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liability</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: strict liability"> <meta name="keywords" content="strict liability"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="strict liability"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 446</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: strict liability</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">446</span> Strict Liability as a Means of Standardising Sentencing Outcomes for Shoplifting Offences Dealt with in UK Magistrates Courts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariam%20Shah">Mariam Shah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Strict liability is frequently used in magistrate’s courts for TV license and driving offences.There is existing research suggesting that the strict liability approach to criminal offences can result in ‘absurd’ judicial outcomes, or potentially ‘injustice’.This paper will discuss the potential merits of strict liability as a method for dealing with shoplifting offences.Currently, there is disparity in sentencing outcomes in the UK, particularly in relation to shoplifting offences.This paper will question whether ‘injustice’ is actually in the differentiation of defendants based upon their ‘perceived’ circumstances, which could be resulting in arbitrary judicial decision making. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arbitrary" title="arbitrary">arbitrary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20making" title=" decision making"> decision making</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=judicial%20decision%20making" title=" judicial decision making"> judicial decision making</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shoplifting" title=" shoplifting"> shoplifting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stereotypes" title=" stereotypes"> stereotypes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strict%20liability" title=" strict liability"> strict liability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76651/strict-liability-as-a-means-of-standardising-sentencing-outcomes-for-shoplifting-offences-dealt-with-in-uk-magistrates-courts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76651.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">309</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">445</span> Absolute Liability in International Human Rights Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gassem%20Alfaleh">Gassem Alfaleh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Strict liability, a person can be held liable for any harm resulting from certain actions or activities without any mistake. The liability is strict because a person can be liable when he or she commits any harm with or without his intention. The duty owed is the duty to avoid causing the plaintiff any harm. However, “strict liability is imposed at the International level by two types of treaties, namely those limited to giving internal effect to treaty provisions and those that impose responsibilities on states. The basic principle of strict liability is that there is a liability on the operator or the state (when the act concerned is attributable to the state) for damage inflicted without there being a need to prove unlawful behavior”. In international human rights law, strict liability can exist when a defendant is in legal jeopardy by virtue of an internationally wrongful act, without any accompanying intent or mental state. When the defendant engages in an abnormally dangerous activity against the environment, he will be held liable for any harm it causes, even if he was not at fault. The paper will focus on these activities under international human rights law. First, the paper will define important terms in the first section of the paper. Second, it will focus on state and non-state actors in terms of strict liability. Then, the paper will cover three major areas in which states should be liable for hazardous activities: (1) nuclear energy, (2) maritime pollution, (3) Space Law, and (4) other hazardous activities which damage the environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title="human rights">human rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law" title=" law"> law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal" title=" legal"> legal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absolute" title=" absolute"> absolute</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143159/absolute-liability-in-international-human-rights-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143159.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">444</span> Origins of Strict Liability for Abnormally Dangerous Activities in the United States, Rylands v. Fletcher and a General Clause of Strict Liability in the UK</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Lubomira%20Kubica">Maria Lubomira Kubica</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper reveals the birth and evolution of the British precedent <em>Rylands v. Fletcher</em> that, once adopted on the other side of the Ocean (in United States), gave rise to a general clause of liability for abnormally dangerous activities recognized by the §20 of the American Restatements of the Law Third, Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm. The main goal of the paper was to analyze the development of the legal doctrine and of the case law posterior to the precedent together with the intent of the British judicature to leapfrog from the traditional rule contained in <em>Rylands v. Fletcher</em> to a general clause similar to that introduced in the United States and recently also on the European level. As it is well known, within the scope of tort law two different initiatives compete with the aim of harmonizing the European laws: European Group on Tort Law with its Principles of European Tort Law (hereinafter PETL) in which article 5:101 sets forth a general clause for strict liability for abnormally dangerous activities and Study Group on European Civil Code with its Common Frame of Reference (CFR) which promotes rather ad hoc model of listing out determined cases of strict liability. Very narrow application scope of the art. 5:101 PETL, restricted only to abnormally dangerous activities, stays in opposition to very broad spectrum of strict liability cases governed by the CFR. The former is a perfect example of a general clause that offers a minimum and basic standard, possibly acceptable also in those countries in which, like in the United Kingdom, this regime of liability is completely marginalized. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rylands%20v.%20Fletcher" title="Rylands v. Fletcher">Rylands v. Fletcher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strict%20liability" title=" strict liability"> strict liability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dangerous%20activities" title=" dangerous activities"> dangerous activities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=general%20clause" title=" general clause"> general clause</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43242/origins-of-strict-liability-for-abnormally-dangerous-activities-in-the-united-states-rylands-v-fletcher-and-a-general-clause-of-strict-liability-in-the-uk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43242.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">321</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">443</span> Legal Doctrine on Rylands v. Fletcher: One more time on Feasibility of a General Clause of Strict Liability in the UK </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Lubomira%20Kubica">Maria Lubomira Kubica</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper reveals the birth and evolution of the British precedent <em>Rylands v. Fletcher</em> that, once adopted on the other side of the Ocean (in United States), gave rise to a general clause of liability for abnormally dangerous activities recognized by the §20 of the American Restatements of the Law Third, Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm. The main goal of the paper was to analyze the development of the legal doctrine and of the case law posterior to the precedent together with the intent of the British judicature to leapfrog from the traditional rule contained in <em>Rylands v. Fletcher</em> to a general clause similar to that introduced in the United States and recently also on the European level. As it is well known, within the scope of tort law two different initiatives compete with the aim of harmonizing the European laws: European Group on Tort Law with its Principles of European Tort Law (hereinafter PETL) in which article 5:101 sets forth a general clause for strict liability for abnormally dangerous activities and Study Group on European Civil Code with its Common Frame of Reference (CFR) which promotes rather ad hoc model of listing out determined cases of strict liability. Very narrow application scope of the art. 5:101 PETL, restricted only to abnormally dangerous activities, stays in opposition to very broad spectrum of strict liability cases governed by the CFR. The former is a perfect example of a general clause that offers a minimum and basic standard, possibly acceptable also in those countries in which, like in the United Kingdom, this regime of liability is completely marginalized. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abnormally%20dangerous%20activities" title="abnormally dangerous activities">abnormally dangerous activities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=general%20clause" title=" general clause"> general clause</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rylands%20v.%20Fletcher" title=" Rylands v. Fletcher"> Rylands v. Fletcher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strict%20liability" title=" strict liability"> strict liability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51893/legal-doctrine-on-rylands-v-fletcher-one-more-time-on-feasibility-of-a-general-clause-of-strict-liability-in-the-uk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51893.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">201</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">442</span> Common Laws Principles: A Way to Solve Global Environmental Change</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neelam%20Kadyan">Neelam Kadyan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Global environmental change is happening at an alarming rate in the present world. Floods, Tsunamis’, Avalanches, Change in Weather patterns, Rise in sea temperature, Landslides, are only few evidences of this change. To regulate such alarming growth of global change in environment certain regulatory system or mechanism is required. Nuisance,negligence,absolute liability,strict liability and trespass are some of the effective common law principles which are helpful in environmental problems. What we need today is sufficient law and adequate machinery to enforce the legal standards. Without law environmental standards cannot be enforced and once again there is need to adopt the common law approach in solving the problem of environmental change as through this approach the affected person can get compensation and as the same time it puts check on wrongdoer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20environmental%20problems" title="global environmental problems">global environmental problems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuisance" title=" nuisance"> nuisance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negligence" title=" negligence"> negligence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trespass" title=" trespass"> trespass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strict%20liability" title=" strict liability"> strict liability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absolute%20liability" title=" absolute liability"> absolute liability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19023/common-laws-principles-a-way-to-solve-global-environmental-change" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19023.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">566</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">441</span> Producer’s Liability for Defective Medical Devices in Light of Council Directive 85/374/EEC</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vera%20L%C3%BAcia%20Raposo">Vera Lúcia Raposo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Medical devices are products used for medical purposes and aimed to operate in the human body, sometimes even inside the human body. Therefore, they can become particularly risky products, and some of the injuries caused by medical devices can have serious effects on the person’s health or body, even leading to death. Because they fit in the category of 'products' as described in Article 2 of Council Directive 85/374/EEC of 25 July 1985, concerning liability for defective products, the liability of the manufacturer of medical devices follows the rules of strict liability as long as one of the defects covered by the directive is at stake. The directive is not concerned with the product’s efficiency, but instead with the product’s safety, although in what regards medical devices (the same being valid for drugs) the two concepts frequently go together, and a lack of efficiency can result in a lack of safety. In the particular case of medical devices, the most debatable defects are the ones related with erroneous or non-existing information and the so-called development defects. This paper analyses how directive 85/374/EEC applies to medical devices, which defects are covered by its regulation, and which criteria can be used to evaluate the product’s safety. Some issues are still to be clarified, even though the decisions from the European Court of Justice and from national courts are valuable tools to understand the scope of directive 85/374/EEC in what regards medical devices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20devices" title="medical devices">medical devices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=producer%E2%80%99s%20liability" title=" producer’s liability"> producer’s liability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=product%20safety" title=" product safety"> product safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strict%20liability" title=" strict liability"> strict liability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75512/producers-liability-for-defective-medical-devices-in-light-of-council-directive-85374eec" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75512.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">440</span> Civil Nuclear Liability Indian Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shivani%20Gupta">Shivani Gupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shrishti%20Chaturvedi"> Shrishti Chaturvedi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> By using a miniscule of nuclear matter, the problem of immeasurable human needs for energy can be resolved. However since nuclear energy also has the inherent potential for catastrophic destruction, one should be extremely mindful of the consequences should a mischance occur. Civil Nuclear Liability has recently gained a lot of momentum after India entered into agreements with nations like United States of America, France and others. Also now India is a part of the Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC). With a history of Bhopal Gas Tragedy, India is now much more vigilant about the latest developments in this sector. Therefore, it has become imperative to analyses the liability regime in the background of international conventions such as Vienna Convention 1963, Paris Convention 1960, Convention on Supplementary Compensation, 1997 and others. Also the present Indian legal scenarios in this regard which are derived from Civil Liability for Nuclear Damages Act, 2010 and Civil Liability for Nuclear Damages Rules, 2011 have also been extensively discussed in the paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20liability" title="nuclear liability">nuclear liability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civil%20liability%20for%20nuclear%20damages%20act" title=" civil liability for nuclear damages act"> civil liability for nuclear damages act</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=2010" title=" 2010"> 2010</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civil%20liability%20for%20nuclear%20damages%20rules" title=" civil liability for nuclear damages rules"> civil liability for nuclear damages rules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=India" title=" India"> India</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42706/civil-nuclear-liability-indian-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42706.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">404</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">439</span> Legislator’s Liability – Sovereign Immunity and Rule of Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isabel%20Mousinho%20de%20Figueiredo">Isabel Mousinho de Figueiredo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traditionally it was held that the king can do no wrong. History has proved otherwise, and both the rule of law and the open society call for a diversification of checks and balances, including civil liability in tort. Most jurisdictions are right to fear the excessive cost of such liability for the innocent taxpayer. There are notwithstanding extreme instances where refusing compensation is perceived to be outrageous. Many public bodies end up handing out on a voluntary basis, which leaves room to question its legality and merit. Instead, some criteria can shed light on the fairness of an underlying rationale of such compensation and cordon it off within reasonable limits. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comparative%20law" title="comparative law">comparative law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liability%20of%20legislators" title=" liability of legislators"> liability of legislators</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20bodies" title=" public bodies"> public bodies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tort%20law" title=" tort law"> tort law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155066/legislators-liability-sovereign-immunity-and-rule-of-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155066.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">111</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">438</span> The Liability of Renewal: The Impact of Changes in Organizational Capability, Performance, Legitimacy and Pressure for Change </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alshehri%20Sultan">Alshehri Sultan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Organizational change has remained an important subject for many researchers in the field of organizations theory. We propose the importance of organizational liability of renewal through a model that examines how an organization can overcome potential rigidities in organizational capabilities from learning by changing capabilities. We examine whether an established organization can overcome liability of renewal by changes in organizational capabilities and how the organizational renewal process reflect on the balance between the dynamic aspect of organizational learning as demonstrated by changes in capabilities and the stabilizing aspects of organizational inertia. We found both positive relationship between organizational learning and performance, and between legitimacy and performance. Performance and legitimacy have, however, a negative relationship on the pressure for change. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organizational%20capabilities" title="organizational capabilities">organizational capabilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organizational%20liability" title=" organizational liability"> organizational liability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liability%20of%20renewal" title=" liability of renewal"> liability of renewal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressure%20for%20change" title=" pressure for change"> pressure for change</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20295/the-liability-of-renewal-the-impact-of-changes-in-organizational-capability-performance-legitimacy-and-pressure-for-change" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20295.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">526</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">437</span> How Addictive Are They: Effects of E-Cigarette Vapor on Intracranial Self-Stimulation Compared to Nicotine Alone</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Annika%20Skansberg">Annika Skansberg</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) use vapor to deliver nicotine, have recently become popular, especially amongst adolescents. Because of this, the FDA has decided to regulate e-cigarettes, and therefore would like to determine the abuse liability of the products compared to traditional nicotine products. This will allow them to determine the impact of regulating them on public health and shape the decisions they make when creating new laws. This study assessed the abuse liability of Aroma E-juice Dark Honey Tobacco compared to nicotine using an animal model. This e-liquid contains minor alkaloids that may increase abuse liability compared to nicotine alone. The abuse liability of nicotine alone and e-juice liquid were compared in rats using intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds. E-liquid had less aversive effects at high nicotine doses in the ICSS model, suggesting that the minor alkaloids in the e-liquid allow users to use higher doses without experiencing the negative effects felt when using high doses of nicotine alone. This finding could mean that e-cigarettes have a higher abuse liability than nicotine alone, but more research is needed before this can be concluded. These findings are useful in observing the abuse liability of e-cigarettes and will help inform the FDA while regulating these products. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electronic%20cigarettes" title="electronic cigarettes">electronic cigarettes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intra-cranial%20self%20stimulation" title=" intra-cranial self stimulation"> intra-cranial self stimulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abuse%20liability" title=" abuse liability"> abuse liability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anhedonia" title=" anhedonia"> anhedonia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63952/how-addictive-are-they-effects-of-e-cigarette-vapor-on-intracranial-self-stimulation-compared-to-nicotine-alone" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63952.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">311</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">436</span> Strict Stability of Fuzzy Differential Equations by Lyapunov Functions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Bayram%20G%C3%BCcen">Mustafa Bayram Gücen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Co%C5%9Fkun%20Yakar"> Coşkun Yakar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, we have investigated the strict stability of fuzzy differential systems and we compare the classical notion of strict stability criteria of ordinary differential equations and the notion of strict stability of fuzzy differential systems. In addition that, we present definitions of stability and strict stability of fuzzy differential equations and also we have some theorems and comparison results. Strict Stability is a different stability definition and this stability type can give us an information about the rate of decay of the solutions. Lyapunov’s second method is a standard technique used in the study of the qualitative behavior of fuzzy differential systems along with a comparison result that allows the prediction of behavior of a fuzzy differential system when the behavior of the null solution of a fuzzy comparison system is known. This method is a usefull for investigating strict stability of fuzzy systems. First of all, we present definitions and necessary background material. Secondly, we discuss and compare the differences between the classical notion of stability and the recent notion of strict stability. And then, we have a comparison result in which the stability properties of the null solution of the comparison system imply the corresponding stability properties of the fuzzy differential system. Consequently, we give the strict stability results and a comparison theorem. We have used Lyapunov second method and we have proved a comparison result with scalar differential equations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20systems" title="fuzzy systems">fuzzy systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20differential%20equations" title=" fuzzy differential equations"> fuzzy differential equations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20stability" title=" fuzzy stability"> fuzzy stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strict%20stability" title=" strict stability"> strict stability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94432/strict-stability-of-fuzzy-differential-equations-by-lyapunov-functions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94432.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">250</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">435</span> Civil Liability for Digital Crimes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P%C3%A1l%20M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros">Pál Mészáros</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this research topic is to examine civil law consequences caused by crimes committed in the digital space. During the commission of certain crimes, not only the rights of one person are violated, but also the rights of an entire institution, for example, if the information system of a university is attacked. The consequences of these crimes committed in the digital space may also be that the victim himself is liable to other third parties, for example, in the event that health data comes into the possession of unauthorized persons, and it can be proved that the service provider's IT system was inadequate. An interesting question may also be the civil liability of credit institutions if someone becomes a victim of fraud but is not expected from him/her to notice the fraud. In such a case, the liability of the credit institution may arise if they do not respond in time in the case of unauthorized bank transactions. Based on the above, the main topic of the research is the civil liability of the victim, or another person or company related to the victim in the case of damages caused by crimes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civil%20liability" title="civil liability">civil liability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20crimes" title=" digital crimes"> digital crimes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transfer%20of%20responsibility" title=" transfer of responsibility"> transfer of responsibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civil%20law" title=" civil law"> civil law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172211/civil-liability-for-digital-crimes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172211.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">64</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">434</span> Artificial Intelligence and Liability within Healthcare: A South African Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Naidoo">M. Naidoo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> AI in healthcare can have a massive positive effect in low-resource states like South Africa, where patients outnumber personnel greatly. However, the complexity and ‘black box’ aspects of these technologies pose challenges for the liability regimes of states. This is currently being discussed at the international level. This research finds that within the South African medical negligence context, the current common law fault-based inquiry proves to be wholly inadequate for patient redress. As a solution to this, this research paper culminates in legal reform recommendations designed to solve these issues. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20intelligence" title="artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law" title=" law"> law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liability" title=" liability"> liability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=policy" title=" policy"> policy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153393/artificial-intelligence-and-liability-within-healthcare-a-south-african-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153393.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">433</span> Liability Aspects Related to Genetically Modified Food under the Food Safety Legislation in India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20K.%20Balashanmugam">S. K. Balashanmugam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Padmavati%20Manchikanti"> Padmavati Manchikanti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20R.%20Subramanian"> S. R. Subramanian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The question of legal liability over injury arising out of the import and the introduction of GM food emerges as a crucial issue confronting to promote GM food and its derivatives. There is a greater possibility of commercialized GM food from the exporting country to enter importing country where status of approval shall not be same. This necessitates the importance of fixing a liability mechanism to discuss the damage, if any, occurs at the level of transboundary movement or at the market. There was a widespread consensus to develop the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and to give for a dedicated regime on liability and redress in the form of Nagoya Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on the Liability and Redress (‘N-KL Protocol’) at the international context. The national legal frameworks based on this protocol are not adequately established in the prevailing food legislations of the developing countries. The developing economy like India is willing to import GM food and its derivatives after the successful commercialization of Bt Cotton in 2002. As a party to the N-KL Protocol, it is indispensable for India to formulate a legal framework and to discuss safety, liability, and regulatory issues surrounding GM foods in conformity to the provisions of the Protocol. The liability mechanism is also important in the case where the risk assessment and risk management is still in implementing stage. Moreover, the country is facing GM infiltration issues with its neighbors Bangladesh. As a precautionary approach, there is a need to formulate rules and procedure of legal liability to discuss any kind of damage occurs at transboundary trade. In this context, the proposed work will attempt to analyze the liability regime in the existing Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 from the applicability and domestic compliance and to suggest legal and policy options for regulatory authorities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=commercialization" title="commercialization">commercialization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20safety" title=" food safety"> food safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FSSAI" title=" FSSAI"> FSSAI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetically%20modified%20foods" title=" genetically modified foods"> genetically modified foods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=India" title=" India"> India</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liability" title=" liability"> liability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41072/liability-aspects-related-to-genetically-modified-food-under-the-food-safety-legislation-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41072.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">355</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">432</span> Knowledge Based Liability for ISPs’ Copyright and Trademark Infringement in the EU E-Commerce Directive: Two Steps Behind the Philosophy of Computing Mind</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Sadeghi">Mohammad Sadeghi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The subject matter of this article is the efficiency of current knowledge standard to afford the legal integration regarding criteria and approaches to ISP knowledge standards, to shield ISP and copyright, trademark and other parties’ rights in the online information society. The EU recognizes the knowledge-based liability for intermediaries in the European Directive on Electronic Commerce, but the implication of all parties’ responsibility for combating infringement has been immolated by dominating attention on liability due to the lack of the appropriate legal mechanism to devote each party responsibility. Moreover, there is legal challenge on the applicability of knowledge-based liability on hosting services and information location tools service. The aim of this contribution is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of ECD knowledge standard through case law with a special emphasis on duty of prevention and constructive knowledge role on internet service providers (ISP s’) to achieve fair balance between all parties rights. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internet%20service%20providers" title="internet service providers">internet service providers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liability" title=" liability"> liability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copyright%20infringement" title=" copyright infringement"> copyright infringement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hosting" title=" hosting"> hosting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=caching" title=" caching"> caching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mere%20conduit%20service" title=" mere conduit service"> mere conduit service</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=notice%20and%20takedown" title=" notice and takedown"> notice and takedown</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E-commerce%20Directive" title=" E-commerce Directive"> E-commerce Directive</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22787/knowledge-based-liability-for-isps-copyright-and-trademark-infringement-in-the-eu-e-commerce-directive-two-steps-behind-the-philosophy-of-computing-mind" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22787.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">524</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">431</span> Decision Making under Strict Uncertainty: Case Study in Sewer Network Planning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhen%20Wu">Zhen Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Lupien%20St-Pierre"> David Lupien St-Pierre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Georges%20Abdul-Nour"> Georges Abdul-Nour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In decision making under strict uncertainty, decision makers have to choose a decision without any information about the states of nature. The classic criteria of Laplace, Wald, Savage, Hurwicz and Starr are introduced and compared in a case study of sewer network planning. Furthermore, results from different criteria are discussed and analyzed. Moreover, this paper discusses the idea that decision making under strict uncertainty (DMUSU) can be viewed as a two-player game and thus be solved by a solution concept in game theory: Nash equilibrium. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20criteria" title="decision criteria">decision criteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20making" title=" decision making"> decision making</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sewer%20network%20planning" title=" sewer network planning"> sewer network planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20making" title=" decision making"> decision making</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strict%20uncertainty" title=" strict uncertainty"> strict uncertainty</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64139/decision-making-under-strict-uncertainty-case-study-in-sewer-network-planning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64139.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">559</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">430</span> Imposing Personal Liability on Shareholder's/Partner's in a Corporate Entity; Implementation of UK’s Personal Liability Institutions in Georgian Corporate Law: Content and Outcomes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gvantsa%20Magradze">Gvantsa Magradze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper examines the grounds for the imposition of a personal liability on shareholder/partner, mainly under Georgian and UK law’s comparative analysis. The general emphasis was made on personal responsibility grounds adaptation in practice and presents the analyze of court decisions. On this base, reader will be capable to find a difference between the dogmatic and practical grounds for imposition personal liability. The first chapter presents the general information about discussed issue and notion of personal liability. The second chapter is devoted to an explanation the concept – ‘the head of the corporation’ to make it clear who is the subject of responsibility in the article and not to remain individuals beyond the attention, who do not hold the position of director but are participating in governing activities and, therefore, have to have fiduciury duties. After short comparative analysis of personal responsibility, the Georgian Corporate law reality is further discussed. Here, the problem of determining personal liability is a problematic issue, thus a separate chapter is devoted to the issue, which explains the grounds for personal liability imposition in details. Within the paper is discussed the content and the purpose of personal liability institutions under UK’s corporate law and an attempt to implement them, and especially ‘Alter Ego’ doctrine in Georgian corporate Law reality and the outcomes of the experiment. For the research purposes will be examined national case law in regard to personal liability imposition, as well as UK’s experience in that regard. Comparative analyze will make it clear, wherein the Georgian statute, are gaps and how to fill them up. The articles major finding as stated, is that Georgian Corporate law does not provide any legally consolidated grounds for personal liability imposition, which in fact, leads to unfaithful, unlawful actions on partners’/shareholders’ behalf. In order to make business market fair, advancement of a national statute is inevitable, and for that, the experience sharing from developed countries is an irreplaceable gift. Overall, the article analyses, how discussed amendments might influence case law and if such amendments were made years ago, how the judgments could look like (before and after amendments). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alter%20ego%20doctrine" title="alter ego doctrine">alter ego doctrine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=case%20law" title=" case law"> case law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20law" title=" corporate law"> corporate law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=good%20faith" title=" good faith"> good faith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20liability" title=" personal liability"> personal liability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84066/imposing-personal-liability-on-shareholderspartners-in-a-corporate-entity-implementation-of-uks-personal-liability-institutions-in-georgian-corporate-law-content-and-outcomes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84066.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">429</span> Environmental Liability of Architects: Architects Destroying the City in Designed and Creative Way, Dhaka City </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Md.%20Ratin">Md. Ratin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper aims to show how Dhaka city is getting destroyed and the creator and guide of the city – the architects destroying the city in more designed and creative way. The liability of architects should be first and foremost to make the would, country, city a better living environment. As without it where the architects will do their design? To make a better living environment architects should conserve the tress, river and other related ingredient related to the environment. This paper attempts to show how cutting down trees and filling rivers causing more problem than having a great architecture in those places. For increasing people in a city like Dhaka, we need more shelter. But for providing those architects building more living spaces. But as a liability of an architect, one should give something back to the environment too. With time the city’s greenery and water body are getting vanished like magic. And for this, the architects should be blamed for giving us a disastrous future. The analysis is based on literature survey and survey by questionnaire, interviews of users. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=architect" title="architect">architect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liability" title=" liability"> liability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=river" title=" river"> river</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64665/environmental-liability-of-architects-architects-destroying-the-city-in-designed-and-creative-way-dhaka-city" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64665.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">346</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">428</span> A Data Mining Approach for Analysing and Predicting the Bank's Asset Liability Management Based on Basel III Norms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nidhin%20Dani%20Abraham">Nidhin Dani Abraham</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20K.%20Sri%20Shilpa"> T. K. Sri Shilpa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Asset liability management is an important aspect in banking business. Moreover, the today’s banking is based on BASEL III which strictly regulates on the counterparty default. This paper focuses on prediction and analysis of counter party default risk, which is a type of risk occurs when the customers fail to repay the amount back to the lender (bank or any financial institutions). This paper proposes an approach to reduce the counterparty risk occurring in the financial institutions using an appropriate data mining technique and thus predicts the occurrence of NPA. It also helps in asset building and restructuring quality. Liability management is very important to carry out banking business. To know and analyze the depth of liability of bank, a suitable technique is required. For that a data mining technique is being used to predict the dormant behaviour of various deposit bank customers. Various models are implemented and the results are analyzed of saving bank deposit customers. All these data are cleaned using data cleansing approach from the bank data warehouse. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20mining" title="data mining">data mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asset%20liability%20management" title=" asset liability management"> asset liability management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BASEL%20III" title=" BASEL III"> BASEL III</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=banking" title=" banking"> banking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9884/a-data-mining-approach-for-analysing-and-predicting-the-banks-asset-liability-management-based-on-basel-iii-norms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9884.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">552</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">427</span> Protection of Website Owners' Rights: Proportionality of Website Blocking in Russia and Beyond</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ekaterina%20Semenova">Ekaterina Semenova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The article explores the issue of website owners’ liability for the illicit content. Whilst various issues of secondary liability of internet access providers for the illicit content have been widely discussed in the law doctrine, the liability of website owners has attracted less attention. Meanwhile, the website blocking injunctions influence website owners’ rights most, since website owners have the interest to keep their website online, rather than internet access providers. The discussion of internet access providers’ liability overshadows the necessity to protect the website owners’ rights to due process and proportionality of blocking injunctions. The analysis of Russian website blocking regulation and case law showed that the protection of website owners’ rights depends on the kind of illicit content: some content induces automatic blocking injunctions without prior notice of website owners and any opportunity to appeal, while other content does not invoke automatic blocking and provides an opportunity for the website owner to avoid or appeal an injunction. Comparative analysis of website blocking regulations in European countries reveals different approaches to the proportionality of website blocking and website owner’s rights protection. Based on the findings of the study, we conclude that the global trend to impose website blocking injunctions on wide range of illicit content without due process of law interferes with the rights of website owners. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=illicit%20content" title="illicit content">illicit content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liability" title=" liability"> liability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Russia" title=" Russia"> Russia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=website%20blocking" title=" website blocking"> website blocking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71411/protection-of-website-owners-rights-proportionality-of-website-blocking-in-russia-and-beyond" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71411.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">426</span> Reforming Corporate Criminal Liability in English Law: Lessons and Experiences from Canada</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Kong%20Shan%20Ho">John Kong Shan Ho</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In June 2022, the Law Commission of England and Wales published an options paper to examine how the law on corporate criminal liability can be reformed under the English system. The paper merely details options for reform and does not seek to make recommendations. However, the paper has ruled out the “respondeat superior” approach of the US and “corporate culture” approach of Australia as reform options. On balance, the preferred reform option of the Law Commission is the “senior officer” approach as currently adopted in Canada. This article is written against such background and argues that due to similarities between the English and Canadian systems, the latter’s approach is more ideal to be adopted by the former as a model for reform in this area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20criminal%20liability" title="corporate criminal liability">corporate criminal liability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identification%20principle" title=" identification principle"> identification principle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=directing%20mind%20and%20will" title=" directing mind and will"> directing mind and will</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=England" title=" England"> England</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Canada" title=" Canada"> Canada</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153726/reforming-corporate-criminal-liability-in-english-law-lessons-and-experiences-from-canada" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153726.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">425</span> Artificial Intelligent Tax Simulator to Minimize Tax Liability for Multinational Corporations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sean%20Goltz">Sean Goltz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Mayo"> Michael Mayo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this research is to use Global-Regulation.com database of the world laws, focusing on tax treaties between countries, in order to create an AI-driven tax simulator that will run an AI agent through potential tax scenarios across countries. The AI agent goal is to identify the scenario that will result in minimum tax liability based on tax treaties between countries. The results will be visualized by a three dimensional matrix. This will be an online web application. Multinational corporations are running their business through multiple countries. These countries, in turn, have a tax treaty with many other countries to regulate the payment of taxes on income that is transferred between these countries. As a result, planning the best tax scenario across multiple countries and numerous tax treaties is almost impossible. This research propose to use Global-Regulation.com database of word laws in English (machine translated by Google and Microsoft API’s) in order to create a simulator that will include the information in the tax treaties. Once ready, an AI agent will be sent through the simulator to identify the scenario that will result in minimum tax liability. Identifying the best tax scenario across countries may save multinational corporations, like Google, billions of dollars annually. Given the nature of the raw data and the domain of taxes (i.e., numbers), this is a promising ground to employ artificial intelligence towards a practical and beneficial purpose. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=taxation" title="taxation">taxation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law" title=" law"> law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multinational" title=" multinational"> multinational</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporation" title=" corporation"> corporation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81394/artificial-intelligent-tax-simulator-to-minimize-tax-liability-for-multinational-corporations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81394.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">199</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">424</span> Assignment of Legal Personality to Robots: A Premature Meditation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Solomon%20Okorley">Solomon Okorley</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the emergence of artificial intelligence, a proposition that has been made with increasing conviction is the need to assign legal personhood to robots. A major problem that arises when dealing with robots is the issue of liability: who do it hold liable when a robot causes harm? The suggestion to assign legal personality to robots has been made to aid in the assignment of liability. This paper contends that it is premature to assign legal personhood to robots. The paper employed the doctrinal and comparative research methodology. The paper first discusses the various theories that underpin the granting of legal personhood to juridical personalities to ascertain whether these theories can aid in the proposition to assign legal personhood to robots. These theories include fiction theory, aggregate theory, realist theory, and organism theory. Except for the aggregate theory, the fiction theory, the realist theory and the organism theory provide a good foundation to the proposal for legal personhood to be assigned to robots. The paper considers whether robots should be assigned legal personhood from a jurisprudential approach. The legal positivists assert that no metaphysical presuppositions are needed to determine who could be a legal person: the sole deciding factor is the engagement in legal relations and this prerequisite could be fulfilled by robots. However, rationalists, religionists and naturalists assert that the satisfaction of the metaphysical criteria is the basis of legal personality and since robots do not possess this feature, they cannot be assigned legal personhood. This differing perspective shows that the jurisprudential school of thought to which one belongs influences the decision whether to assign legal personhood to robots. The paper makes arguments for and against the assigning of legal personhood to robots. Assigning legal personhood to robots is necessary for the assigning of liability; and since robots are independent in their operation, they should be assigned legal personhood. However, it is argued that the degree of autonomy is insufficient. Robots do not understand legal obligations; they do not have a will of their own and the purported autonomy that they possess is an ‘imputed autonomy’. A crucial question to be asked is ‘whether it is desirable to confer legal personhood on robots’ and not ‘whether legal personhood should be assigned to robots’. This is due to the subjective nature of the responses to such a question as well as the peculiarities of countries in response to this question. The main argument in support of assigning legal personhood to robots is to aid in assigning liability. However, it is argued conferring legal personhood on robots is not the only way to deal with liability issues. Since any of the stakeholders involved with the robot system can be held liable for an accident, it is not desirable to assign legal personhood to robot. It is forecasted that in the epoch of strong artificial intelligence, granting robots legal personhood is plausible; however, in the current era, it is premature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomy" title="autonomy">autonomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20personhood" title=" legal personhood"> legal personhood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=premature" title=" premature"> premature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jurisprudential" title=" jurisprudential"> jurisprudential</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179209/assignment-of-legal-personality-to-robots-a-premature-meditation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179209.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">67</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">423</span> Criminal Liability for Criminal Tax</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Theresia%20Simatupang%20dan%20Rahmayanti">Theresia Simatupang dan Rahmayanti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tax Law is a legal product and therefore should be subject to the legal norms, both about this actions, implementation, and about the material. Law has always aimed at providing justice, and besides that the law as a tool used to organize the order or rule of law. tax classification of a crime in this is very necessary, because the crime of taxation is very detrimental to the country and is still very high in society and socialization associated with punishment in sentencing that would have to provide a deterrent for the perpetrators, so refer to the this, these criminal offenses can endanger the stability of the nation's economy and the country that require special snacks. The application of legal sanctions against the perpetrators of the crime of taxation already has a strong legal basis, namely UU KUP. UU KUP have loaded threat (sanctions) severe punishment for tax payers who commit offenses and crimes in the field of taxation, which is contained in Article 38, and Article 39, Article 41, Article 41 A, and 41 B as well as Article 43 of Law and Law No. 12 KUP about 1985 Land Tax and Building. Criminal sanctions against violators of the tax provision are important because tax payers sanctions for violating tax laws. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accountability" title="accountability">accountability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tax%20crime" title=" tax crime"> tax crime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criminal%20liability" title=" criminal liability"> criminal liability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=taxation" title=" taxation"> taxation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15774/criminal-liability-for-criminal-tax" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15774.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">341</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">422</span> Criminal Responsibility of Minors in Russia: The Age of Liability and Penalties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natalia%20Selezneva">Natalia Selezneva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The level of crime depends on a number of factors, such as political and economic instability, social inequality and ineffective legislation. A special place in the overall level of crime takes juvenile delinquency. United Nations Standard Minimum developed rules for the administration of juvenile justice (The Beijing Rules), in order to ensure the rights of juvenile offenders under the various legal systems. Most countries support these recommendations, and Russia is no exception. Russia's criminal code establishes the minimum age of criminal liability; types of crimes for which the possible involvement of minors to justice; punishment; sentencing and execution of punishment for minors. However, these provisions cause heated debates in the scientific literature. The high level of juvenile crime indicates the ineffectiveness of legal regulation of criminal liability of minors. In order to ensure compliance with international standards require new and modern approaches to improve national legislation and practice of its application. Achieving this goal will be achieved through the following tasks: 1. Create sub-branches of law regulating the legal status of minors; 2. Improving the types of penalties; 3. The possibility of using alternative measures; 4. The introduction of the procedure of extrajudicial settlement of the conflict. The criminal law of each country depends on the historical, national and cultural characteristics. The development of the Russian legislation taking into account international experience is extremely essential and will be a new stage in the formation of a legal state, especially in the sphere of protection of the rights of juvenile offenders. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criminal%20law" title="criminal law">criminal law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=juvenile%20offender" title=" juvenile offender"> juvenile offender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=punishment" title=" punishment"> punishment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20age%20of%20criminal%20responsibility" title=" the age of criminal responsibility"> the age of criminal responsibility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60594/criminal-responsibility-of-minors-in-russia-the-age-of-liability-and-penalties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60594.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">542</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">421</span> Directors’ Duties, Civil Liability, and the Business Judgment Rule under the Portuguese Legal Framework</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marisa%20Catarina%20da%20Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Dinis">Marisa Catarina da Conceição Dinis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The commercial companies’ management has suffered an important material and legal transformation in the last years, mainly related to the changes in the Portuguese legal framework and because of the fact they were recently object of great expansion. In fact, next to the smaller family businesses, whose management is regularly assumed by partners, companies with social investment highly scattered, whose owners are completely out from administration, are now arising. In those particular cases, the business transactions are much more complex and require from the companies’ managers a highly technical knowledge and some specific professionals’ skills and abilities. This kind of administration carries a high-level risk that can both result in great success or in great losses. Knowing that the administration performance can result in important losses to the companies, the Portuguese legislator has created a legal structure to impute them some responsibilities and sanctions. The main goal of this study is to analyze the Portuguese law and some jurisprudence about companies’ management rules and about the conflicts between the directors and the company. In order to achieve these purposes we have to consider, on the one hand, the legal duties directly connected to the directors’ functions and on the other hand the disrespect for those same rules. The Portuguese law in this matter, influenced by the common law, determines that the directors’ attitude should be guided by loyalty and honesty. Consequently, we must reflect in which cases the administrators should respond to losses that they might cause to companies as a result of their duties’ disrespect. In this way is necessary to study the business judgment rule wich is a rule that refers to a liability exclusion rule. We intend, in the same way, to evaluate if the civil liability that results from the directors’ duties disrespect can extend itself to those who have elected them ignoring or even knowing that they don´t have the necessary skills or appropriate knowledge to the position they hold. To charge directors’, without ruining entrepreneurship, charging, in the same way, those who select them reinforces the need for more responsible and cautious attitudes which will lead consequently to more confidence in the markets. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20judgment%20rule" title="business judgment rule">business judgment rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civil%20liability%20of%20directors" title=" civil liability of directors"> civil liability of directors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=duty%20of%20care" title=" duty of care"> duty of care</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=duty%20of%20care" title=" duty of care"> duty of care</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Portuguese%20legal%20framework" title=" Portuguese legal framework"> Portuguese legal framework</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47172/directors-duties-civil-liability-and-the-business-judgment-rule-under-the-portuguese-legal-framework" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47172.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">347</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">420</span> Criminal Law Instruments to Counter Corporate Crimes in Poland</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dorota%20Habrat">Dorota Habrat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Polish law, the idea of the introduction of corporate responsibility for crimes is becoming more popular and creates a lot of questions. The need to introduce into the Polish legal system liability of corporate (collective entities) has resulted, among others, from the Polish Republic's international commitments, in particular related to membership in the European Union. The Act of 28 October 2002 on the liability of collective entities for acts prohibited under penalty is one of the example of adaptation of Polish law to Community law. Introduction to Polish law a criminal nature liability of corporations (legal persons) has resulted in a lot of controversy and lack of acceptance from both the scientific community as well as the judiciary. The responsibility of collective entities under the Act has a criminal nature. The main question concerns the ability of the collective entity to be brought to guilt under criminal law sense. Polish criminal law knows only the responsibility of individual persons. So far, guilt as a personal feature of action, based on the ability of the offender to feel in his psyche, could be considered only in relation to the individual person, while the said Act destroyed this conviction. Guilt of collective entity must be proven under at least one of the three possible forms: the guilt in the selection or supervision and so called organizational guilt. The next question is how the principle of proportionality in relation to criminal measures in response of collective entities should be considered. It should be remembered that the legal subjectivity of collective entities, including their rights and freedoms, is an emanation of the rights and freedoms of individual persons which create collective entities and through these entities implement their rights and freedoms. The adopted Act largely reflects the international legal regulations but also contains the unknown and original legislative solutions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criminal%20corporate%20responsibility" title="criminal corporate responsibility">criminal corporate responsibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Polish%20criminal%20law" title=" Polish criminal law"> Polish criminal law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20solutions" title=" legislative solutions"> legislative solutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Act%20of%2028%20October%202002" title=" Act of 28 October 2002"> Act of 28 October 2002</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27400/criminal-law-instruments-to-counter-corporate-crimes-in-poland" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27400.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">505</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">419</span> A Comparative Study of Criminal Liability for Art Forgery in Poland and Selected European Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olivia%20Rybak-Karkosz">Olivia Rybak-Karkosz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Art forgery is a serious problem present in the art market in every country despite its scale and experience. In the Polish art market, this problem has existed since its beginnings. The market expansion in recent years attracted new buyers, which led to growing prices of polish art. And that attracted deceitful sellers who supply the market with forgeries. Moreover, there are many new types of buyers, many of whom are art non-specialists. But even the most experienced collectors must be cautious when purchasing a piece of art. In this paper, the author would like to discuss legal acts in Polish law that criminalize the forgery of a piece of art and compare them with similar regulations from four European countries - the Italian Republic, Kingdom of the Netherlands, French Republic, and the Federal Republic of Germany. The author wants to verify if any solutions could inspire Polish legislators to implement them in domestic law to help reduce this crime and improve the criminal procedure of art forgery. The paper contains a concluding statement to implement a similar solution used in one of the presented countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=art%20forgery" title="art forgery">art forgery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comparative%20law" title=" comparative law"> comparative law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criminal%20law" title=" criminal law"> criminal law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criminal%20liability" title=" criminal liability"> criminal liability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protection%20of%20works%20of%20art" title=" protection of works of art"> protection of works of art</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152836/a-comparative-study-of-criminal-liability-for-art-forgery-in-poland-and-selected-european-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152836.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">418</span> Statistical Analysis for Overdispersed Medical Count Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20N.%20Phang">Y. N. Phang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20F.%20Loh"> E. F. Loh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many researchers have suggested the use of zero inflated Poisson (ZIP) and zero inflated negative binomial (ZINB) models in modeling over-dispersed medical count data with extra variations caused by extra zeros and unobserved heterogeneity. The studies indicate that ZIP and ZINB always provide better fit than using the normal Poisson and negative binomial models in modeling over-dispersed medical count data. In this study, we proposed the use of Zero Inflated Inverse Trinomial (ZIIT), Zero Inflated Poisson Inverse Gaussian (ZIPIG) and zero inflated strict arcsine models in modeling over-dispersed medical count data. These proposed models are not widely used by many researchers especially in the medical field. The results show that these three suggested models can serve as alternative models in modeling over-dispersed medical count data. This is supported by the application of these suggested models to a real life medical data set. Inverse trinomial, Poisson inverse Gaussian, and strict arcsine are discrete distributions with cubic variance function of mean. Therefore, ZIIT, ZIPIG and ZISA are able to accommodate data with excess zeros and very heavy tailed. They are recommended to be used in modeling over-dispersed medical count data when ZIP and ZINB are inadequate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zero%20inflated" title="zero inflated">zero inflated</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inverse%20trinomial%20distribution" title=" inverse trinomial distribution"> inverse trinomial distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Poisson%20inverse%20Gaussian%20distribution" title=" Poisson inverse Gaussian distribution"> Poisson inverse Gaussian distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strict%20arcsine%20distribution" title=" strict arcsine distribution"> strict arcsine distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pearson%E2%80%99s%20goodness%20of%20fit" title=" Pearson’s goodness of fit"> Pearson’s goodness of fit</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6048/statistical-analysis-for-overdispersed-medical-count-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6048.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">542</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">417</span> Responsibility of States in Air Traffic Management: Need for International Unification</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nandini%20Paliwal">Nandini Paliwal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since aviation industry is one of the fastest growing sectors of the world economy, states depend on the air transport industry to maintain or stimulate economic growth. It significantly promotes and contributes to the economic well-being of every nation as well as world in general. Because of the continuous and rapid growth in civil aviation, it is inevitably leading to congested skies, flight delays and most alarmingly, a decrease in the safety of air navigation facilities. Safety is one of the most important concerns of aviation industry that has been unanimously recognised across the whole world. The available capacity of the air navigation system is not sufficient for the demand that is being generated. It has been indicated by forecast that the current growth in air traffic has the potential of causing delays in 20% of flights by 2020 unless changes are brought in the current system. Therefore, a safe, orderly and expeditious air navigation system is needed at the national and global levels, which, requires the implementation of an air traffic management (hereinafter referred as ‘ATM’) system to ensure an optimum flow of air traffic by utilising and enhancing capabilities provided by technical advances. The objective of this paper is to analyse the applicability of national regulations in case of liability arising out of air traffic management services and whether the current legal regime is sufficient to cover multilateral agreements including the Single European Sky regulations. In doing so, the paper will examine the international framework mainly the Article 28 of the Chicago Convention and its relevant annexes to determine the responsibility of states for providing air navigation services. Then, the paper will discuss the difference between the concept of responsibility and liability under the air law regime and how states might claim sovereign immunity for the functions of air traffic management. Thereafter, the paper will focus on the cross border agreements including the bilateral and multilateral agreements. In the end, the paper will address the scheme of Single European Sky and the need for an international convention dealing with the liability of air navigation service providers. The paper will conclude with some suggestions for unification of the laws at an international level dealing with liability of air navigation service providers and the requirement of enhanced co-operation among states in order to keep pace with technological advances. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20traffic%20management" title="air traffic management">air traffic management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety" title=" safety"> safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20European%20sky" title=" single European sky"> single European sky</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-operation" title=" co-operation "> co-operation </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78290/responsibility-of-states-in-air-traffic-management-need-for-international-unification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78290.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strict%20liability&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strict%20liability&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strict%20liability&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strict%20liability&page=5">5</a></li> <li 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