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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_and_spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_and_spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Development and spread</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_and_spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pan-Turkist_views_on_Armenian_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pan-Turkist_views_on_Armenian_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pan-Turkist views on Armenian history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pan-Turkist_views_on_Armenian_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pan-Turkist_views_in_Azerbaijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pan-Turkist_views_in_Azerbaijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pan-Turkist views in Azerbaijan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pan-Turkist_views_in_Azerbaijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_views_on_pan-Turkism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_views_on_pan-Turkism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Russian views on pan-Turkism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_views_on_pan-Turkism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States_and_the_rest_of_the_New_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States_and_the_rest_of_the_New_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>In the United States and the rest of the New World</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States_and_the_rest_of_the_New_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudoscientific_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudoscientific_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pseudoscientific theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudoscientific_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_pan-Turkists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_pan-Turkists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable pan-Turkists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_pan-Turkists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pan-Turkist_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pan-Turkist_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pan-Turkist organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pan-Turkist_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pan-Turkism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الوحدة التركية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الوحدة التركية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panturquismo" title="Panturquismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Panturquismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7%C3%BCl%C3%BCk" title="Türkçülük – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkçülük" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DA%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="تورکچولوک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورکچولوک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Панцюркізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Панцюркізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Панцюркізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Панцюркізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Пантюркизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пантюркизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panturkismus" title="Panturkismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Panturkismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantyrkisme" title="Pantyrkisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pantyrkisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Παντουρκισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παντουρκισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panturquismo" title="Panturquismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Panturquismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="پان‌ترکیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پان‌ترکیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panturquisme" title="Panturquisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Panturquisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panturquismo" title="Panturquismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Panturquismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%94%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="범튀르크주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="범튀르크주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Պանթյուրքիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պանթյուրքիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panturkizam" title="Panturkizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Panturkizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Turkisme" title="Pan-Turkisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pan-Turkisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panturchismo" title="Panturchismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Panturchismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პანთურქიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პანთურქიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Түркішілдік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түркішілдік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Пантүркизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пантүркизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantjurkisms" title="Pantjurkisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pantjurkisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantiurkizmas" title="Pantiurkizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pantiurkizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1nt%C3%B6r%C3%B6k_ideol%C3%B3gia" title="Pántörök ideológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pántörök ideológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantorkisma" title="Pantorkisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pantorkisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Пан түрэгийн үзэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пан түрэгийн үзэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panturkisme" title="Panturkisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Panturkisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%8E%E3%83%86%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="汎テュルク主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="汎テュルク主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panturkiylik" title="Panturkiylik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Panturkiylik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%D9%85" title="پان ترکزم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پان ترکزم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panturkizm" title="Panturkizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Panturkizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panturquismo" title="Panturquismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Panturquismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panturcism" title="Panturcism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Panturcism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political movement advocating the unity of Turkic peoples</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sun, crescent moon and star against a light-blue background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grey_Wolves_Gokturk_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grey_Wolves_Gokturk_Flag.svg/220px-Grey_Wolves_Gokturk_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grey_Wolves_Gokturk_Flag.svg/330px-Grey_Wolves_Gokturk_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grey_Wolves_Gokturk_Flag.svg/440px-Grey_Wolves_Gokturk_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Flag misattributed to the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_Kaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic Kaganate">Turkic Khaganate</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pan-Turkism</b> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Pan-Türkizm</i>) or <b>Turkism</b> (Turkish: <i lang="tr">Türkçülük <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><span class="noitalic">or</span> Türkizm</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movement</a> that emerged during the 1880s among Turkic intellectuals who lived in the Russian region of <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Viceroyalty_(1801%E2%80%931917)" title="Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)">South Caucasus</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>), with its aim being the cultural and political unification of all <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fishman_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fishman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-landau_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landau-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LandauRadicalPolitics_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LandauRadicalPolitics-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> is a closely related movement but it is a more general term, because Turkism only applies to Turkic peoples. However, researchers and politicians who are steeped in the pan-Turkic ideology have used these terms interchangeably in many sources and works of literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilyazov_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilyazov-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although many of the Turkic peoples share historical, cultural and linguistic roots, the rise of a pan-Turkic political movement is a phenomenon of the 19th and 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ottoman poet <a href="/wiki/Ziya_G%C3%B6kalp" title="Ziya Gökalp">Ziya Gökalp</a> defined pan-Turkism as a cultural, academic, and philosophical<sup id="cite_ref-gökalp_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gökalp-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and political<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concept advocating the unity of Turkic peoples. Ideologically, it was premised on <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pan-Turkism has been characterized by pseudoscientific theories known as <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Pseudoscientific_theories">Pseudo-Turkology</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Turkism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In research literature, "pan-Turkism" is used to describe the political, cultural and ethnic unity of all <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turkic people</a>. "Turkism" began to be used with the prefix "pan-" (from the Greek πᾶν, pan = all).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents use the latter as a point of comparison, since "Turkic" is a linguistic, ethnic and cultural distinction rather than a citizenship description. This differentiates it from "Turkish", which is the term which is officially used in reference to citizens of Turkey. Pan-Turkic ideas and reunification movements have become popular since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Central Asian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Turkism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PanTurkishRally.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Demonstration with flags" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/PanTurkishRally.JPG/220px-PanTurkishRally.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/PanTurkishRally.JPG/330px-PanTurkishRally.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/PanTurkishRally.JPG/440px-PanTurkishRally.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Pan-Turkic rally in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, March 2009</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_and_spread">Development and spread</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Turkism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development and spread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1804, the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Ghabdennasir_Qursawi" title="Ghabdennasir Qursawi">Ghabdennasir Qursawi</a> wrote a <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> calling for the modernization of Islam. Qursawi was a <a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadid</a> (from the Arabic word <i>jadid</i>, "new"). The Jadids encouraged critical thinking, supported education and advocated the equality of the sexes, advocated tolerance of other faiths, advocated Turkic cultural unity, and advocated openness to Europe’s cultural legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Khakimov_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khakimov-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jadid movement was founded in 1843 in <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>. Its aim was the implementation of a semi-secular modernization program and the implementation of an educational reform program, both programs would emphasize the national (rather than the religious) identity of the Turks. Before they founded their movement in 1843, the Jadids considered themselves <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, a belief which they held until the Jadid movement disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-NN_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NN-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After they joined the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%A4isi_movement" title="Wäisi movement">Wäisi movement</a>, the Jadids advocated national liberation. After 1907, many supporters of Turkic unity immigrated to the Ottoman Empire. </p><p>The newspaper <i>Türk</i> in Cairo was published by exiles from the Ottoman Empire after the suspension of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Ottoman constitution of 1876</a> and the persecution of liberal intellectuals. It was the first publication to use the ethnic designation as its title.<sup id="cite_ref-Modernism:_The_Creation_of_Nation_States_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modernism:_The_Creation_of_Nation_States-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ak%C3%A7ura" title="Yusuf Akçura">Yusuf Akçura</a> published "Three Types of Policy" (<i>Üç tarz-ı siyaset</i>) anonymously in 1904, the earliest manifesto of a pan-Turkic nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Modernism:_The_Creation_of_Nation_States_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modernism:_The_Creation_of_Nation_States-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akçura argued that the <a href="/wiki/Supra-ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supra-ethnic">supra-ethnic</a> union espoused by the Ottomans was unrealistic. The <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamic_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Islamic model">Pan-Islamic model</a> had advantages, but Muslim populations were under colonial rule which would oppose unification. He concluded that an ethnic Turkish nation would require the cultivation of a national identity; a pan-Turkish empire would abandon the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. The first publication of "Three Types of Policy" had a negative reaction, but it became more influential by its third publication in 1911 in Istanbul. The Ottoman Empire had lost its African territory to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> and it would soon lose the Balkans. Pan-Turkish nationalism consequently became a more feasible (and popular) political strategy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1908, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> came to power in Ottoman Turkey, and the empire adopted a nationalistic ideology. This contrasted with its largely Muslim ideology which dated back to the 16th century, when the sultan was the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">caliph</a> of his Muslim lands. Leaders who espoused Pan-Turkism fled from Russia and moved to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, where a strong pan-Turkic movement arose; the Turkish pan-Turkic movement grew and transformed itself into a nationalistic, ethnically oriented movement which sought to replace the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> with a state. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Ottoman Empire">fall of the Ottoman Empire</a>, some of them tried to replace the multi-cultural and multi-ethnic empire with a Turkish commonwealth, the advocates of this idea were influenced by the nationalism of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a>. Leaders like <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> acknowledged that such a goal was impossible, replacing pan-Turkic idealism with a form of nationalism which aimed to preserve the existence of an <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> nucleus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_Yurdu" title="Türk Yurdu">Türk Yurdu</a> Dergisi</i> (<i>Journal of the Turkish Homeland</i>) was founded in 1911 by <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ak%C3%A7ura" title="Yusuf Akçura">Akçura</a>. This was the most important Turkist publication of the time, "in which, along with other Turkic exiles from Russia, [Akçura] attempted to instill a consciousness about the cultural unity of all Turkic peoples of the world."<sup id="cite_ref-Modernism:_The_Creation_of_Nation_States_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modernism:_The_Creation_of_Nation_States-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Ziya_G%C3%B6kalp" title="Ziya Gökalp">Ziya Gökalp</a>, famous poet and theorician of Turkism ideology, wrote his book <i>The Principles of Turkism</i> and idealized the unity of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> by calling <a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turan</a> as a goal of Turkism.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant early exponent of pan-Turkism was <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a> (1881–1922), the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Minister of War and <a href="/wiki/Acting_(law)" title="Acting (law)">acting</a> <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. He later became a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Basmachi movement</a> (1916–1934) against Russian and Soviet rule in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazis</a> founded a <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Legion" title="Turkestan Legion">Turkestan Legion</a> which was primarily composed of soldiers who hoped to establish an independent <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> state after the war. The German intrigue bore no fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilyazov_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilyazov-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Turkish Republic was established under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> in 1923, interest in Pan-Turkism declined, because Atatürk promoted Turkish nationalism within Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pan-Turkist movements gained some momentum in the 1940s, due to the support which it received from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, which sought to use Pan-Turkism as leverage in order to undermine Russian influence in an effort to acquire the resources of Central Asia during the course of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LandauN_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LandauN-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of pan-Turkist and anti-Soviet ideology, in some circles, was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> propaganda during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources claim that <a href="/wiki/Nihal_Ats%C4%B1z" title="Nihal Atsız">Nihal Atsız</a> advocated Nazi doctrines and adopted a <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>-style haircut.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Alparslan Türkeş</a>, a leading pan-Turkist, took a pro-Hitler position during the war<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and developed close connections with Nazi leaders in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several pan-Turkic groups in Europe apparently had ties to Nazi Germany (or its supporters) at the start of the war, if not earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-LandauN_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LandauN-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turco-Tatars in Romania cooperated with the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a>, a Romanian fascist organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-LandauN_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LandauN-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Turkish government's archives which date back to the World War II years have not been declassified, the level of contact can be ascertained from German archives.<sup id="cite_ref-LandauN_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LandauN-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ten-year <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Turkish_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship">Turco-German treaty of friendship</a> was signed in Ankara on 18 January 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-LandauN_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LandauN-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Official and semi-official meetings between German ambassador <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a> and other German officials and Turkish officials, including General H. E. Erkilet (of Tatar origin and a frequent contributor to pan-Turkic journals) took place in the second half of 1941 and the early months of 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-LandauN_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LandauN-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkish officials included General Ali Fuad Erdem and <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Killigil" title="Nuri Killigil">Nuri Pasha</a> (Killigil), brother of Enver Pasha.<sup id="cite_ref-LandauN_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LandauN-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pan-Turkists were not supported by the Turkish government during this time and on 19 May 1944, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a> made a speech in which he condemned Pan-Turkism as "a dangerous and sick demonstration of the latest times" going on to say that the Turkish Republic was "facing efforts hostile to the existence of the Republic" and those who advocate these ideas "will only bring trouble and disaster". Nihal Atsız and other prominent pan-Turkist leaders were tried and sentenced to imprisonment for conspiring against the government. <a href="/wiki/Zeki_Velidi_Togan" title="Zeki Velidi Togan">Zeki Velidi Togan</a> was sentenced to ten years imprisonment and four years in internal exile, Reha Oğuz Türkkan was sentenced to five years and ten months in prison and two years in exile, Nihal Atsız was sentenced to six years, six months and 15 days in prison and 3 years in exile. Others were sentenced to prison terms which only ranged from a few months to four years in length.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the defendants appealed the convictions and in October 1945, the sentences of all the convicted were abolished by the Military Court of Cassation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Erkilet discussed military contingencies, Nuri Pasha told the Germans about his plan to establish independent states which would be allies (not <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellites</a>) of Turkey. These states would be formed by the Turkic-speaking populations which lived in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, northwestern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Nuri Pasha offered to assist Nazi Germany's propaganda efforts on behalf of this cause. However, Turkey's government also feared for the survival of the Turkic minorities in the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> and it told von Papen that it could not join <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> until the USSR was crushed. The Turkish government may have been apprehensive about Soviet might, which kept the country out of the war. On a less-official level, Turkic emigrants from the Soviet Union played a crucial role in negotiations and contacts between Turkey and Germany; among them were prominent pan-Turkic activists like <a href="/wiki/Zeki_Velidi_Togan" title="Zeki Velidi Togan">Zeki Velidi Togan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammed_Amin_Rasulzade" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammed Amin Rasulzade">Mammed Amin Rasulzade</a>, Mirza Bala, Ahmet Caferoĝlu, Sayid Shamil and <a href="/wiki/Ayaz_%C4%B0shaki" title="Ayaz İshaki">Ayaz İshaki</a>. Several Tatar military units which consisted of Turkic speakers from the Turco-Tatar and Caucasian regions of the USSR who had previously been prisoners of war of the Germans joined them and fought against the Soviets, the members of these Tatar military units generally fought as guerrillas in the hope that they would be able to secure the independence of their homelands and establish a pan-Turkic union. The units, which were reinforced, numbered several hundred thousand. Turkey took a cautious approach at the government level, but pan-Turkists were angered by the Turkish government's inaction because they believed that it was wasting a golden opportunity to achieve the goals of pan-Turkism.<sup id="cite_ref-LandauN_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LandauN-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Turkism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pan-Turkism is often perceived as being a new form of Turkish imperial ambition. Some view the young Turk leaders who believed that they could reclaim the prestige of the Ottoman Empire by espousing the pan-Turkist ideology as <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">chauvinistic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pan-Turkist_views_on_Armenian_history"><span class="anchor" id="Viewpoint_on_Armenian_history"></span>Pan-Turkist views on Armenian history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Turkism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pan-Turkist views on Armenian history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Anti-Armenian sentiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Genocide">Armenian Genocide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">History of Armenia</a></div> <p>Clive Foss, professor of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston" title="University of Massachusetts Boston">University of Massachusetts Boston</a>, critically notes that in <i>1982: The Armenian File in the Light of History</i>, Cemal Anadol writes that the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> are Turks. According to Anadol, the Armenians welcomed the Turks into the region; their language is a mixture with no roots and their alphabet is mixed, with 11 characters which were borrowed from the ancient Turkic alphabet. Foss calls this view <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionism</a>: "Turkish writings have been tendentious: history has been viewed as performing a useful service, proving or supporting a point of view, and so it is treated as something flexible which can be manipulated at will".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concludes, "The notion, which seems well established in Turkey, that the Armenians were a wandering tribe without a home, who never had a state of their own, is of course entirely without any foundation in fact. The logical consequence of the commonly expressed view of the Armenians is that they have no place in Turkey, and they never did. The result would be the same if the viewpoint were expressed first, and the history were written to order. In a sense, something like this seems to have happened, for most Turks who grew up under the Republic were educated to believe in the ultimate priority of Turks in all parts of history, and ignore the Armenians all together; they had been clearly consigned to oblivion."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pan-Turkist_views_in_Azerbaijan"><span class="anchor" id="Pan-Turkist_views_in_Azerbaijan"></span>Pan-Turkist views in Azerbaijan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Turkism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pan-Turkist views in Azerbaijan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kâzım Karabekir</a> said <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The aim of all Turks is to unite with the Turkic borders. History is affording us today the last opportunity. In order for the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> not to be forever fragmented it is necessary that the campaign against <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Karabagh</a> be not allowed to abate. As a matter of fact drive the point home in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azeri</a> circles that the campaign should be pursued with greater determination and severity.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Western_Azerbaijan_(political_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Azerbaijan (political concept)">Western Azerbaijan</a> is a term used in the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> to refer to <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Whole_Azerbaijan" title="Whole Azerbaijan">Whole Azerbaijan</a> theory, modern Armenia and <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> were once inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Azerbaijanis" title="Origin of the Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its claims are based on the belief that current Armenia was ruled by Turkic tribes and states from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a> which was signed after the 1826–1828 <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War</a>. The concept has been sanctioned by the government of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and its current president, <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a>, who has said that Armenia is part of ancient Turkic, Azerbaijani land. Turkish and Azerbaijani historians have said that Armenians are alien, not indigenous, in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan SSR">Azerbaijan SSR</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, pan-Turkist political elites of <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> who were loyal to the Communist cause invented a national history based on the existence of an Azeri nation-state that dominated the areas to the north and south of the <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras river</a>, which was supposedly torn apart by an <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Iranian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> conspiracy in the Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamrava_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamrava-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "imagined community" was cherished, promoted and institutionalized in formal history books of the educational system of the Azerbaijan SSR and the post-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan Republic">Azerbaijan Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamrava_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamrava-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Soviet Union was a closed society, and its people were unaware of the actual realities regarding Iran and its Azeri citizens, the elites in Soviet Azerbaijan kept cherishing and promoting the idea of a "united Azerbaijan" in their activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamrava2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamrava2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This romantic thought led to the founding of nostalgic literary works, known as the "literature of longing"; examples amongst this genre are, for instance, <i>Foggy Tabriz</i> by <a href="/wiki/Mammed_Said_Ordubadi" title="Mammed Said Ordubadi">Mammed Said Ordubadi</a>, and <i>The Coming Day</i> by <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ibrahimov" title="Mirza Ibrahimov">Mirza Ibrahimov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamrava2_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamrava2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a rule, works belonging to the "literature of longing" genre were characterized by depicting the life of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azeris</a> as a misery due to suppression by the "Fars" (Persians), and by narrating fictional stories about Iranian Azeris waiting for the day when their "brothers" from the "north" would come and liberate them.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamrava2_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamrava2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Works that belonged to this genre, as the historian and political scientist Zaur Gasimov explains, "were examples of blatant <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azerbaijani nationalism</a> stigmatizing the “division” of the nation along the river Araxes, as well as denunciations of economic and cultural exploitation of Iranian Azerbaijanis, etc."<sup id="cite_ref-Gasimov_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gasimov-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gasimov adds: "an important by-product of this literary genre was strongly articulated <a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment in Azerbaijan">anti-Iranian</a> rhetoric. Tolerance and even support of this anti-Iranian rhetoric by the communist authorities were obvious."<sup id="cite_ref-Gasimov_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gasimov-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nationalist political elites in post-Soviet Azerbaijan, being the inheritors of this mentality created during the Soviet rule, forwarded this "mission" for achieving a "united Azerbaijan" as a political goal of utmost importance.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamrava2_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamrava2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Azerbaijani president <a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a> (1992–93) devoted his life to carrying out this mission, and he, in tandem with other pan-Turkist elites, went on a campaign for the ethnic awakening of Iranian Azeris.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamrava2_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamrava2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be due to these ideas that Elchibey was elected president in the new country's first presidential election in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamrava2_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamrava2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his government has been widely described as pursuing Pan-Turkic and anti-Iranian policies.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than the pan-Turkist leadership, nationalist intellectuals and Azerbaijani media also stipulated the question of "<a href="/wiki/Southern_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Azerbaijan">Southern Azerbaijan</a>" in their main political agenda's.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamrava2_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamrava2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995-1996, according to one survey of the Azerbaijani press, the question of Iranian Azeris was covered more than any other topic by state-controlled and independent outlets in the young republic of Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamrava2_46-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamrava2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1918, political elites with Pan-Turkist-oriented sentiments in the area that comprises the present-day Azerbaijan Republic have depended on the concept of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a> in order to create an anti-Iranian sense of ethnicity amongst Iranian Azeris.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iranian Azerbaijani intellectuals who have promoted Iranian cultural and national identity and put forth a reaction to early pan-Turkist claims over Iran's Azerbaijan region have been dubbed traitors to the "Azerbaijani nation" within the pan-Turkist media of the Republic of Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahmad Kazemi, the author of the book <i>Security in South Caucasus</i>, told Iran's Strategic Council on Foreign Relations in a 2021 interview that "Azerbaijan is seeking to establish the so-called pan-Turkish illusionary <a href="/wiki/Zangezur_corridor" title="Zangezur corridor">Zangezur corridor</a> in south of Armenia under the pretext of creating connectivity in the region", arguing that "this corridor is not compatible with any of the present geopolitical and historical realities of the region".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_views_on_pan-Turkism"><span class="anchor" id="Tsarist_Russia_and_Soviet_viewpoint_on_pan-Turkism"></span>Russian views on pan-Turkism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Turkism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Russian views on pan-Turkism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist Russian circles</a>, pan-Turkism was considered a political, <a href="/wiki/Irredentist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irredentist">irredentist</a> and aggressive idea.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkic peoples in Russia were threatened by Turkish expansion, and I. Gasprinsky and his followers were accused of being Turkish spies. After the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks’</a> attitude to Turkism differed significantly from the Russian Empire’s. At the 10th Congress of Bolshevik Communist Party in 1921, the party "condemned pan-Turkism as a slope to bourgeois-democratic nationalism", however unofficially pan-Turkism was supported and promoted. The emergence of a pan-Turkism scare<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in Soviet propaganda made it one of the “most frightening” political labels in the USSR. The most widespread accusation used in the repression<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of educated Tatars and other Turkic peoples during the 1930s was that of pan-Turkism.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States_and_the_rest_of_the_New_World">In the United States and the rest of the New World</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Turkism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In the United States and the rest of the New World"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pan-Turkists like <a href="/wiki/Reha_O%C4%9Fuz_T%C3%BCrkkan" title="Reha Oğuz Türkkan">Reha Oğuz Türkkan</a> have openly claimed that <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian civilizations</a> were Turkic civilizations and they have also claimed that modern-day <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> are Turkic peoples, and activities which Turkish lobbying groups have conducted in order to draw Native Americans into the service of the wider Turkic world agenda have drawn criticism and triggered accusations that the Turkish government is falsifying the history of Native Americans in the service of Turkish imperialist ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an article by Polat Kaya which was published by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cultural_Foundation" title="Turkish Cultural Foundation">Turkish Cultural Foundation</a>, the exact origins of Native Americans remain unclear and while they are widely believed to have migrated from Asia, the exact connection between Native Americans and other Turkic peoples remains disputed. </p><p>The idea has also been discussed in the francophone world, noting that as victors in the First World War, England and France "dismembered the Arab portion" of the Ottoman Empire and shared it amongst themselves, further alienating Turkey. The loss of the Arabian oil fields limited Turkey becoming a petroleum power on the world stage; called "le panturquisme" in French, authors argue that it arose as a way of reclaiming some of the lost glory after the Ottoman defeat in the war and the loss of prestige in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pseudoscientific_theories">Pseudoscientific theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Turkism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pseudoscientific theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkology" title="Turkology">Turkology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism#Azerbaijan" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism § Azerbaijan</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:21%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>There is no such thing as the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> people or nation. They are merely carriers of Turkish culture and habits. The imagined region proposed as the new <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> is the region that was settled by the proto-Turks. The <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> come immediately to mind.<sup id="cite_ref-GZ_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GZ-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Orhan Türkdoğan - Professor of Sociology at <a href="/wiki/Gebze_Technical_University" title="Gebze Technical University">Gebze Technical University</a></cite></div> </div> <p>Pan-Turkism has been characterized by pseudoscientific theories known as <b>Pseudo-Turkology</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frankle_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frankle-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AKOK_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AKOK-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though dismissed in serious scholarship, scholars promoting such theories, often known as Pseudo-Turkologists,<sup id="cite_ref-Frankle_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frankle-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have in recent times emerged among every Turkic nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-SB_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khazanov_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazanov-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A leading light among them is <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Аджиев, Мурад Эскендерович">Murad Adzhi</a>, who insists that two hundred thousand years ago, "an advanced people of Turkic blood" were living in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>. These tall and blond Turks are supposed to have founded the world's first state, <a href="/wiki/Idel-Ural_State" title="Idel-Ural State">Idel-Ural</a>, 35,000 years ago, and to have migrated as far as the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SB_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to theories like the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">Turkish History Thesis</a>, promoted by pseudo-scholars, the Turkic peoples are supposed to have migrated from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> to the Middle East in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a> are here classified as being of Turkic origin.<sup id="cite_ref-AKOK_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AKOK-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SB_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khazanov_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazanov-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HTM_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTM-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan cultures</a> of the early Bronze Age up to more recent times are also typically ascribed to Turkic peoples by pan-Turkic pseudoscholars, such as <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Мизиев, Исмаил Мусаевич">Ismail Miziev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KF_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KF-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Turkic peoples typically classified as Turkic, Turkish, Proto-Turkish or <a href="/wiki/Turanid_race" title="Turanid race">Turanian</a> include <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Sakas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albanians</a>, and various ethnic minorities in Turkic countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KF_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KF-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Simonian_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simonian-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SD_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khazanov_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazanov-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HTM_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTM-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adzhi also considers <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> as Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-SB_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a few prominent peoples in history, such as <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavians" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavians">Scandinavians</a> are considered non-Turkic by Adzhi.<sup id="cite_ref-SB_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philologist <a href="/wiki/Mirfatyh_Zakiev" title="Mirfatyh Zakiev">Mirfatyh Zakiev</a>, former chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet" title="Supreme Soviet">Supreme Soviet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tatar_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar ASSR">Tatar ASSR</a>, has published hundreds of "scientific" works on the subject, suggesting Turkic origins of the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a> languages. Zakiev contends that "proto-Turkish is the starting point of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-SB_66-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only peoples and cultures, but also prominent individuals, such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a>, are proclaimed to have been "of Turkic origin".<sup id="cite_ref-SB_66-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such the Turkic peoples are supposed to have once been the "benevolent conquerors" of the peoples of most of Eurasia, who thus owe them "a huge cultural debt".<sup id="cite_ref-SB_66-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> <a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a> states that all human languages are descendants of a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">proto-Turkic language</a> and was developed by the Turkish president <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> during the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-peoples.ru_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peoples.ru-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kairat Zakiryanov considers the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene_pool" title="Gene pool">gene pools</a> to be identical.<sup id="cite_ref-zak_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zak-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Turkish academics (Şevket Koçsoy, Özkan İzgi, Emel Esin) claim that <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> were of Turkic origins.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philip_L._Kohl" title="Philip L. Kohl">Philip L. Kohl</a> notes that the above-mentioned theories are nothing more than "incredible myths".<sup id="cite_ref-KF_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KF-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the promotion of these theories have "taken on large-scale proportions" in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Simonian_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simonian-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often associated with <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide#Reasons_for_limited_recognition" title="Greek genocide">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayfo#Denial_and_justification" title="Sayfo">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide denial</a>, pan-Turkic pseudoscience has received extensive state and state-backed non-governmental support, and is taught all the way from elementary school to the highest level of universities in such countries.<sup id="cite_ref-SD_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkish and Azerbaijani students are imbued with textbooks which make "absurdly inflated" claims which state that all <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, and all <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a> on the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, were of Turkic origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Boldt_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boldt-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Konstantin Sheiko and Stephen Brown explain the reemergence of such pseudo-history as a form of national therapy, helping its proponents cope with the failures of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-SB_66-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_pan-Turkists">Notable pan-Turkists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Turkism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable pan-Turkists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_A%C4%9Fao%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Ağaoğlu">Ahmet Ağaoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alimardan_Topchubashov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alimardan Topchubashov">Alimardan Topchubashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Alparslan Türkeş</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Suavi" title="Ali Suavi">Ali Suavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askar_Akayev" title="Askar Akayev">Askar Akayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djemal_Pasha" title="Djemal Pasha">Djemal Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuat_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuat Köprülü">Fuat Köprülü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Alptekin" title="Isa Alptekin">Isa Alptekin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Gaspirali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismail Gaspirali">Ismail Gaspirali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammad_Amin_Rasulzade" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammad Amin Rasulzade">Mammad Amin Rasulzade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Emin_Yurdakul" title="Mehmet Emin Yurdakul">Mehmet Emin Yurdakul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirsaid_Sultan-Galiev" title="Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev">Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Shokay" title="Mustafa Shokay">Mustafa Shokay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munis_Tekinalp" title="Munis Tekinalp">Munis Tekinalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nejdet_San%C3%A7ar" title="Nejdet Sançar">Nejdet Sançar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihal_Ats%C4%B1z" title="Nihal Atsız">Nihal Atsız</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_Killigil" title="Nuri Killigil">Nuri Killigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96mer_Seyfettin" title="Ömer Seyfettin">Ömer Seyfettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%B1za_Nur" title="Rıza Nur">Rıza Nur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_Maksudi_Arsal" title="Sadri Maksudi Arsal">Sadri Maksudi Arsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reha_O%C4%9Fuz_T%C3%BCrkkan" title="Reha Oğuz Türkkan">Reha Oğuz Türkkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ak%C3%A7ura" title="Yusuf Akçura">Yusuf Akçura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Velidi_Togan" title="Zeki Velidi Togan">Zeki Velidi Togan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziya_G%C3%B6kalp" title="Ziya Gökalp">Ziya Gökalp</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pan-Turkist_organizations">Pan-Turkist organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Turkism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pan-Turkist organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Azerbaijan</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Democrat_Party" title="Azerbaijan National Democrat Party">Azerbaijan National Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Azerbaijan_National_Awakening_Movement" title="Southern Azerbaijan National Awakening Movement">Southern Azerbaijan National Awakening Movement</a> (SANAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Resistance_Organization" title="Azerbaijan National Resistance Organization">Azerbaijan National Resistance Organization</a> (ANRO)</li></ul> <p><b>Kazakhstan</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Patriotic_Party_(Kazakhstan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Patriotic Party (Kazakhstan)">National Patriotic Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Turkey</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Hearths" title="Turkish Hearths">Turkish Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Turkey)" title="National Party (Turkey)">National Party</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a> (MHP) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1z_Youth" title="Atsız Youth">Atsız Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Party_(Turkey)" title="Victory Party (Turkey)">Victory Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0Y%C4%B0_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="İYİ Party">İYİ Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Villagers_Nation_Party" title="Republican Villagers Nation Party">Republican Villagers Nation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Nation_Party" title="Republican Nation Party">Republican Nation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Villagers%27_Party" title="Turkish Villagers' Party">Turkish Villagers' Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Democracy_Party" title="Nationalist Democracy Party">Nationalist Democracy Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Uzbekistan</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(Uzbekistan)" title="Unity (Uzbekistan)">Birlik</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Turkism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_states_represented_in_Turkish_presidential_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic states represented in Turkish presidential seal">Historic states represented in Turkish presidential seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian Turanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idel-Ural" title="Idel-Ural">Idel-Ural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobbik" title="Jobbik">Jobbik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turya_(Avesta)" title="Turya (Avesta)">Turya (Avesta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Turanid">Turanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic Council">Turkic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkism_Day" title="Turkism Day">Turkism Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco-Mongol">Turco-Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural%E2%80%93Altaic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural–Altaic languages">Ural–Altaic languages</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Turkism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zhou" title="Book of Zhou">Book of Zhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sui" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a> (later repeated by <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Dynasties" title="History of the Northern Dynasties">History of the Northern Dynasties</a>), Göktürks erected a <a href="/wiki/Tug_(banner)" title="Tug (banner)">tuğ banner</a> decorated with a wolf's head made of gold to show that they had not forgotten their origin from a she-wolf ancestress.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Tug_(banner)" title="Tug (banner)">tuğ</a> is a banner made of horse-hairs and based on Chinese banners made of <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">yak</a>-hairs (纛 <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">standard Chinese</a> <i>dú</i> < <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> *<i>dok</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Turkism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zhoushu</i> <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B750">vol. 50</a>. quote: "旗纛之上，施金狼頭。…… 蓋本狼生，志不忘舊。"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Suishu</i> <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B784">Vol. 84</a> text: "故牙門建<b>狼頭纛</b>，示不忘本也。"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Beishi</i> <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7099#%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5">vol. 99: section Tujue</a> text: "故牙門建<b>狼頭纛</b>，示不忘本也。"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clauson, Gerard (1972). An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-13th Century Turkish. Oxford University Press. p. 464</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fishman-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fishman_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFishmanGarcia,_Ofelia2011" class="citation book cs1">Fishman, Joshua; Garcia, Ofelia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUydX_3rG0AC&pg=PA269"><i>Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts</i></a>. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539245-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539245-6"><bdi>978-0-19-539245-6</bdi></a>. <q><i>It is commonly acknowledged that pan-Turkism, the movement which aimed to politically and/or culturally unify all Turkic peoples, emerged among Turkic intellectuals who lived in Russia as a liberal-cultural movement in the 1880s.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Language+and+Ethnic+Identity%3A+The+Success-Failure+Continuum+in+Language+and+Ethnic+Identity+Efforts&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539245-6&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Garcia%2C+Ofelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUydX_3rG0AC%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440700/Pan-Turkism">"Pan-Turkism"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 Jul</span> 2009</span>. <q>Political movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which had as its goal the political union of all Turkish-speaking peoples in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pan-Turkism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F440700%2FPan-Turkism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-landau-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-landau_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandau1995" class="citation book cs1">Landau, Jacob (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uy6Sa0E3HbcC"><i>Pan-Turkism: From Irredentism To Cooperation</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20960-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20960-3"><bdi>978-0-253-20960-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pan-Turkism%3A+From+Irredentism+To+Cooperation&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20960-3&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duy6Sa0E3HbcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LandauRadicalPolitics-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LandauRadicalPolitics_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob M. Landau, "Radical Politics in Modern Turkey", BRILL, 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Melson" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F. Melson">Robert F. Melson</a>, "The Armenian Genocide" in Kevin Reilly (Editor), Stephen Kaufman (Editor), Angela Bodino (Editor) "Racism: A Global Reader (Sources and Studies in World History)", M.E. Sharpe (January 2003). pg 278:"Concluding that their liberal experiment had been a failure, CUP leaders turned to Pan-Turkism, a <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">chauvinistic</a> brand of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> that sought to create a new empire which would have been based on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and Turkish ethnicity."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilyazov-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilyazov_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilyazov_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Iskander Gilyazov, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beznen-yul.narod.ru/by-kyzyk/panturk.htm">Пантюрκизм, Пантуранизм и Германия</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004230533/http://beznen-yul.narod.ru/by-kyzyk/panturk.htm">Archived</a> 2006-10-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", magazine "Татарстан" No 5-6, 1995. <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058213/Pan-Turkism">"Pan-Turkism"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pan-Turkism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9058213%2FPan-Turkism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gökalp-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gökalp_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGökalpDevereaux,_Robert1968" class="citation book cs1">Gökalp, Ziya; Devereaux, Robert (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lShkAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Principles of Turkism</i></a>. E. J. Brill. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004007314" title="Special:BookSources/9789004007314"><bdi>9789004007314</bdi></a>. <q><i>Turkism is not a political party but a scientific, philosophic and aesthetic school of thought.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Turkism&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9789004007314&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6kalp&rft.aufirst=Ziya&rft.au=Devereaux%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlShkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieser2006" class="citation book cs1">Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VKVSHjjUT2UC&pg=PA19"><i>Turkey beyond nationalism: towards post-nationalist identities</i></a>. I. B. Tauris. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-141-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-141-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-141-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+beyond+nationalism%3A+towards+post-nationalist+identities&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-141-0&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVKVSHjjUT2UC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoğan2006" class="citation book cs1">Doğan, Attila (2006). <i>Osmanlı Aydınları ve Sosyal Darwinizm</i>. Istanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9756176504" title="Special:BookSources/978-9756176504"><bdi>978-9756176504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osmanl%C4%B1+Ayd%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1+ve+Sosyal+Darwinizm&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=Bilgi+%C3%9Cniversitesi+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9756176504&rft.aulast=Do%C4%9Fan&rft.aufirst=Attila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian2011" class="citation book cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K3monyE4CVQC&pg=PA298"><i>The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies</i></a>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0367-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0367-2"><bdi>978-0-7658-0367-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide%3A+Cultural+and+Ethical+Legacies&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0367-2&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK3monyE4CVQC%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOranlı2020" class="citation journal cs1">Oranlı, Imge (2020). "Epistemic Injustice from Afar : Rethinking the Denial of Armenian Genocide". <i>Social Epistemology</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 120–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02691728.2020.1839593">10.1080/02691728.2020.1839593</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229463301">229463301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Epistemology&rft.atitle=Epistemic+Injustice+from+Afar+%3A+Rethinking+the+Denial+of+Armenian+Genocide&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=120-132&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02691728.2020.1839593&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229463301%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Oranl%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Imge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mansur Hasanov, Academician of Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan Republic, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rt-online.ru/numbers/public/?ID=25970">Великий реформатор</a>", in magazine "Республика Татарстан" № 96–97 (24393-24394), 17 May 2001. <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khakimov-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khakimov_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafael Khakimov, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/region-ecology/numbers/5/504.html">Taklid and Ijtihad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210221350/http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/region-ecology/numbers/5/504.html">Archived</a> 2007-02-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Russia in Global Affairs</i>, Dec. 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NN-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NN_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N.N., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panorama.ru/gazeta/p35_turk.html">Полтора Века Пантюрκизма в Турции</a>", magazine "Панорама". <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modernism:_The_Creation_of_Nation_States-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Modernism:_The_Creation_of_Nation_States_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modernism:_The_Creation_of_Nation_States_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modernism:_The_Creation_of_Nation_States_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErsoyg¢RnyKechriotis2010" class="citation book cs1">Ersoy, Ahmet; g¢Rny, Maciej; Kechriotis, Vangelis (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8j-Uemo6SfoC&q=yurdu&pg=PA218"><i>Modernism: The Creation of Nation States</i></a>. Central European University Press. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789637326615" title="Special:BookSources/9789637326615"><bdi>9789637326615</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernism%3A+The+Creation+of+Nation+States&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2010-01&rft.isbn=9789637326615&rft.aulast=Ersoy&rft.aufirst=Ahmet&rft.au=g%C2%A2Rny%2C+Maciej&rft.au=Kechriotis%2C+Vangelis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8j-Uemo6SfoC%26q%3Dyurdu%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Türkçülüğün Esasları pg.25 (Gökalp, Ziya)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pan-Turkism">Pan Turkism</a>, Encyclopedia Britannica.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEligur2010" class="citation book cs1">Eligur, Banu (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6eFzRgxCkhQC&pg=PA41"><i>The Mobilization of Political Islam in Turkey</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139486583" title="Special:BookSources/9781139486583"><bdi>9781139486583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mobilization+of+Political+Islam+in+Turkey&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139486583&rft.aulast=Eligur&rft.aufirst=Banu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6eFzRgxCkhQC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LandauN-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LandauN_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LandauN_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LandauN_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LandauN_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LandauN_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LandauN_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LandauN_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LandauN_25-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob M. Landau. Pan-Turkism: From Irredentism to Cooperation. India University Press, 1995. 2nd Edition. pp 112–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob M. Landau, "Radical Politics in Modern Turkey", BRILL, 1974. pg 194: "In the course of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, various circles in Turkey absorbed <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi propaganda</a>; these were pro-German and admired <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, which they grasped as a doctrine of warlike dynamism and a source of national inspiration, on which they could base their pan-Turkic and anti-Soviet ideology."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. VanderLippe, "The politics of Turkish democracy", SUNY Press, 2005. "A third group was led by Nihal Atsiz, who favored a Hitler style haircut and mustache, and advocated <a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">racist Nazi doctrines</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. VanderLippe, <i>The Politics of Turkish Democracy: Ismet Inonu and the Formation of the Multi-Party System, 1938-1950</i>, (State University of New York Press, 2005), 108;"A third group was led by Nihal Atsiz, who favored a Hitler style haircut and moustache, and advocated Nazi racist doctrines."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Davies, Derek Lynch, "The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right", Routledge, 2002. pg 244: "Alparslan Türkeş: Leader of a Turkish neo-fascist movement, Nationalist Action Party(MHP). During the war, he adopted a pro-Hitler position and was imprisoned after a 1960 coup attempt against his country's ruler.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berch Berberoglu, " Turkey in crisis: from state capitalism to neocolonialism", Zed, 1982. 2nd edition. pg 125: "Turkes established close ties with Nazi leaders in Germany in 1945 "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderLippe2012" class="citation book cs1">VanderLippe, John M. (2012-02-01). <i>Politics of Turkish Democracy, The: Ismet Inonu and the Formation of the Multi-Party System, 1938-1950</i>. SUNY Press. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791483374" title="Special:BookSources/9780791483374"><bdi>9780791483374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+of+Turkish+Democracy%2C+The%3A+Ismet+Inonu+and+the+Formation+of+the+Multi-Party+System%2C+1938-1950&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft.isbn=9780791483374&rft.aulast=VanderLippe&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErcilasun2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ercilasun, Ahmet Bican (2018). <i>Atsız, Türkçülüğün Mistik Önderi</i> (in Turkish). Panama Yayincilik. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786052221068" title="Special:BookSources/9786052221068"><bdi>9786052221068</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ats%C4%B1z%2C+T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7%C3%BCl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BCn+Mistik+%C3%96nderi&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Panama+Yayincilik&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9786052221068&rft.aulast=Ercilasun&rft.aufirst=Ahmet+Bican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandauLandauLandau1995" class="citation book cs1">Landau, Jacob M.; Landau, Gersten Professor of Political Science Jacob M.; Landau, Yaʻaqov M. (1995). <i>Pan-Turkism: From Irredentism to Cooperation</i>. Indiana University Press. pp. 117–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-32869-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-32869-4"><bdi>978-0-253-32869-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pan-Turkism%3A+From+Irredentism+to+Cooperation&rft.pages=117-118&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-253-32869-4&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Jacob+M.&rft.au=Landau%2C+Gersten+Professor+of+Political+Science+Jacob+M.&rft.au=Landau%2C+Ya%CA%BBaqov+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob M. Landau. Pan-Turkism: From Irredentism to Cooperation. India University Press, 1995. 2nd Edition. pg 45: "Pan-Turkism's historic chance arrived both shortly before and during the First World War, when it was adopted as a guiding principle of state policy by an influential group among the Young Turks"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert F. Melson, "The Armenian Genocide" in Kevin Reilly (Editor), Stephen Kaufman (Editor), Angela Bodino (Editor) "Racism: A Global Reader (Sources and Studies in World History)", M.E. Sharpe (January 2003). pg 278: "Concluding that their liberal experiment had been a failure, CUP leaders turned to Pan-Turkism, a xenophobic and chauvinistic brand of nationalism that sought to create a new empire based on Islam and Turkish ethnicity ... It was in this context of revolutionary and ideological transformation and war that the fateful decision to destroy the Armenians was taken."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clive Foss, “The Turkish View of Armenian History: A Vanishing Nation,” in <i>The Armenian Genocide: History, Politics, Ethics</i>, ed. by Richard G. Hovannisian (New York: St. Martins Press, 1992), pp. 261–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clive Foss, “The Turkish View of Armenian History: A Vanishing Nation,” in <i>The Armenian Genocide: History, Politics, Ethics</i>, ed. by Richard G. Hovannisian (New York: St. Martins Press, 1992), p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Karabekir</a>, Istiklâl Harbimiz/n.2/, p. 631</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721150915/http://www.news.az/articles/24723">"Present-day Armenia located in ancient Azerbaijani lands – Ilham Aliyev"</a>. News.Az. October 16, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.az/articles/24723">the original</a> on July 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Present-day+Armenia+located+in+ancient+Azerbaijani+lands+%E2%80%93+Ilham+Aliyev&rft.date=2010-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.az%2Farticles%2F24723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tofig_Kocharli" title="Tofig Kocharli">Tofig Kocharli</a>, "Armenian Deception"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ohannes Geukjian, "Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the Legacy of Soviet Nationalities Policy"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018202100/http://www.cilicia.com/History.htm">"Nagorno Karabakh: History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cilicia.com/History.htm">the original</a> on 18 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nagorno+Karabakh%3A+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cilicia.com%2FHistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.day.az/society/375134.html">"Рауф Гусейн-заде: 'Мы показали, что армяне на Кавказе - некоренные жители'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Day.Az</i>. 27 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Day.Az&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%84+%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%3A+%27%D0%9C%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C+%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5+-+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%27&rft.date=2012-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.day.az%2Fsociety%2F375134.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215061112/http://azerinfo.eu/en/27-how-hays-became-armenians.html">"Professor Firidun Agasyoglu Jalilov 'How Hays became Armenians'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azerinfo.eu/en/27-how-hays-became-armenians.html">the original</a> on 2015-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Firidun+Agasyoglu+Jalilov+%27How+Hays+became+Armenians%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fazerinfo.eu%2Fen%2F27-how-hays-became-armenians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamrava-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kamrava_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamrava_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmadi2017" class="citation book cs1">Ahmadi, Hamid (2017). "The Clash of Nationalisms: Iranian response to Baku's irredentism". In Kamrava, Mehran (ed.). <i>The Great Game in West Asia: Iran, Turkey and the South Caucasus</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190869663" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190869663"><bdi>978-0190869663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Clash+of+Nationalisms%3A+Iranian+response+to+Baku%27s+irredentism&rft.btitle=The+Great+Game+in+West+Asia%3A+Iran%2C+Turkey+and+the+South+Caucasus&rft.pages=109-110&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0190869663&rft.aulast=Ahmadi&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamrava2-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kamrava2_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamrava2_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamrava2_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamrava2_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamrava2_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamrava2_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamrava2_46-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamrava2_46-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmadi2017" class="citation book cs1">Ahmadi, Hamid (2017). "The Clash of Nationalisms: Iranian response to Baku's irredentism". In Kamrava, Mehran (ed.). <i>The Great Game in West Asia: Iran, Turkey and the South Caucasus</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190869663" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190869663"><bdi>978-0190869663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Clash+of+Nationalisms%3A+Iranian+response+to+Baku%27s+irredentism&rft.btitle=The+Great+Game+in+West+Asia%3A+Iran%2C+Turkey+and+the+South+Caucasus&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0190869663&rft.aulast=Ahmadi&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gasimov-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gasimov_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gasimov_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasimov2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gasimov, Zaur (2022). "Observing Iran from Baku: Iranian Studies in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan". <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>55</b> (1): 49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2020.1865136">10.1080/00210862.2020.1865136</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233889871">233889871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Observing+Iran+from+Baku%3A+Iranian+Studies+in+Soviet+and+Post-Soviet+Azerbaijan&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210862.2020.1865136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233889871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gasimov&rft.aufirst=Zaur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Svante_Cornell" title="Svante Cornell">Cornell, Svante</a> (2005). <i>Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus</i>. Routledge. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135796693" title="Special:BookSources/9781135796693"><bdi>9781135796693</bdi></a>. <q>Elchibey's anti-Iranian rhetoric and the subsequent deterioration of Azerbaijani-Iranian relations to below freezing point...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Nations+and+Great+Powers%3A+A+Study+of+Ethnopolitical+Conflict+in+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781135796693&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeimani1999" class="citation book cs1">Peimani, Hooman (1999). <i>Iran and the United States: The Rise of the West Asian Regional Grouping</i>. Praeger. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275964542" title="Special:BookSources/9780275964542"><bdi>9780275964542</bdi></a>. <q>Characterized by its anti-Iranian, anti-Russian, pro-Turkish outlook, the Elchibey government's pursuit of pan-Turkism...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+and+the+United+States%3A+The+Rise+of+the+West+Asian+Regional+Grouping&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780275964542&rft.aulast=Peimani&rft.aufirst=Hooman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrogan2000" class="citation book cs1">Grogan, Michael S. (2000). <i>National security imperatives and the neorealist state: Iran and realpolitik</i>. Naval Postgraduate School. pp. 68–69. <q>Elchibey was anti-Iranian, pan-Azeri</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+security+imperatives+and+the+neorealist+state%3A+Iran+and+realpolitik&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Naval+Postgraduate+School&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Grogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichensehrReisman2009" class="citation book cs1">Eichensehr, Kristen E.; Reisman, William Michael, eds. (2009). <i>Stopping Wars and Making Peace: Studies in International Intervention</i>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004178557" title="Special:BookSources/9789004178557"><bdi>9789004178557</bdi></a>. <q>radically pro-Turkish and anti-Iranian President Elchibey in June made Iran unacceptable to Azerbaijan as a mediator.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stopping+Wars+and+Making+Peace%3A+Studies+in+International+Intervention&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789004178557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmadi2017" class="citation book cs1">Ahmadi, Hamid (2017). "The Clash of Nationalisms: Iranian response to Baku's irredentism". In Kamrava, Mehran (ed.). <i>The Great Game in West Asia: Iran, Turkey and the South Caucasus</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190869663" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190869663"><bdi>978-0190869663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Clash+of+Nationalisms%3A+Iranian+response+to+Baku%27s+irredentism&rft.btitle=The+Great+Game+in+West+Asia%3A+Iran%2C+Turkey+and+the+South+Caucasus&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0190869663&rft.aulast=Ahmadi&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmadi2017" class="citation book cs1">Ahmadi, Hamid (2017). "The Clash of Nationalisms: Iranian response to Baku's irredentism". In Kamrava, Mehran (ed.). <i>The Great Game in West Asia: Iran, Turkey and the South Caucasus</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190869663" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190869663"><bdi>978-0190869663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Clash+of+Nationalisms%3A+Iranian+response+to+Baku%27s+irredentism&rft.btitle=The+Great+Game+in+West+Asia%3A+Iran%2C+Turkey+and+the+South+Caucasus&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0190869663&rft.aulast=Ahmadi&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scfr.ir/en/politics/135725/strategic-dimensions-of-the-recent-tension-in-relations-between-armenia-and-azerbaijan/">"Strategic dimensions of the recent tension in relations between Armenia and Azerbaijan"</a>. 27 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strategic+dimensions+of+the+recent+tension+in+relations+between+Armenia+and+Azerbaijan&rft.date=2021-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scfr.ir%2Fen%2Fpolitics%2F135725%2Fstrategic-dimensions-of-the-recent-tension-in-relations-between-armenia-and-azerbaijan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeraci2001" class="citation book cs1">Geraci, Robert P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Turkey+and+the+Indians&rft.date=2012-07-25&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fturkey-and-the-indians%2F2012%2F07%2F24%2FgJQAbNuj8W_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFink2012" class="citation web cs1">Fink, Marc J. (5 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meforum.org/islamist-watch/37715/stunner-turkey-infiltrating-native-american">"Stunner: Turkey Infiltrating Native American Tribes – and May Get Congressional Help"</a>. <i>Islamist Watch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islamist+Watch&rft.atitle=Stunner%3A+Turkey+Infiltrating+Native+American+Tribes+%E2%80%93+and+May+Get+Congressional+Help&rft.date=2012-10-05&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Marc+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2Fislamist-watch%2F37715%2Fstunner-turkey-infiltrating-native-american&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassounian2012" class="citation web cs1">Sassounian, Harut (24 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asbarez.com/dna-study-busts-myth-that-one-million-appalachians-are-of-turkish-descent/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=2426b43716ef034a54f53bb5ddc815579a276f5d-1605594767-0-ARRyK1bFihzDCtfyyGCkJboYe4KTcJjWeOYdbSsQbUe26XNHWqFYH4Ob0ejTVMaGGgS0o0kSXx9-sn-6TwsT5Lauijdg904MyycDeEqhnlQZdn-DXo-K7KNJ5wpoZbTqXzZl5PIKe9mlWXg7VQBgtq5bGF1SI2ZW9mHHVaj4LsNodEbgCzpWSPWqXFnJAAgnJrVCezByQKMbTljykzGNJ-qLwyxzbueNWWnNEQ0E6pvzrUQ0iztZiPuQKuf-oCXTlLxEGI1SA9sZglges9xLP8SMcT-FbQhK746SOSk-Fnx_SIuXLrw_NpEznZ6OBhPwduCqaGI4e4O_UHptZRZgxVcrGbyGgSvLpEnGV9-i_qpZYvEvJ5P6Oeonq6URDHswJvjxbVgN6Qs6113GXYd9Lnu5n1i2w7KPVQkQpN3-nEBm">"DNA Study Busts Myth that One Million Appalachians are of Turkish Descent"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asbarez" title="Asbarez">Asbarez</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asbarez&rft.atitle=DNA+Study+Busts+Myth+that+One+Million+Appalachians+are+of+Turkish+Descent&rft.date=2012-07-24&rft.aulast=Sassounian&rft.aufirst=Harut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasbarez.com%2Fdna-study-busts-myth-that-one-million-appalachians-are-of-turkish-descent%2F%3F__cf_chl_jschl_tk__%3D2426b43716ef034a54f53bb5ddc815579a276f5d-1605594767-0-ARRyK1bFihzDCtfyyGCkJboYe4KTcJjWeOYdbSsQbUe26XNHWqFYH4Ob0ejTVMaGGgS0o0kSXx9-sn-6TwsT5Lauijdg904MyycDeEqhnlQZdn-DXo-K7KNJ5wpoZbTqXzZl5PIKe9mlWXg7VQBgtq5bGF1SI2ZW9mHHVaj4LsNodEbgCzpWSPWqXFnJAAgnJrVCezByQKMbTljykzGNJ-qLwyxzbueNWWnNEQ0E6pvzrUQ0iztZiPuQKuf-oCXTlLxEGI1SA9sZglges9xLP8SMcT-FbQhK746SOSk-Fnx_SIuXLrw_NpEznZ6OBhPwduCqaGI4e4O_UHptZRZgxVcrGbyGgSvLpEnGV9-i_qpZYvEvJ5P6Oeonq6URDHswJvjxbVgN6Qs6113GXYd9Lnu5n1i2w7KPVQkQpN3-nEBm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThual2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thual, François (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41941814">"International: Le Corridor Des Turcs L'aire Des Turcs Ou l'ère Des Turcs"</a>. <i>La Revue Administrative</i> (in French). <b>60</b> (357): 281–83. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41941814">41941814</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Revue+Administrative&rft.atitle=International%3A+Le+Corridor+Des+Turcs+L%27aire+Des+Turcs+Ou+l%27%C3%A8re+Des+Turcs&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=357&rft.pages=281-83&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41941814%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thual&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41941814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GZ-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GZ_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunesZeydanlioglu2013" class="citation book cs1">Gunes, Cengiz; Zeydanlioglu, Welat (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UVn7AAAAQBAJ"><i>The Kurdish Question in Turkey: New Perspectives on Violence, Representation and Reconciliation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135140632" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135140632"><bdi>978-1135140632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+Question+in+Turkey%3A+New+Perspectives+on+Violence%2C+Representation+and+Reconciliation&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1135140632&rft.aulast=Gunes&rft.aufirst=Cengiz&rft.au=Zeydanlioglu%2C+Welat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUVn7AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frankle-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frankle_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frankle_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankle1948" class="citation book cs1">Frankle, Elanor (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-JMAAAAMAAJ"><i>Word formation in the Turkic languages</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word+formation+in+the+Turkic+languages&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Frankle&rft.aufirst=Elanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ-JMAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AKOK-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AKOK_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AKOK_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAktarKizilyürekOzkirimliK?z?lyürek2010" class="citation book cs1">Aktar, A.; Kizilyürek, N; Ozkirimli, U.; K?z?lyürek, Niyazi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHWGDAAAQBAJ"><i>Nationalism in the Troubled Triangle: Cyprus, Greece and Turkey</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230297326" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230297326"><bdi>978-0230297326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+in+the+Troubled+Triangle%3A+Cyprus%2C+Greece+and+Turkey&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0230297326&rft.aulast=Aktar&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Kizily%C3%BCrek%2C+N&rft.au=Ozkirimli%2C+U.&rft.au=K%3Fz%3Fly%C3%BCrek%2C+Niyazi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHWGDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SB-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SB_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SB_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SB_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SB_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SB_66-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SB_66-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SB_66-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SB_66-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SB_66-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheikoBrown2014" class="citation book cs1">Sheiko, Konstantin; Brown, Stephen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vY00DwAAQBAJ"><i>History as Therapy: Alternative History and Nationalist Imaginings in Russia</i></a>. ibidem Press. pp. 61–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3838265650" title="Special:BookSources/978-3838265650"><bdi>978-3838265650</bdi></a>. <q>According to Adzhi, Alans, Goths, Burgundians, Saxons, Alemans, Angles, Langobards and many of the Russians were ethnic Turks.161 The list of non-Turks is relatively short and seems to comprise only Jews, Chinese, Armenians, Greeks, Persians, and Scandinavians... Mirfatykh Zakiev, a chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Tatar ASSR and a professor of <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a> who has published hundreds of scientific works, argues that proto-Turkish is the starting point of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>. Zakiev and his colleagues claim to have discovered the Tatar roots of the Sumerian, ancient Greek and Icelandic languages and deciphered Etruscan and Minoan writings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+as+Therapy%3A+Alternative+History+and+Nationalist+Imaginings+in+Russia&rft.pages=61-62&rft.pub=ibidem+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3838265650&rft.aulast=Sheiko&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rft.au=Brown%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvY00DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khazanov-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khazanov_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khazanov_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khazanov_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhazanov1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Khazanov" title="Anatoly Khazanov">Khazanov, Anatoly M.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UCYYAQAAMAAJ"><i>Post-Soviet Eurasia: Anthropological Perspectives on a World in Transition</i></a>. Department of Anthropology, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1889480002" title="Special:BookSources/1889480002"><bdi>1889480002</bdi></a>. <q>Discredited hypotheses – widespread in the 1920s and 1930s – about the Turkic origin of Sumerians, Scythians, Sakhas, and many other ancient peoples are nowadays popular</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Soviet+Eurasia%3A+Anthropological+Perspectives+on+a+World+in+Transition&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Department+of+Anthropology%2C+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1889480002&rft.aulast=Khazanov&rft.aufirst=Anatoly+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUCYYAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTM-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HTM_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HTM_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunterThomasMelikishvili2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shireen_Hunter" title="Shireen Hunter">Hunter, Shireen</a>; Thomas, Jeffrey L.; Melikishvili, Alexander (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hVhHGJkfZDoC"><i>Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/M.E._Sharpe" class="mw-redirect" title="M.E. Sharpe">M.E. Sharpe</a>. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0765612828" title="Special:BookSources/0765612828"><bdi>0765612828</bdi></a>. <q>M. Zakiev claims that the Scythians and Sarmatians were all Turkic. He even considers the Sumerians as Turkic</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Russia%3A+The+Politics+of+Identity+and+Security&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0765612828&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Shireen&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Jeffrey+L.&rft.au=Melikishvili%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhVhHGJkfZDoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KF-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KF_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KF_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KF_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlFawcett1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_L._Kohl" title="Philip L. Kohl">Kohl, Philip L.</a>; Fawcett, Clare (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZGyuVXFvssC"><i>Nationalism, Politics and the Practice of Archaeology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 143, 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521558395" title="Special:BookSources/0521558395"><bdi>0521558395</bdi></a>. <q>Apparently innocuous were other contradictory and/or incredible myths related by professional archaeologists that claimed that the Scythians were Turkic-speaking</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism%2C+Politics+and+the+Practice+of+Archaeology&rft.pages=143%2C+154&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0521558395&rft.aulast=Kohl&rft.aufirst=Philip+L.&rft.au=Fawcett%2C+Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ZGyuVXFvssC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simonian-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simonian_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simonian_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonian2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hovann_Simonian" title="Hovann Simonian">Simonian, Hovann</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cl6QAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Hemshin: History, Society and Identity in the Highlands of Northeast Turkey</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230297326" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230297326"><bdi>978-0230297326</bdi></a>. <q>Thus, ethnic groups or populations of the past (Huns, Scythians, Sakas, Cimmerians, Parthians, Hittites, Avars and others) who have disappeared long ago, as well as non-Turkic ethnic groups living in present-day Turkey, have come to be labeled Turkish, Proto-Turkish or Turanian</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hemshin%3A+History%2C+Society+and+Identity+in+the+Highlands+of+Northeast+Turkey&rft.pages=354&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0230297326&rft.aulast=Simonian&rft.aufirst=Hovann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcl6QAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SD-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SD_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SD_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLornjadDoostzadeh2012" class="citation book cs1">Lornjad, Siavash; Doostzadeh, Ali (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LhTqtSxN4ikC"><i>On The Modern Politization of the Persian Poet Nezami Ganjavi</i></a>. CCIS. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9993069744" title="Special:BookSources/978-9993069744"><bdi>978-9993069744</bdi></a>. <q>Claims that many Iranian figures and societies starting from the Medes, Scythians and Parthians were Turks), are still prevalent in countries that adhere to Pan—Turkist nationalism such as Turkey and the republic of Azerbaijan. These falsifications, which are backed by state and state backed non—governmental organizational bodies, range from elementary school all the way to the highest level of universities in these countries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+The+Modern+Politization+of+the+Persian+Poet+Nezami+Ganjavi&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=CCIS&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9993069744&rft.aulast=Lornjad&rft.aufirst=Siavash&rft.au=Doostzadeh%2C+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLhTqtSxN4ikC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Meskell" title="Lynn Meskell">Lynn Meskell</a>, <i>Archaeology Under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East</i>, Routledge, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peoples.ru-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peoples.ru_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peoples.ru/state/king/turkey/ataturk/history.html">"Мустафа (Кемаль) Ататюрк Мустафа Ататюрк"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0+%28%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%29+%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0+%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peoples.ru%2Fstate%2Fking%2Fturkey%2Fataturk%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zak-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zak_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zonakz.net/articles/25509?mode=default">К.Закирьянов. Я вполне допускаю мысль, что в жилах Обамы течет тюркская кровь</a> (Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esin, Emel (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erdem.gov.tr/tam-metin-pdf/997/eng">"The Culture of the Turks: The Initial Inner Asian Phase"</a> Publisher, Atatürk Culture Centre. p. 435, 439.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koçsoy, Şevket (2002). "Türk Tarihi Kronojojisi", <i>Türkler</i>, C. I., Yeni Türkiye, Ankara, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">İzgi, Özkan (2002). "Orta Asya'nın En Eski Kültürleri ve Çin Medeniyeti ile İlişkileri", <i>Türkler</i>, C. I., Yeni Türkiye, Ankara, pp. 685-687.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esin, Emel (2002). "İç Asya'da Milattan Önceki Bin Yılda Türklerin Atalarına Atfedilen Kültürler", <i>Türkler</i>, C. I., Yeni Türkiye, Ankara, p. 733-734.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boldt-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boldt_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoldt2017" class="citation book cs1">Boldt, Andreas (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzslDwAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Mechanisms: An Experimental Approach to Applying Scientific Theories to the Study of History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 107–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351816489" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351816489"><bdi>978-1351816489</bdi></a>. <q>Violent flirtation with PanTuranism had a lasting effect on kemalist Turkey and its historical ideology: Turkish pupils are imbued by history textbooks even today with a dogma of absurdly inflated PanTurkish history—Turkish history comprises all Eurasian nomads, Indo-European (Scythian) and Turk-Mongol, plus their conquests in Persia, India China, all civilizations on the soil of the Ottoman Empire, from Sumer and Ancient Egypt via Greeks, Alexander the Great to Byzantium.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Mechanisms%3A+An+Experimental+Approach+to+Applying+Scientific+Theories+to+the+Study+of+History&rft.pages=107-108&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1351816489&rft.aulast=Boldt&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrzslDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalci2014" class="citation book cs1">Balci, Bayram (2014). "Between ambition and realism: Turkey's engagement in the South Caucasus". In Agadjanian, Alexander; Jödicke, Ansgar; van der Zweerde, Evert (eds.). <i>Religion, Nation and Democracy in the South Caucasus</i>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=axTEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA258&lpg=PA258&dq=Abulfaz+Elchibey">258</a>. <q>...the second president of independent Azerbaijan, Abulfaz Elchibey, was a prominent pan-Turkist nationalist...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+ambition+and+realism%3A+Turkey%27s+engagement+in+the+South+Caucasus&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Nation+and+Democracy+in+the+South+Caucasus&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Balci&rft.aufirst=Bayram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurinson2009" class="citation book cs1">Murinson, Alexander (2009). <i>Turkey's Entente with Israel and Azerbaijan: State Identity and Security in the Middle East and Caucasus</i>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RWWLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=Abulfaz+Elchibey+pan-turkist">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135182441" title="Special:BookSources/9781135182441"><bdi>9781135182441</bdi></a>. <q>Naturally, they were associated with Elchibey's pan-Turkist aspirations...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+Entente+with+Israel+and+Azerbaijan%3A+State+Identity+and+Security+in+the+Middle+East+and+Caucasus&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781135182441&rft.aulast=Murinson&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Mathew_Hale" title="William Mathew Hale">Hale, William M.</a> (2000). <i>Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774-2000</i>. Psychology Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_xLgtpBsovwC&pg=PA292&lpg=PA292&dq=Alparslan+Türkeş">292</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714650715" title="Special:BookSources/9780714650715"><bdi>9780714650715</bdi></a>. <q>Within Turkey, the pan- Turkist movement led by Alparslan Türkeş...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Foreign+Policy%2C+1774-2000&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780714650715&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarrabeeLesser2003" class="citation book cs1">Larrabee, F. Stephen; Lesser, Ian O. (2003). <i>Turkish Foreign Policy in an Age of Uncertainty</i>. Rand Corporation. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ETDGafGb0usC&pg=PA123&dq=Alparslan+Türkeş">123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780833034045" title="Special:BookSources/9780833034045"><bdi>9780833034045</bdi></a>. <q>The late Alparslan Turkes, the former head of the MHP, actively promoted a Pan-Turkic agenda.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Foreign+Policy+in+an+Age+of+Uncertainty&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780833034045&rft.aulast=Larrabee&rft.aufirst=F.+Stephen&rft.au=Lesser%2C+Ian+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Turkism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Turkism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jacob M. Landau. <i>Pan-Turkism: From Irredentism to Cooperation</i>. Hurst, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-269-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-269-4">1-85065-269-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Turkism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pan-Turkism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pan-Turkism">Encyclopædia Britannica Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041118082359/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3955/is_n7_v48/ai_19226505">Ildiko Beller Hann – Article on Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iccrimea.org/gaspirali/fisher.html">Alan W. Fisher – 'A Model Leader for Asia, Ismail Gaspirali'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728234417/http://www.iccrimea.org/gaspirali/fisher.html">Archived</a> 2012-07-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613031203/http://www.benadorassociates.com/pf.php?id=17178">Amir Taheri – Book Review of <i>Sons of the Conquerors: Rise of the Turkic World</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tatar.yuldash.com/eng_099.html">Article on Pan-Turkism in The Tatar Gazette</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkish_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkish_nationalism" title="Template:Turkish nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkish_nationalism" title="Template talk:Turkish nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkish_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16_Great_Turkic_Empires" title="16 Great Turkic Empires">16 Great Turkic Empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cult of personality">Atatürk personality cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)" title="Idealism (Turkey)">Idealism (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamokemalism" title="Islamokemalism">Islamokemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ttihadism" title="İttihadism">İttihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Nine Lights Doctrine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism and discrimination in Turkey">Racism in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Left" title="Turkish Left">Turkish Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_(politics)" title="Taksim (politics)">Taksim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">Turkish Cypriot nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish-Islamic_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-Islamic synthesis">Turkish-Islamic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulusalc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulusalcılık">Ulusalcılık</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9_September_Front" title="9 September Front">9 September Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_National_Rights" title="Association for Defence of National Rights">Association for Defence of National Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alperen_Hearths" title="Alperen Hearths">Alperen Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1z_Youth" title="Atsız Youth">Atsız Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gang_(organisation)" title="Black Gang (organisation)">Black Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Guerrilla" title="Counter-Guerrilla">Counter-Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state_in_Turkey" title="Deep state in Turkey">Deep State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye" title="Kuva-yi Milliye">Kuva-yi Milliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hearths" title="Ottoman Hearths">Ottoman Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_at_Home_Council" title="Peace at Home Council">Peace at Home Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Revenge_Brigade" title="Turkish Revenge Brigade">Turkish Revenge Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Hearths" title="Turkish Hearths">Turkish Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Resistance_Organisation" title="Turkish Resistance Organisation">Turkish Resistance Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkists_of_Gebze" title="Turkists of Gebze">Turkists of Gebze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurkHackTeam" title="TurkHackTeam">TurkHackTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Murad_Division" title="Sultan Murad Division">Sultan Murad Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Union_of_Turkey" title="Youth Union of Turkey">Youth Union of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Unit" title="Wind Unit">Wind Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political<br />parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ottoman Empire)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ottoman Empire)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923–1944)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1948)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1948)">Nation Party (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Villagers_Nation_Party" title="Republican Villagers Nation Party">Republican Villagers Nation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1962)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1962)">Nation Party (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1992)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1992)">Nation Party (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Turkey)" title="Workers' Party (Turkey)">Workers' Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(left-wing)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Unity_Party" title="Great Unity Party">Great Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Turkey_Party" title="Bright Turkey Party">Bright Turkey Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Turkey_Party" title="Independent Turkey Party">Independent Turkey Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_Party_(Turkey)" title="Homeland Party (Turkey)">Homeland Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Ascent_Party" title="People's Ascent Party">People's Ascent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_and_Conservative_Party" title="Nationalist and Conservative Party">Nationalist and Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_and_Equality_Party" title="Rights and Equality Party">Rights and Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Turkey)" title="National Party (Turkey)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Patriotic Party (Turkey)">Patriotic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Party" title="Good Party">Good Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziya_G%C3%B6kalp" title="Ziya Gökalp">Ziya Gökalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kâzım Karabekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Suavi" title="Ali Suavi">Ali Suavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96mer_Seyfettin" title="Ömer Seyfettin">Ömer Seyfettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noman_%C3%87elebicihan" title="Noman Çelebicihan">Noman Çelebicihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Emin_Yurdakul" title="Mehmet Emin Yurdakul">Mehmet Emin Yurdakul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ak%C3%A7ura" title="Yusuf Akçura">Yusuf Akçura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_bey_Huseynzade" title="Ali bey Huseynzade">Ali bey Huseynzade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_A%C4%9Fao%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Ağaoğlu">Ahmet Ağaoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Velidi_Togan" title="Zeki Velidi Togan">Zeki Velidi Togan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%B1za_Nur" title="Rıza Nur">Rıza Nur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa_Eftim_I" title="Papa Eftim I">Papa Eftim I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihal_Ats%C4%B1z" title="Nihal Atsız">Nihal Atsız</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nejdet_San%C3%A7ar" title="Nejdet Sançar">Nejdet Sançar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyami_Safa" title="Peyami Safa">Peyami Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmut_Esat_Bozkurt" title="Mahmut Esat Bozkurt">Mahmut Esat Bozkurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Alparslan Türkeş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsin_Yaz%C4%B1c%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu" title="Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu">Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Namık Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCn_Sazak" title="Gün Sazak">Gün Sazak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attil%C3%A2_%C4%B0lhan" title="Attilâ İlhan">Attilâ İlhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Perin%C3%A7ek" title="Doğu Perinçek">Doğu Perinçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6k%C3%A7e_F%C4%B1rat_%C3%87ulhao%C4%9Flu" title="Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu">Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Kerin%C3%A7siz" title="Kemal Kerinçsiz">Kemal Kerinçsiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meral_Ak%C5%9Fener" title="Meral Akşener">Meral Akşener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Hala%C3%A7o%C4%9Flu" title="Yusuf Halaçoğlu">Yusuf Halaçoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_%C3%96zda%C4%9F" title="Ümit Özdağ">Ümit Özdağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_O%C4%9Fan" title="Sinan Oğan">Sinan Oğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Deportations of Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elza_Niego_affair" title="Elza Niego affair">Elza Niego affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilan_massacre" title="Zilan massacre">Zilan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Thrace_pogroms" title="1934 Thrace pogroms">1934 Thrace pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_massacre" title="Dersim massacre">Dersim massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism-Turanism_trials" title="Racism-Turanism trials">Racism-Turanism trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tillyria" title="Battle of Tillyria">Battle of Tillyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gang_(organisation)#History" title="Black Gang (organisation)">1957 arson attack at Tahtakale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_massacre" title="Sivas massacre">Sivas massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Greeks_from_Istanbul" title="Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul">Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyaz%C4%B1t_massacre" title="Beyazıt massacre">Beyazıt massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)">Political violence in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara%C5%9F_massacre" title="Maraş massacre">Maraş massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_T%C3%BCrkler" title="Kemal Türkler">Assassination of Kemal Türkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt">1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirve_Publishing_House_murders" title="Zirve Publishing House murders">Zirve Publishing House murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hrant_Dink" title="Assassination of Hrant Dink">Assassination of Hrant Dink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfortville_Armenian_Genocide_Memorial_bombings" title="Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings">Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom#2005_exhibition_assault" title="Istanbul pogrom">2005 Istanbul pogrom exhibition assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Deniz_Poyraz" title="Murder of Deniz Poyraz">Murder of Deniz Poyraz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">Turkish History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Place name changes in Turkey">Place name changes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e" class="mw-redirect" title="Öztürkçe">Öztürkçe</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Animal name changes in Turkey">Animal name changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Turkish_Resettlement_Law" title="1934 Turkish Resettlement Law">1934 Resettlement Law</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varl%C4%B1k_Vergisi" title="Varlık Vergisi">Varlık Vergisi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twenty_Classes" title="The Twenty Classes">The Twenty Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen,_speak_Turkish!" title="Citizen, speak Turkish!">Citizen, speak Turkish!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_of_Armenian_properties_in_Turkey" title="Confiscation of Armenian properties in Turkey">Confiscation of Armenian property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">Surname Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Kurds_by_Turkey" title="Denial of Kurds by Turkey">Denial of Kurds by Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_301_(Turkish_Penal_Code)" title="Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)">Article 301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_happy_is_the_one_who_says_I_am_a_Turk" title="How happy is the one who says I am a Turk">How happy is the one who says I am a Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_unconditionally_belongs_to_the_Nation" title="Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation">Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide denial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehitler_%C3%B6lmez_vatan_b%C3%B6l%C3%BCnmez!" title="Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez!">Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez!</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_topics" title="Template talk:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyü Gïrgïs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Karamanli Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha/Yakut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alphabets" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alphabets_used_by_Turkic_languages" title="List of alphabets used by Turkic languages">Alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Turkic Alphabet">Common Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgia</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baraba_Tatars" title="Baraba Tatars">Baraba Tatars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetia (Ahiska)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Yemen" title="Turks in Yemen">Yemen</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbeks in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a> (Sakha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extinct_Turkic_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27o-sa" title="K'o-sa">K'o-sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzes_(people)" title="Uzes (people)">Uzes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)" title="Idealism (Turkey)">Turkesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples#History" title="Turkic peoples">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Timeline of the Göktürks">Timeline of the Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkic_peoples_(500%E2%80%931300)" title="Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)">Timeline 500–1300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Otuken">Otuken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_tribal_confederations" title="Turkic tribal confederations">Oğuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkology" title="Turkology">Turkology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism#Central_Asia" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiyy_Faith" title="Aiyy Faith">Aiyy Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Asia" title="Islam in Central Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayramiye" title="Bayramiye">Bayramiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Khalwati order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%CA%BDi" title="Rifaʽi">Rifaʽi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safaviyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahediyeh" title="Zahediyeh">Zahediyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Traditional sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyz_kuu" title="Kyz kuu">Kyz kuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jereed" title="Jereed">Jereed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Kokpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigit" title="Jigit">Jigit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURKPA" title="TURKPA">Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Academy" title="Turkic Academy">Turkic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Turks_Qurultai" title="World Turks Qurultai">World Turks Qurultai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><div><sup>1</sup>These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.<br /> <sup>2</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">State with limited international recognition</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkey_topics" title="Template talk:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Ancient and Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beyliks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Ottoman Old Regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Republic of Türkiye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">Proclamation of the republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">Ancient peoples of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Regions</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">Earthquakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Waste management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_vegetation_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and vegetation of Turkey">Flora and vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Turkey" title="List of lakes of Turkey">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Turkey" title="List of mountains in Turkey">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Intelligence Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">The constitutional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Banking and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey" title="Defense industry of Turkey">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey" title="Oil in Turkey">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Turkey" title="Free trade agreements of Turkey">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey" title="Science and technology in Turkey">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey" title="Aviation in Turkey">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">Cities and towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey" title="Immigration to Turkey">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_people" title="List of Turkish people">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Turkey" title="Crime in Turkey">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey" title="Terrorism in Turkey">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey" title="Marriage in Turkey">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women in Turkey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rug" title="Anatolian rug">Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance" title="Turkish folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Turkey" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Turkey">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkey" title="Mass media in Turkey">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Turkey" title="Television in Turkey">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey" title="List of newspapers in Turkey">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Radio stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modern_Turkish_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modern Turkish painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkey" title="Football in Turkey">Football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey" title="Video games in Turkey">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">World heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkey">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Project page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/16px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/23px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/31px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Turkey" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Turkey">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey" title="Outline of Turkey">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irredentism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irredentism" title="Template:Irredentism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irredentism" title="Template talk:Irredentism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irredentism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irredentism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irredentism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_South_Africa" title="Greater South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Turks_and_Caicos_Islands_relations" title="Canada–Turks and Caicos Islands relations">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista_(Mexico)" title="Reconquista (Mexico)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saint_Martin" title="Unification of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_state" title="51st state">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movements_for_the_annexation_of_Canada_to_the_United_States" title="Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_the_United_States_to_purchase_Greenland" title="Proposals for the United States to purchase Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_of_Mexico_Movement" title="All of Mexico Movement">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostend_Manifesto" title="Ostend Manifesto">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_annexation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_irredentism" title="Argentine irredentism">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_expansionism" title="Chilean expansionism">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_movement" title="Karabakh movement">Karabakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_Azerbaijan" title="Whole Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Azerbaijan_(irredentist_concept)" title="Western Azerbaijan (irredentist concept)">Western Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism#Irredentism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism#Pan-Syrianism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pan-Turkism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Nepal" title="Greater Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_independence_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir independence movement">Kashmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tamil_Nadu" title="Greater Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern and Southeastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_irredentism" title="Cambodian irredentism">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_irredentism" title="Chinese irredentism">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">unification with Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">annexation of Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Indonesia" title="Greater Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_claimed_by_the_Philippines" title="Territories claimed by the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Thaiism" title="Pan-Thaiism">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Timor" title="Great Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_irredentism" title="Vietnamese irredentism">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central and Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic#Territory" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakism" title="Czechoslovakism">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Moldova" title="Greater Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_irredentism" title="Polish irredentism">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">unification with Moldova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Crimea" title="Russian occupation of Crimea">occupation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Russian_annexation_of_South_Ossetia" title="Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia">proposed annexation of South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">occupation of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_irredentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian irredentism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Albania_and_Kosovo" title="Unification of Albania and Kosovo">unification with Kosovo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bosnia" title="Greater Bosnia">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">Cyprus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Myth" title="Kosovo Myth">Kosovo Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Kosovo" title="Partition of Kosovo">partition of Kosovo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_irredentism" title="Spanish irredentism">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_irredenta" title="Galicia irredenta">Galicia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_irredentism" title="Yugoslav irredentism">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Corfu" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian irredentism in Corfu">Corfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica" title="Italian irredentism in Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Dalmatia" title="Italian irredentism in Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Istria" title="Italian irredentism in Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Switzerland" title="Italian irredentism in Switzerland">Italian Grisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Malta" title="Italian irredentism in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Nice" title="Italian irredentism in Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Savoy" title="Italian irredentism in Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Switzerland" title="Italian irredentism in Switzerland">Ticino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Finland" title="Greater Finland">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_question" title="Karelian question">Karelia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Belgium" title="Greater Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_borders_of_France" title="Natural borders of France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rattachism" title="Rattachism">Wallonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_question" title="German question">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">Austria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexation of Austria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Netherlands" title="Greater Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_states_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of proposed states of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan unification">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_unification" title="Samoan unification">Samoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Related concepts:</i> <i><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_border_changes_since_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national border changes since 1914">Border changes since 1914</a> · <a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partitionism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">Reunification</a> · <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revisionism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">Rump state</a></b></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template talk:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalisms<br />in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_nationalism" title="Acholi nationalism">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_nationalism" title="Amhara nationalism">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_nationalism" title="Tigrayan nationalism">Tigrayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_nationalism" title="Igbo nationalism">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_nationalism" title="Ogoni nationalism">Ogoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_nationalism" title="Chicano nationalism">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Québécois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noirism" title="Noirism">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationalism" title="Argentine nationalism">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_nationalism" title="Creole nationalism">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Peruvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_nationalism" title="Zaza nationalism">Zaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hongkonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan nationalism">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">in Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_nationalism" title="Meitei nationalism">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon nationalism">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan nationalism">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationalism" title="Thai nationalism">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern & Middle Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">South Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_nationalism" title="Yakut nationalism">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_nationalism" title="Laz nationalism">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Albania" title="Albanian nationalism in Albania">in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Kosovo" title="Albanian nationalism in Kosovo">in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia">in North Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_nationalism" title="Aromanian nationalism">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani nationalism">Romani (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationalism" title="Hungarian nationalism">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_independence" title="Silesian independence">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationalism" title="Slovak nationalism">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_nationalism" title="Belarusian nationalism">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_nationalism" title="Ossetian nationalism">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volga Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch nationalism">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpitania" title="Arpitania">Arpitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationalism" title="Icelandic nationalism">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indigenous_sovereignty" title="Australian Indigenous sovereignty">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationalism_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationalism" title="Nigerian nationalism">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan nationalism">Ugandan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsace independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assam separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Champa independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free Papua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Future of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_independence_movement" title="Galician independence movement">Galician independence movement (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Guangdong Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Inner Mongolian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Association" title="Kashubian Association">Kashubian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapu" title="Wallmapu">Mapuche separatist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Independence_Movement" title="Muslim Independence Movement">Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica" title="National Liberation Front of Corsica">National Liberation Front of Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_United_Liberation_Organisation" title="Patani United Liberation Organisation">Patani United Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely autonomy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina Autonomist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country (greater region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarism" title="Katarism">Katarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgistan" title="Lezgistan">Lezgistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Abhimaangeet" title="Marathi Abhimaangeet">Marathi Abhimaangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh_movement" title="Sindhudesh movement">Sindhudesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">American Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="wrap"><i><b>Note</b>: Forms of nationalism based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a></i>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan-nationalist_concepts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan-nationalist_concepts" title="Template:Pan-nationalist concepts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan-nationalist_concepts" title="Template talk:Pan-nationalist concepts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-nationalist_concepts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-nationalist concepts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan-nationalist_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalist concepts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_Confederation_plan" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan Confederation plan">Afghan-Pakistani unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Slavism" title="Austro-Slavism">Austro-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berberism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bulgaria_and_Romania" title="Union of Bulgaria and Romania">Bulgarian-Romanian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movements_for_the_annexation_of_Canada_to_the_United_States" title="Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States">Canada-USA unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_reunification" title="Central American reunification">Central-americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakism" title="Czechoslovakism">Czechoslovakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian%E2%80%93Finnish_federation" title="Estonian–Finnish federation">Estonian-Finnish unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent_Plan" title="Fertile Crescent Plan">Fertile Crescent unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaucho_traditionalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaucho traditionalism (page does not exist)">Gaucho traditionalism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradicionalismo_ga%C3%BAcho" class="extiw" title="pt:Tradicionalismo gaúcho">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Yugoslav_confederation" title="Greek–Yugoslav confederation">Greek-Yugoslavian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Hungary_and_Romania" title="Union of Hungary and Romania">Hungarian-Romanian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Confederation" title="Indo-Pakistani Confederation">Indian-Pakistani Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isratin" title="Isratin">Israeli-Palestinian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latinoamericanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latinoamericanism (page does not exist)">Latinoamericanism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integraci%C3%B3n_latinoamericana" class="extiw" title="es:Integración latinoamericana">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenoturkism" title="Hellenoturkism">Hellenoturkism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanoamericanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hispanoamericanism (page does not exist)">Hispanoamericanism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanoamericanismo" class="extiw" title="es:Hispanoamericanismo">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_East_European_States" title="League of East European States">League of East European States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands-Indonesia_Union" title="Netherlands-Indonesia Union">Netherlands-Indonesian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Romanian-moldovan unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahel-Benin_Union" title="Sahel-Benin Union">Sahel-Benin Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Andinism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pan-Andinism (page does not exist)">Pan-Andinism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panandinismo" class="extiw" title="es:Panandinismo">es</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Ecuador,_Peru_and_Bolivia" title="United Kingdom of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia">Ecuadorian-Peruvian-Bolivian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian-Bolivian_unionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peruvian-Bolivian unionism (page does not exist)">Peruvian-Bolivian unionism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionismo_peruano-boliviano" class="extiw" title="es:Unionismo peruano-boliviano">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Hashemite unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan-Syrian_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan-Syrian Union">Libyan-Syrian Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Islamic_Republic" title="Arab Islamic Republic">Arab Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Hussein%27s_federation_plan" title="King Hussein's federation plan">Jordania-Palestine unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Iraq-Kuwait unionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Caribbean" title="Pan-Caribbean">Pan-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Caucasianism" title="Pan-Caucasianism">Pan-Caucasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Pan-Finnicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_identity" title="Pan-European identity">Pan-Europeanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Europe" title="Federal Europe">European unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Panhispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian federalism">Pan-Iberism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Pan-Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Pan-Iranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Pan-Latinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterraneanism" title="Mediterraneanism">Mediterraneanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Pan-Mongolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Pan-Oceanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_confederation" title="Polish–Czechoslovak confederation">Polish-Czechoslovak unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reintegrationism" title="Reintegrationism">Reintegrationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saint_Martin" title="Unification of Saint Martin">Saint Martin unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Pan-Serbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Tatarism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pan-Tatarism (page does not exist)">Pan-Tatarism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="ru:Пантатаризм">ru</a>; <a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="tt:Пантатаризм">tt</a>]</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattachism" title="Rattachism">Rattachism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Rhodesia-Nyasaland unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">Soviet reunificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Switzerland#Proposals_for_expansion" title="Territorial evolution of Switzerland">Switzerland expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian Turanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abya_Yala" title="Abya Yala">Abya Yala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">African federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" title="Great Rapprochement">Anglo-American unificationism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Confederation" title="Antillean Confederation">Antillean Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Federation" title="Balkan Federation">Balkan Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltoscandia" title="Baltoscandia">Baltoscandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Federation" title="Imperial Federation">Imperial Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_movement" title="Cascadia movement">Cascadia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossackia" title="Cossackia">Cossackia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danubian_Confederation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danubian Confederation (page does not exist)">Danubian Confederation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donauf%C3%B6deration" class="extiw" title="de:Donauföderation">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union" title="Federalisation of the European Union">Federalisation of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_irredentism" title="Cambodian irredentism">Greater Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Caribbean Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Union" title="Franco-British Union">Franco-British Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Albania_and_Kosovo" title="Unification of Albania and Kosovo">Unification of Albania and Kosovo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_irredentism" title="Argentine irredentism">Greater Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bosnia" title="Greater Bosnia">Greater Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Greater Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a></li> <li><a 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