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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_treatises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Theological treatises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theological_treatises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>List of works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Philoponus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%8A" title="يوحنا النحوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوحنا النحوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0oann_Filoponus" title="İoann Filoponus – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İoann Filoponus" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Йоан Филопон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йоан Филопон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Filop%C3%B2" title="Joan Filopò – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joan Filopò" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Filoponos" title="Jan Filoponos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jan Filoponos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Philoponos" title="Johannes Philoponos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Johannes Philoponos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Philoponos" title="Johannes Philoponos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Johannes Philoponos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ιωάννης ο Φιλόπονος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιωάννης ο Φιλόπονος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Fil%C3%B3pono" title="Juan Filópono – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juan Filópono" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johano_Filopono" title="Johano Filopono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Johano Filopono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جان فیلوپونوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان فیلوپونوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Philopon" title="Jean Philopon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean Philopon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Filoponos" title="Ioannes Filoponos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ioannes Filoponos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Filopono" title="Giovanni Filopono – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giovanni Filopono" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="יואנס פילופונוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יואנס פילופונוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B3ann%C3%A9sz_Philoponosz" title="Ióannész Philoponosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ióannész Philoponosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joany_Fil%C3%B4p%C3%B4no" title="Joany Filôpôno – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Joany Filôpôno" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%89" title="يوحنا النحوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوحنا النحوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%94%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9D%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B9" title="ヨハネス・ピロポノス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨハネス・ピロポノス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Filopon" title="Jan Filopon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jan Filopon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Filopono" title="João Filopono – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="João Filopono" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_Filopon" title="Ioan Filopon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ioan Filopon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Иоанн Филопон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иоанн Филопон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Filoponos" title="Ján Filoponos – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ján Filoponos" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janez_Filopon" title="Janez Filopon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Janez Filopon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Јован Филопон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јован Филопон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Filopon" title="Jovan Filopon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jovan Filopon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Filoponos" title="Johannes Filoponos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Johannes Filoponos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Philoponos" title="Johannes Philoponos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Johannes Philoponos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_en-Nahvi" title="Yahya en-Nahvi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yahya en-Nahvi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Іоанн Філопон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іоанн Філопон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joannes_Philoponus" title="Joannes Philoponus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Joannes Philoponus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E7%BD%97%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·费罗普勒斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰·费罗普勒斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q317632#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">John Philoponus</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 490<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 570</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Byzantine philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_impetus" title="Theory of impetus">Theory of impetus</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Philoponus</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰωάννης ὁ Φιλόπονος</span></span>, <i>Ioánnis o Philóponos</i>; c. 490 – c. 570), also known as <b>John the Grammarian</b> or <b>John of Alexandria</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a> <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysite</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> philologist, <a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_Aristotle" title="Commentaries on Aristotle">Aristotelian commentator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theologian</a> from <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a>, who authored a number of philosophical treatises and theological works. John Philoponus broke from the <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonic</a> tradition, questioning methodology and eventually leading to <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a> in the natural sciences. He was one of the first to propose a "<a href="/wiki/Theory_of_impetus" title="Theory of impetus">theory of impetus</a>" similar to the modern concept of <a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">inertia</a> over Aristotelian dynamics. He is also the historical founder of what is now called the <a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam cosmological argument</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in life Philoponus turned to <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a>, arguing against the <a href="/wiki/Eternity_of_the_world" title="Eternity of the world">eternity of the world</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/De_opificio_mundi_(John_Philoponus)" title="De opificio mundi (John Philoponus)">De opificio mundi</a></i>, a theory which formed the basis of pagan attacks on the Christian doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis creation myth">Creation</a>. He also wrote on <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> and was posthumously condemned as a <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretic</a> by the Church in 680–81 because of what was perceived as a <a href="/wiki/Tritheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tritheist">tritheistic</a> interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Which condemnation is he talking about, I've checked few editions of 6th Ecumenical Council and I could not find his name https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum06.htm (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>His by-name <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὁ Φιλόπονος</span></span> translates as "lover of toil", i.e. "diligent," referring to a <a href="/wiki/Miaphysite" class="mw-redirect" title="Miaphysite">miaphysite</a> confraternity in Alexandria, the <i>philoponoi,</i> who were active in debating pagan (i.e. Neoplatonic) philosophers. </p><p>His posthumous condemnation limited the spread of his writing, but copies of his work, <i>Contra Aristotelem</i>, resurfaced in medieval Europe, through translations from Arabic of his quotes included in the work of <a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a>, which was debated in length by Muslim philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">al-Farabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>, influencing <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buridan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buridan">Buridan</a> in Christian Western Europe, but also <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbanite Jews</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a>, who also used his arguments against their <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaite Jews">Karaite</a> rivals. His work was largely debated in the Arabic scholarly tradition, where he is known as <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Yaḥyā al-Naḥwī</i></span> (i.e. "John the Grammarian"), and his views against Aristotelian physics were defended by philosophers at the court of <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a>, who debated Avicenna on the topic, and <a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a>. His critique of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle)" title="Physics (Aristotle)"><i>Physics</i></a> commentary was a major influence on <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>, who cited Philoponus substantially in his works.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitrovic,_B_2004_pp._424-439_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitrovic,_B_2004_pp._424-439-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Philoponus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Philoponus' originating from a Christian family is possible, nothing is known of his early life. Philoponus studied at the school of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and began publishing from about 510. He was a pupil and sometime <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a> to the Neoplatonic philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Hermiae" title="Ammonius Hermiae">Ammonius Hermiae</a>, who had studied at Athens under <a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian Leslie S. B. Maccoull:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Philoponus, a committed <a href="/wiki/Barsanuphians" title="Barsanuphians">Egyptian Monophysite</a>, chose particular philosophical texts and problems as objects of his work because they were the material of current Monophysite debate. His intention was to provide the nascent <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic church</a> with a powerful set of tools for argument, with which Egyptian Monophysites could defeat their <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcedonian">Chalcedonian</a> opponents.</p></blockquote> <p>Philoponus' early writings are based on lectures given by Ammonius, but gradually he established his own independent thinking in his commentaries and critiques of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Soul" title="On the Soul">On the Soul</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle)" title="Physics (Aristotle)">Physics</a></i>. In the latter work Philoponus became one of the earliest thinkers to reject Aristotle's dynamics and propose the "<a href="/wiki/Theory_of_impetus" title="Theory of impetus">theory of impetus</a>":<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e., an object moves and continues to move because of an energy imparted in it by the mover and ceases the movement when that energy is exhausted. This insightful theory was the first step towards the concept of <a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">inertia</a> in modern physics, although Philoponus' theory was largely ignored at the time because he was too radical in his rejection of Aristotle. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But this [view of Aristotle] is completely erroneous, and our view may be completely corroborated by actual observation more effectively than by any sort of verbal argument. For if you let fall from the same height two weights, one many times heavier than the other you will see that the ratio of the times required for the motion does not depend [solely] on the weights, but that the difference in time is very small. ... — John Philoponus' refutation of the Aristotelian claim that the elapsed time for a falling body is inversely proportional to its weight<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Philoponus is the only writer of antiquity to have formally presented such a concept. As the discovery of the principle of inertia is the hallmark achievement of modern science as it emerges in the 16th to 17th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Duhem" title="Pierre Duhem">Pierre Duhem</a> argues that its invention would put Philoponus among the "great geniuses of Antiquity" and the "principal precursors to modern science", although he holds it more likely that Philoponus may have received the idea from an earlier, otherwise unrecorded <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_school" title="Alexandrian school">Alexandrian</a> school of mechanics.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>We must note that Aristotle himself observes in his Physica (Book IV, Part 8), that "why a thing once set in motion should stop anywhere; for why should it stop here rather than here? So that a thing will either be at rest or must be moved ad infinitum, unless something more powerful get in its way", a very good description of the concept of inertia in vacuum. He does, however, proceed to dismiss this idea on the grounds that a vacuum cannot exist. </p><p>In 529 Philoponus wrote his critique <i>On the Eternity of the World Against Proclus</i> in which he systematically defeats every argument put forward for the <a href="/wiki/Eternity_of_the_world" title="Eternity of the world">eternity of the world</a>, a theory which formed the basis of pagan attack of the Christian doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis creation myth">Creation</a>. The intellectual battle against eternalism became one of Philoponus' major preoccupations and dominated several of his publications (some now lost) over the following decade. </p><p>He introduced a new period of scientific thought based heavily on three premises: (1) The universe is a product of one single God, (2) the heavens and the earth have the same <a href="/wiki/Physical_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical properties">physical properties</a>, (3) and the stars are not divine.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindberg1980_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindberg1980-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With these principles Philoponus went after his rival, <a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a>, by questioning Aristotle's' view of dynamics and cosmology.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindberg1980_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindberg1980-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that motion can occur in a void and that the velocity of a falling object is not based on its weight.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindberg1980_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindberg1980-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also held that God created all matter with its physical properties and with natural laws that would allow matter to progress from a state of chaos to an organized state forming the present universe.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindberg1980_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindberg1980-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What remains of his writings indicate that he used the same <a href="/wiki/Didactic_method" title="Didactic method">didactic methods</a> of reasoning that modern science uses and that he performed genuine experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindberg1980_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindberg1980-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The style of his commentaries and his conclusions made Philoponus unpopular with his colleagues and fellow philosophers, and he appears to have ceased his study of philosophy around 530, devoting himself to theology instead. Around 550 he wrote a theological work <i>On the Creation of the World</i> as a commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>’s story of creation, using the insights of Greek philosophers and <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>. In this work he transfers his theory of impetus to the motion of the planets, whereas Aristotle had proposed different explanations for the motion of heavenly bodies and for earthly projectiles. Thus, Philoponus' theological work is recognized in the history of science as the first attempt at a unified <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamics (mechanics)">theory of dynamics</a>. Another of his major theological concerns was to argue that all material objects were brought into being by God (<i>Arbiter</i>, 52A–B). </p><p>Around 553 Philoponus made some theological contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Council of Constantinople</a> concerning <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>. His doctrine on Christ's duality, according to which in Christ remain two united substances, united but divided, is analogous to the union of the soul and body in human beings and coincides with the <a href="/wiki/Miaphysite" class="mw-redirect" title="Miaphysite">miaphysite</a> school of thought. He also produced writings on the Trinity around this time. <i>Arbiter</i>, John Philoponus' Christological "opus magnum" stands in the line with <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus of Antioch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Choniates,_N_1997_pp._540-548_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choniates,_N_1997_pp._540-548-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philoponus asserted the understanding of Christ as divine and human, in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcedonian">Chalcedonian</a> authors who strove to reach a middle ground. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Philoponus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his death, John Philoponus was declared to have held heretical views of the Trinity and was made <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathema</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a> in 680–681. This limited the spread of his ideas in the following centuries, but in his own time and afterwards he was translated into <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, and many of his works survived and were studied by the Arabs. Some of his works continued to circulate in Europe in Greek or Latin versions and influenced <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a>. The theory of impetus was taken up by <a href="/wiki/Buridan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buridan">Buridan</a> in the 14th century. </p><p>Philoponus and his contemporaries, <a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a> and Strato developed the Aristotelian concept of space further, eventually influencing the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> theory of perspective, particularly the one highlighted by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a>, and other architectural masters.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitrovic,_B_2004_pp._424-439_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitrovic,_B_2004_pp._424-439-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Philoponus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_commentaries">Philosophical commentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Philoponus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Philosophical commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The commentaries of the late antiquity and early Middle Ages aimed to teach an audience. In that regard, the repetitive nature of Philoponus’ commentaries demonstrates his pedagogical awareness. Although abstract in manner, Philoponus is chiefly focused on the concept in question. </p><p>Most of Philoponus’ early philosophical works strive to define the distinction between matter, extension, place, and various kinds of change. For example, the commentary <i>On the Eternity of the World against Aristotle</i> represents a standardized description of Aristotelian <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Aristotle and Philoponus argue that in kinds of change there are differences, in their form and matter. </p><p>In <i>Physics</i>, Aristotle operates with the idea of places, but dismisses the existence of space. The idea that came from Plato and was developed by Aristotle has been evolved by Philoponus. Philoponus attempts to combine the idea of homogeneous space with the Aristotelian system.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitrovic,_B_2004_pp._424-439_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitrovic,_B_2004_pp._424-439-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The argument made by Philoponus is that substances by themselves require some determinate quantity for their being. Similarly to Aristotle, who rejected the immaterial things, and in contrast to Plato who accepted immaterial substances in his metaphysics, Philoponus’ concept of substance refers to the material objects. </p><p>Concerning the discussion of space, Philoponus’ claim that from every point in space is possible to draw identical figures, made him be perceived as an innovative thinker who influenced later Renaissance scholars, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Gianfranceso_Pico_della_Mirandola" class="mw-redirect" title="Gianfranceso Pico della Mirandola">Gianfranceso Pico della Mirandola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>. Thus, Philoponus' idea of perspective signifies the concept of space as immaterial three-dimensional medium in which objects are located.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitrovic,_B_2004_pp._424-439_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitrovic,_B_2004_pp._424-439-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the third book of <i>De Anima</i>, entitled <i>De Intellectu</i>, Philoponus analyzes the doctrine of the intellect. The author (Philoponus or pseudo-Philoponus?) sets the theory on the role and functioning of the <a href="/wiki/Active_intellect" title="Active intellect">active intellect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On one hand, there is the active intellect, and on the other, the idea of perception awareness or how we are aware that we are perceiving. In other words, in this reflective philosophy, there is a rationalist conclusion which emphasizes a relation between self and truth which leads to the discussion of the nature of knowledge. </p><p>According to this view, the knowledge is identical to its object, since the self-awareness of perception is divorced from the irrational soul. Therefore, the understanding arises through the identification of the intellect and its object. More specifically, perception deals only with material things.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philoponus has raised the central question of the scientific and philosophical Aristotle's work on chemistry. The work called <i>On Generation and Corruption</i> examines the question of how is the mixture (chemical combination) possible? Philoponus’ contribution to the topic is in his new definition of potential, the third of the seven elements criteria. There are various interpretations of the theory of mixture, but it seems that Philoponus is rather refining Aristotle's approach than rejecting it. One of interpreters of Philophonus’ work on the theory of mixture, De Haas, implies that "no element can possess a quality essential to it except to a superlative extent".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theological_treatises">Theological treatises</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Philoponus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theological treatises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philoponus’ major Christological work is <i>Arbiter</i>. The work was written shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a> of 553.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became famous in regard to its doctrine on resurrection. Similarly to ideas presented in <i>Physics</i>, Philoponus in the work titled <i>Arbiter</i> states that our corrupted bodies (material things) will be eventually brought into being (matter and form) by God.<sup id="cite_ref-Choniates,_N_1997_pp._540-548_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choniates,_N_1997_pp._540-548-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_works">List of works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Philoponus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Philoponus wrote at least 40 works on a wide array of subjects including grammar, mathematics, physics, chemistry, and theology. Some of these include: </p> <ul><li><i>On words with different meanings in virtue of a difference of accent</i> (<i>De vocabulis quae diversum significatum exhibent secundum differentiam accentus</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Commentary on Aristotle's <a href="/wiki/On_Generation_and_Corruption" title="On Generation and Corruption">On Generation and Corruption</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Commentary on Aristotle's <a href="/wiki/On_the_Soul" title="On the Soul">De Anima</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Commentary on Aristotle's <a href="/wiki/Categories_(Aristotle)" title="Categories (Aristotle)">Categories</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Commentary on Aristotle's <a href="/wiki/Prior_Analytics" title="Prior Analytics">Prior Analytics</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Commentary on Aristotle's <a href="/wiki/Posterior_Analytics" title="Posterior Analytics">Posterior Analytics</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Commentary on Aristotle's <a href="/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle)" title="Physics (Aristotle)">Physics</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – In which he challenges Aristotle on time, space, void, matter and dynamics.</li> <li><i>Commentary on Aristotle's <a href="/wiki/Meteorology_(Aristotle)" title="Meteorology (Aristotle)">Meteorology</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Commentary on Nicomachus' <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Arithmetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Introduction to Arithmetic">Introduction to Arithmetic</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>On the Eternity of the World against Proclus</i> (<i><a href="//archive.org/details/ioannesphiloponu00philuoft" class="extiw" title="iarchive:ioannesphiloponu00philuoft">De aeternitate mundi contra Proclum</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>On the Eternity of the World against Aristotle</i> (<i>De aeternitate mundi contra Aristotelem</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – A refutation of Aristotle's doctrines of the fifth element and the eternity of motion and time, consisting of at least eight books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_opificio_mundi_(John_Philoponus)" title="De opificio mundi (John Philoponus)"><i>On the Creation of the World</i> (<i>De opificio mundi</i>)</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – A theological-philosophical commentary on the Creation story in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>.</li> <li><i>On the Contingency of the World</i> (<i>De contingentia mundi</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>On the Use and Construction of the Astrolabe</i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – The oldest extant Greek treatise on the <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a>.</li> <li><i>Arbiter</i> (<i>Διαιτητής [Diaitêtês]</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – A philosophical justification of monophysitism. Not extant in Greek; Syriac text with Latin translation.</li> <li><i>On the Trinity</i> (<i>De trinitate</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – The main source for a reconstruction of Philoponus' trinitarian doctrine.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Philoponus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Byzantine science</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Philoponus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaccoull1995" class="citation journal cs1">Maccoull, Leslie S. B. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/244827">"A New Look at the Career of John Philoponus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Early_Christian_Studies" title="Journal of Early Christian Studies">Journal of Early Christian Studies</a></i>. <b>3</b> (1): 47–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fearl.0.0042">10.1353/earl.0.0042</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3184">1086-3184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+New+Look+at+the+Career+of+John+Philoponus&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-60&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fearl.0.0042&rft.issn=1086-3184&rft.aulast=Maccoull&rft.aufirst=Leslie+S.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F1%2Farticle%2F244827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Philoponus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErasmus2018" class="citation book cs1">Erasmus, Jacobus (2018). <i>The Kalam cosmological argument: a reassessment</i>. New York, NY: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 41–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-73437-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-73437-8"><bdi>978-3-319-73437-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kalam+cosmological+argument%3A+a+reassessment&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=41-52&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-73437-8&rft.aulast=Erasmus&rft.aufirst=Jacobus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Philoponus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitrovic,_B_2004_pp._424-439-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitrovic,_B_2004_pp._424-439_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitrovic,_B_2004_pp._424-439_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitrovic,_B_2004_pp._424-439_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitrovic,_B_2004_pp._424-439_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Branko Mitrović, "Leon Battista Alberti and the Homogeneity of Space", <i>The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians</i>, vol. 63, No. 4 (2004), pp. 424–439.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willam A. Wallace, <i>Prelude to Galileo: Essays on Medieval and Sixteenth Century Sources of Galileo's Thought</i> (Dordrecht, 1981), pp. 136, 196–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philoponus' term for impetus is "ἑνέργεια ἀσώματος κινητική" ("incorporeal motive <i><a href="/wiki/Potentiality_and_actuality" title="Potentiality and actuality">enérgeia</a></i>"); see <i><a href="/wiki/Commentaria_in_Aristotelem_Graeca" title="Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca">CAG</a></i> XVII, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVcqvVDiNVUC"><i>Ioannis Philoponi in Aristotelis Physicorum Libros Quinque Posteriores Commentaria</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>, 1888, p. 642: "λέγω δὴ ὅτι ἑνέργειά τις ἀσώματος κινητικὴ ἑνδίδοται ὑπὸ τοῦ ῥιπτοῦντος τῷ ῥιπτουμένῳ [I say that impetus (incorporeal motive energy) is transferred from the thrower to the thrown]."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris R. Cohen and I. E. Drabkin (eds. 1958), <i>A Source Book in Greek Science</i> (p. 220), with several changes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, as referenced by David C. Lindberg (1992), <i>The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, 600 B.C. to A.D. 1450</i>, University of Chicago Press, p. 305, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-48231-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-48231-6">0-226-48231-6</a> <ul><li>Note the influence of Philoponus' statement on <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Two_New_Sciences" title="Two New Sciences">Two New Sciences</a></i> (1638)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Duhem, <i>Le système du monde</i>, 1913, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lesystmedumond01duhe#page/398/mode/2up">p. 398</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindberg1980-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lindberg1980_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindberg1980_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindberg1980_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindberg1980_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindberg1980_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_C._Lindberg1980" class="citation cs2">David C. Lindberg (15 March 1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lOCriv4rSCUC&pg=PA11"><i>Science in the Middle Ages</i></a>, University of Chicago Press, p. 11ff, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-48233-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-48233-0"><bdi>978-0-226-48233-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=11ff&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1980-03-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-48233-0&rft.au=David+C.+Lindberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlOCriv4rSCUC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Philoponus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choniates,_N_1997_pp._540-548-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Choniates,_N_1997_pp._540-548_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choniates,_N_1997_pp._540-548_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1997" class="citation journal cs1">Lang, U. M. (1997). "Nicetas Choniates, a Neglected Witness to the Greek Text of John Philoponus' Arbiter". <i>The Journal of Theological Studies</i>. <b>48</b> (2): 540–548. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2F48.2.540">10.1093/jts/48.2.540</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5185">0022-5185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Nicetas+Choniates%2C+a+Neglected+Witness+to+the+Greek+Text+of+John+Philoponus%27+Arbiter&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=540-548&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2F48.2.540&rft.issn=0022-5185&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=U.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Philoponus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Sorabji, ed., <i>Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science</i> (London, 1987), pp. 55ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearson, C., John Philoponus, <i>On Aristotle’s One Coming to Be and Perishing 1.1-5 and 1.6-2.4</i>. (book review). Early Science and Medicine vol. 4 (2004), p. 424-439</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLautner1992" class="citation journal cs1">Lautner, Peter (1992). "Philoponus, in De Anima III: Quest for an Author". <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>. New Series. <b>42</b> (2): 510–522. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0009838800016116">10.1017/s0009838800016116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8388">0009-8388</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/639426">639426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Philoponus%2C+in+De+Anima+III%3A+Quest+for+an+Author&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=510-522&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0009-8388&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F639426%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0009838800016116&rft.aulast=Lautner&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Philoponus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubler, N. The Perils of Self-Perception: Explanations of Appreciation in the Greek Commentaries on Aristotle. <i>The Review of Metaphysics</i>, vol. 59, Number 2, pp. 287–311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Haas, in Wood & Weisberg, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, R. & Weisberg, M. Interpreting Aristotle on mixture: problems about elemental composition from Philoponus to Cooper. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, vol. 35 (2004), pp. 681–706</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translated and edited by A. Sandra in 1930</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. L.W. Daly, <i>American Philosophical Society Memoirs</i> 151, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. H. Vitelli, Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca (<a href="/wiki/Commentaria_in_Aristotelem_Graeca" title="Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca">CAG</a>) XIV 2, Berlin: Reimer, 1897.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. M. Hayduck, <i>Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca</i> XV, Berlin, Reimer, 1897</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. A. Busse, <i>Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca</i>, XIII, Berlin, Reimer, 1898</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. M. Wallies, <i>Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca</i> XIII, Berlin, Reimer, 1905</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. M. Wallies, <i>Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca</i>, XIII, Berlin, Reimer, 1909</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. H. Vitelli <i>Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca</i> XVI–XVII, Berlin, Reimer, 1887. trans. A. R. Lacey, <i>Philoponus On Aristotle's Physics</i>, London, Duckworth, 1993. trans. M. Edwards, <i>Philoponus, On Aristotle's Physics</i>, London, Duckworth 1994. P. Lettinck, <i>Philoponus, On Aristotle's Physics</i>, London, Duckworth, 1993. D. Furley, <i>Philoponus, Corollaries on Place and Void</i>, London Duckworth, 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. M. Hayduck, <i>Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca</i> XIV, Berlin, Reimer, 1901</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. R. Hoche, Part I/II Wesel: A. Bagel, 1864/65, Part III Berlin: Calvary, 1867.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. H. Rabe, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner 1899 repr. Hildesheim: Olms, 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Wildberg <i>Philoponus, Against Aristotle on the Eternity of the World</i> London: Duckworth, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. W. Reichardt, Leipzig: Teubner, 1897</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Pines, "An Arabic summary of a lost work of John Philoponus", <i>Israel Oriental Studies</i> 2, 1972, pp. 320–52. Excerpts in Simplicius D. Furley, C. Wildberg, <i>Philoponus, Corollaries on Place and Void with Simplicius, Against Philoponus on the Eternity of the World</i> London: Duckworth, 1991, pp. 95–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trans. into English H.W. Green in R.T. Gunther <i>The Astrolabes of the World</i> Oxford, 1932, repr. London: Holland Press, 1976, pp. 61–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Sanda, <i>Opuscula monophysitica Ioannis Philoponi</i> Beirut: Typographia Catholica PP.Soc.Jesu., 1930</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Böhm <i>Johannes Philoponos, Grammatikos von Alexandrien</i> München, Paderborn, Wien Schöningh, 1967, pp. 414–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Van Roey, <i>Les fragments trithéites de Jean Philopon</i>, <i>Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica</i> 11, 1980, pp. 135–63.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Philoponus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Philoponus, Joannes"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Philoponus,_Joannes">"Philoponus, Joannes" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 439–440.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philoponus%2C+Joannes&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=439-440&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Philoponus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gleede, Benjamin, <i>Platon und Aristoteles in der Kosmologie des Proklos. Ein Kommentar zu den 18 Argumenten für die Ewigkeit der Welt bei Johannes Philoponos</i> (Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck, 2009) (Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum / Studies and Texts in Antiquity and Christianity, 54).</li> <li>Grant, E. <i>Much Ado about Nothing: Theories of Space and Vacuum from the Middle Ages to the Scientific Revolution</i> (Cambridge, 1981).</li> <li>Grant, E. <i>A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century</i> (Cambridge, 2007).</li> <li>Jammer, M. <i>Concepts of Space: The History of Theories of Space in Physics</i> (Mineola, NY, 1993), 53–94.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJammer,_Max1993" class="citation book cs1">Jammer, Max (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conceptsofspaceh00jamm/page/53">"The Emancipation of the Space concept from Aristotelianism"</a></span>. <i>Concepts of Space: The History of Theories of Space in Physics</i>. Courier Dover Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conceptsofspaceh00jamm/page/53">53–94</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-27119-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-27119-6"><bdi>0-486-27119-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Emancipation+of+the+Space+concept+from+Aristotelianism&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+Space%3A+The+History+of+Theories+of+Space+in+Physics&rft.pages=53-94&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-486-27119-6&rft.au=Jammer%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconceptsofspaceh00jamm%2Fpage%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Philoponus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang,_Uwe_Michael2001" class="citation book cs1">Lang, Uwe Michael (2001). <i>John Philoponus and the Controversies Over Chalcedon in the Sixth Century: A Study and Translation of the Arbiter</i>. Spicilegium Sacrum Lovaniense 47, Peeters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Philoponus+and+the+Controversies+Over+Chalcedon+in+the+Sixth+Century%3A+A+Study+and+Translation+of+the+Arbiter&rft.pub=Spicilegium+Sacrum+Lovaniense+47%2C+Peeters&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Lang%2C+Uwe+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Philoponus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>MacCoull, Leslie S. B., "Aristophanes in Philoponus: Did he get the joke?" <i>Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik</i>, 57, 2007,</li> <li>Scholten, Clemens, "Welche Seele hat der Embryo? Johannes Philoponos und die Antike Embryologie," <i>Vigiliae Christianae</i>, 59,4 (2005), 377–411.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorabji,_Richard1993" class="citation book cs1">Sorabji, Richard (1993). <i>Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science</i>. Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philoponus+and+the+Rejection+of+Aristotelian+Science&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Sorabji%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Philoponus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wisnovsky, R., "Yaḥyā al-Naḥwī." <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i>, 2012.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Philoponus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildberg" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wildberg, Christian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philoponus/">"John Philoponus"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Philoponus&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Wildberg&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fphiloponus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Philoponus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/John_Philoponus.aspx#1">"John Philoponus. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008 (part 1)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Philoponus.+Complete+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography.+2008+%28part+1%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Ftopic%2FJohn_Philoponus.aspx%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Philoponus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/John_Philoponus.aspx#2">"John Philoponus. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008 (part 2)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Philoponus.+Complete+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography.+2008+%28part+2%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Ftopic%2FJohn_Philoponus.aspx%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Philoponus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000389816382">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/98118283">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9227152140010811100009">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73160307492257742254">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1841354/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118712586">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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