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lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆவியுலகக் கோட்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_gi%E1%BB%9Bi_linh_h%E1%BB%93n" title="Thế giới linh hồn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế giới linh hồn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E7%95%8C" title="靈界 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="靈界" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E7%95%8C" title="靈界 – Chinese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Realm inhabited by spirits in Spiritualism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the "spiritual world" as related to Spiritualism. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Spirit world (disambiguation)">Spirit world (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>The <b>spirit world</b>, according to <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">spiritualism</a>, is the world or realm inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Non-physical_entity" title="Non-physical entity">spirits</a>, both good or evil of various spiritual manifestations. This spirit world is regarded as an external environment for spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spiritualism religious <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">movement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Long_nineteenth_century" title="Long nineteenth century">nineteenth century</a> espoused a belief in an <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> where individual's awareness persists beyond <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although independent from one another, both the spirit world and the physical world are in constant interaction. Through <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">séances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">trances</a>, and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">mediumship</a>, these worlds can consciously communicate with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Spiritualism" title="Category:Spiritualism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#d0efec;;color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(animating_force)" title="Spirit (animating force)">Spirit (animating)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(supernatural_entity)" title="Spirit (supernatural entity)">Spirit (supernatural)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism (movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualist beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#d0efec;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_writing" title="Automatic writing">Automatic writing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#d0efec;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_guide" title="Spirit guide">Spirit guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a> · <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spiritualism_sidebar" title="Template:Spiritualism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spiritualism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Spiritualism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spiritualism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spiritualism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> According to Khorshed Bhavnagri's book, <i>Laws of Spirit World</i>, the spirit world consists of seven realms, the lowest being <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> and the highest being <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>. Each soul progresses from the lowest to higher realms based on what they learned from their <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karmic</a> lessons. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the mid-19th century most Spiritualist writers concurred that the spirit world was of "tangible substance" and a place consisting of "spheres" or "zones".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although specific details differed, the construct suggested organization and centralization.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An 18th-century writer, <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a>, influenced Spiritualist views of the spirit world. He described a series of concentric spheres each including a hierarchical organization of spirits in a setting more earth-like than theocentric.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spheres become gradually more illuminated and celestial. Spiritualists added a concept of limitlessness, or infinity to these spheres.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it was defined that Laws initiated by God apply to earth as well as the spirit world.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another common Spiritualist conception was that the spirit world is inherently good and is related to <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>-seeking as opposed to things that are bad residing in a "spiritual darkness".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conception inferred as in the biblical parable <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_and_Dives" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazarus and Dives">Lazarus and Dives</a> that there is considered a greater distance between good and bad spirits than between the dead and the living.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the spirit world is "The Home of the Soul" as described by <a href="/wiki/C._W._Leadbeater" class="mw-redirect" title="C. W. Leadbeater">C. W. Leadbeater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophist</a>), suggesting that for a living human to experience the spirit world is a blissful, meaningful and life-changing experience.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet, <a href="/wiki/John_Worth_Edmonds" class="mw-redirect" title="John Worth Edmonds">John Worth Edmonds</a> stated in his 1853 work <i>Spiritualism</i>, "Man's relation spiritually with the spirit-world is no more wonderful than his connection with the natural world. The two parts of his nature respond to the same affinities in the natural and spiritual worlds."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He asserted, quoting Swedenborg through mediumship, that the relationship between man and the spirit world is reciprocal and thus could contain sorrow. Though ultimately, "wandering through the spheres" a path of goodness "is received at last by that Spirit whose thought is universal love forever."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Otherworld" title="Celtic Otherworld">Celtic Otherworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">List of death deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_flight" title="Soul flight">Soul flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_warfare" title="Spiritual warfare">Spiritual warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_mapping" title="Spiritual mapping">Spiritual mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_spirit" title="Territorial spirit">Territorial spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">The Dreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld/Netherworld</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHill1918" class="citation book cs1">Hill, J. Arthur (1918). <i>Spiritualism - Its History, Phenomena, And Doctrine</i>. London, New York, Toronto and Melbourne: Cassell and Company, Ltd. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4067-0162-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4067-0162-9"><bdi>1-4067-0162-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiritualism+-+Its+History%2C+Phenomena%2C+And+Doctrine&rft.place=London%2C+New+York%2C+Toronto+and+Melbourne&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Cassell+and+Company%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1918&rft.isbn=1-4067-0162-9&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=J.+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+world+%28Spiritualism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">Melton, J. Gordon</a>, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofoc0002unse_h4m2/page/1463/mode/1up"><i>Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology</i></a>. Vol. 2 (5th ed.). US: Gale Group. p. 1463. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810394898" title="Special:BookSources/0810394898"><bdi>0810394898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Occultism+%26+Parapsychology&rft.place=US&rft.pages=1463&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Gale+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0810394898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofoc0002unse_h4m2%2Fpage%2F1463%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+world+%28Spiritualism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, p.44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColville1906" class="citation book cs1">Colville, W. J. . (1906). <i>Universal Spiritualism: Spirit Communion in All Ages Among All Nations</i>. R. F. Fenno & Company. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-9100-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-9100-1"><bdi>0-7661-9100-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universal+Spiritualism%3A+Spirit+Communion+in+All+Ages+Among+All+Nations&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=R.+F.+Fenno+%26+Company&rft.date=1906&rft.isbn=0-7661-9100-1&rft.aulast=Colville&rft.aufirst=W.+J.+.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+world+%28Spiritualism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondsDexter1853" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds, John W; Dexter, George T (1853). <i>Spiritualism</i>. New York: Partridge & Brittan Publishers. p. 262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiritualism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Partridge+%26+Brittan+Publishers&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=John+W&rft.au=Dexter%2C+George+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+world+%28Spiritualism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, p.36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrol1997" class="citation book cs1">Carrol, Bret E. (October 1, 1997). <i>Spiritualism in Antebellum America (Religion in North America)</i>. Indiana University Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33315-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33315-6"><bdi>0-253-33315-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiritualism+in+Antebellum+America+%28Religion+in+North+America%29&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1997-10-01&rft.isbn=0-253-33315-6&rft.aulast=Carrol&rft.aufirst=Bret+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+world+%28Spiritualism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carrol, p.17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmonds, p.123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmonds, p.136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, p.168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmonds, p.143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, p.208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colville, pp.268–270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmonds, p.104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmonds, p.345</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spiritualism_and_spiritism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spiritualism_and_spiritism" title="Template:Spiritualism and spiritism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spiritualism_and_spiritism" title="Template talk:Spiritualism and spiritism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spiritualism_and_spiritism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spiritualism and spiritism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spiritualism_and_spiritism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">spiritism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apport_(paranormal)" title="Apport (paranormal)">Apport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_writing" title="Automatic writing">Automatic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Correspondences" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Correspondences">Cross-Correspondences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialization_(paranormal)" title="Materialization (paranormal)">Materialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_guide" title="Spirit guide">Spirit guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_healing" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual healing">Spiritual healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsession_(Spiritism)" title="Obsession (Spiritism)">Spirit obsession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spiritualists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Acorah" title="Derek Acorah">Derek Acorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Altea" title="Rosemary Altea">Rosemary Altea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd" title="Dan Aykroyd">Dan Aykroyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bailey_(medium)" title="Charles Bailey (medium)">Charles Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangs_Sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangs Sisters">Bangs Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Besinnet" title="Ada Besinnet">Ada Besinnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Braude" title="Stephen E. Braude">Stephen E. Braude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Breeze" title="William Breeze">William Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Brown_(spiritualist)" title="Rosemary Brown (spiritualist)">Rosemary Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Browne" title="Sylvia Browne">Sylvia Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Eva Carrière">Eva Carrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Collins" title="Doris Collins">Doris Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Cook_(medium)" title="Florence Cook (medium)">Florence Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_Crandon" title="Mina Crandon">Mina Crandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Cummins" title="Geraldine Cummins">Geraldine Cummins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience_Worth" title="Patience Worth">Pearl Curran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Decker_(medium)" title="Frank Decker (medium)">Frank Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Duncan" title="Helen Duncan">Helen Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Brothers" title="Eddy Brothers">Eddy Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Edwards_(healer)" title="Harry Edwards (healer)">Harry Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward" title="John Edward">John Edward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eglinton" title="William Eglinton">William Eglinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Evans_(medium)" title="Colin Evans (medium)">Colin Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_sisters" title="Fox sisters">Fox sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Flint" title="Leslie Flint">Leslie Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ford_(psychic)" title="Arthur Ford (psychic)">Arthur Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Fry" title="Colin Fry">Colin Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_J._Garrett" title="Eileen J. Garrett">Eileen Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Goligher" title="Kathleen Goligher">Kathleen Goligher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Goold" title="Rita Goold">Rita Goold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Guzyk" title="Jan Guzyk">Jan Guzyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hare_(chemist)" title="Robert Hare (chemist)">Robert Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Harris" title="Alec Harris">Alec Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Higginson_(medium)" title="Gordon Higginson (medium)">Gordon Higginson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hodgson_(parapsychologist)" title="Richard Hodgson (parapsychologist)">Richard Hodgson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dunglas_Home" title="Daniel Dunglas Home">Daniel Dunglas Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mme._d%27Esperance" title="Mme. d'Esperance">Elizabeth Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hope_(paranormal_investigator)" title="William Hope (paranormal investigator)">William Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_O%27Delia_Diss_Debar" title="Ann O'Delia Diss Debar">Swami Laura Horos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Husk" title="Cecil Husk">Cecil Husk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Hyslop" title="James H. Hyslop">James H. Hyslop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Kardec" title="Allan Kardec">Allan Kardec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franek_Kluski" title="Franek Kluski">Franek Kluski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Osborne_Leonard" title="Gladys Osborne Leonard">Gladys Osborne Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Melzer" title="Heinrich Melzer">Heinrich Melzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine_Mirabelli" title="Carmine Mirabelli">Carmine Mirabelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ward_Monck" title="Francis Ward Monck">Francis Ward Monck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Usborne_Moore" title="William Usborne Moore">William Usborne Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorin_Morgan-Richards" title="Lorin Morgan-Richards">Lorin Morgan-Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stainton_Moses" title="William Stainton Moses">William Stainton Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einer_Nielsen" title="Einer Nielsen">Einer Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusapia_Palladino" title="Eusapia Palladino">Eusapia Palladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonora_Piper" title="Leonora Piper">Leonora Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Post-Parrish" title="Ethel Post-Parrish">Ethel Post-Parrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Van_Praagh" title="James Van Praagh">James Van Praagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Reese" title="Bert Reese">Bert Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estelle_Roberts" title="Estelle Roberts">Estelle Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Roberts" title="Jane Roberts">Jane Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roy_(medium)" title="William Roy (medium)">William Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Schneider" title="Rudi Schneider">Rudi Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Silbert" title="Maria Silbert">Maria Silbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Slade_(medium)" title="Henry Slade (medium)">Henry Slade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Stokes" title="Doris Stokes">Doris Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosina_Thompson" title="Rosina Thompson">Rosina Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82awa_Tomczyk" title="Stanisława Tomczyk">Stanisława Tomczyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ena_Twigg" title="Ena Twigg">Ena Twigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Valiantine" title="George Valiantine">George Valiantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Webber" title="Jack Webber">Jack Webber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etta_Wriedt" title="Etta Wriedt">Etta Wriedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chico_Xavier" title="Chico Xavier">Chico Xavier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spiritualist_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spiritualist organizations">List of Spiritualist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualist_church" title="Spiritualist church">Spiritualist churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritist_centre" title="Spiritist centre">Spiritist centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Spiritualist_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="London Spiritualist Alliance">London Spiritualist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritualist_Association_of_Churches" title="National Spiritualist Association of Churches">National Spiritualist Association of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualists%27_National_Union" title="Spiritualists' National Union">Spiritualists' National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualist_Association_of_Great_Britain" title="Spiritualist Association of Great Britain">Spiritualist Association of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_church_movement" title="Spiritual church movement">Spiritual church movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Findlay_College" title="Arthur Findlay College">Arthur Findlay College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Spiritualist_Federation" title="International Spiritualist Federation">International Spiritualist Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skeptics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Abbott_(magician)" title="David Abbott (magician)">David Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Anderson" title="John Henry Anderson">John Henry Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Miller_Beard" title="George Miller Beard">George Miller Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Brandon" title="Ruth Brandon">Ruth Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._Branson" title="L. H. Branson">Lionel Branson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derren_Brown" title="Derren Brown">Derren Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Benjamin_Carpenter" title="William Benjamin Carpenter">William Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Milbourne Christopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Clodd" title="Edward Clodd">Edward Clodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Smith_Conklin" title="Edmund Smith Conklin">Edmund Smith Conklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millais_Culpin" title="Millais Culpin">Millais Culpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Cumberland" title="Stuart Cumberland">Stuart Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Dingwall" title="Eric Dingwall">Eric Dingwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dunninger" title="Joseph Dunninger">Joseph Dunninger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Evans" title="Henry R. Evans">Henry Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_French" title="Chris French">Chris French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_H._Hall" title="Trevor H. Hall">Trevor H. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Hammond" title="William A. Hammond">William A. Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._E._M._Hansel" title="C. E. M. Hansel">C. E. M. Hansel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Heredia" title="Carlos María de Heredia">Carlos María de Heredia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hertz" title="Carl Hertz">Carl Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Terence Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jastrow" title="Joseph Jastrow">Joseph Jastrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_LeFevre_Krebs" title="Stanley LeFevre Krebs">Stanley LeFevre Krebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mackenberg" title="Rose Mackenberg">Rose Mackenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">David Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nevil_Maskelyne" title="John Nevil Maskelyne">John Nevil Maskelyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Maudsley" title="Henry Maudsley">Henry Maudsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._McComas" title="Henry C. McComas">Henry C. McComas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgess_McHargue" title="Georgess McHargue">Georgess McHargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Arthur_Mercier" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Arthur Mercier">Charles Arthur Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Moll_(German_psychiatrist)" title="Albert Moll (German psychiatrist)">Albert Moll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mulholland_(magician)" title="John Mulholland (magician)">John Mulholland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Oursler" title="Fulton Oursler">Fulton Oursler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Clephan_Palmer" title="E. Clephan Palmer">E. Clephan Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Pearsall" title="Ronald Pearsall">Ronald Pearsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Podmore" title="Frank Podmore">Frank Podmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Massimo Polidoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Price" title="Harry Price">Harry Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_J._Proskauer" title="Julien J. Proskauer">Julien J. Proskauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">Donovan Rawcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Rinn" title="Joseph F. Rinn">Joseph F. Rinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bechhofer_Roberts" title="C. E. Bechhofer Roberts">C. E. Bechhofer Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Ling_Soo" title="Chung Ling Soo">Chung Ling Soo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stein" title="Gordon Stein">Gordon Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Tanner" title="Amy Tanner">Amy Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Lloyd_Tuckett" title="Ivor Lloyd Tuckett">Ivor Lloyd Tuckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Forbes_Winslow" title="L. 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