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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去歷史細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>起源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法務轉變" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法務轉變"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>法務轉變</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法務轉變-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-哲學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#哲學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>哲學</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-哲學-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去哲學細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-哲學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-意念表達分割" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#意念表達分割"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>意念表達分割</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-意念表達分割-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-保護範圍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#保護範圍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>保護範圍</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-保護範圍-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去保護範圍細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-保護範圍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-專有權利" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#專有權利"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>專有權利</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-專有權利-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-技術中立" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#技術中立"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>技術中立</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-技術中立-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-持有人" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#持有人"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>持有人</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-持有人-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-精神權利" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#精神權利"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>精神權利</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-精神權利-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-例外" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#例外"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>例外</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-例外-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去例外細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-例外-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-合理使用、合理處理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#合理使用、合理處理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>合理使用、合理處理</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-合理使用、合理處理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-侵權" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#侵權"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>侵權</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-侵權-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去侵權細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-侵權-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-直接侵權" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#直接侵權"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>直接侵權</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-直接侵權-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-間接侵權" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#間接侵權"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>間接侵權</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-間接侵權-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-電腦同互聯網" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#電腦同互聯網"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>電腦同互聯網</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-電腦同互聯網-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去電腦同互聯網細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-電腦同互聯網-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-檔案分享" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#檔案分享"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>檔案分享</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-檔案分享-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-保護科技" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#保護科技"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>保護科技</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-保護科技-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-出版方式自由" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#出版方式自由"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>出版方式自由</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-出版方式自由-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-批評" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#批評"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>批評</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-批評-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>參考</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">版權</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有117種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">117種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopiereg" title="Kopiereg – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kopiereg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht" title="Urheberrecht – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Urheberrecht" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreitos_d%27autor" title="Dreitos d'autor – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dreitos d'autor" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%8Dcera_riht" title="Bōcera riht – 古英文" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bōcera riht" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="حقوق التأليف والنشر – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حقوق التأليف والنشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="কপিৰাইট – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কপিৰাইট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechos_d%27autor" title="Derechos d'autor – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Derechos d'autor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BC%C9%99lliflik_h%C3%BCququ" title="Müəlliflik hüququ – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müəlliflik hüququ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht" title="Urheberrecht – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Urheberrecht" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Аўтарскае права – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўтарскае права" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Аўтарскае права – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аўтарскае права" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_keja" title="Hak keja – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Hak keja" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Право на тиражиране – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Право на тиражиране" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F" title="कॉपीराइट – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कॉपीराइट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="মেধাস্বত্ব – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেধাস্বত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorsko_pravo" title="Autorsko pravo – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Autorsko pravo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drets_d%27autor" title="Drets d'autor – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Drets d'autor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamalaod_sa_awtor" title="Pamalaod sa awtor – 宿霧文" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pamalaod sa awtor" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿霧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direchun_i_mantituge%27" title="Direchun i mantituge' – 查莫洛文" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Direchun i mantituge'" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="查莫洛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95" title="مافی لەبەرگرتنەوە – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مافی لەبەرگرتنەوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorsk%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Autorské právo – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Autorské právo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%C4%95%C3%A7-%D0%B8%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BA%C4%95" title="Автор тивĕç-ирĕкĕ – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Автор тивĕç-ирĕкĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawlfraint" title="Hawlfraint – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hawlfraint" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophavsret" title="Ophavsret – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ophavsret" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht" title="Urheberrecht – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urheberrecht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πνευματική ιδιοκτησία – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πνευματική ιδιοκτησία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Copyright" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADtorrajto_kaj_kopirajtaj_monopoloj" title="Aŭtorrajto kaj kopirajtaj monopoloj – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭtorrajto kaj kopirajtaj monopoloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Copyright" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autori%C3%B5igus" title="Autoriõigus – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Autoriõigus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egile-eskubideak" title="Egile-eskubideak – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egile-eskubideak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%AB%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="حق تکثیر – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حق تکثیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekij%C3%A4noikeus" title="Tekijänoikeus – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tekijänoikeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upphavsr%C3%A6ttur" title="Upphavsrættur – 法羅文" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Upphavsrættur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Copyright" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auteursrjocht" title="Auteursrjocht – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Auteursrjocht" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3ipcheart" title="Cóipcheart – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cóipcheart" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereito_de_autor%C3%ADa" title="Dereito de autoría – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dereito de autoría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8A%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%82" title="چاکۊدنحق – 吉拉基文" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="چاکۊدنحق" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="吉拉基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="זכויות יוצרים – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זכויות יוצרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="प्रतिलिप्यधिकार – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रतिलिप्यधिकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorsko_pravo" title="Autorsko pravo – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Autorsko pravo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szerz%C5%91i_jog" title="Szerzői jog – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szerzői jog" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Հեղինակային իրավունք – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեղինակային իրավունք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecto_de_autor" title="Derecto de autor – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Derecto de autor" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_cipta" title="Hak cipta – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hak cipta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbengan_ti_kopia" title="Karbengan ti kopia – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Karbengan ti kopia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoroyuro" title="Autoroyuro – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Autoroyuro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6fundar%C3%A9ttur" title="Höfundaréttur – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Höfundaréttur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Copyright" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%A8%A9" title="著作権 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="著作権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_cipta" title="Hak cipta – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hak cipta" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="საავტორო უფლება – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საავტორო უფლება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5_(%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5)_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Авторлық және (немесе) сабақтас құқықтар иесі – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Авторлық және (немесе) сабақтас құқықтар иесі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EC%9E%91%EA%B6%8C" title="저작권 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="저작권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%90%D9%B9" title="کاپی رایِٹ – 喀什米爾文" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کاپی رایِٹ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="喀什米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maf%C3%AA_daneriy%C3%AA" title="Mafê daneriyê – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mafê daneriyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Автордук укук – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Автордук укук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ius_auctoris" title="Ius auctoris – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ius auctoris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auteursrecht" title="Auteursrecht – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Auteursrecht" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auteursrech" title="Auteursrech – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Auteursrech" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autori%C5%B3_teis%C4%97s" title="Autorių teisės – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Autorių teisės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorties%C4%ABbas" title="Autortiesības – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Autortiesības" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_Cipta" title="Hak Cipta – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Hak Cipta" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manat%C4%81rua" title="Manatārua – 毛利文" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Manatārua" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_cipta" title="Hak cipta – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hak cipta" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Авторско право – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Авторско право" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="പകർപ്പവകാശം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പകർപ്പവകാശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85" title="Зохиогчийн эрх – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зохиогчийн эрх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_cipta" title="Hak cipta – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hak cipta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA" title="မူပိုင်ခွင့် – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မူပိုင်ခွင့်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auteursrecht" title="Auteursrecht – 低地薩克遜文" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Auteursrecht" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低地薩克遜文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="प्रतिलिपि अधिकार – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रतिलिपि अधिकार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auteursrecht" title="Auteursrecht – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Auteursrecht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opphavsrett" title="Opphavsrett – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Opphavsrett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opphavsrett" title="Opphavsrett – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Opphavsrett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Copyright" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9F" title="ਕਾਪੀਰਾਈਟ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਪੀਰਾਈਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_di_autor" title="Derecho di autor – 帕皮阿門托文" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Derecho di autor" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿門托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawo_autorskie" title="Prawo autorskie – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prawo autorskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drit_d%27autor" title="Drit d'autor – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Drit d'autor" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D9%82" title="د چاپ او نشر حق – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د چاپ او نشر حق" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direito_autoral" title="Direito autoral – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direito autoral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drepturi_de_autor" title="Drepturi de autor – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drepturi de autor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Авторское право – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Авторское право" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Copyright" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyricht" title="Copyricht – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Copyricht" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82_%DB%BD_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7" title="حق ۽ واسطا – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حق ۽ واسطا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorsko_pravo" title="Autorsko pravo – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Autorsko pravo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B8" title="ප්‍රකාශන හිමිකම – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රකාශන හිමිකම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Copyright" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorsk%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Autorské právo – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Autorské právo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtorske_pravice" title="Avtorske pravice – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avtorske pravice" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahheevuoig%C3%A2dvuot%C3%A2" title="Tahheevuoigâdvuotâ – 伊納裡薩米文" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tahheevuoigâdvuotâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="伊納裡薩米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_drejta_e_autorit" title="E drejta e autorit – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="E drejta e autorit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorsko_pravo" title="Autorsko pravo – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Autorsko pravo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_cipta" title="Hak cipta – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hak cipta" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upphovsr%C3%A4tt" title="Upphovsrätt – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Upphovsrätt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakimiliki" title="Hakimiliki – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hakimiliki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="பதிப்புரிமை – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பதிப்புரிமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81" title="కాపీహక్కు – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాపీహక్కు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D2%9B%D2%9B%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Ҳаққи таксир – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳаққи таксир" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C" title="ลิขสิทธิ์ – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลิขสิทธิ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karapatang-sipi" title="Karapatang-sipi – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karapatang-sipi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telif_hakk%C4%B1" title="Telif hakkı – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Telif hakkı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Авторське право – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Авторське право" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%B9" title="کاپی رائٹ – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاپی رائٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mualliflik_huquqi" title="Mualliflik huquqi – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mualliflik huquqi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Copyright" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy%E1%BB%81n_t%C3%A1c_gi%E1%BA%A3" title="Quyền tác giả – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quyền tác giả" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abondroet_d%27_oteur" title="Abondroet d' oteur – 瓦隆文" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Abondroet d' oteur" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%9D%83" title="著作权 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="著作权" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ოავტორე ნება – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოავტორე ნება" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%98" title="קאפירעכט – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאפירעכט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80t%E1%BB%8D%CC%81-%C3%A0w%C3%B2k%E1%BB%8D" title="Ẹ̀tọ́-àwòkọ – 約魯巴文" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀tọ́-àwòkọ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="約魯巴文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjgienz" title="Banjgienz – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Banjgienz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%AC%8A" title="著作權 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="著作權" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1297822#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">粵語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&oldid=2096167" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&id=2096167&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%2589%2588%25E6%25AC%258A"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%2589%2588%25E6%25AC%258A"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Copyright" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1297822" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copyright.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/170px-Copyright.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/255px-Copyright.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/340px-Copyright.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption>版權符號</figcaption></figure> <p><b>版權</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/版權/#yue"><span>baan<span class="Jpingtone">2</span> kyun<span class="Jpingtone">4</span></span></a></span>）係<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%94%A2%E6%AC%8A" title="知識產權">知識產權</a>，令一項原作作品嘅作者有獨有權利去控制出版、分發同改用，可以用喺所有意念或資訊嘅實質表達上。版權嘅目的係畀作者控制個作品嘅收益，鼓勵創作以增加意念嘅流通。 </p><p>隨住<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伯爾尼公約 (無呢版)">伯爾尼公約</a>受到國際廣泛承認，版權保護成為標準，大多數政府都承認，完成作品唔使登記就自動有版權。匿名創作或企業創作可以享受出版後一段時間嘅版權，而真名創作享受終身版權保護，另外再加死後一般時間嘅保護。唔少政府都立法限制版權，容許「合理使用」同畀一般使用者一啲例外許可。 </p><p>侵權行為大多數都係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%BA%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民事 (無呢版)">民事</a>爭訟，但亦有<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="刑事">刑事</a>爭訟。隨住<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2" title="互聯網">互聯網</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="數碼媒體 (無呢版)">數碼媒體</a>興起，<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%9E%E5%B0%8D%E9%BB%9E" title="點對點">點對點</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="檔案分享 (無呢版)">檔案分享</a>被廣泛使用，要拉侵權要用多好多人力物力，而版權嘅哲學亦受到重新檢驗。依賴版權嘅公司作出反擊，推出更多版權保護科技同埋立法打擊規避保護科技嘅行為。 </p><p>喺中文官話，版權亦被稱為<b>著作權</b>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 歷史"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="起源"><span id=".E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>起源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 起源"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1040年代<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%A2%E6%98%87" title="畢昇">畢昇</a>發明咗活字版印刷術後，印製出售嘅圖書成為咗印書商嘅盈利商品。宋代時候印刷商為咗壟斷一啲作品嘅印製到銷售，會將作品送請官府審查，請求官家准許獨家嘅權利。宋代係地方官府有偶爾、零散嘅行政加持，但冇做過保護版權嘅專門( 私法) 立法。頒佈過唔少管制出版嘅官文，係對私人出版業做行政嘅監控，同私人嘅「版權」冇關<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>而西歐度喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="印刷術">印刷術</a>出現之前嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>，書由於係人手抄寫，複製嘅成本較高，而寫書亦未有相應嘅報酬。到咗東亞印刷技術傳入，到十五世紀中期，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="古騰堡">古騰堡</a>嘅印刷術問世咗，亦催生咗印刷嘅巨大產業鏈。呢陣時原作者嘅地位，同裝訂工、印字工冇乜分別<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，由出版商控制著主要嘅「版權」。而呢陣嘅「正牌」係由啲皇室賦予嘅，屬於皇家特許權制，喺義大利一啲王國係最早搞咗呢個授權，係永續性質嘅「印刷特許權」。呢個變相係令到印刷行會嘅成員控制咗「版權」，而冇特許權嘅「盜版」出版商同原作者，喺呢段時期係相對弱勢<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法務轉變"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.8B.99.E8.BD.89.E8.AE.8A"></span>法務轉變</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 法務轉變"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1556年英女王<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%80%AB)" title="瑪麗一世 (英倫)">瑪麗一世</a>批准咗倫敦印刷商成立公會，仲授予咗壟斷性嘅印刷權，但同時規定咗印嘅圖要先送皇家審查，仲要喺公會度註冊先可以開印。未經註冊而自己印嘅，會由皇家嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%AE%A4%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" title="星室法庭">星室法庭</a>懲處。而呢陣時嘅規例，並冇保護創作者嘅權利，而且係一種原始嘅對言論出版嘅審查<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1662年英國通過咗《授權法》（the Licensing Act），規定印書嘅人必需有許可證，同時要求將一部印出嘅副本存放到倫敦出版業公會（the Stationers Company），只係明文講返咗原先就做開嘅事幹。而經過咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="資產階級革命 (無呢版)">資產階級革命</a>，作者亦有咗意識要求法律保護創作權，而印刷公會嘅壟斷權亦隨之廢除咗。喺1710年<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" title="英國">英國</a>通過咗《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%A8%9C%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安娜法令 (無呢版)">安娜法令</a>》（Statute of Anne），係最早嘅現代版權法，確定咗版權源於作者<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>安娜法令考慮到當時嘅出版商冇得到作者准許就去出書，「摧毀咗作者同佢家庭」，為咗鼓勵寫多啲書，為咗鼓勵學習，確立作者喺一段時間內對原作品擁有出版支配權力<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，有效保護期過咗後嘅作品，就會進入<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E9%A0%98%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公共領域 (無呢版)">公共領域</a>（public domain），所有人都可以出版，即係任何人都可擁有埋版權，令版權成為一種公有權利<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>經過長期間嘅官司，作者嘅權力得到落實。其後<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" title="美國">美國</a>（1787年）同其他國家都立法或立憲承認作者嘅版權。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berne_Convention_signatories.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Berne_Convention_signatories.svg/350px-Berne_Convention_signatories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Berne_Convention_signatories.svg/525px-Berne_Convention_signatories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Berne_Convention_signatories.svg/700px-Berne_Convention_signatories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>伯爾尼公約簽約國（藍色）。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伯爾尼公約 (無呢版)">伯爾尼公約</a>（1886年）係最早嘅現代版權公約，所有簽署國都互相承認其他簽署國嘅版權，唔使逐一雙邊承認。喺伯爾尼公約嘅簽署國下，只要作品係以真實方作存在（書、錄音帶、雕塑等），作者唔使登記自己個作品而得到其他簽署國嘅承認。 </p><p>正值美洲盛行<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%80%E7%BE%85%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="門羅主義">門羅主義</a>抗拒歐洲支配，美洲國家另外成立<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E5%AE%9C%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%89%BE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布宜諾斯艾利斯公約 (無呢版)">布宜諾斯艾利斯公約</a>（1910年），要求作品要有版權宣稱先至受保護（所謂「版權所有，不得翻印」，同埋「©」符號），而且容許成員國縮短版權期限。時而勢易，大多數布宜諾斯艾利斯公約國（包括美國）現今都簽咗伯爾尼公約，布宜諾斯艾利斯公約喺國際重要性降低咗。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界版權公約 (無呢版)">世界版權公約</a>（1952年）係近代另一個主要版權公約，畀一啲對伯爾尼公約有所保留嘅國家有所保留咁保護版權。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="世界貿易組織">世界貿易組織</a>制定「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%87%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E6%9C%89%E9%97%9C%E7%9A%84%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%94%A2%E6%AC%8A%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="與貿易有關的知識產權協定 (無呢版)">與貿易有關的知識產權協定</a>」（1995年），將伯爾尼公約嘅條文加入去，令伯爾尼公約變成近乎全球適用。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%94%A2%E6%AC%8A%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="世界知識產權組織">世界知識產權組織</a>嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%94%A2%E6%AC%8A%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界知識產權組織版權條約 (無呢版)">版權條約</a>（2002年）進一步確立咗電腦程式嘅版權、資料庫嘅保護、版權持有人嘅放租權與及禁止規避或破解保護科技。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="哲學"><span id=".E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8"></span>哲學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 哲學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喺唔同類型嘅創作裏面，都有啲開發成本高昂，但對人類利益重大嘅研究，如果等待有人肯無償創作，就如同守株待兔。 </p><p>所以，為咗鼓勵創作同埋推廣知識，版權後來成為抵消創作人創作或研究成本嘅獎勵。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="意念表達分割"><span id=".E6.84.8F.E5.BF.B5.E8.A1.A8.E9.81.94.E5.88.86.E5.89.B2"></span>意念表達分割</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 意念表達分割"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="康德">康德</a>1785年嘅短文《Von der Unrechtmäßigkeit des Büchernachdrucks》中<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，康德將一本書嘅意達方式同意念內容分割，並被現代版權納入做原則，用嚟解決出版商同原作者嘅爭拗。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="保護範圍"><span id=".E4.BF.9D.E8.AD.B7.E7.AF.84.E5.9C.8D"></span>保護範圍</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 保護範圍"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>版權應用嚮好多方面嘅創作，知識，研究，藝術同表演等。具體範圍要睇唔同嘅具體立法，但一般都包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="論文">論文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="詩">詩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B2%E5%8A%87" title="戲劇">戲劇</a>、其他<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="文學">文學</a>作品、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" title="電影">電影</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="舞">舞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="音樂">音樂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%84%E9%9F%B3" title="錄音">錄音</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="繪畫">繪畫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E6%8F%8F" title="素描">素描</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="雕塑">雕塑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E5%BD%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="攝影">攝影</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="軟件">軟件</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E9%9B%BB" title="無線電">無線電</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="電視">電視</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD" title="廣播">廣播</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="字體">字體</a>就未必受保護。 </p><p>版權只保護作品嘅表達方式，佢嘅意念同內容係唔包嘅。其他人整隻同公開<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%A5%87%E8%80%81%E9%BC%A0" title="米奇老鼠">米奇老鼠</a>圖案或公仔，未得版權持有人許可，就係侵權。但係，生產一隻全新嘅擬人老鼠，只要客觀上唔係米奇老鼠，咁就冇侵犯米奇老鼠個版權。 </p><p>版權亦保護作品唔被醜化。例如戲劇「<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%92%82%E8%88%87%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%BA%E9%A0%AD" class="extiw" title="zh:吉蒂與死人頭">吉蒂與死人頭</a>」用過一張海報，同吉蒂貓嘅一張海報撞咗，即使「吉蒂與死人頭」嗰張唔係吉蒂貓，但有啲人會睇到有聯想，咁樣會有爭拗<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢個爭拗之後不了了之。有時界線喺好難確定，例如<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell%27s_Soup_Cans" class="extiw" title="en:Campbell's Soup Cans">金寶湯罐頭畫</a>就冇引起爭拗。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="專有權利"><span id=".E5.B0.88.E6.9C.89.E6.AC.8A.E5.88.A9"></span>專有權利</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 專有權利"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>版權持有人一般有以下專有權利： </p> <ul><li>生產，複製或販賣作品</li> <li>進口同埋出口作品</li> <li>生產<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%89%B5%E4%BD%9C" title="二次創作">二次創作</a>作品，「二次創作」嘅定義範圍不時有爭拗</li> <li>公演、公展或廣播作品</li></ul> <p>其他人要做版權持有人所做以上嘅事，要先得到版權持有人許可。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="技術中立"><span id=".E6.8A.80.E8.A1.93.E4.B8.AD.E7.AB.8B"></span>技術中立</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 技術中立"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>雖然版權只保護作品嘅表達方式，但使用唔用技術或格式去表達，都視為同一個表達。一曲歌用電腦錄，用黑膠唱片錄，都係一樣。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="持有人"><span id=".E6.8C.81.E6.9C.89.E4.BA.BA"></span>持有人</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 持有人"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>版權收益係可以買賣嘅。另外，有啲國家准許僱主畀錢僱員創作，而創作嘅版權由僱主擁有。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="精神權利"><span id=".E7.B2.BE.E7.A5.9E.E6.AC.8A.E5.88.A9"></span>精神權利</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 精神權利"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>精神權利（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_rights_(copyright_law)" class="extiw" title="en:Moral rights (copyright law)">Moral right</a>），指作品嘅真正創作品可以顯示「某某係真正作者」嘅權利，唔係買咗版權嘅人，亦唔係僱主。例如電影裏面，導演、編劇、演員等創作人，喺電影發行時佢哋個名要畀人知。 </p><p>精神權利係現今伯爾尼公約一部分，不過各國具體落實方法仍有差異。法律通常都唔承認精神權利一般嘅買賣或轉讓，所以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%95%E5%BE%8C%E4%BB%A3%E5%94%B1" title="幕後代唱">幕後代唱</a>而唔刊出代唱人個名，會侵犯代唱人嘅精神權利。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="例外"><span id=".E4.BE.8B.E5.A4.96"></span>例外</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 例外"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="合理使用、合理處理"><span id=".E5.90.88.E7.90.86.E4.BD.BF.E7.94.A8.E3.80.81.E5.90.88.E7.90.86.E8.99.95.E7.90.86"></span>合理使用、合理處理</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 合理使用、合理處理"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E7%90%86%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8" title="合理使用">合理使用</a>，指一啲合理情嘅侵權行為，唔可以用法律追究，主要原因係保護版權原有推廣「知識流通」嘅初衷，例如評論使用，小中學教育使用<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，或印製專門畀盲人用嘅版本。 </p><p>「合理處理」嘅意圖同內容同「合理使用」大致一樣，係實施原則上有少少唔同，主要由<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" title="英聯邦">英聯邦</a>國家推行。 </p><p>「合理使用」係立法落實上各國有所差異，係一個地方可以「合理使用」，唔意味其他地方都可以。為咗規管各國嘅「合理使用」立法，伯尼爾公約設下「三步檢驗標準」，各國嘅立法要依呢個標準。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="侵權"><span id=".E4.BE.B5.E6.AC.8A"></span>侵權</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 侵權"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>版權唔畀作品嘅表達方式被抄襲，違反就係侵權，而複製品就叫做「侵權複製品」。喺法律上，侵犯可以分直接（primary）同間接（secondary）兩類。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="直接侵權"><span id=".E7.9B.B4.E6.8E.A5.E4.BE.B5.E6.AC.8A"></span>直接侵權</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 直接侵權"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>直接侵權指直接抄襲作品嘅表達方式，或製造侵權複製品，呢個係民事責任，政府唔會去調查，但係學術上可以涉及學者嘅名譽，喺商業上可以涉及大量金錢損失。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="間接侵權"><span id=".E9.96.93.E6.8E.A5.E4.BE.B5.E6.AC.8A"></span>間接侵權</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 間接侵權"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>間接侵權又叫商業侵權，具體要由立法定義，但大約包括： </p> <ul><li>提供製造侵犯版權複製品嘅方法，例如有部機佢嘅用途只係用嚟製造侵權複製品，買賣，操作或管理呢部機都叫間接侵權</li> <li>利用侵權複製品謀利</li> <li>大規模發放侵權複製品，效果上達到傷害版權持有人嘅商業利益</li></ul> <p>間接侵權通常同時係民事以及刑事責任，政府可能介入調查。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="電腦同互聯網"><span id=".E9.9B.BB.E8.85.A6.E5.90.8C.E4.BA.92.E8.81.AF.E7.B6.B2"></span>電腦同互聯網</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 電腦同互聯網"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2" title="互聯網">互聯網</a>嘅出現改變咗各樣作品嘅出版模式，減低出版嘅技術要求，連青少年都可以出版自己嘅作品，亦容許集體網上創作同二次創作，可謂一次出版革命<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="檔案分享"><span id=".E6.AA.94.E6.A1.88.E5.88.86.E4.BA.AB"></span>檔案分享</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 檔案分享"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>互聯網容許點對點檔案分享技術，以這個技術傳送嘅數據，可以係自由分發嘅軟件或作品（例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6" title="自由軟件">自由軟件</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%94%A8%E9%A0%98%E5%9F%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="公用領域">公用領域</a>，或<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft" class="extiw" title="en:Copyleft">Copyleft</a>），亦可以係受版權保護嘅軟件或文件擋案。同傳統抄錄相比，點對點技術比傳統實物抄錄更容易被青年掌握，非中央化令抄錄速度更高，數據可以配合加密傳送，即使網絡供商中途截取數據流向亦無法得知內容係乜，甚至連廣播視訊串流都可以以點對點技術傳播。 </p><p>呢個趨勢令倚賴版權嘅商界作出反應。商界向公眾有更多宣傳<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，點對點檔案分享喺一啲地方亦被刑事化並導致判刑<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而商界對版權保護科技有更多投資。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="保護科技"><span id=".E4.BF.9D.E8.AD.B7.E7.A7.91.E6.8A.80"></span>保護科技</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 保護科技"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>早喺1980年代電腦軟件就有抄讀保護，甚至連磁軌編排方式都特製，一般抄讀軟件讀唔到，不過抄讀軟件（破解技術）就應運而生<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，抄讀保護只可以推遲被侵權嘅時間。因為抄讀保護最終都會被破解<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，所以唔係打擊侵權嘅長久之計。 </p><p>現代版權產品都有抄讀保護，包括<a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blu-ray (無呢版)">blu-ray</a>，不過 DVD 嘅抄讀保護已被破解<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。其他範圍一樣有抄讀保護，例如 <a href="/wiki/PSP" class="mw-redirect" title="PSP">PSP</a>，但佢哋用佢專有硬件去使用，所以亦需要專有硬件去破解保護。 </p><p>專有硬件作品可以使用抄讀保護。對於使用互聯網嘅軟件，商界開發其他<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="數碼權利管理">數碼權利管理</a>系統，由版權持有人去控制使用者有幾多權利，即使使用者可以複製實物，互聯網嘅資源仍然由版權持有人控制。不過，如果有足夠嘅顧客，數碼權利管理技術嘅可行性同擾民程度都被質疑<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>未破解嘅保護科技嘅產品無法被<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%BA%90%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6" title="開源軟件">開源軟件</a>所讀取，數碼權利管理嘅支持者與開源軟件嘅支持者有唔少爭拗。 </p><p>世界知識產權組織嘅版權條約指定，各簽署國要打擊破解硬件。唔少國家都有針對破解硬件而立法<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="出版方式自由"><span id=".E5.87.BA.E7.89.88.E6.96.B9.E5.BC.8F.E8.87.AA.E7.94.B1"></span>出版方式自由</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 出版方式自由"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>互聯網亦令出版方式更自由，除咗青年可以出版網上作品，亦容許集體創作（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="維基百科">維基百科</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/Knol" title="Knol">Knol</a>），出版同寫作嘅動機亦唔一定為咗錢。 </p><p>呢種出版／作者關係喺互聯網之前係從未有過嘅，集體創作需要更自由嘅版權授權方式，傳統「版權所有不得翻印」並不利於集體創作，因此出現<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="共享創意">共享創意</a>版權<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>或其他<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyleft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyleft (無呢版)">Copyleft</a>版權。 </p><p>低出版成本亦鼓勵年輕人做<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" class="extiw" title="en:Cultural appropriation">文化挪用</a>或<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Remix culture">混合文化</a>，咁可以推動文化發展，二次創作唔再只係冇附加值嘅衍生作品，但係當代嘅版權觀念令二次創作面對明顯嘅法律風險。 </p><p>低出版成本並唔意味低法律強制執行成本，令版權法未必可以有效保護個人創作者。視乎唔同嘅法制，如果個人網誌出版嘅內容被人哋抄去賣錢，而對手係一間公司，咁要考慮到打官司未必夠人錢多。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="批評"><span id=".E6.89.B9.E8.A9.95"></span>批評</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 批評"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>對版權嘅批評有兩類： </p> <ul><li>認為版權觀念冇達到應有目的，損害知識同創作嘅流通 <ul><li>版權嘅保護年期加長到作者死後一段長時間，到嗰陣作品嘅文化或藝術意義已經冇咗<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>認為版權觀念要改革去適應互聯網年代</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=21" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018311">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="extiw" title="commons:頭版">維基同享</a>有多媒體嘅嘢：<br /> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Copyright" class="extiw" title="commons:Copyright">Copyright</a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="各國版權法一覽 (無呢版)">各國版權法一覽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%8E%E5%98%85%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81" title="作者不明嘅作品">作者不明嘅作品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%84%E8%A5%B2" title="抄襲">抄襲</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83"></span>參考</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&section=22" title="編輯小節: 參考"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .references-small,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6>.zit3{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zit3>.zit3{display:inline-flex}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hoi1,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .fan1gaak3,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .saan1,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hoi1,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .fan1gaak3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .saan1{display:inline-block;width:0;height:0;font-size:0.1px;color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .fan1gaak3{font-size:0.125px}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4+.zyun1ming4{margin-left:0.0833em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0)}.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1{width:unset;font-size:unset}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0.14em 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREF任2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">任燕 (2011)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www5.zzu.edu.cn/__local/F/DD/17/156793F3C5C5312076A768575B1_B1F9C3E6_46BA5.pdf"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈论宋代的版权保护〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>论</span><span class="zit3">宋代的版权保护</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《法学评论( 双月刊)》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>法</span><span class="zit3">学评论( 双月刊)</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。第 5 期( 总第 169 期）: 156。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%84%E8%AE%BA%28+%E5%8F%8C%E6%9C%88%E5%88%8A%29&rft.atitle=%E8%AE%BA%E5%AE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4&rft.volume=%E7%AC%AC+5+%E6%9C%9F%28+%E6%80%BB%E7%AC%AC+169+%E6%9C%9F%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=156&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=%E4%BB%BB&rft.aufirst=%E7%87%95&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww5.zzu.edu.cn%2F__local%2FF%2FDD%2F17%2F156793F3C5C5312076A768575B1_B1F9C3E6_46BA5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doc88.com/p-1072319158825.html">版权制度的诞生从古登堡印刷术到安娜女王法</a> 丁丽天津科技大学</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z5h1znRwTMgC&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=%E4%BB%BB%E4%BD%95%E4%BA%BA%E9%83%BD%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E6%8B%A5%E6%9C%89%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83&source=bl&ots=77Do6q3y5j&sig=ACfU3U2AcuJ4iyE5gb8VFBi4iR2uhXCkxw&hl=zh-TW&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTrpzVzKbqAhV2IjQIHSbgDjkQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%E4%BB%BB%E4%BD%95%E4%BA%BA%E9%83%BD%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E6%8B%A5%E6%9C%89%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83&f=false">新编商法教程</a> 王传辉</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2">4.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2007/06/origin_of_copyright.html">版权制度的起源</a> 阮一峰 2007-06-24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qdlzjt.com/lzjt007/vip_doc/17333607.html">版权概念的产生</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629150922/http://www.qdlzjt.com/lzjt007/vip_doc/17333607.html">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2020年6月29號，. 联正集团</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copyrighthistory.com/anne.html">安娜法令</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Von der Unrechtmäßigkeit des Büchernachdrucks <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/cgi-bin/bmbutton.cgi?pfad=/diglib/berlmon/012851/&seite=00000430.gif&jump=1&jump=5&jump=10">[1]</a> 原文<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到德文網頁">（德文）</span>，<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/fne/essay3.html">[2]</a> 英譯本<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://florencelai.blogspot.com/2005/09/vs.html">戲劇「吉蒂與死人頭」用過海報對照，2009年1月3號睇</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teflpedia.com/index.php?title=Copyright_in_English_language_teaching">版權與英語教育</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125024823/http://teflpedia.com/index.php?title=Copyright_in_English_language_teaching">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2009年1月25號，.<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2005/oct/07/media.pressandpublishing">英國衞報 "Young blog their way to a publishing revolution"</a> 2009年1月3日睇</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NuRDR7f45Cc">Youtube：「他不是我」</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legalref.judiciary.gov.hk/lrs/common/ju/ju_frame.jsp?DIS=46722">香港特區政府訴陳乃明（古惑天皇） TMCC 1268/2005</a> 全球首次點對點檔案分享判刑</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Apple ][ 系統有著名嘅 locksmith 軟件，Omega Microware 出版，連半位元（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble" class="extiw" title="en:Nibble">Nibble</a>），半磁軌保護同四分之一磁軌保護都抄得到</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">任何被保護嘅軟件都要被讀出先可以用，一旦讀出就可重錄一個無保護版本，叫<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_hole" class="extiw" title="en:Analog hole">Analog hole</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DeCSS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DeCSS (無呢版)">DeCSS</a>破解 DVD 抄讀保護，1999年出現，即係 DVD 出現三年後；家下可以喺互聯網下載</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.craphound.com/msftdrm.txt">Microsoft Research DRM talk</a> 2009年1月4日睇</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">美國<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E5%8D%83%E7%A6%A7%E5%B9%B4%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="數碼千禧年版權法令 (無呢版)">數碼千禧年版權法令</a>以及香港禁制對規避器件嘅「2007年版權（修訂）條例」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">英文叫 Creative Commons，香港叫「共享創意」，台灣叫「創用 CC」，中國叫「知識共享」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/tfisher/iptheory.html">http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/tfisher/iptheory.html</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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