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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-Columbian period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_to_1799" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_to_1799"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Conquest to 1799</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_to_1799-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1800s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1800s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>1800s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1800s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-colonial_Panama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-colonial_Panama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Post-colonial Panama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-colonial_Panama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-1970" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1970"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Post-1970</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1970-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_invasion_(1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_invasion_(1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>US invasion (1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_invasion_(1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-intervention_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-intervention_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Post-intervention era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-intervention_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Waterways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harbors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harbors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Harbors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harbors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Political culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_sectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_sectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Economic sectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_sectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panama_as_an_IFC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panama_as_an_IFC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Panama as an IFC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panama_as_an_IFC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>International trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Largest cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Handicraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handicraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Handicraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handicraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays_and_festivities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_and_festivities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Holidays and festivities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays_and_festivities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Traditional cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Traditional clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Panama</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 237 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-237" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">237 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8D" title="Панамэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Панамэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%8A%93%E1%88%9B" title="ፓናማ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፓናማ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पनामा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पनामा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بنما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Փանամա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փանամա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पनामा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पनामा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پاناما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاناما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="পানামা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পানামা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पनामा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पनामा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="པ་ན་མ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པ་ན་མ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A0" title="Panamà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Panamà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A2" title="Panamâ – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Panamâ" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پاناما – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پاناما" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%A7" title="ޕެނަމާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕެނަމާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पानामा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पानामा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Παναμάς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παναμάς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamo" title="Panamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Panamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پاناما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاناما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Phanamaa" title="Yn Phanamaa – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Phanamaa" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE" title="પનામા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પનામા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पनामा – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="पनामा" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%82%98%EB%A7%88" title="파나마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파나마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_(%C6%99asa)" title="Panama (ƙasa) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Panama (ƙasa)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C4%81" title="Panamā – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Panamā" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Պանամա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պանամա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पनामा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पनामा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="পানামা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পানামা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%C3%A6" title="Панамæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Панамæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%94" title="פנמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE" title="ಪನಾಮಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪನಾಮಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="პანამა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პანამა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8E%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8E%DB%81" title="پَنامَہ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پَنامَہ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannanman" title="Pannanman – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pannanman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/panamas" title="panamas – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="panamas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A0" title="Panamà – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Panamà" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE" title="പാനമ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാനമ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C4%81" title="Panamā – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Panamā" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पनामा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पनामा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="პანამა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პანამა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="باناما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باناما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پاناما – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پاناما" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯄꯅꯥꯃꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯅꯥꯃꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Панам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Панам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ပနားမားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပနားမားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_(land)" title="Panama (land) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Panama (land)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पानामा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पानामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पनामा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पनामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%8A%E3%83%9E" title="パナマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パナマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A0_(pa%C3%ADs)" title="Panamà (país) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Panamà (país)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaamaa" title="Panaamaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Panaamaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪਨਾਮਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਨਾਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पानामा – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पानामा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پاناما – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پاناما" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پاناما – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پاناما" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamaa" title="Panamaa – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Panamaa" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A0" title="Panamà – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Panamà" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панаама – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Панаама" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="पानामा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पानामा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamaja" title="Panamaja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Panamaja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A0" title="Panamà – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Panamà" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පැනමාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පැනමාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پاناما – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پاناما" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhanama" title="IPhanama – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IPhanama" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_(%C5%A1t%C3%A1t)" title="Panama (štát) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Panama (štát)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banama" title="Banama – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Banama" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پەنەما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەنەما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="பனாமா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பனாமா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%82%83%E1%82%88%E1%81%BC%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းပႃႈၼႃးမႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပႃႈၼႃးမႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE" title="పనామా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పనామా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="ประเทศปานามา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศปานามา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C4%81" title="Panamā – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Panamā" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Панама – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Панама" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پاناما – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاناما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پاناما – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پاناما" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0nama" title="Pànama – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pànama" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam" title="Panam – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Panam" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A4n" title="Panamän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Panamän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A6%AC" title="巴拿馬 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴拿馬" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamaa" title="Panamaa – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Panamaa" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A9%AC" title="巴拿马 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴拿马" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90" title="פאנאמא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאנאמא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" title="Panamá – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Panamá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A6%AC" title="巴拿馬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴拿馬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A9%AC" title="巴拿马 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴拿马" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" title="Panama – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Panama" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country spanning North and South America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">promotional content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit">improve it</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam" title="Wikipedia:Spam">promotional language</a> and inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, and by adding encyclopedic text written from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media 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.ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Panama</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">República de Panamá</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Panama.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Panama"><img alt="Flag of Panama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/125px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/188px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/250px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Panama" title="Flag of Panama">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Panama"><img alt="Coat of arms of Panama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="761" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Panama" title="Coat of arms of Panama"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><i>Pro Mundi Beneficio</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>)<br />"For the Benefit of the World"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Himno_Istme%C3%B1o" title="Himno Istmeño">Himno Istmeño</a></i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(Spanish)</span><br />"Hymn of the Isthmus"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="110" data-mwtitle="Panama_National_Anthem.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Panama_National_Anthem.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Panama_National_Anthem.ogg/Panama_National_Anthem.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APanama_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APanama_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PAN_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/PAN_orthographic.svg/220px-PAN_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/PAN_orthographic.svg/330px-PAN_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/PAN_orthographic.svg/440px-PAN_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Location in the Western Hemisphere</span></div><div> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_de_Panam%C3%A1_(fronteras).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mapa_de_Panam%C3%A1_%28fronteras%29.svg/220px-Mapa_de_Panam%C3%A1_%28fronteras%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mapa_de_Panam%C3%A1_%28fronteras%29.svg/330px-Mapa_de_Panam%C3%A1_%28fronteras%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mapa_de_Panam%C3%A1_%28fronteras%29.svg/440px-Mapa_de_Panam%C3%A1_%28fronteras%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="939" /></a></span> <span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Panama and its neighbors</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama&params=8_58_N_79_32_W_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°58′N</span> <span class="longitude">79°32′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.967°N 79.533°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">8.967; -79.533</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Spanish" title="Panamanian Spanish">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="ib-country-lang">Recognised regional languages</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guaym%C3%AD_language" title="Guaymí language">Guaymí</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Buglere" title="Buglere">Buglere</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ember%C3%A1_languages" title="Emberá languages">Emberá</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wounaan_language" title="Wounaan language">Wounaan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kuna_language" title="Kuna language">Kuna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Teribe_language" title="Teribe language">Teribe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bribri_language" title="Bribri language">Bribri</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>65.0% <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> (mixed <a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Panama" title="Indigenous peoples of Panama">Indigenous</a>)</li><li>12.3% <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Panama" title="Indigenous peoples of Panama">Indigenous</a></li><li>9.2% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Panamanians" title="Afro-Panamanians">Black</a></li><li>6.8% <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a> (mixed <a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afro-Panamanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Panamanian">Black</a>)</li><li>6.7% <a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">White</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-2015survey_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2015survey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>91.5% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Panama" title="Christianity in Panama">Christianity</a> <ul><li>63.2% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Panama" title="Catholic Church in Panama">Catholicism</a></li> <li>25.0% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li>3.3% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">7.6% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Latin_America" title="Irreligion in Latin America">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.9% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Panamanians" title="Panamanians">Panamanian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Panama" title="Politics of Panama">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="List of heads of state of Panama">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Mulino" title="José Raúl Mulino">José Raúl Mulino</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Panama" title="Vice President of Panama">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Vacant</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Panama)" title="National Assembly (Panama)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">November 28, 1821</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• union with <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">December 1821</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• from Republic of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">November 3, 1903</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Panama" title="Constitution of Panama">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">October 11, 1972</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Panama" title="Geography of Panama">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">75,417 km<sup>2</sup> (29,119 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-unstats08_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unstats08-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">116th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.9</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Panama" title="Demographics of Panama">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,337,768<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">127th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">56/km<sup>2</sup> (145.0/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">122nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $186.209 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.PA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $41,292<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.PA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $87.347 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.PA_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $19,370<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.PA_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2023)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 48.9<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkred">high inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.820<sup id="cite_ref-UNHDR_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">very high</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">57th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_balboa" title="Panamanian balboa">Balboa</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">PAB</a>)</li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">USD</a>)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−5</span> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">mm/dd/yyyy<br />dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Panama" title="Telephone numbers in Panama">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Panama" title="Telephone numbers in Panama">+507</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:PA" title="ISO 3166-2:PA">PA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.pa" title=".pa">.pa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Panama</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Republic of Panama</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a country in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> at the southern end of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, bordering <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> to the southeast, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> to the north, and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> to the south. Its capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> is home to nearly half of the country's over 4 million inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish colonists</a> in the 16th century, Panama was inhabited by a number of different <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Panama" title="Indigenous peoples of Panama">indigenous tribes</a>. It <a href="/wiki/Independence_Act_of_Panama" title="Independence Act of Panama">broke away from Spain</a> in 1821 and joined the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a>, a union of <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Nueva Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> to be completed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a> between 1904 and 1914. The 1977 <a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a> agreed to transfer the canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">surrounding territory</a> was returned first, in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-19770907_usdos_panamacanaltreaty_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19770907_usdos_panamacanaltreaty-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Revenue from canal tolls has continued to represent a significant portion of Panama's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_expansion_project" title="Panama Canal expansion project">Panama Canal expansion project</a> (finished in 2016) doubled its capacity. Commerce, banking, and tourism are major sectors. Panama is regarded as having a <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">Panama ranked 57th in the world</a> in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Panama was ranked the seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America, according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>'s Global Competitiveness Index.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panama was ranked 82rd in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Covering around 40 percent of its land area, Panama's <a href="/wiki/Jungle" title="Jungle">jungles</a> are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals – some of them <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">found nowhere else</a> on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panama is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and other international organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Integration_Association" title="Latin American Integration Association">Latin America Integration Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">Group of 77</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The definite origin of the name <i>Panama</i> is unknown. There are several theories. One states that the country was named after a commonly found species of tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Sterculia_apetala" title="Sterculia apetala">Sterculia apetala</a></i>, the Panama tree). Another states that the first settlers arrived in Panama in August, when butterflies are abundant, and that the name means "many butterflies" in one or several of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">indigenous American Indian languages</a> that were spoken in the territory prior to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization</a>. Another theory states that the word is a <a href="/wiki/Hispanicization" title="Hispanicization">Castilianization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kuna_language" title="Kuna language">Kuna language</a> word "<i>bannaba</i>" which means "distant" or "far away".<sup id="cite_ref-PAN_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAN-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A commonly relayed legend in Panama is that there was a fishing village that bore the name "Panamá", which purportedly meant "an abundance of fish", when the Spanish colonists first landed in the area. The exact location of the village is unknown. The legend is usually corroborated by Captain Antonio Tello de Guzmán's diary entries, who reports landing at an unnamed village while exploring the Pacific coast of Panama in 1515; he only describes the village as a "small indigenous fishing town". In 1517, Don <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Espinosa" title="Gaspar de Espinosa">Gaspar de Espinosa</a>, a Spanish lieutenant, decided to build a trading post in the same location Guzmán described. In 1519, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedro Arias Dávila</a> decided to establish the Spanish Empire's Pacific port at the site. The new settlement replaced <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Antigua_del_Dari%C3%A9n" title="Santa María la Antigua del Darién">Santa María la Antigua del Darién</a>, which had lost its function within the Crown's global plan after the Spanish exploitation of the riches in the Pacific began. </p><p>The official definition and origin of the name as promoted by Panama's Ministry of Education is the "abundance of fish, trees and butterflies". This is the usual description given in <a href="/wiki/Social_studies" title="Social studies">social studies</a> textbooks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Panama" title="Special:EditPage/Panama">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama" title="History of Panama">History of Panama</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_period">Pre-Columbian period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_Embera0605.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Panama_Embera0605.jpg/220px-Panama_Embera0605.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Panama_Embera0605.jpg/330px-Panama_Embera0605.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Panama_Embera0605.jpg/440px-Panama_Embera0605.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Embera-Wounaan" title="Embera-Wounaan">Embera</a> girl dressed for a dance</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a> was formed about three million years ago when the land bridge between North and South America finally became complete, and plants and animals gradually crossed it in both directions. The existence of the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> affected the dispersal of people, agriculture and technology throughout the American continent from the appearance of the first hunters and collectors to the era of villages and cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayo,_J_2004_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayo,_J_2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest discovered artifacts of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples</a> in Panama include <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">projectile points</a>. Later central Panama was home to some of the first <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>-making in the Americas, for example the cultures at <a href="/wiki/Monagrillo_(archaeological_site)" title="Monagrillo (archaeological site)">Monagrillo</a>, which date back to 2500–1700 BC. These evolved into significant populations best known through their spectacular burials (dating to c. 500–900 AD) at the <a href="/wiki/Monagrillo_(archaeological_site)" title="Monagrillo (archaeological site)">Monagrillo</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a>, and their <a href="/wiki/Gran_Cocl%C3%A9" title="Gran Coclé">Gran Coclé</a> style <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychrome_pottery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polychrome pottery (page does not exist)">polychrome pottery</a>. The monumental <a href="/wiki/Monolith" title="Monolith">monolithic</a> sculptures at the <a href="/wiki/Barriles" title="Barriles">Barriles</a> (Chiriqui) site are also important traces of these ancient isthmian cultures. </p><p>Before Europeans arrived Panama was widely settled by <a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocoan">Chocoan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cueva_people" title="Cueva people">Cueva</a> peoples. The largest group were the Cueva (whose specific language affiliation is poorly documented). The size of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous</a> population of the isthmus at the time of European colonization is uncertain. Estimates range as high as two million people, but more recent studies place that number closer to 200,000. Archaeological finds and testimonials by early European explorers describe diverse native isthmian groups exhibiting cultural variety and suggesting people developed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Is this an anthropological term? (August 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by regular regional routes of commerce. <a href="/wiki/Austronesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesians">Austronesians</a> had a trade network to Panama as there is evidence of <a href="/wiki/Coconuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconuts">coconuts</a> reaching the Pacific coast of Panama from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">Precolumbian</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Panama was colonized, the indigenous peoples fled into the forest and nearby islands. Scholars believe that <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infectious disease</a> was the primary cause of the population decline of American natives. The indigenous peoples had no <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">acquired immunity</a> to diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> which had been chronic in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> populations for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_to_1799">Conquest to 1799</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balboa_s%C3%BCdsee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Balboa_s%C3%BCdsee.jpg/170px-Balboa_s%C3%BCdsee.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Balboa_s%C3%BCdsee.jpg/255px-Balboa_s%C3%BCdsee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Balboa_s%C3%BCdsee.jpg/340px-Balboa_s%C3%BCdsee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a>, a recognized and popular figure of Panamanian history</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Caledonia_in_Darien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/New_Caledonia_in_Darien.jpg/220px-New_Caledonia_in_Darien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/New_Caledonia_in_Darien.jpg/330px-New_Caledonia_in_Darien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/New_Caledonia_in_Darien.jpg/440px-New_Caledonia_in_Darien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1191" /></a><figcaption>"New Caledonia", the ill-fated Scottish <a href="/wiki/Darien_scheme" title="Darien scheme">Darien scheme</a> colony in the Bay of Caledonia, west of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Darien" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Darien">Gulf of Darien</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Bastidas" title="Rodrigo de Bastidas">Rodrigo de Bastidas</a> sailed westward from <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> in 1501 in search of gold, and became the first European to explore the isthmus of Panama. A year later, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> visited the isthmus, and established a short-lived settlement in the province of <a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Province" title="Darién Province">Darien</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a>'s tortuous trek from the Atlantic to the Pacific in 1513 demonstrated that the isthmus was indeed the path between the seas, and Panama quickly became the crossroads and marketplace of Spain's empire in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II</a> assigned <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedro Arias Dávila</a> as Royal Governor. He arrived in June 1514 with a 19 vessels and 1,500 men. In 1519, Dávila founded <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gold and silver were brought by ship from South America, hauled across the isthmus, and loaded aboard ships for Spain. The route became known as the Camino Real, or Royal Road, although it was more commonly known as Camino de Cruces (Road of Crosses) because of the number of gravesites along the way. At 1520 the Genoese controlled the port of Panama. The Genoese obtained a concession from the Spanish to exploit the port of Panama mainly for the slave trade, until the destruction of the primeval city in 1671.<sup id="cite_ref-Genoa_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genoa-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime in 1635 Don <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Hurtado_de_Corcuera" title="Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera">Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera</a>, the then governor of Panama, had recruited <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a>, Peruvians, and Panamanians, as soldiers to wage war against Muslims in the Philippines and to found the city <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">of Zamboanga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Panama was under <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish rule</a> for almost 300 years (1538–1821), and became part of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>, along with all other Spanish possessions in South America. From the outset, Panamanian identity was based on a sense of "geographic destiny", and Panamanian fortunes fluctuated with the geopolitical importance of the isthmus. The colonial experience spawned Panamanian nationalism and a racially complex and highly stratified society, the source of internal conflicts that ran counter to the unifying force of nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1538, the <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Real Audiencia of Panama</a> was established, initially with <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> from Nicaragua to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a>, until the conquest of Peru. A Real Audiencia was a judicial district that functioned as an appeals court. Each audiencia had an <i><a href="/wiki/Oidor" title="Oidor">oidor</a></i> (Spanish: hearer, a judge). </p><p>Spanish authorities had little control over much of the territory of Panama. Large sections managed to resist conquest and missionization until very late in the colonial era. Because of this, indigenous people of the area were often referred to as "indios de guerra" (war Indians) who resisted Spanish attempts to conquer them or missionize them. However, Panama was important to Spain strategically because it was the easiest way to ship silver mined in Peru to Europe. Silver cargoes were landed on the west coast of Panama and then taken overland to <a href="/wiki/Portobelo,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Portobelo, Colón">Portobello</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nombre_de_Dios,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Nombre de Dios, Colón">Nombre de Dios</a> on the Caribbean side of the isthmus for further shipment. Aside from the European route, there was also an Asian-American route, which led to traders and adventurers carrying silver from <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> going over land through Panama to reach Acapulco, Mexico before sailing to Manila, Philippines using the famed <a href="/wiki/Manila_Galleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Galleon">Manila Galleons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1579, the royal monopoly that Acapulco, Mexico had on trading with Manila, Philippines was relaxed and Panama was assigned as another port that was able to trade directly with Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher1997_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher1997-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of incomplete Spanish control, the Panama route was vulnerable to attack from pirates (mostly Dutch and English), and from "new world" Africans called <a href="/wiki/Cimarron_people_(Panama)" title="Cimarron people (Panama)">cimarrons</a> who had freed themselves from enslavement and lived in communes or <i>palenques</i> around the Camino Real in Panama's Interior, and on some of the islands off Panama's Pacific coast. One such famous community amounted to a small kingdom under <a href="/wiki/Bayano" title="Bayano">Bayano</a>, which emerged in the 1552 to 1558 period. Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>'s famous raids on Panama in 1572–73 and <a href="/wiki/John_Oxenham" title="John Oxenham">John Oxenham</a>'s crossing to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> were aided by Panama cimarrons, and Spanish authorities were only able to bring them under control by making an alliance with them that guaranteed their freedom in exchange for military support in 1582.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following elements helped define a distinctive sense of autonomy and of regional or national identity within Panama well before the rest of the colonies: the prosperity enjoyed during the first two centuries (1540–1740) while contributing to colonial growth; the placing of extensive regional judicial authority (Real Audiencia) as part of its jurisdiction; and the pivotal role it played at the height of the Spanish Empire – the first modern global empire. </p><p>The end of the <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a> system in <a href="/wiki/Azuero_Peninsula" title="Azuero Peninsula">Azuero</a>, however, sparked the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Veraguas" class="mw-redirect" title="Veraguas">Veraguas</a> in that same year. Under the leadership of Francisco Vázquez, the region of Veraguas passed into Castilian rule in 1558. In the newly conquered region, the old system of encomienda was imposed. On the other hand, the Panamanian movement for independence can be indirectly attributed to the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a> system in the <a href="/wiki/Azuero_Peninsula" title="Azuero Peninsula">Azuero Peninsula</a>, set forth by the Spanish Crown, in 1558 because of repeated protests by locals against the mistreatment of the native population. In its stead, a system of medium and smaller-sized landownership was promoted, thus taking away the power from the large landowners and into the hands of medium and small-sized proprietors. </p><p>Panama was the site of the ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Darien_scheme" title="Darien scheme">Darien scheme</a>, which set up a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scottish</a> colony in the region in 1698. This failed for a number of reasons, and the ensuing debt contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">union of England and Scotland in 1707</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1671, the <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a>, licensed by the English government, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan%27s_Panama_expedition" title="Henry Morgan's Panama expedition">sacked and burned</a> the city of <a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Viejo" title="Panamá Viejo">Panama</a> – the second most important city in the Spanish New World at the time. In 1717 the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">viceroyalty of New Granada</a> (northern South America) was created in response to other Europeans trying to take Spanish territory in the Caribbean region. The Isthmus of Panama was placed under its jurisdiction. However, the remoteness of New Granada's capital, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Bogot%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fe de Bogotá">Santa Fe de Bogotá</a> (the modern capital of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>) proved a greater obstacle than the Spanish crown anticipated as the authority of New Granada was contested by the seniority, closer proximity, and previous ties to the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">viceroyalty of Peru</a> and even by Panama's own initiative. This uneasy relationship between Panama and Bogotá would persist for centuries. </p><p>In 1744, Bishop Francisco Javier de Luna Victoria DeCastro established the <a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_San_Ignacio_de_Loyola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="College of San Ignacio de Loyola (page does not exist)">College of San Ignacio de Loyola</a> and on June 3, 1749, founded La Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Javier. By this time, however, Panama's importance and influence had become insignificant as Spain's power dwindled in Europe and advances in navigation technique increasingly permitted ships to round <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> in order to reach the Pacific. While the Panama route was short it was also labor-intensive and expensive because of the loading and unloading and laden-down trek required to get from the one coast to the other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1800s">1800s</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arco_chato.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Arco_chato.jpg/220px-Arco_chato.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Arco_chato.jpg/330px-Arco_chato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Arco_chato.jpg/440px-Arco_chato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Domingo Church">Santo Domingo Church</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a> were heating up all across Latin America, Panama City was preparing for independence; however, their plans were accelerated by the unilateral Grito de La Villa de Los Santos (Cry From the Town of Saints), issued on November 10, 1821, by the residents of <a href="/wiki/Azuero_Peninsula" title="Azuero Peninsula">Azuero</a> without backing from Panama City to declare their separation from the Spanish Empire. In both <a href="/wiki/Veraguas" class="mw-redirect" title="Veraguas">Veraguas</a> and the capital this act was met with disdain, although on differing levels. To Veraguas, it was the ultimate act of treason, while to the capital, it was seen as inefficient and irregular, and furthermore forced them to accelerate their plans. </p><p>Nevertheless, the Grito was a sign, on the part of the residents of Azuero, of their antagonism toward the independence movement in the capital. Those in the capital region in turn regarded the Azueran movement with contempt, since the separatists in Panama City believed that their counterparts in Azuero were fighting not only for independence from Spain, but also for their right to self-rule apart from Panama City once the Spaniards were gone. </p><p>It was seen as a risky move on the part of Azuero, which lived in fear of Colonel <a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama#José_de_Fábrega" title="History of Panama">José Pedro Antonio de Fábrega y de las Cuevas</a> (1774–1841). The colonel was a staunch loyalist and had all of the isthmus' military supplies in his hands. They feared quick retaliation and swift retribution against the separatists. </p><p>What they had counted on, however, was the influence of the separatists in the capital. Ever since October 1821, when the former Governor General, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cruz_Mourge%C3%B3n" title="Juan de la Cruz Mourgeón">Juan de la Cruz Murgeón</a>, left the isthmus on a campaign in <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a> and left a colonel in charge, the separatists had been slowly converting Fábrega to the separatist side. So, by November 10, Fábrega was now a supporter of the independence movement. Soon after the separatist declaration of Los Santos, Fábrega convened every organization in the capital with separatist interests and formally declared the city's support for independence. No military repercussions occurred because of skillful bribing of royalist troops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonial_Panama">Post-colonial Panama</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg/220px-Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg/330px-Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg/440px-Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>1903 political cartoon. The US government, working with separatists in Panama, engineered a <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">Panamanian declaration of independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, then sent US warships and marines to Panama.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Colombia_separation" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama–Colombia separation">Panama–Colombia separation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama_(1964%E2%80%9377)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Panama (1964–77)">History of Panama (1964–77)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roosevelt_and_the_Canal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Roosevelt_and_the_Canal.JPG/220px-Roosevelt_and_the_Canal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Roosevelt_and_the_Canal.JPG/330px-Roosevelt_and_the_Canal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Roosevelt_and_the_Canal.JPG/440px-Roosevelt_and_the_Canal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>US President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> sitting on a steam shovel at the Panama Canal, 1906</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 80 years following independence from Spain, Panama was a <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Subdivisions of Gran Colombia">subdivision of Gran Colombia</a>, after voluntarily joining the country at the end of 1821. It then became part of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada" title="Republic of New Granada">Republic of New Granada</a> in 1831 and was divided into several <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Republic_of_New_Granada" title="Provinces of the Republic of New Granada">provinces</a>. In 1855, the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Panama_State" title="Panama State">State of Panama</a> was created within the Republic out of the New Granada provinces of Panama, Azuero, Chiriquí, and Veraguas. It continued as a state in the <a href="/wiki/Granadine_Confederation" title="Granadine Confederation">Granadine Confederation</a> (1858–1863) and <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Colombia" title="United States of Colombia">United States of Colombia</a> (1863–1886). The <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Constitution_of_1886" title="Colombian Constitution of 1886">1886 constitution</a> of the modern Republic of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> created a <a href="/wiki/Panama_Department_(1886)" title="Panama Department (1886)">new Panama Department</a>. </p><p>The people of the isthmus made over 80 attempts to secede from Colombia. They came close to success in 1831, then again during the <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Days%27_War" title="Thousand Days' War">Thousand Days' War</a> of 1899–1902, understood among indigenous Panamanians as a struggle for land rights under the leadership of Victoriano Lorenzo.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US intent to influence the area, especially the Panama Canal's construction and control, led to the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">separation of Panama from Colombia</a> in 1903 and its establishment as a nation. When the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Colombia" title="Senate of Colombia">Senate of Colombia</a> rejected the <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Herr%C3%A1n_Treaty" title="Hay–Herrán Treaty">Hay–Herrán Treaty</a> on January 22, 1903, the United States decided to support and encourage the Panamanian separatist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1903 Panama, tacitly supported by the United States, proclaimed its independence<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and concluded the <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty</a> with the United States without the presence of a single Panamanian. Philippe Bunau-Varilla, a French engineer and lobbyist represented Panama even though Panama's president and a delegation had arrived in New York to negotiate the treaty. The treaty was quickly drafted and signed the night before the Panamanian delegation arrived in Washington. Mr. Bunau-Varilla was in the employ of the French Canal company that had failed and was now bankrupt. The treaty granted rights to the United States "as if it were sovereign" in a <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">zone</a> roughly 16 km (10 mi) wide and 80 km (50 mi) long. In that zone, the US would build a canal, then administer, fortify, and defend it "in perpetuity". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_Canal_under_construction,_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg/220px-Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg/330px-Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg/440px-Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>Construction work on the <a href="/wiki/Gaillard_Cut" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaillard Cut">Gaillard Cut</a> of the Panama Canal, 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1914 the United States completed the existing 83-kilometer-long (52-mile) canal. </p><p>Because of the strategic importance of the canal during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the US <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_during_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panama during World War II (page does not exist)">extensively fortified access to it</a>. </p><p>From 1903 to 1968, Panama was a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional democracy">constitutional democracy</a> dominated by a commercially oriented <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>. During the 1950s, the Panamanian military began to challenge the oligarchy's political hegemony. The early 1960s saw also the beginning of sustained pressure in Panama for the renegotiation of the <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty</a>, including riots that broke out in early 1964, resulting in widespread looting and dozens of deaths, and the evacuation of the American embassy.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amid negotiations for the Robles–Johnson treaty, Panama held <a href="/wiki/1968_Panamanian_general_election" title="1968 Panamanian general election">elections in 1968</a>. The candidates were:<sup id="cite_ref-Pizzurno_Gelós_1989_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pizzurno_Gelós_1989-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Arnulfo_Arias" title="Arnulfo Arias">Arnulfo Arias</a> Madrid, Unión Nacional (National Union)</li> <li>Antonio González Revilla, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Panama)" title="People's Party (Panama)">Democracia Cristiana</a> (Christian Democrats)</li> <li>Engr. David Samudio, Alianza del Pueblo (People's Alliance), who had the government's support.</li></ul> <p>Arias Madrid was declared the winner of elections that were marked by violence and accusations of fraud against Alianza del Pueblo. On October 1, 1968, Arias Madrid took office as president of Panama, promising to lead a government of "national union" that would end the reigning corruption and pave the way for a new Panama. A week and a half later, on October 11, 1968, the National Guard (Guardia Nacional) <a href="/wiki/1968_Panamanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Panamanian coup d'état">ousted</a> Arias and initiated the downward spiral that would culminate with the United States' invasion in 1989. Arias, who had promised to respect the hierarchy of the National Guard, broke the pact and started a large restructuring of the Guard. To preserve the Guard's and his vested interests, Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos">Omar Torrijos</a> Herrera and Major Boris Martínez commanded another military coup against the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Pizzurno_Gelós_1989_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pizzurno_Gelós_1989-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The military justified itself by declaring that Arias Madrid was trying to install a dictatorship, and promised a return to constitutional rule. In the meantime, the Guard began a series of populist measures that would gain support for the coup. Among them were: </p> <ul><li>Price freezing on food, medicine and other goods<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until January 31, 1969</li> <li>rent level freeze</li> <li>legalization of the permanence of squatting families in boroughs surrounding the historic site of Panama Viejo<sup id="cite_ref-Pizzurno_Gelós_1989_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pizzurno_Gelós_1989-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Parallel to this, the military began a policy of repression against the opposition, who were labeled communists. The military appointed a Provisional Government Junta that was to arrange new elections. However, the National Guard would prove to be very reluctant to abandon power and soon began calling itself <b>El Gobierno Revolucionario</b> (<b>The Revolutionary Government</b>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-1970">Post-1970</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omar_Torrijos_with_Panamanian_farmers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Omar_Torrijos_with_Panamanian_farmers.jpg/220px-Omar_Torrijos_with_Panamanian_farmers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Omar_Torrijos_with_Panamanian_farmers.jpg/330px-Omar_Torrijos_with_Panamanian_farmers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Omar_Torrijos_with_Panamanian_farmers.jpg/440px-Omar_Torrijos_with_Panamanian_farmers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos">Omar Torrijos</a> (right) with farmers in the Panamanian countryside. The Torrijos government was well known for its policies of <a href="/wiki/Land_redistribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Land redistribution">land redistribution</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos">Omar Torrijos</a>'s control, the military transformed the political and economic structure of the country, initiating massive coverage of social security services and expanding public education. </p><p>The constitution was changed in 1972. To reform the constitution, the military created a new organization, the Assembly of Corregimiento Representatives, which replaced the National Assembly. The new assembly, also known as the Poder Popular (Power of the People), was composed of 505 members selected by the military with no participation from political parties, which the military had eliminated. The new constitution proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos">Omar Torrijos</a> as the Maximum Leader of the Panamanian Revolution, and conceded him unlimited power for six years, although, to keep a façade of constitutionality, <a href="/wiki/Demetrio_B._Lakas" title="Demetrio B. Lakas">Demetrio B. Lakas</a> was appointed president for the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-Pizzurno_Gelós_1989_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pizzurno_Gelós_1989-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, Torrijos died in a plane crash.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Torrijos' death altered the tone of Panama's political evolution. Despite the <a href="/wiki/1983_Panamanian_constitutional_referendum" title="1983 Panamanian constitutional referendum">1983 constitutional amendments</a> which proscribed a political role for the military, the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Defense_Forces" title="Panama Defense Forces">Panama Defense Force</a> (PDF), as they were then known, continued to dominate Panamanian political life. By this time, General <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Antonio Noriega</a> was firmly in control of both the PDF and the civilian government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2016)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg/220px-Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg/330px-Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg/440px-Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2971" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption>US President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> shakes hands with General <a href="/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos">Omar Torrijos</a> after signing the <a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Panama Canal Treaties</a> (September 7, 1977).</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1984_Panamanian_general_election" title="1984 Panamanian general election">1984 elections</a>, the candidates were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Ardito_Barletta_Vallarino" title="Nicolás Ardito Barletta Vallarino">Nicolás Ardito Barletta Vallarino</a>, supported by the military in a union called UNADE</li> <li>Arnulfo Arias Madrid, for the opposition union ADO</li> <li>ex-General <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo_Paredes" title="Rubén Darío Paredes">Rubén Darío Paredes</a>, who had been forced to an early retirement by Manuel Noriega, running for the Partido Nacionalista Popular (PAP; "Popular Nationalist Party")</li> <li>Carlos Iván Zúñiga, running for the Partido Acción Popular (PAPO; Popular Action Party)</li></ul> <p>Barletta was declared the winner of elections that had been considered to be fraudulent. Barletta inherited a country in economic ruin and hugely indebted to the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. Amid the economic crisis and Barletta's efforts to calm the country's creditors, street protests arose, and so did military repression. </p><p>Meanwhile, Noriega's regime had fostered a well-hidden criminal economy that operated as a parallel source of income for the military and their allies, providing revenues from drugs and <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>. Toward the end of the military dictatorship, a new wave of Chinese migrants arrived on the isthmus in the hope of migrating to the United States. The smuggling of Chinese became an enormous business, with revenues of up to 200 million dollars for Noriega's regime (see Mon 167).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The military dictatorship assassinated or tortured more than one hundred Panamanians and forced at least a hundred more dissidents into exile. (see Zárate 15).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noriega's regime was supported by the United States and it began playing a double role in Central America. While the <a href="/wiki/Contadora_group" title="Contadora group">Contadora group</a>, an initiative launched by the foreign ministers of various Latin American nations including Panama's, conducted diplomatic efforts to achieve peace in the region, Noriega supplied Nicaraguan <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> and other guerrillas in the region with weapons and ammunition on behalf of the CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-Pizzurno_Gelós_1989_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pizzurno_Gelós_1989-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 6, 1987, the recently retired Colonel Roberto Díaz Herrera, resentful that Noriega had broken the agreed-upon "Torrijos Plan" of succession that would have made him the chief of the military after Noriega, decided to denounce the regime. He revealed details of electoral fraud,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accused Noriega of planning Torrijos's death and declared that Torrijos had received 12 million dollars from the Shah of Iran for giving the exiled Iranian leader asylum. He also accused Noriega of the assassination by decapitation of then-opposition leader, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Spadafora" title="Hugo Spadafora">Hugo Spadafora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pizzurno_Gelós_1989_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pizzurno_Gelós_1989-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night of June 9, 1987, the Cruzada Civilista ("Civic Crusade") was created<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2016)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> and began organizing actions of civil disobedience. The Crusade called for a general strike. In response, the military suspended constitutional rights and declared a state of emergency in the country. On July 10, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Civic_Crusade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civic Crusade (page does not exist)">Civic Crusade</a> called for a massive demonstration that was violently repressed by the "Dobermans", the military's special riot control unit. That day, later known as El Viernes Negro ("Black Friday"), left many people injured and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>United States President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> began a series of sanctions against the military regime. The United States froze economic and military assistance to Panama in the middle of 1987 in response to the domestic political crisis in Panama and an attack on the US embassy. The sanctions failed to oust Noriega, but severely hurt Panama's economy. Panama's gross domestic product (GDP) declined almost 25 percent between 1987 and 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Acosta,_Coleen_2008_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acosta,_Coleen_2008-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 5, 1988, General Manuel Antonio Noriega was accused of drug trafficking by federal juries in Tampa and Miami. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> wrote in its 1989 report: "Washington turned a blind eye to abuses in Panama for many years until concern over drug trafficking prompted indictments of the general [Noriega] by two grand juries in Florida in February 1988".<sup id="cite_ref-Panama_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panama-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1988, US President Ronald Reagan invoked the <a href="/wiki/International_Emergency_Economic_Powers_Act" title="International Emergency Economic Powers Act">International Emergency Economic Powers Act</a>, freezing Panamanian government assets in all US organizations. In May 1989 Panamanians voted overwhelmingly for the anti-Noriega candidates. The Noriega regime promptly annulled the election and embarked on a new round of repression. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG/220px-Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG/330px-Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG/440px-Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The aftermath of urban warfare during the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">US invasion of Panama</a>, 1989</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="US_invasion_(1989)"><span id="US_invasion_.281989.29"></span>US invasion (1989)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></div> <p>The United States invaded Panama on December 20, 1989, codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Just_Cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Just Cause">Operation Just Cause</a>. The U.S. stated the operation was "necessary to safeguard the lives of U.S. citizens in Panama, defend democracy and human rights, combat drug trafficking, and secure the neutrality of the Panama Canal as required by the <a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US reported 23 servicemen killed and 324 wounded, with the number of Panamanian soldiers killed estimated at 450. The estimates for civilians killed in the conflict ranges from 200 to 4,000. The United Nations put the Panamanian civilian death toll at 500, <a href="/wiki/Americas_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Americas Watch">Americas Watch</a> estimated 300, the United States gave a figure of 202 civilians killed and former US attorney general <a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a> estimated 4,000 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It represented the largest United States military operation since the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of US civilians (and their dependents), who had worked for the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Authority" title="Panama Canal Authority">Panama Canal Commission</a> and the US military, and were killed by the Panamanian Defense Forces, has never been fully disclosed. </p><p>On December 29, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> approved a resolution calling the intervention in Panama a "flagrant violation of international law and of the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the States".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar resolution was vetoed in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noriega was captured and flown to Miami to be tried. The conflict ended on January 31, 1990. </p><p>The urban population, many living below the poverty level, was greatly affected by the 1989 intervention. As pointed out in 1995 by a UN Technical Assistance Mission to Panama, the fighting displaced 20,000 people. The most heavily affected district was the <a href="/wiki/El_Chorrillo" title="El Chorrillo">El Chorrillo</a> area of Panama City, where several blocks of apartments were completely destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economic damage caused by the fighting has been estimated at between 1.5 and 2 billion dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-Acosta,_Coleen_2008_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acosta,_Coleen_2008-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Panamanians" title="Panamanians">Panamanians</a> supported the intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-Panama_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panama-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-intervention_era">Post-intervention era</h3></div> <p>Panama's Electoral Tribunal moved quickly to restore civilian constitutional government, reinstated the results of the May 1989 election on December 27, 1989, and confirmed the victory of President <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Endara" title="Guillermo Endara">Guillermo Endara</a> and Vice Presidents <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Ford" title="Guillermo Ford">Guillermo Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Arias_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Arias Calderón">Ricardo Arias Calderón</a>. </p><p>During its five-year term, the often-fractious government struggled to meet the public's high expectations. Its new police force was a major improvement over its predecessor but was not fully able to deter crime. <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_P%C3%A9rez_Balladares" title="Ernesto Pérez Balladares">Ernesto Pérez Balladares</a> was sworn in as president on September 1, 1994, after an internationally monitored election campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 1, 1999, <a href="/wiki/Mireya_Moscoso" title="Mireya Moscoso">Mireya Moscoso</a>, the widow of former President <a href="/wiki/Arnulfo_Arias_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnulfo Arias Madrid">Arnulfo Arias Madrid</a>, took office after defeating PRD candidate <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Torrijos" title="Martín Torrijos">Martín Torrijos</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos">Omar Torrijos</a>, in a free and fair election.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her administration, Moscoso attempted to strengthen social programs, especially for child and youth development, protection, and general welfare. Moscoso's administration successfully handled the Panama Canal transfer and was effective in the administration of the Canal.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_with_Juan_Carlos_Varela_in_London_-_2018_(27232646267).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Boris_Johnson_with_Juan_Carlos_Varela_in_London_-_2018_%2827232646267%29.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_with_Juan_Carlos_Varela_in_London_-_2018_%2827232646267%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Boris_Johnson_with_Juan_Carlos_Varela_in_London_-_2018_%2827232646267%29.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_with_Juan_Carlos_Varela_in_London_-_2018_%2827232646267%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Boris_Johnson_with_Juan_Carlos_Varela_in_London_-_2018_%2827232646267%29.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_with_Juan_Carlos_Varela_in_London_-_2018_%2827232646267%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> swapped football shirts with the President of Panama, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Varela" title="Juan Carlos Varela">Juan Carlos Varela</a> in London, May 14, 2018.</figcaption></figure> <p>The PRD's Martin Torrijos won the presidency and a legislative majority in the National Assembly in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Torrijos ran his campaign on a platform of, among other pledges, a "zero tolerance" for corruption, a problem endemic to the Moscoso and Perez Balladares administrations.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After taking office, Torrijos passed a number of laws which made the government more transparent. He formed a National Anti-Corruption Council whose members represented the highest levels of government and civil society, labor organizations, and religious leadership. In addition, many of his closest Cabinet ministers were non-political <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocrats</a> known for their support for the Torrijos government's anti-corruption aims. Despite the Torrijos administration's public stance on corruption, many high-profile cases,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly involving political or business elites, were never acted upon. </p><p>Conservative supermarket magnate <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Martinelli" title="Ricardo Martinelli">Ricardo Martinelli</a> was elected to succeed Martin Torrijos with a landslide victory in the May <a href="/wiki/2009_Panamanian_general_election" title="2009 Panamanian general election">2009 Panamanian general election</a>. Martinelli's business credentials drew voters worried by slowing growth during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standing for the four-party opposition Alliance for Change, Martinelli gained 60 percent of the vote, against 37 percent for the candidate of the governing left-wing <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Revolutionary_Party" title="Democratic Revolutionary Party">Democratic Revolutionary Party</a> (PRD).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 4, 2014, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Varela" title="Juan Carlos Varela">Juan Carlos Varela</a>, candidate of the <a href="/wiki/Paname%C3%B1ista_Party" title="Panameñista Party">Partido Panamenista</a> (Panamanian Party) won the 2014 <a href="/wiki/2014_Panamanian_general_election" title="2014 Panamanian general election">presidential election</a> with over 39 percent of the votes, against the party of his former political partner Ricardo Martinelli, Cambio Democrático, and their candidate <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_Arias" title="José Domingo Arias">José Domingo Arias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sworn in on July 1, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 1, 2019 <a href="/wiki/Laurentino_Cortizo" title="Laurentino Cortizo">Laurentino Cortizo</a> took possession of the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cortizo was the candidate of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Revolutionary_Party" title="Democratic Revolutionary Party">Democratic Revolution Party</a> (PRD) in the May 2019 <a href="/wiki/2019_Panamanian_general_election" title="2019 Panamanian general election">presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the presidency of Cortizo, numerous events happened in the country, including the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Panama" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Panama">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">economic impact</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2022_Panamanian_protests" title="2022 Panamanian protests">2022</a> and <a href="/wiki/2023_Panamanian_protests" title="2023 Panamanian protests">2023 protests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 July 2024, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Mulino" title="José Raúl Mulino">José Raúl Mulino</a> was sworn in as Panama's new president.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mulino, a close ally of former President Ricardo Martinelli, won the presidential <a href="/wiki/2024_Panamanian_general_election" title="2024 Panamanian general election">election</a> in May 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Panama" title="Geography of Panama">Geography of Panama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Panama">Geology of Panama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pm-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pm-map.png/330px-Pm-map.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pm-map.png/495px-Pm-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Pm-map.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>A map of Panama</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_palma,_Dari%C3%A9n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/La_palma%2C_Dari%C3%A9n.jpg/220px-La_palma%2C_Dari%C3%A9n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/La_palma%2C_Dari%C3%A9n.jpg/330px-La_palma%2C_Dari%C3%A9n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/La_palma%2C_Dari%C3%A9n.jpg/440px-La_palma%2C_Dari%C3%A9n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>La Palma, Darién</figcaption></figure> <p>Panama is located in Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica. It mostly lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/7th_parallel_north" title="7th parallel north">7°</a> and <a href="/wiki/10th_parallel_north" title="10th parallel north">10°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/77th_meridian_west" title="77th meridian west">77°</a> and <a href="/wiki/83rd_meridian_west" title="83rd meridian west">83°W</a> (a small area lies west of 83°). </p><p>Its location on the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a> is strategic. By 2000, Panama controlled the Panama Canal which connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea to the north of the Pacific Ocean. Panama's total area is 74,177.3 km<sup>2</sup> (28,640.0 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-area_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-area-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dominant feature of Panama's geography is the central spine of mountains and hills that form the <a href="/wiki/Continental_divide" title="Continental divide">continental divide</a>. The divide does not form part of the great mountain chains of North America, and only near the Colombian border are there highlands related to the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> system of South America. The spine that forms the divide is the highly eroded arch of an uplift from the sea bottom, in which peaks were formed by volcanic intrusions. </p><p>The mountain range of the divide is called the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_de_Talamanca" title="Cordillera de Talamanca">Cordillera de Talamanca</a> near the Costa Rican border. Farther east it becomes the Serranía de Tabasará, and the portion of it closer to the lower saddle of the isthmus, where the Panama Canal is located, is often called the Sierra de Veraguas. As a whole, the range between Costa Rica and the canal is generally referred to by geographers as the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Central,_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordillera Central, Costa Rica">Cordillera Central</a>. </p><p>The highest point in the country is the <a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Bar%C3%BA" title="Volcán Barú">Volcán Barú</a>, which rises to 3,475 metres (11,401 feet). A nearly impenetrable jungle forms the <a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Gap" title="Darién Gap">Darién Gap</a> between Panama and Colombia where Colombian <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrillas</a> and drug dealers operate and sometimes take <a href="/wiki/Hostage-taking" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostage-taking">hostages</a>. This, as well as unrest and <a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">forest protection</a> movements, creates the only break in the <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Highway" title="Pan-American Highway">Pan-American Highway</a>, which otherwise forms a complete road from <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> to <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>. </p><p>Panama's wildlife is the most diverse in Central America. It is home to many South American species as well as to North American wildlife. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chagres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Chagres.jpg/220px-Chagres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Chagres.jpg/330px-Chagres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Chagres.jpg/440px-Chagres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chagres_River" title="Chagres River">Chagres River</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterways">Waterways</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a></div> <p>Nearly 500 rivers lace Panama's rugged landscape. Mostly unnavigable, many originate as swift highland streams, meander in valleys, and form coastal deltas. However, the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Chagres" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Chagres">Río Chagres</a> (<i>Chagres River</i>), located in central Panama, is one of the few wide rivers and a source of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> power. The central part of the river is dammed by the <a href="/wiki/Gatun_Dam" title="Gatun Dam">Gatun Dam</a> and forms <a href="/wiki/Gatun_Lake" title="Gatun Lake">Gatun Lake</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial lake">artificial lake</a> that constitutes part of the Panama Canal. The lake was created by the construction of the Gatun Dam across the Río Chagres between 1907 and 1913. Once created, Gatun Lake was the largest man-made lake in the world, and the dam was the largest earth dam. The river drains northwest into the Caribbean. The Kampia and Madden Lakes (also filled from the Río Chagres) provide hydroelectricity for the area of the former Canal Zone. </p><p>The Río Chepo, another source of hydroelectric power, is one of the more than 300 rivers emptying into the Pacific. These Pacific-oriented rivers are longer and slower-running than those on the Caribbean side. Their basins are also more extensive. One of the longest is the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Tuira" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Tuira">Río Tuira</a>, which flows into the <a href="/wiki/Golfo_de_San_Miguel" class="mw-redirect" title="Golfo de San Miguel">Golfo de San Miguel</a> and is the nation's only river that is navigable by larger vessels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harbors">Harbors</h3></div> <p>The Caribbean coastline is marked by several natural harbors. However, Cristóbal, at the Caribbean terminus of the canal, had the only important port facilities in the late 1980s. The numerous islands of the Archipiélago de Bocas del Toro, near the Beaches of Costa Rica, provide an extensive natural roadstead and shield the banana port of <a href="/wiki/Almirante,_Bocas_del_Toro" title="Almirante, Bocas del Toro">Almirante</a>. The more than 350 <a href="/wiki/San_Blas_Islands" title="San Blas Islands">San Blas Islands</a> near Colombia, are strung out over more than 160 kilometres (99 miles) along the sheltered Caribbean coastline. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colon_Panama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Colon_Panama.jpg/220px-Colon_Panama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Colon_Panama.jpg/330px-Colon_Panama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Colon_Panama.jpg/440px-Colon_Panama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n,_Panama" title="Colón, Panama">Colón Harbor</a>, 2000</figcaption></figure> <p>The terminal ports located at each end of the Panama Canal, namely the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Crist%C3%B3bal" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Cristóbal">Port of Cristóbal</a>, Colón, and the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Balboa" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Balboa">Port of Balboa</a>, are ranked second and third respectively in Latin America in terms of the number of container units (<a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">TEU</a>) handled.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Port of Balboa covers 182 hectares and contains four berths for containers and two multi-purpose berths. In total, the berths are over 2,400 metres (7,900 feet) long with alongside depth of 15 metres (49 feet). The Port of Balboa has 18 super post-<a href="/wiki/Panamax" title="Panamax">Panamax</a> and Panamax quay cranes and 44 <a href="/wiki/Gantry_crane" title="Gantry crane">gantry cranes</a>. The Port of Balboa also contains 2,100 square metres (23,000 <a href="/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">square feet</a>) of warehouse space.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ports of Cristobal (encompassing the container terminals of Panama Ports Cristobal, Manzanillo International Terminal, and Colon Container Terminal) handled 2,210,720 TEU in 2009, second only to the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Santos" title="Port of Santos">Port of Santos</a>, Brazil, in Latin America. </p><p>Excellent deep water ports capable of accommodating large <a href="/wiki/VLCC" class="mw-redirect" title="VLCC">VLCC</a> (Very Large Crude Oil Carriers) are located at <a href="/wiki/Charco_Azul" title="Charco Azul">Charco Azul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiriqu%C3%AD_Province" title="Chiriquí Province">Chiriquí</a> (Pacific), and <a href="/wiki/Chiriqu%C3%AD_Grande" title="Chiriquí Grande">Chiriquí Grande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bocas_del_Toro_Province" title="Bocas del Toro Province">Bocas del Toro</a> (Atlantic) near Panama's western border with Costa Rica. The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Panama_pipeline" title="Trans-Panama pipeline">Trans-Panama pipeline</a>, running 131 kilometres (81 miles) across the isthmus, has operated between Charco Azul and Chiriquí Grande since 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Panama">Climate of Panama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PAN_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Koppen-Geiger_Map_PAN_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_PAN_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Koppen-Geiger_Map_PAN_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_PAN_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Koppen-Geiger_Map_PAN_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_PAN_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Panama map of Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VistaBoquete.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/VistaBoquete.jpg/220px-VistaBoquete.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/VistaBoquete.jpg/330px-VistaBoquete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/VistaBoquete.jpg/440px-VistaBoquete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="1930" /></a><figcaption>A cooler climate is common in the Panamanian highlands.</figcaption></figure> <p>Panama has a tropical climate. Temperatures are uniformly high—as is the relative humidity—and there is little seasonal variation. <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature variation">Diurnal ranges</a> are low; on a typical dry-season day in the capital city, the early morning minimum may be 24 °C (75.2 °F) and the afternoon maximum 30 °C (86.0 °F). The temperature seldom exceeds 32 °C (89.6 °F) for more than a short time. Temperatures on the Pacific side of the isthmus are somewhat lower than on the Caribbean, and breezes tend to rise after dusk in most parts of the country. Temperatures are markedly cooler in the higher parts of the mountain ranges, and frosts occur in the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_de_Talamanca" title="Cordillera de Talamanca">Cordillera de Talamanca</a> in western Panama. </p><p>Climatic regions are determined less on the basis of temperature than on <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rainfall</a>, which varies regionally from less than 1,300 millimeters (51.2 in) to more than 3,000 millimeters (118.1 in) per year. Almost all of the rain falls during the rainy season, which is usually from April to December, but varies in length from seven to nine months. In general, rainfall is much heavier on the Caribbean than on the Pacific side of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_divide" title="Continental divide">continental divide</a>, due in part to occasional <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> activity nearby; Panama lies outside the <a href="/wiki/Main_Development_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Development Region">Main Development Region</a>. The annual average in Panama City is little more than half of that in Colón. </p><p>Panama is one of three countries in the world to be carbon-negative, meaning that it absorbs more <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> than it releases into the atmosphere. The others are <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <p>Panama's tropical environment supports an abundance of plants. Forests dominate, interrupted in places by grasslands, scrub, and crops. Although nearly 40% of Panama is still wooded, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> is a continuing threat to the rain-drenched woodlands. Tree cover has been reduced by more than 50 percent since the 1940s. Subsistence farming, widely practiced from the northeastern jungles to the southwestern grasslands, consists largely of corn, bean, and tuber plots. <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_swamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangrove swamp">Mangrove swamps</a> occur along parts of both coasts, with banana plantations occupying deltas near Costa Rica. In many places, a multi-canopied <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> abuts the swamp on one side of the country and extends to the lower reaches of slopes on the other. Panama had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 6.37/10, ranking it 78th globally out of 172 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Soberan%C3%ADa_National_Park" title="Soberanía National Park">Soberanía National Park</a> has the greatest diversity of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> for <a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">birdwatching</a>, with more than 525 birds inhabiting the area. It also has a variety of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lesser_capybara" title="Lesser capybara">capybaras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Green_iguana" title="Green iguana">green iguana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Cane_toad" title="Cane toad">cane toad</a>. </p><p>In May 2022, in order to increase the supply of lower-carbon aviation fuel, the government of Panama and energy companies announced its plan to develop a major and advanced biorefinery of aviation fuel in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Panama" title="Politics of Panama">Politics of Panama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asamblea_Nacional_de_Panam%C3%A1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Asamblea_Nacional_de_Panam%C3%A1.JPG/220px-Asamblea_Nacional_de_Panam%C3%A1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Asamblea_Nacional_de_Panam%C3%A1.JPG/330px-Asamblea_Nacional_de_Panam%C3%A1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Asamblea_Nacional_de_Panam%C3%A1.JPG/440px-Asamblea_Nacional_de_Panam%C3%A1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Panama">National Assembly of Panama</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Panama's politics take place in a framework of a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> republic, whereby the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Panama">President of Panama</a> is both <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, and of a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is exercised by the government. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is vested in both the government and the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Panama">National Assembly</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> is independent of the executive and the legislature. </p><p>National elections are universal for all citizens 18 years and older. National elections for the executive and legislative branches take place every five years. Members of the judicial branch (justices) are appointed by the head of state. Panama's <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Panama">National Assembly</a> is elected by proportional representation in fixed electoral districts, so many smaller parties are represented. Presidential elections require a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a>; out of the five last presidents only ex-president Ricardo Martinelli has managed to be elected with over 50 percent of the popular vote.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_culture">Political culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Panama" title="Special:EditPage/Panama">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since the end of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a>'s military dictatorship in 1989, Panama has completed five peaceful transfers of power to opposing political factions. The political landscape is dominated by two major parties and various smaller parties, many of which are driven by individual leaders more than ideologies. Former President <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Torrijos" title="Martín Torrijos">Martín Torrijos</a> is the son of the general <a href="/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos">Omar Torrijos</a>. He succeeded <a href="/wiki/Mireya_Moscoso" title="Mireya Moscoso">Mireya Moscoso</a>, the widow of the former president <a href="/wiki/Arnulfo_Arias" title="Arnulfo Arias">Arnulfo Arias</a>. Panama's most recent <a href="/wiki/2024_Panamanian_general_election" title="2024 Panamanian general election">national elections</a> took place on May 5, 2024. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Panama" title="Foreign relations of Panama">Foreign relations of Panama</a></div> <p>The United States cooperates with the Panamanian government in promoting economic, political, security, and social development through US and international agencies. Cultural ties between the two countries are strong,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many Panamanians go to the United States for higher education and advanced training.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Panama is the 96th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Public_Forces" title="Panamanian Public Forces">Panamanian Public Forces</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Panama" title="Special:EditPage/Panama">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Shortly after its independence from Colombia in 1903, Panama abolished its army. It maintained police operations throughout the nation. During the 1940s, the Chief of Police of Panama City, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Rem%C3%B3n_Cantera" title="José Antonio Remón Cantera">José Remón</a>, exercised pronounced political power in Panama. He removed and appointed several presidents. In 1952 he ran for president. The campaign was marred by police brutality and persecution of the opposition. In an election questioned by independent observers, Remón was declared the president. Less than three years later Remón was assassinated. He was the only president to be assassinated in Panamanian history. Today the <a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Public_Forces" title="Panamanian Public Forces">Panamanian Public Forces</a> are the national security forces of Panama. Panama is the second country in Latin America (the other being <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>) to permanently abolish its standing army. Panama maintains armed police and security forces, and small air and maritime forces. They are tasked with law enforcement and can perform limited military actions. </p><p>In 2017, Panama signed the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 500px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Divisi%C3%B3n_Pol%C3%ADtica_de_Panam%C3%A1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Divisi%C3%B3n_Pol%C3%ADtica_de_Panam%C3%A1.svg/500px-Divisi%C3%B3n_Pol%C3%ADtica_de_Panam%C3%A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Divisi%C3%B3n_Pol%C3%ADtica_de_Panam%C3%A1.svg/750px-Divisi%C3%B3n_Pol%C3%ADtica_de_Panam%C3%A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Divisi%C3%B3n_Pol%C3%ADtica_de_Panam%C3%A1.svg/1000px-Divisi%C3%B3n_Pol%C3%ADtica_de_Panam%C3%A1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3014" data-file-height="1269" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:49px; top:17px"><a href="/wiki/Bocas_del_Toro_Province" title="Bocas del Toro Province">Bocas<br />del Toro</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:209px; top:87px"><a href="/wiki/Cocl%C3%A9_Province" title="Coclé Province">Coclé</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:264px; top:27px"><a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_Province" title="Colón Province">Colón</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:29px; top:87px"><a href="/wiki/Chiriqu%C3%AD_Province" title="Chiriquí Province">Chiriquí</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:399px; top:107px"><a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Province" title="Darién Province">Darién</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:184px; top:147px"><a href="/wiki/Herrera_Province" title="Herrera Province">Herrera</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:204px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Los_Santos_Province" title="Los Santos Province">Los Santos</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:244px; top:62px"><a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Oeste_Province" title="Panamá Oeste Province">Panamá<br />Oeste</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:304px; top:37px"><a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamá Province">Panamá</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:134px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/Veraguas_Province" title="Veraguas Province">Veraguas</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:384px; top:17px"><a href="/wiki/Guna_Yala" title="Guna Yala">Guna Yala</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:439px; top:97px"><a href="/wiki/Ember%C3%A1_Comarca" class="mw-redirect" title="Emberá Comarca">Emberá</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:399px; top:152px"><a href="/wiki/Ember%C3%A1_Comarca" class="mw-redirect" title="Emberá Comarca">Emberá</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:9px; top:22px"><a href="/wiki/Naso_Tj%C3%ABr_Di_Comarca" title="Naso Tjër Di Comarca">Naso<br />Tjër Di</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:84px; top:82px"><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A4be-Bugl%C3%A9_Comarca" title="Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca">Ngäbe-Buglé</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:364px; top:42px"><a href="/wiki/Kuna_de_Madugand%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuna de Madugandí">Madugandí</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:404px; top:57px"><a href="/wiki/Kuna_de_Wargand%C3%AD" title="Kuna de Wargandí">Wargandí</a></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_regions_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces and regions of Panama">Provinces and regions of Panama</a></div> <p>Panama is divided into ten provinces with their respective local authorities (governors). Each is divided into <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Panama" title="Districts of Panama">districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corregimientos_of_panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Corregimientos of panama"><i>corregimientos</i></a> (townships). Also, there are six <i>Comarcas</i> (literally: "Shires") populated by a variety of indigenous groups. </p><p><b>Provinces</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocas_del_Toro_Province" title="Bocas del Toro Province">Bocas del Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiriqu%C3%AD_Province" title="Chiriquí Province">Chiriquí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocl%C3%A9_Province" title="Coclé Province">Coclé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_Province" title="Colón Province">Colón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Province" title="Darién Province">Darién</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrera_Province" title="Herrera Province">Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Santos_Province" title="Los Santos Province">Los Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamá Province">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Panam%C3%A1_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="West Panamá Province">West Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraguas_Province" title="Veraguas Province">Veraguas</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Comarcas</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ember%C3%A1_Comarca" class="mw-redirect" title="Emberá Comarca">Emberá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guna_Yala" title="Guna Yala">Guna Yala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naso_Tj%C3%ABr_Di_Comarca" title="Naso Tjër Di Comarca">Naso Tjër Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A4be-Bugl%C3%A9_Comarca" title="Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca">Ngäbe-Buglé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuna_de_Madugand%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuna de Madugandí">Kuna de Madugandí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuna_de_Wargand%C3%AD" title="Kuna de Wargandí">Kuna de Wargandí</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Panama" title="Economy of Panama">Economy of Panama</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_Panama.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/GDP_per_capita_development_Panama.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/GDP_per_capita_development_Panama.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/GDP_per_capita_development_Panama.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>GDP per capita development Panama since 1950</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exclusa_Miraflores_Canal_de_Panama_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Exclusa_Miraflores_Canal_de_Panama_Panorama.jpg/220px-Exclusa_Miraflores_Canal_de_Panama_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Exclusa_Miraflores_Canal_de_Panama_Panorama.jpg/330px-Exclusa_Miraflores_Canal_de_Panama_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Exclusa_Miraflores_Canal_de_Panama_Panorama.jpg/440px-Exclusa_Miraflores_Canal_de_Panama_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Panamax" title="Panamax">Panamax</a> ship in transit through the Miraflores locks, <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>, as of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panama&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Panama had an <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a> of 2.7 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A food surplus was registered in August 2008. On the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>, Panama ranked 60th in 2015. In more recent years, Panama's economy has experienced a boom, with growth in <a href="/wiki/Real_gross_domestic_product" title="Real gross domestic product">real gross domestic product</a> (GDP) averaging over 10.4 percent in 2006–2008. Panama's economy was among the fastest growing and best managed in Latin America.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Latin_Business_Chronicle" title="Latin Business Chronicle">Latin Business Chronicle</a> predicted that Panama would be the fastest growing economy in Latin America during the five-year period from 2010 to 2014, matching Brazil's 10 percent rate.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_expansion_project" title="Panama Canal expansion project">expansion project on the Panama Canal</a> is expected to boost and extend economic expansion for some time.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panama also signed the <a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93United_States_Trade_Promotion_Agreement" title="Panama–United States Trade Promotion Agreement">Panama–United States Trade Promotion Agreement</a> which eliminates tariffs to US services.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though Panama is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income country</a>, it still remains a country of stark contrasts perpetuated by dramatic educational disparities. Between 2015 and 2017, poverty at less than US$5.5 a day fell from 15.4 to an estimated 14.1 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_sectors">Economic sectors</h3></div> <p>Panama's economy, because of its key geographic location, is mainly based on a well-developed service sector, especially commerce, tourism, and trading. The handover of the Canal and military installations by the United States has given rise to large construction projects. </p><p>A project to build a third set of locks for the Panama Canal was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum (with low voter turnout, however) on October 22, 2006. The official estimated cost of the project is US$5.25 billion, but the canal is of major economic importance because it provides millions of dollars of toll <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a> to the national economy and provides massive employment. Transfer of control of the Canal to the Panamanian government completed in 1999, after 85 years of US control. </p><p>Copper and gold deposits are being developed by foreign investors, to the dismay of some environmental groups, as all of the projects are located within protected areas.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panama_as_an_IFC">Panama as an IFC</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">Financial centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panama_as_a_tax_haven" title="Panama as a tax haven">Panama as a tax haven</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_implicated_in_the_Panama_Papers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Countries_implicated_in_the_Panama_Papers.svg/220px-Countries_implicated_in_the_Panama_Papers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Countries_implicated_in_the_Panama_Papers.svg/330px-Countries_implicated_in_the_Panama_Papers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Countries_implicated_in_the_Panama_Papers.svg/440px-Countries_implicated_in_the_Panama_Papers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Countries with politicians, public officials or close associates implicated in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_named_in_the_Panama_Papers" title="List of people named in the Panama Papers">Panama Papers leak</a> on April 15, 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the early 20th century, Panama has with the revenues from the canal built the largest Regional Financial Center (IFC)<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Central America, with consolidated assets being more than three times that of Panama's GDP. The <a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a> sector employs more than 24,000 people directly. Financial intermediation contributed 9.3 percent of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stability has been a key strength of Panama's financial sector, which has benefited from the country's favorable economic and business climate. Banking institutions report sound growth and solid financial earnings. The banking supervisory regime is largely compliant with the <a href="/wiki/Basel_III" title="Basel III">Basel Core Principles</a> for Effective Banking Supervision.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a regional financial center, Panama exports some banking services, mainly to Latin America, and plays an important role in the country's economy. However, Panama still cannot compare to the position held by Hong Kong or Singapore as financial centers in Asia. </p><p>Panama still has a reputation worldwide for being a <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a> but has agreed to enhanced transparency, especially since the release in 2016 of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a>. Significant progress has been made to improve full compliance with anti-money laundering recommendations. Panama was removed from the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Action_Task_Force" title="Financial Action Task Force">FATF</a> gray list in February 2016. The European Union also removed Panama from its tax haven blacklist in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However efforts remain to be made, and the IMF repeatedly mentions the need to strengthen financial transparency and fiscal structure.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Panama" title="Transport in Panama">Transport in Panama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CM_Hubdelasamericas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/CM_Hubdelasamericas.jpg/220px-CM_Hubdelasamericas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/CM_Hubdelasamericas.jpg/330px-CM_Hubdelasamericas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/CM_Hubdelasamericas.jpg/440px-CM_Hubdelasamericas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tocumen_International_Airport" title="Tocumen International Airport">Tocumen International Airport</a>, Central America's largest airport</figcaption></figure> <p>Panama is home to <a href="/wiki/Tocumen_International_Airport" title="Tocumen International Airport">Tocumen International Airport</a>, Central America's largest airport and the hub for <a href="/wiki/Copa_Airlines" title="Copa Airlines">Copa Airlines</a>, the flag carrier of Panama. Additionally, there are more than 20 smaller airfields in the country. (See <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Panama" title="List of airports in Panama">list of airports in Panama</a>). </p><p>Panama's roads, traffic and transportation systems are generally safe, though night driving is difficult and in some cases, restricted by local authorities. This usually occurs in <a href="/wiki/Shanty_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanty towns">informal settlements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-travel_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-travel-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traffic in Panama moves on the right, and Panamanian law requires that drivers and passengers wear seat belts.<sup id="cite_ref-travel_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-travel-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Highways are generally well-developed for a Latin American country. The <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Highway" title="Pan-American Highway">Pan-American Highway</a> travels from north to south through the country, starting at the border with Costa Rica, but ending short of Colombia at an area called the <a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Gap" title="Darién Gap">Darién Gap</a>. </p><p>The Panama City area is well served by the nearly 150 bus routes publicly operated <a href="/wiki/Metrobus_(Panama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrobus (Panama)">MiBus</a> system along with the two <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> lines of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Metro" title="Panama Metro">Panama Metro</a>. Prior to the government operation of bus routes, Panama was served by privately operated buses called "diablo rojos" (English: red devils), which were typically retired <a href="/wiki/School_bus" title="School bus">school buses</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> painted in bright colours by their operators. The "diablo rojos" that remain are now mainly used in rural areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Panama" title="Tourism in Panama">Tourism in Panama</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Panama" title="Special:EditPage/Panama">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insel_Zapatilla_Panama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Insel_Zapatilla_Panama.jpg/220px-Insel_Zapatilla_Panama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Insel_Zapatilla_Panama.jpg/330px-Insel_Zapatilla_Panama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Insel_Zapatilla_Panama.jpg/440px-Insel_Zapatilla_Panama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Zapatilla Island, Panama</figcaption></figure> <p>Tourism in Panama has maintained its growth over the past five years due to government tax and price discounts to foreign guests and retirees. These economic incentives have caused Panama to be regarded as a relatively good place to retire.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Real estate developers in Panama have increased the number of tourism destinations in the past five years because of interest in these visitor incentives.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of tourists from Europe grew by 23.1 percent during the first nine months of 2008. According to the Tourism Authority of Panama (ATP), from January to September, 71,154 tourists from Europe entered Panama, 13,373 more than in same period the previous year. Most of the European tourists were Spaniards (14,820), followed by Italians (13,216), French (10,174) and British (8,833). There were 6997 from Germany, the most populous country in the European Union. Europe has become one of the key markets to promote Panama as a tourist destination. </p><p>In 2012, 4.345.5 million<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> entered into the Panamanian economy as a result of tourism. This accounted for 9.5 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> of the country, surpassing other productive sectors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The number of tourists who arrived that year was 2.2 million.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortifications_on_the_Caribbean_Side_of_Panama_Portobelo-San_Lorenzo-108169.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Fortifications_on_the_Caribbean_Side_of_Panama_Portobelo-San_Lorenzo-108169.jpg/220px-Fortifications_on_the_Caribbean_Side_of_Panama_Portobelo-San_Lorenzo-108169.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Fortifications_on_the_Caribbean_Side_of_Panama_Portobelo-San_Lorenzo-108169.jpg/330px-Fortifications_on_the_Caribbean_Side_of_Panama_Portobelo-San_Lorenzo-108169.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Fortifications_on_the_Caribbean_Side_of_Panama_Portobelo-San_Lorenzo-108169.jpg/440px-Fortifications_on_the_Caribbean_Side_of_Panama_Portobelo-San_Lorenzo-108169.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_on_the_Caribbean_Side_of_Panama:_Portobelo-San_Lorenzo" title="Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo">Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo</a> were declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 1980.</figcaption></figure> <p>Panama enacted Law No. 80 in 2012 to promote foreign investment in tourism. Law 80 replaced an older Law 8 of 1994. Law 80 provides 100 percent exemption from <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> and real estate taxes for 15 years, duty-free imports for construction materials and equipment for five years, and a <a href="/wiki/Capital_gain" title="Capital gain">capital gains</a> tax exemption for five years.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency">Currency</h3></div> <p>The Panamanian currency is officially the <a href="/wiki/Panamanian_balboa" title="Panamanian balboa">balboa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed exchange rate">fixed</a> at a rate of 1:1 with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> since Panamanian independence in 1903. In practice, Panama is <a href="/wiki/Dollarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollarization">dollarized</a>: U.S. dollars are <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a> and used for all paper currency, and whilst Panama has its own coinage, U.S. coins are widely used. Because of the tie to US dollars, Panama has traditionally had low <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Commission_for_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean">Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean</a>, Panama's inflation in 2006 was 2.0 percent as measured by a weighted <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Price_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Price Index">Consumer Price Index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The balboa replaced the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_peso" title="Colombian peso">Colombian peso</a> in 1904 after Panama's independence. Balboa banknotes were printed in 1941 by President Arnulfo Arias. They were recalled several days later, giving them the name "The Seven Day Dollars". The notes were burned by the new government, but occasionally balboa notes can be found in collections. These were the only banknotes ever issued by Panama and US notes have circulated both before and since.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 28, 2022, Panama's lawmakers approved a bill that would legalize and regulate the use of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. The bill covers using cryptocurrency, trading it, tokenizing precious metals, and issuing digital securities, among other related topics. Its passing will also allow citizens to use their cryptocurrency holdings to pay taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 14, 2023, the Supreme Court of Justice declared the bill unenforceable.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_trade">International trade</h3></div> <p>The high levels of Panamanian trade are in large part from the <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_Free_Trade_Zone" title="Colón Free Trade Zone">Colón Free Trade Zone</a>, the largest free trade zone in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-z459_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z459-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Last year the zone accounted for 92 percent of Panama's exports and 64 percent of its imports, according to an analysis of figures from the Colon zone management and estimates of Panama's trade by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean">United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean</a>. Panama's economy is also very much supported by the trade and export of coffee and other agricultural products.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) between the governments of the United States and Panama was signed on October 27, 1982. The treaty protects US investment and assists Panama in its efforts to develop its economy by creating conditions more favorable for US private investment and thereby strengthening the development of its private sector. The BIT was the first such treaty signed by the US in the Western Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93United_States_Trade_Promotion_Agreement" title="Panama–United States Trade Promotion Agreement">Panama–United States Trade Promotion Agreement</a> (TPA) was signed in 2007, approved by Panama on July 11, 2007, and by US President Obama on October 21, 2011, and the agreement entered into force on October 31, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Panama" title="Demographics of Panama">Demographics of Panama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Panama_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/220px-Panama_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Panama_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/330px-Panama_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Panama_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/440px-Panama_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="1777" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid, 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama-demography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Panama-demography.png/310px-Panama-demography.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Panama-demography.png/465px-Panama-demography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Panama-demography.png/620px-Panama-demography.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Panama's population, 1961–2003</figcaption></figure> <p>Panama had an estimated population of 4,351,267 in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proportion of the population aged less than 15 in 2010 was 29 percent. 64.5 percent of the population was between 15 and 65, with 6.6 percent of the population 65 years or older.<sup id="cite_ref-WPP_2012_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPP_2012-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Population of Panama 2020 by Province<sup id="cite_ref-Pop2020_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pop2020-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <p>More than half the population lives in the Panama City–<a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n,_Panama" title="Colón, Panama">Colón</a> metropolitan corridor, which spans several cities. Panama's urban population exceeds 75 percent, making Panama's population the most urbanized in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Estado_de_Información_Forestal_en_Panamá_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estado_de_Información_Forestal_en_Panamá-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_08_2013_Ave_Balboa_7044.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Panama_08_2013_Ave_Balboa_7044.JPG/220px-Panama_08_2013_Ave_Balboa_7044.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Panama_08_2013_Ave_Balboa_7044.JPG/330px-Panama_08_2013_Ave_Balboa_7044.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Panama_08_2013_Ave_Balboa_7044.JPG/440px-Panama_08_2013_Ave_Balboa_7044.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3491" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>, Panama's capital</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2010 the population was 65 percent <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> (mixed white, Native American), 12.3 percent Native American, 9.2 percent Black or African descent, 6.8 percent mulatto, and 6.7 percent White.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Amerindian population includes seven ethnic groups: the <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A4be_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngäbe people">Ngäbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuna_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuna people">Kuna</a> (Guna), <a href="/wiki/Ember%C3%A1_people" title="Emberá people">Emberá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bokota_people" title="Bokota people">Buglé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wounaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wounaan">Wounaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naso_people" title="Naso people">Naso Tjerdi</a> (Teribe), and <a href="/wiki/Bribri_people" title="Bribri people">Bri Bri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Afro-Panamanians live on the Panama-<a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n,_Panama" title="Colón, Panama">Colón</a> metropolitan area, the Darien Province, <a href="/wiki/La_Palma,_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="La Palma, Panama">La Palma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bocas_Del_Toro" class="mw-redirect" title="Bocas Del Toro">Bocas Del Toro</a>. Areas in Panama City with significant Afro-Panamian influence Rio Abajo and Casco Viejo.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black Panamanians are descendants of African slaves brought to the Americas in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Slave_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Slave Trade">Atlantic Slave Trade</a>. The second wave of black people brought to Panama came from the Caribbean during the construction of the Panama Canal. </p><p>Panama also has a considerable <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> and Indian (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>) population brought to work on the canal during its construction. Most <a href="/wiki/Chinese-Panamanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese-Panamanians">Chinese-Panamanians</a> reside in the province of <a href="/wiki/Chiriqu%C3%AD_Province" title="Chiriquí Province">Chiriquí</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Europeans and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Panama#European_Panamanians" title="Demographics of Panama">White Panamanians</a> are a minority in Panama. Panama is also home to a small Arab community that has <a href="/wiki/Mosques" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques">mosques</a> and practices <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, as well as a Jewish community and many synagogues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Spanish" title="Panamanian Spanish">Panamanian Spanish</a></div> <p>Spanish is the official and dominant language. The Spanish spoken in Panama is known as Panamanian Spanish. About 93 percent of the population speak Spanish as their first language. Many citizens who hold jobs at international levels, or at business corporations, speak both English and Spanish. About 14 percent of Panamanians speak English;<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this number is expected to rise because Panama now requires English classes in its public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Native languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Guaym%C3%AD_language" title="Guaymí language">Ngäbere</a>, are spoken throughout the country, mostly in their native territories. Over 400,000 Panamanians keep their native languages and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_Report_for_Panama_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_Report_for_Panama-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 4 percent speak French and 1 percent speak Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Panama" title="List of cities in Panama">List of cities in Panama</a></div> <p>These are the 10 largest Panamanian cities and towns. Most of Panama's largest cities are part of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_City_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama City Metropolitan Area">Panama City Metropolitan Area</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Panama</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/Panama.html#Stadt_gross">City Population</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Panama" title="List of cities in Panama">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Panama" title="Provinces of Panama">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_City_financial_district.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panama City"><img alt="Panama City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Panama_City_financial_district.jpg/120px-Panama_City_financial_district.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Panama_City_financial_district.jpg/180px-Panama_City_financial_district.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Panama_City_financial_district.jpg/240px-Panama_City_financial_district.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2242" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Miguelito_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Miguelito"><img alt="San Miguelito" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/San_Miguelito_skyline.jpg/120px-San_Miguelito_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/San_Miguelito_skyline.jpg/180px-San_Miguelito_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/San_Miguelito_skyline.jpg/240px-San_Miguelito_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="411" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/San_Miguelito_District" title="San Miguelito District">San Miguelito</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamá Province">Panamá</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">430,299 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Miguelito_District" title="San Miguelito District">San Miguelito</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamá Province">Panamá</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">315,019 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Las_Cumbres" title="Las Cumbres">Las Cumbres</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamá Province">Panamá</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">127,440 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/La_Chorrera,_Panama" title="La Chorrera, Panama">La Chorrera</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Oeste_Province" title="Panamá Oeste Province">Panamá Oeste</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">118,521 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tocumen" title="Tocumen">Tocumen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamá Province">Panamá</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">113,174 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pacora" title="Pacora">Pacora</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamá Province">Panamá</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">103,960 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arraij%C3%A1n" title="Arraiján">Arraiján</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Oeste_Province" title="Panamá Oeste Province">Panamá Oeste</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">96,676 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/David,_Chiriqu%C3%AD" title="David, Chiriquí">David</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chiriqu%C3%AD_Province" title="Chiriquí Province">Chiriquí</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">81,957 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vista_Alegre,_Panama" title="Vista Alegre, Panama">Vista Alegre</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Oeste_Province" title="Panamá Oeste Province">Panamá Oeste</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,114 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Veraguas" title="Santiago de Veraguas">Santiago de Veraguas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Veraguas_Province" title="Veraguas Province">Veraguas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">51,236 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Religion in Panama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_Catedral_Metropolitana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Panama_Catedral_Metropolitana.jpg/170px-Panama_Catedral_Metropolitana.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Panama_Catedral_Metropolitana.jpg/255px-Panama_Catedral_Metropolitana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Panama_Catedral_Metropolitana.jpg/340px-Panama_Catedral_Metropolitana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Colonial <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Panama_City" title="Metropolitan Cathedral of Panama City">Metropolitan Cathedral of Panama City</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Gold; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3978.035783976px; border-left-color:Honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Honeydew"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 181.89932472811px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 179.22262277715px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 169.0907655785px; border-left-color:DarkTurquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkTurquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkTurquoise"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 155.40779058166px; border-left-color:Aquamarine"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Aquamarine"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Aquamarine"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 128.91922317851px; border-left-color:SkyBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:SkyBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:SkyBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 109.20735798549px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:73.751311735817px 67.533280812102px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Panama (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-2015survey_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2015survey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrchid; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> (63.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> (25%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:SkyBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist">Adventist</a> (1.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Aquamarine; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> (1.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkTurquoise; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a> (0.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Honeydew; color:black;"> </span> No religion (7.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> Other religions (0.4%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the main religion in Panama. An official survey carried out by the government estimated in 2015 that 63.2% of the population, or 2,549,150 people, identifies itself as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, and 25% as <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestant">evangelical Protestant</a>, or 1,009,740.<sup id="cite_ref-2015survey_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2015survey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> community in Panama is estimated at 2% of the national population, or about 60,000<sup id="cite_ref-WCoC_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCoC-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including about 10% of the <a href="/wiki/Guaym%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaymí">Guaymí</a> population.<sup id="cite_ref-guay_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guay-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> were the next largest congregation comprising the 1.4% of the population, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventist Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> with 0.6%. Smaller groups include the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Episcopalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Panama" title="Islam in Panama">Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> communities.<sup id="cite_ref-report_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous religions include Ibeorgun (among <a href="/wiki/Kuna_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuna people">Kuna</a>) and Mamatata (among <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A4be" title="Ngäbe">Ngäbe</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-report_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also a small number of <a href="/wiki/Rastafarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafarians">Rastafarians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-report_122-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Panama" title="Education in Panama">Education in Panama</a></div> <p>During the 16th century, education in Panama was provided by <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a>. Public education began as a national and governmental institution in 1903. The principle underlying the early education system was that children should receive different types of education in accordance with their social class and therefore the position they were expected to occupy in society. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">Public education</a> began in Panama soon after it seceded from Colombia in 1903. The first efforts were guided by an extremely paternalistic view of the goals of education, as evidenced in comments made in a 1913 meeting of the First Panamanian Educational Assembly, "The cultural heritage given to the child should be determined by the social position he will or should occupy. For this reason education should be different in accordance with the social class to which the student should be related." This elitist focus changed rapidly under US influence.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, it was estimated that 94.1 percent of the population was literate (94.7 percent of males and 93.5 percent of females).<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education in Panama is <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory</a> for all children between ages 6 and 15. In recent decades, school enrollment at all levels, but especially at upper levels, has increased significantly. Panama participates in the <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">PISA</a> exams, but due to debts and unsatisfactory exam results it postponed participation until 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Panama" title="Culture of Panama">Culture of Panama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Panama" title="Mass media in Panama">Mass media in Panama</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Music of Panama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruben_Blades_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ruben_Blades_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/170px-Ruben_Blades_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ruben_Blades_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/255px-Ruben_Blades_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ruben_Blades_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/340px-Ruben_Blades_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Blades" title="Rubén Blades">Rubén Blades</a> is an icon singer of the Salsa music.</figcaption></figure> <p>The culture of Panama derives from <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Europe">European music</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_art" class="mw-redirect" title="European art">art</a> and traditions brought by the Spanish to Panama. <a href="/wiki/Hegemonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegemonic">Hegemonic</a> forces have created <a href="/wiki/Cross-genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-genre">hybrid</a> forms blending <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> culture with <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European culture</a>. For example, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tamborito" title="Tamborito">tamborito</a></i> is a Spanish dance with African rhythms, themes and dance moves.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dance is typical of the diverse cultures in Panama. The local folklore can be experienced at a multitude of festivals, through dances and traditions handed down from generation to generation.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local cities host live <i><a href="/wiki/Reggae_en_espa%C3%B1ol" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggae en español">reggae en español</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">reggaeton</a></i>, <i>haitiano (<a href="/wiki/Compas" title="Compas">compas</a>)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> performances.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handicraft">Handicraft</h3></div> <p>Outside Panama City, regional festivals take place throughout the year featuring local musicians and dancers. Panama's blended culture is reflected in traditional products, such as <a href="/wiki/Woodcarving" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodcarving">woodcarvings</a>, ceremonial masks and <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, as well as in Panama's architecture, cuisine and festivals. In earlier times, baskets were woven for utilitarian uses, but now many villages rely almost exclusively on income from the baskets they produce for tourists. </p><p>An example of undisturbed, unique culture in Panama is that of the <a href="/wiki/Guna_Yala" title="Guna Yala">Guna</a> who are known for <i><a href="/wiki/Mola_(art_form)" title="Mola (art form)">molas</a></i>. <i>Mola</i> is the Guna word for blouse, but the term <i>mola</i> has come to mean the elaborate embroidered panels made by Guna women, that make up the front and back of a Guna woman's blouse. They are several layers of cloth, varying in color, that are loosely stitched together, made using a reverse <a href="/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9" title="Appliqué">appliqué</a> process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays_and_festivities">Holidays and festivities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Panama" title="Public holidays in Panama">Public holidays in Panama</a></div> <p>The Christmas parade, known as <i>El desfile de Navidad</i>, is celebrated in the capital, Panama City. This holiday is celebrated on December 25. The floats in the parade are decorated in the Panamanian colors, and women wear dresses called <i><a href="/wiki/Pollera" title="Pollera">pollera</a></i> and men dress in traditional montuno. In addition, the marching band in the parade, consisting of drummers, keeps crowds entertained. In the city, a big Christmas tree is lit with Christmas lights, and everybody surrounds the tree and sings Christmas carols.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_cuisine">Traditional cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian cuisine</a></div> <p>Since Panama's cultural heritage is influenced by many ethnicities the traditional cuisine of the country includes ingredients from many cultures, from all over the world: a mix of African, Spanish, and Native American techniques, dishes, and ingredients, reflecting its diverse population. Since Panama is a land bridge between two continents, it has a large variety of tropical fruits, vegetables and herbs that are used in native cooking. The famous fish market known as the "Mercado de Mariscos" offers fresh seafood and <a href="/wiki/Ceviche" title="Ceviche">Ceviche</a>, a seafood dish. Small shops along the street which are called kiosco and <a href="/wiki/Empanada" title="Empanada">Empanada</a>, which is a typical latinamerican pastry, including a variety of different ingredients, either with meat or vegetarian, mostly fried. Another kind of pastry is the <a href="/wiki/Pastelito" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastelito">pastelito</a>, with the only difference in comparison to <a href="/wiki/Empanada" title="Empanada">empanadas</a> is that they are bigger.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Typical Panamanian foods are mild-flavored, without the pungency of some of Panama's Latin American and Caribbean neighbors. Common ingredients are <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> flour, <a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantains</a>, <i>yuca</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>), beef, chicken, pork and seafood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_clothing">Traditional clothing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuna_panama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tuna_panama.jpg/220px-Tuna_panama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tuna_panama.jpg/330px-Tuna_panama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tuna_panama.jpg/440px-Tuna_panama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>A couple dancing Panamanian Cumbia</figcaption></figure> <p>Panamanian men's traditional clothing, called <i>montuno</i>, consists of white cotton shirts, trousers and woven straw hats. </p><p>The traditional women's clothing is the <i>pollera</i>. It originated in Spain in the 16th century, and by the early 1800s it was typical in Panama, worn by female servants, especially wet nurses (<i>De Zarate</i> 5). Later, it was adopted by upper-class women. </p><p>A <i>pollera</i> is made of "<a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">cambric</a>" or "fine linen" (Baker 177). It is white, and is usually about 13 yards of material. </p><p>The original <i>pollera</i> consists of a ruffled blouse worn off the shoulders and a skirt with gold buttons. The skirt is also ruffled, so that when it is lifted up, it looks like a peacock's tail or a <i><a href="/wiki/Mantilla" title="Mantilla">mantilla</a></i> fan. The designs on the skirt and blouse are usually flowers or birds. Two large matching <a href="/wiki/Pom_pom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pom pom">pom poms</a> (<i>mota</i>) are on the front and back, four ribbons hang from the front and back from the waist, five gold chains (<i>caberstrillos</i>) hang from the neck to the waist, a gold cross or medallion on a black ribbon is worn as a <a href="/wiki/Choker" title="Choker">choker</a>, and a silk purse is worn at the waistline. Earrings (<i>zaricillos</i>) are usually gold or coral. Slippers usually match the color of the <i>pollera</i>. Hair is usually worn in a bun, held by three large gold combs that have pearls (<i>tembleques</i>) worn like a crown. Quality <i>pollera</i> can cost up to $10,000, and may take a year to complete. </p><p>Today, there are different types of <i>polleras</i>; the <i>pollera de gala</i> consists of a short-sleeved ruffle skirt blouse, two full-length skirts and a <a href="/wiki/Petticoat" title="Petticoat">petticoat</a>. Girls wear <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170518133519/http://panamafolktembleques.com/">tembleques</a></i> in their hair. Gold coins and jewelry are added to the outfit. The <i>pollera montuna</i> is a daily dress, with a blouse, a skirt with a solid color, a single gold chain, and pendant earrings and a natural flower in the hair. Instead of an off-the-shoulder blouse it is worn with a fitted white jacket that has shoulder pleats and a flared hem.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional clothing in Panama can be worn in parades, where the females and males do a traditional dance. Females gently sway and twirl their skirts, while men hold their hats in their hands and dance behind the females. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Panamanian_literature" title="Panamanian literature">Panamanian literature</a></div> <p>The first literature relating to Panama can be dated to 1535, with a modern literary movement appearing from the mid-19th century onwards </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roberto-Duran-1994_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Roberto-Duran-1994_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Roberto-Duran-1994_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Roberto-Duran-1994_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Roberto-Duran-1994_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Roberto-Duran-1994_%28cropped%29.png/440px-Roberto-Duran-1994_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>Four-weight world boxing champion Roberto Durán</figcaption></figure> <p>In a 2013 survey, 75% of Panamanians said <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> (soccer) was their favorite sport, 19% said baseball, 4% boxing and 2% gymnastics.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Football is the most popular sport in Panama. The top tier of domestic Panamanian football, <a href="/wiki/Liga_Paname%C3%B1a_de_F%C3%BAtbol" title="Liga Panameña de Fútbol">Liga Panameña de Fútbol</a>, was founded in 1988. The <a href="/wiki/Panama_national_football_team" title="Panama national football team">men's national team</a> appeared at the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> for the first time in <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018</a>, appearing in group G, facing <a href="/wiki/Belgium_national_football_team" title="Belgium national football team">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_team" title="Tunisia national football team">Tunisia</a>. However, the team lost all three games, failing to advance past the group stage. </p><p>Club competition is played in the <a href="/wiki/Liga_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Femenino_(Panam%C3%A1)" title="Liga de Fútbol Femenino (Panamá)">Liga de Fútbol Femenino</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Panama_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Panama women's national football team">women's national team</a> debuted in the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="FIFA Women's World Cup">World Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2023 FIFA Women's World Cup">2023</a> as the final team to qualify. They joined Group F with <a href="/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Brazil women's national football team">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Jamaica women's national football team">Jamaica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France_women%27s_national_football_team" title="France women's national football team">France</a>, where they finished last with three losses but scored three goals against France. <a href="/wiki/Marta_Cox" title="Marta Cox">Marta Cox</a> scored Panama's first ever goal at a World Cup. </p><p>Baseball is the second most popular sport in Panama. The <a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Panamanian Professional Baseball League">Panamanian Professional Baseball League</a> is the country's professional winter league. It was first held in 1946, but had multiple interruptions spanning several decades. The <a href="/wiki/Panama_national_baseball_team" title="Panama national baseball team">Panama national baseball team</a> has earned one silver medal and two bronze medals at the <a href="/wiki/Baseball_World_Cup" title="Baseball World Cup">Baseball World Cup</a>. At least <a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_from_Panama" title="List of Major League Baseball players from Panama">140 Panamanian players</a> have played professional baseball in the United States, more than any other Central American country.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Basketball is also popular in Panama. There are regional teams as well as a squad that competes internationally. </p><p>Other popular sports include <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>. A long-distance hiking trail called the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160728065540/http://www.transpanama.org/">TransPanama Trail</a> is being built from Colombia to Costa Rica. <a href="/wiki/Panama%27s_women%27s_national_volleyball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama's women's national volleyball team">Panama's women's national volleyball team</a> competes in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>'s AFECAVOL (Asociación de Federaciones CentroAmericanas de Voleibol) zone.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other non-traditional sports in the country have had great importance such as the <a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">triathlon</a> that has captured the attention of many athletes nationwide and the country has hosted international competitions. <a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag football</a> has also been growing in popularity in both men and women and with international participation in world of this discipline being among the best teams in the world, the sport was introduced by Americans residing in the Canal Zone for veterans and retirees who even had a festival called the Turkey Ball. Other popular sports are <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">softball</a>, and other amateur sports, including <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">skateboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMX" title="BMX">BMX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a>, because the many beaches of Panama such as Santa Catalina and Venao that have hosted events the likes of ISA World Surfing Games. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/32px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/48px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/64px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Panama" title="Portal:Panama">Panama portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latin_America" title="Portal:Latin America">Latin America portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Panama-related_articles" title="Index of Panama-related articles">Index of Panama-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Panama" title="Outline of Panama">Outline of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Panama" title="2023 in Panama">2023 in Panama</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/52\/En-us-Panama-2.ogg\/En-us-Panama-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Panama-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/En-us-Panama-2.ogg/En-us-Panama-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Panama-2.ogg" title="File:En-us-Panama-2.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PAN</span>-ə-mah</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">pan-ə-<span style="font-size:90%">MAH</span></i></a>; Spanish: <i lang="es">Panamá</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[panaˈma]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b2\/ES-pe_-_Panam%C3%A1.ogg\/ES-pe_-_Panam%C3%A1.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"ES-pe - Panam\u00e1.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/ES-pe_-_Panam%C3%A1.ogg/ES-pe_-_Panam%C3%A1.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:ES-pe_-_Panam%C3%A1.ogg" title="File:ES-pe - Panamá.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">República de Panamá</i>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/">"Panama"</a>. <i>CIA World Factbook</i>. February 4, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123023447/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Panama&rft.date=2022-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpanama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2015survey-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2015survey_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2015survey_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2015survey_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081846/http://ministeriopublico.gob.pa/wp-content/multimedia/2017/09/Encuesta-de-Hogares-2015-16-viii-17-publicaci%C3%B3n-digital.pdf">"Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Hogares, Panama 2015"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ministerio Público de la República de Panamá</i>. December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ministeriopublico.gob.pa/wp-content/multimedia/2017/09/Encuesta-de-Hogares-2015-16-viii-17-publicaci%C3%B3n-digital.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ministerio+P%C3%BAblico+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+Panam%C3%A1&rft.atitle=Segunda+Encuesta+Nacional+de+Hogares%2C+Panama+2015&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fministeriopublico.gob.pa%2Fwp-content%2Fmultimedia%2F2017%2F09%2FEncuesta-de-Hogares-2015-16-viii-17-publicaci%25C3%25B3n-digital.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unstats08-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unstats08_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf">"Demographic Yearbook – Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200826065042/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographic+Yearbook+%E2%80%93+Table+3%3A+Population+by+sex%2C+rate+of+population+increase%2C+surface+area+and+density&rft.pub=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fproducts%2Fdyb%2Fdyb2012%2FTable03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm">"United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics"</a>. <i>unstats.un.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015114145/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unstats.un.org&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division+-+Demographic+and+Social+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fproducts%2Fdyb%2Fdyb2012.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama">"Panama"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Panama&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpanama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2022.zip">(Archived 2022 edition.)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.PA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PA_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PA_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PA_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PA_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=283,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=1980&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Panama)"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. October 10, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2024+Edition.+%28Panama%29&rft.date=2024-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D283%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D1980%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/">"Gini Index coefficient"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index+coefficient&rft.pub=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fgini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income%2Fcountry-comparison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. March 13, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 13, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XSLX)</span> ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/">"Panama"</a>. <i>CIA – <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123023447/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Panama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpanama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19770907_usdos_panamacanaltreaty-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19770907_usdos_panamacanaltreaty_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_State,_United_States_of_America1987" class="citation book cs1">Department of State, United States of America (1987) [Signed at Washington on September 7, 1977. Entered into force October 1, 1979.]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n559BTeMBIsC&pg=PA39">"Panama Canal Treaty"</a>. <i>United States Treaties and Other International Agreements</i>. Vol. 33. United States Department of State. p. 55. 33 UST 39; TIAS 10030. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240124105627/https://books.google.com/books?id=n559BTeMBIsC&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Upon entry into force of this Treaty, the United States Government agencies known as the Panama Canal Company and the Canal Zone Government shall cease to operate within the territory of the Republic of Panama that formerly constituted the Canal Zone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Panama+Canal+Treaty&rft.btitle=United+States+Treaties+and+Other+International+Agreements&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Department+of+State%2C+United+States+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn559BTeMBIsC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222001529/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2019%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweoselco.aspx%3Fg%3D2200%26sg%3DAll%2Bcountries%2B%252f%2BEmerging%2Bmarket%2Band%2Bdeveloping%2Beconomies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf"><i>Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations Development Programme. December 15, 2020. pp. 343–346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-126442-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-126442-5"><bdi>978-92-1-126442-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 15, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2020+The+Next+Frontier%3A+Human+Development+and+the+Anthropocene&rft.pages=343-346&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft.isbn=978-92-1-126442-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fhdr2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wef.ch/2OX9YUm">"Competitiveness Rankings"</a>. <i>The Global Competitiveness Report 2018</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Global+Competitiveness+Report+2018&rft.atitle=Competitiveness+Rankings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwef.ch%2F2OX9YUm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/assets/67729/2000%20Global%20Innovation%20Index%202024_WEB2.pdf">"Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.wipo.int</i>. Geneva. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024.+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fassets%2F67729%2F2000%2520Global%2520Innovation%2520Index%25202024_WEB2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1229332.stm">"Country profile: Panama"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. June 30, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702022612/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1229332.stm">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Country+profile%3A+Panama&rft.date=2010-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1229332.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PAN-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PAN_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070214054429/http://www.pa/secciones/informacion/significado.html">"Origen del Nombre Panamá"</a>. República de Panamá. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pa/secciones/informacion/significado.html">the original</a> on February 14, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origen+del+Nombre+Panam%C3%A1&rft.pub=Rep%C3%BAblica+de+Panam%C3%A1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pa%2Fsecciones%2Finformacion%2Fsignificado.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayo,_J_2004-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mayo,_J_2004_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayo, J. (2004). <i>La Industria prehispánica de conchas marinas en Gran Coclé</i>, Panamá. Diss. U Complutense de Madrid, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piperno, D. R. (1984). <i>The Application of Phytolith Analysis to the Reconstruction of Plant Subsistence and Environments in Prehistoric Panama</i>. Dissertation, Temple University. Philadelphia, vol. 8 pp. 21–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaudouinGunnOlsen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Baudouin, Luc; Gunn, Bee; Olsen, Kenneth (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3864718">"The presence of coconut in southern Panama in pre-Columbian times: clearing up the confusion"</a>. <i>Annals of Botany</i>. <b>113</b> (1): 1–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmct244">10.1093/aob/mct244</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7364">0305-7364</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3864718">3864718</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24227445">24227445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.atitle=The+presence+of+coconut+in+southern+Panama+in+pre-Columbian+times%3A+clearing+up+the+confusion&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-5&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3864718%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0305-7364&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24227445&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faob%2Fmct244&rft.aulast=Baudouin&rft.aufirst=Luc&rft.au=Gunn%2C+Bee&rft.au=Olsen%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3864718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hays, J. N. (2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/82">Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history</a></i>, ABC-CLIO, pp. 82–83, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-658-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-658-2">1-85109-658-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin_Alchon2003" class="citation book cs1">Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YiHHnV08ebkC&pg=PA67"><i>A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective</i></a>. University of New Mexico Press. pp. 67–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-2871-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-2871-7"><bdi>0-8263-2871-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+pest+in+the+land%3A+new+world+epidemics+in+a+global+perspective&rft.pages=67-74&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8263-2871-7&rft.aulast=Austin+Alchon&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYiHHnV08ebkC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pedro-Arias-Davila">"Pedro Arias Dávila"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415203557/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pedro-Arias-Davila">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Pedro+Arias+D%C3%A1vila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FPedro-Arias-Davila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genoa-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Genoa_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giustiniani.info/oltremare.html">"I Genovesi d'Oltremare i primi coloni moderni"</a>. <i>www.giustiniani.info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223140429/http://www.giustiniani.info/oltremare.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.giustiniani.info&rft.atitle=I+Genovesi+d%27Oltremare+i+primi+coloni+moderni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.giustiniani.info%2Foltremare.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911025455/http://www.patronatopanamaviejo.org/ppv2014/es/el-sitio-arqueologico/los-monumentos/mapa-de-monumentos/15-casa-de-los-genoveses">"15. Casa de los Genoveses - Patronato Panamá Viejo"</a>. <i>www.patronatopanamaviejo.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patronatopanamaviejo.org/ppv2014/es/el-sitio-arqueologico/los-monumentos/mapa-de-monumentos/15-casa-de-los-genoveses">the original</a> on September 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.patronatopanamaviejo.org&rft.atitle=15.+Casa+de+los+Genoveses+-+Patronato+Panam%C3%A1+Viejo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patronatopanamaviejo.org%2Fppv2014%2Fes%2Fel-sitio-arqueologico%2Flos-monumentos%2Fmapa-de-monumentos%2F15-casa-de-los-genoveses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm">"SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508103044/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm">Archived</a> May 8, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Zamboanga City History) "He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArango_Durling1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arango Durling, Virginia (1999). <i>La inmigración prohibida en Panamá y sus prejuicios raciales</i> [<i>Prohibited immigration in Panamá and its racial prejudices</i>] (in Spanish). Panamá: Publipan. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001388757">2001388757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+inmigraci%C3%B3n+prohibida+en+Panam%C3%A1+y+sus+prejuicios+raciales&rft.place=Panam%C3%A1&rft.pub=Publipan&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001388757&rft.aulast=Arango+Durling&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World">Connecting China with the Pacific World By Angela Schottenhammer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World">Archived</a> May 27, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>(2019) (Page 144–145)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher1997-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher1997_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Robert_Fisher1997" class="citation book cs1">John Robert Fisher (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MRI-LiWuJh4C&pg=PA65"><i>The Economic Aspects of Spanish Imperialism in America, 1492-1810</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. pp. 65–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-552-1"><bdi>978-0-85323-552-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Aspects+of+Spanish+Imperialism+in+America%2C+1492-1810&rft.pages=65-66&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-552-1&rft.au=John+Robert+Fisher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMRI-LiWuJh4C%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPike2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pike, Ruth (2007). "Black Rebels: Cimarrons in Sixteenth Century Panama". <i>The Americas</i>. <b>64</b> (2): 243–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftam.2007.0161">10.1353/tam.2007.0161</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143773521">143773521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Americas&rft.atitle=Black+Rebels%3A+Cimarrons+in+Sixteenth+Century+Panama&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-66&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftam.2007.0161&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143773521%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Scotland-History/DarienScheme.htm">The Darien Scheme – The Fall of Scotland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205194052/http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Scotland-History/DarienScheme.htm">Archived</a> February 5, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Historic UK</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-countrystudies-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/panama/8.htm">"The 1903 Treaty and Qualified Independence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Library of Congress">US Library of Congress</a>. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011225556/http://countrystudies.us/panama/8.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1903+Treaty+and+Qualified+Independence&rft.pub=US+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fpanama%2F8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller-Schwarze2015" class="citation book cs1">Müller-Schwarze, Nina K. (2015). <i>The Blood of Victoriano Lorenzo: An Ethnography of the Cholos of Northern Coclé Province</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banrepcultural.org/node/86421">the original</a> on January 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Separaci%C3%B3n+de+Panam%C3%A1%3A+la+historia+desconocida&rft.pub=banrepcultural.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banrepcultural.org%2Fnode%2F86421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009021454/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/junio2004/panama%20ultimo.htm">"Panamá: el último año"</a>. banrepcultural.org. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panam%C3%A1%3A+el+%C3%BAltimo+a%C3%B1o&rft.pub=banrepcultural.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banrepcultural.org%2Fblaavirtual%2Frevistas%2Fcredencial%2Fjunio2004%2Fpanama%2520ultimo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113025549/https://adst.org/2016/07/panama-riots-1964-beginning-end-canal/">"The Panama Riots of 1964: The Beginning of the End for the Canal"</a>. July 19, 2016. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Panama+Riots+of+1964%3A+The+Beginning+of+the+End+for+the+Canal&rft.date=2016-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadst.org%2F2016%2F07%2Fpanama-riots-1964-beginning-end-canal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pizzurno_Gelós_1989-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pizzurno_Gelós_1989_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pizzurno_Gelós_1989_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pizzurno_Gelós_1989_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pizzurno_Gelós_1989_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pizzurno_Gelós_1989_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pizzurno_Gelós_1989_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pizzurno Gelós, Patricia and Celestino Andrés Araúz (1996) <i>Estudios sobre el Panamá Republicano (1903–1989)</i>. Colombia: Manfer S.A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pizzurno Gelós, Patricia and Celestino Andrés Araúz (1996) <i>Estudios sobre el Panamá Republicano (1903–1989)</i>. Colombia: Manfer S.A., p. 529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational1981" class="citation news cs1">International, United Press (August 2, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/02/obituaries/panama-leader-killed-in-crash-in-bad-weather.html">"PANAMA LEADER KILLED IN CRASH IN BAD WEATHER"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817120658/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/02/obituaries/panama-leader-killed-in-crash-in-bad-weather.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=PANAMA+LEADER+KILLED+IN+CRASH+IN+BAD+WEATHER&rft.date=1981-08-02&rft.aulast=International&rft.aufirst=United+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F08%2F02%2Fobituaries%2Fpanama-leader-killed-in-crash-in-bad-weather.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mon Pinzón, Ramón Arturo (1979). <i>Historia de la Migración China Durante la Construcción del Ferrocarril de Panamá</i>. Masters Thesis. México: El Colegio de México.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zárate, Abdiel (November 9, 2003). 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Congressional Research Service.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/panama-tpa">"U.S.- Panama Trade Promotion Agreement"</a>. <i>ustr.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090715171019/https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/panama-tpa">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Magazine.mining.com, pp. 10–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkEssayyad2012" class="citation book cs1">Park, Yoon S.; Essayyad, Musa (December 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JHLvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9"><i>International Banking and Financial Centers</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpanama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://impresa.prensa.com/panorama/Panama-pruebas-Pisa_0_4006849352.html">"Panamá sin pruebas Pisa hasta 2018"</a>. <i>Impresa.prensa.com</i>. August 18, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011304/https://impresa.prensa.com/panorama/Panama-pruebas-Pisa_0_4006849352.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Impresa.prensa.com&rft.atitle=Panam%C3%A1+sin+pruebas+Pisa+hasta+2018&rft.date=2014-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimpresa.prensa.com%2Fpanorama%2FPanama-pruebas-Pisa_0_4006849352.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://panama-culture.com/">"The online almanac of Panama culture with travel links"</a>. Panama Culture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314074449/http://panama-culture.com/">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+online+almanac+of+Panama+culture+with+travel+links&rft.pub=Panama+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpanama-culture.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vacationtopanama.com/travel-guide/cultural-melting-pot/">"Panama Culture and Traditions, a True Melting Pot of Mesoamerica"</a>. <i>Panama Vacations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609185905/https://www.vacationtopanama.com/travel-guide/cultural-melting-pot/">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Panama+Vacations&rft.atitle=Panama+Culture+and+Traditions%2C+a+True+Melting+Pot+of+Mesoamerica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vacationtopanama.com%2Ftravel-guide%2Fcultural-melting-pot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2030.htm">"Panama"</a>. Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs. June 23, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604191011/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2030.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panama&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Western+Hemisphere+Affairs&rft.date=2010-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F2030.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726000349/http://discoverytheater.org/education/guides/2010/Celebremos%20Panama!%20Resource%20Guide.pdf">Celebremos Panama!</a>. Discovery Theater and Smithsonian Latino Center</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/el-futbol-es-el-deporte-rey-de-los-panamenos-901784">"El fútbol es el deporte rey de los panameños"</a>. <i>Panama America</i> (in Spanish). October 1, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230214164302/https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/deportes/el-futbol-es-el-deporte-rey-de-los-panamenos-901784">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Panama+America&rft.atitle=El+f%C3%BAtbol+es+el+deporte+rey+de+los+paname%C3%B1os&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panamaamerica.com.pa%2Fdeportes%2Fel-futbol-es-el-deporte-rey-de-los-panamenos-901784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100720044412/http://www.thebaseballcube.com/cities/PN.shtml">"Baseball in Panama"</a>. The Baseball Cube. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebaseballcube.com/cities/PN.shtml">the original</a> on July 20, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baseball+in+Panama&rft.pub=The+Baseball+Cube&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebaseballcube.com%2Fcities%2FPN.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.breakingbelizenews.com/2021/10/23/belize-drops-game-to-nicaragua-drops-to-1-4-at-central-american-senior-womens-volleyball-championship/">"Belize drops game to Nicaragua, drops to 1-4 at Central American Senior Women's Volleyball Championship"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Belize_News" title="Breaking Belize News">Breaking Belize News</a></i>. October 23, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404035656/https://www.breakingbelizenews.com/2021/10/23/belize-drops-game-to-nicaragua-drops-to-1-4-at-central-american-senior-womens-volleyball-championship/">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Breaking+Belize+News&rft.atitle=Belize+drops+game+to+Nicaragua%2C+drops+to+1-4+at+Central+American+Senior+Women%27s+Volleyball+Championship&rft.date=2021-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.breakingbelizenews.com%2F2021%2F10%2F23%2Fbelize-drops-game-to-nicaragua-drops-to-1-4-at-central-american-senior-womens-volleyball-championship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Buckley, Kevin, <i>Panama</i>, Touchstone, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-77876-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-77876-5">0-671-77876-5</a></li> <li>Diaz Espino, Ovidio, <i>How Wall Street Created a Nation</i>, Four Walls Eight Windows, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56858-196-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56858-196-3">1-56858-196-3</a></li> <li>Gropp, Arthur E. <i>Libraries and Archives of Panama: with Information on Private Libraries, Bookbinding, Bookselling, and Printing.</i> New Orleans: Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University of Louisiana, 1941.</li> <li>Harding, Robert C., <i>The History of Panama</i>, Greenwood Publishing, 2006.</li> <li>Harding, Robert C., <i>Military Foundations of Panamanian Politics</i>, Transaction Publishers, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02696-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02696-5">0-393-02696-5</a></li> <li>Joster, R.M. and Sanchez, Guillermo, <i>In the Time of the Tyrants, Panama: 1968–1990</i>, W.W. Norton & Company, 1990.</li> <li>Porras, Ana Elena, <i>Cultura de la Interoceanidad: Narrativas de Identidad Nacional de Panama (1990–2002)</i>, Editorial Carlos Manuel Gasteazoro, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9962-53-131-4" title="Special:BookSources/9962-53-131-4">9962-53-131-4</a></li> <li>Serrano, Damaris, <i>La Nación Panamena en sus Espacios: Cultura Popular, Resistencia y Globalización</i>, Editorial Mariano Arosemena, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9962-659-01-9" title="Special:BookSources/9962-659-01-9">9962-659-01-9</a></li> <li>Villarreal, Melquiades, <i>Esperanza o Realidad: Fronteras de la Identidad Panamena</i>, Editorial Mariano Arosemena, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9962-601-80-0" title="Special:BookSources/9962-601-80-0">9962-601-80-0</a></li> <li>Weeks, John and Gunson, Phil, <i>Panama. Made in the USA</i>, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906156-55-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906156-55-1">978-0-906156-55-1</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> <b>Panama</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Panama" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Panama">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" class="extiw" title="c:Panamá">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Panama" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Panama">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Panama" class="extiw" title="q:Panama">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Panama" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Panama">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Panama" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Panama">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Panama" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Panama">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Panama" class="extiw" title="voy:Panama">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125100526/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/panama.htm">Panama</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/">Panama</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1229332.stm">Panama</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Panama" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Panama">Wikimedia Atlas of Panama</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/287668">Panama</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q804#P402" title="Edit this at 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Panama_topics" title="Template:Panama topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Panama_topics" title="Template talk:Panama topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Panama_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Panama topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Panama_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Panama</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Panama-related_articles" title="Index of Panama-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama" title="History of Panama">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama_(to_1821)" title="History of Panama (to 1821)">to 1821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama_(1821%E2%80%931903)" title="History of Panama (1821–1903)">1821–1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama_(1904%E2%80%931964)" title="History of Panama (1904–1964)">1904–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama_(1964%E2%80%931977)" title="History of Panama (1964–1977)">1964–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama_(1977%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Panama (1977–present)">1977–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">Separation from Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">Reunification of Gran Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Panama" title="Geography of Panama">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biota_of_Panama" title="Category:Biota of Panama">Biota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Panama" title="List of cities in Panama">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Gap" title="Darién Gap">Darién Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Panama" title="List of earthquakes in Panama">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Panama" title="List of islands of Panama">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Panama" title="List of national parks of Panama">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Panama" title="List of rivers of Panama">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Panama" title="List of volcanoes in Panama">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Panama" title="Politics of Panama">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Panama" title="Provinces of Panama">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Panama" title="Constitution of Panama">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Panama" title="Elections in Panama">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Panama" title="Foreign relations of Panama">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Panama" title="Law of Panama">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Panama" title="Law enforcement in Panama">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Panama)" title="National Assembly (Panama)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_of_Panama" title="Penal system of Panama">Penal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Panama" title="List of political parties in Panama">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="List of heads of state of Panama">Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Public_Forces" title="Panamanian Public Forces">Public Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_National_Police" title="Panamanian National Police">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronaval_Service" title="National Aeronaval Service">SENAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Border_Service" title="National Border Service">SENAFRONT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Protection_Service" title="Institutional Protection Service">SPI</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Panama" title="Economy of Panama">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Panama" title="Agriculture in Panama">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Panama" title="Banking in Panama">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_balboa" title="Panamanian balboa">Balboa <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Panama" title="Mineral industry of Panama">Mineral industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Panama" title="Telecommunications in Panama">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Panama" title="Tourism in Panama">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Panama" title="Transport in Panama">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Panama" title="Category:Society of Panama">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Panama" title="Crime in Panama">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Panama" title="Demographics of Panama">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Panama" title="Education in Panama">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Panama">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Panama">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Panama" title="Water supply and sanitation in Panama">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Panama" title="Culture of Panama">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Panamanian_films" title="List of Panamanian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Panama" title="Flag of Panama">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_literature" title="Panamanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Panama" title="Mass media in Panama">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanians" title="Panamanians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Panama" title="Public holidays in Panama">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Panama" title="Outline of Panama">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Panama-related_articles" title="Index of Panama-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Panama" title="Category:Panama">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Panama" title="Portal:Panama">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_America_topic" title="Template:Central America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_America_topic" title="Template talk:Central America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Location of Central America"><img alt="Location of Central America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Centroamerica-ubicacion.png/50px-Centroamerica-ubicacion.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Centroamerica-ubicacion.png/75px-Centroamerica-ubicacion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Centroamerica-ubicacion.png/100px-Centroamerica-ubicacion.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div 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Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cayman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q804#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121869854">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/152381862">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205585/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdx9kJcd7ywkt4hGVxv73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044445-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79068688">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865257n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865257n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569025">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Panama"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130364&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451237">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564238305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/6f85633b-dff4-3fb4-babd-fb89b3628041">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/5fa39ed5-da51-4bae-99ea-a8648dbe866a">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/nt3vfJ6A">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026397528">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003390">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044642">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama&params=9_N_80_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°N</span> <span class="longitude">80°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9°N 80°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9; -80</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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