then the corporation is typically heavily regulated, to prevent abuse of monopoly power. Lastly, the government can buy the service on the free market. In many countries, <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medication</a> is provided in this manner: the government reimburses part of the price of the medication. Also, bus traffic, electricity, healthcare and waste management are privatized in this way. One recent innovation, used in the UK increasingly as well as Australia and Canada, is using <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">public-private partnerships</a>, which involve giving a long lease to private consortia in return for partly or fully funding infrastructure costs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_service&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_entrustment" title="Act of entrustment">Act of entrustment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_public_convenience_and_necessity" title="Certificate of public convenience and necessity">Certificate of public convenience and necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_service" title="Community service">Community service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_governance" title="Good governance">Good governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Relations_(Public_Service)_Convention,_1978" title="Labour Relations (Public Service) Convention, 1978">Labour Relations (Public Service) Convention, 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Public_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="New Public Management">New Public Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Public_Services_legislation" title="Right to Public Services legislation">Right to Public Services legislation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Odisha_Right_to_Public_Services_Act,_2012" title="The Odisha Right to Public Services Act, 2012">The Odisha Right to Public Services Act, 2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGI_Europe" title="SGI Europe">SGI Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Public_Service_Awards" title="United Nations Public Service Awards">United Nations Public Service Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Public_Service_Day" title="United Nations Public Service Day">United Nations Public Service Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_service&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McGregor1982-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Environmental+Change&rft.atitle=Socio-economic+conditions+for+satisfying+human+needs+at+low+energy+use%3A+An+international+analysis+of+social+provisioning&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=102287&rft.date=2021-06-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2021.102287&rft.issn=0959-3780&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Jefim&rft.au=Steinberger%2C+Julia+K.&rft.au=O%27Neill%2C+Daniel+W.&rft.au=Lamb%2C+William+F.&rft.au=Krishnakumar%2C+Jaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.gloenvcha.2021.102287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ops-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ops_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ops_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cabinet Office, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/open-public-services-white-paper">Open public services: white paper</a>, published 1 July 2011, accessed 8 February 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cabinet Office, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/barriers-to-choice-public-services-review">Barriers to choice - a review of public services and the government's response</a>, published on 24 January 2013, accessed on 19 August 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cch-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cch_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cch_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Open Public Services and Cabinet Office, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/choice-charter">Choice Charter</a>, published 16 May 2013, accessed 3 May 2024</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_service&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.municipalservicesproject.org">Municipal Services Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-psi.org">Public Services International</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psiru.org">Public Services International Research Unit</a></li> <li>Daniel Chavez (ed), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tni.org/detail_pub.phtml?know_id=96">Beyond the Market: The Future of Public Services</a>, TIN Public Services Yearbook 2005/6, <a href="/wiki/Transnational_Institute" title="Transnational Institute">Transnational Institute</a> / Public Services International Research Unit (SIRIUS), February 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceep.eu">European Center of Enterprises with Public Participation and of Enterprises of General Economic Interest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813080031/http://ceep.eu/">Archived</a> 2011-08-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_newspaper" title="Free newspaper">Free newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_sample" title="Product sample">Product sample</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bad" title="Public bad">Public bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public good (economics)">Public good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_land" title="Public land">Public land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_rights" title="Public rights">Public rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">Public sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">Public procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_trust" title="Public trust">Public trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_value" title="Public value">Public value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">Universal access to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Postal service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">Savings system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Public utility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">Electric utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">Oil & gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal,_telegraph_and_telephone_service" title="Postal, telegraph and telephone service">Telecommunication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Municipal broadband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">Public infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_water_system" title="Public water system">Public water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_clinic" title="Free clinic">Free clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bank" title="Public bank">Public bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Public bookcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_hospital" title="Public hospital">Public hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_open_space" title="Public open space">Public open space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">Public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">Public toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">Publicly funded health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation">Job creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">Job guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-payer_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-payer health care">Single-payer health care</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health insurance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_pension" title="Social pension">Social pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">Social security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_services" title="Youth services">Youth services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_auction" title="Government auction">Government auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_float" title="Public float">Public float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">Public holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_offering" title="Public offering">Public offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_security" title="Public security">Public security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_use" title="Public use">Public use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_viewing_area" title="Public viewing area">Public viewing area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_services" title="Category:Public services">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_service" title="Template:Civil service"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_service" title="Template talk:Civil service"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_service" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil service"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_service119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">Government agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucrat" title="Bureaucrat">Bureaucrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_system" title="Merit system">Merit system</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">Spoils system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">Diplomat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_agency" title="Regulatory agency">Regulatory agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country/territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Civil_Service" title="Bangladesh Civil Service">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Civil_Service" title="Brazilian Civil Service">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Service_of_Canada" title="Public Service of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service of China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Civil_Service" title="Hong Kong Civil Service">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Civil_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="French Civil Service">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beamter" title="Beamter">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_Service" title="Greek Civil Service">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Senior_Civil_Service" title="Italian Senior Civil Service">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_of_Japan" title="Civil service of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_in_Malaysia" title="Civil service in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector_organisations_in_New_Zealand#Public_service_departments" class="mw-redirect" title="Public sector organisations in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_Service" title="Nigerian Civil Service">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Superior_Services" title="Central Superior Services">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Service" title="Singapore Civil Service">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Administrative_Service" title="Sri Lanka Administrative Service">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Service" title="Northern Ireland Civil Service">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Service" title="European Civil Service">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_civil_service_commissions" title="Category:National civil service commissions">National civil service commissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_occupations" title="Category:Government occupations">Government occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_service_by_country" title="Category:Civil service by country">Civil service by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries" title="Civil service reform in developing countries">Civil service reform in developing countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>39 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-mbswp","wgBackendResponseTime":144,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.583","walltime":"0.758","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2480,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":96818,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9971,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":95653,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 644.097 1 -total"," 28.28% 182.144 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.68% 120.288 5 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-12-17T23:14:09Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T21:27:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/0\/02\/Tbilisi%2C_Georgia_%E2%80%94_Tbilisi_Public_Service_Hall_Building.jpg","headline":"service provided by a government to people living within its jurisdiction"}</script> </body> </html>