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</ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Stress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div 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hreflang="bg" data-title="Полска фонология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aussprache_des_Polnischen" title="Aussprache des Polnischen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aussprache des Polnischen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonolog%C3%ADa_del_polaco" title="Fonología del polaco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fonología del polaco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prononciation_du_polonais" title="Prononciation du polonais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prononciation du polonais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C%EC%96%B4_%EC%9D%8C%EC%9A%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="폴란드어 음운론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴란드어 음운론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologi_bahasa_Polandia" title="Fonologi bahasa Polandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fonologi bahasa Polandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenk%C5%B3_kalbos_fonologija" title="Lenkų kalbos fonologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lenkų kalbos fonologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonetyka_j%C4%99zyka_polskiego" title="Fonetyka języka polskiego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fonetyka języka polskiego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Польская фонология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Польская фонология" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sounds and pronunciation of the Polish language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For less technical descriptions of the Polish sounds presented here, see <a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">Help:IPA/Polish</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right selfref noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gnome-speakernotes.svg/40px-Gnome-speakernotes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gnome-speakernotes.svg/60px-Gnome-speakernotes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gnome-speakernotes.svg/80px-Gnome-speakernotes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article includes inline links to audio files. If you have trouble playing the files, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MH">Wikipedia Media help</a>.</div></div> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> system of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a> is similar in many ways to those of other <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, although there are some characteristic features found in only a few other languages of the family, such as contrasting <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatal</a> fricatives and affricates. The <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> system is relatively simple, with just six oral <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongs</a> and arguably two nasals in traditional speech, while the consonant system is much more complex. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vowels">Vowels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_vowel_chart_Wierzchowska.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Polish_vowel_chart_Wierzchowska.svg/250px-Polish_vowel_chart_Wierzchowska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Polish_vowel_chart_Wierzchowska.svg/375px-Polish_vowel_chart_Wierzchowska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Polish_vowel_chart_Wierzchowska.svg/500px-Polish_vowel_chart_Wierzchowska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>Polish oral vowels depicted on a <a href="/wiki/Vowel_diagram" title="Vowel diagram">vowel diagram</a>, from <a href="#CITEREFWierzchowska1971">Wierzchowska (1971</a>:130). Main allophones (in black) are in broad transcription. Positional variants (in red) appear in palatal contexts.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_vowel_chart_(with_allophones).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Polish_vowel_chart_%28with_allophones%29.svg/250px-Polish_vowel_chart_%28with_allophones%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Polish_vowel_chart_%28with_allophones%29.svg/375px-Polish_vowel_chart_%28with_allophones%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Polish_vowel_chart_%28with_allophones%29.svg/500px-Polish_vowel_chart_%28with_allophones%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>Polish oral vowels depicted on a <a href="/wiki/Vowel_diagram" title="Vowel diagram">vowel diagram</a>, from <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976</a>:75). Main allophones (in black) are in broad transcription, and positional allophones (in red and green) are in narrow transcription. Positional variants (in red) appear in palatal contexts.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PL_Allophones_according_to_Wi%C5%9Bniewski.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/PL_Allophones_according_to_Wi%C5%9Bniewski.svg/250px-PL_Allophones_according_to_Wi%C5%9Bniewski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/PL_Allophones_according_to_Wi%C5%9Bniewski.svg/375px-PL_Allophones_according_to_Wi%C5%9Bniewski.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/PL_Allophones_according_to_Wi%C5%9Bniewski.svg/500px-PL_Allophones_according_to_Wi%C5%9Bniewski.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>Polish oral vowels depicted on a <a href="/wiki/Vowel_diagram" title="Vowel diagram">vowel diagram</a>, from <a href="#CITEREFWiśniewski2007">Wiśniewski (2007</a>:72). Main allophones (in black) are in broad transcription. Positional variants (in red) appear in palatal contexts. The close-mid back [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>] is a free variant (in blue) before [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>].</figcaption></figure> The Polish <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> system consists of six oral sounds. Traditionally, it was also said to include two nasal <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski197684-1">[1]</a> with Polish considered the last <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic language</a> that had preserved nasal sounds that existed in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a>. However, recent sources present for modern Polish a vowel system without <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowel</a> phonemes, including only the aforementioned six oral vowels.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995120-3">[3]</a> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Oral vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a><a href="#cite_note-central-5">[a]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a><a href="#cite_note-roman-6">[b]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a><a href="#cite_note-roman-6">[b]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a><a href="#cite_note-low-7">[c]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Nasal vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a><a href="#cite_note-roman-6">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasals-9">[d]</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a><a href="#cite_note-roman-6">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasals-9">[d]</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-central-5"><a href="#cite_ref-central_5-0">^</a> /ɨ/ is also less commonly transcribed /ɪ/, such as by the PWN-Oxford Polish-English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinde-Usiekniewicz_et_al.20111430-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-roman-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roman_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roman_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roman_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roman_6-3">d</a> /ɛ ɔ ɛ̃ ɔ̃/ are also less commonly transcribed /e o ẽ õ/ respectively, e.g. by the PWN-Oxford Polish-English<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinde-Usiekniewicz_et_al.20111430-4">[4]</a> and by <a href="#CITEREFJassem2003">Jassem (2003</a>:105). </li> <li id="cite_note-low-7"><a href="#cite_ref-low_7-0">^</a> /a/ is sometimes transcribed /ɑ/ e.g. <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995</a>:118), <a href="#CITEREFWiśniewski2007">Wiśniewski (2007</a>:24) </li> <li id="cite_note-nasals-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasals_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasals_9-1">b</a> Most sources<a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a> present a vowel system without nasal vowel phonemes (see the sub-section <a href="#Phonological_status">Phonological status</a> below). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral">Oral</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Oral">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Close">Close</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Close">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>/i/ is close front unrounded [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJassem2003105-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussmann20072-11">[7]</a> It is somewhat more open than cardinal [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>].<a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a></li> <li>/ɨ/ ranges from almost close-mid near-front [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ̞</a>] to (advanced) close-mid central [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ̟</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussmann20071-13">[9]</a> or alternatively from near-close near-front unrounded [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>] to close-mid central unrounded [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERybka201579-14">[10]</a> These descriptions are essentially equivalent. Traditionally, [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>] is used in narrow transcriptions (as if <a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">close central unrounded</a>). Older sources describe this vowel as follows: <ul><li>According to <a href="#CITEREFJassem1971">Jassem (1971</a>:234), it is intermediate between cardinal [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>], but closer to the latter one. Alternatively, it is intermediate between cardinal [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a>], but closer to the former.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJassem197471-15">[11]</a> He places it on a vowel chart closer to [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a></li> <li>According to <a href="#CITEREFWierzchowska1971">Wierzchowska (1971</a>:125,130) it is articulated with the centre of the tongue raised up and moved somewhat forward; the pharynx also widens. She places it on a vowel chart closer to [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a>].</li> <li>According to <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976</a>:75,105), it is near-close central unrounded [<a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Advanced_and_retracted" title="Relative articulation">ɪ̠</a>], with a close-mid central unrounded [<a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Advanced_and_retracted" title="Relative articulation">ɘ̟</a>] allophone being optional before /r/ and in some unstressed positions. A realization close to near-close near front unrounded [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>] is present in northeastern dialects.</li></ul></li> <li>/u/ is close back rounded [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJassem2003105-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussmann20072-11">[7]</a> It is somewhat more open than cardinal [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a>] and intermediate between them in terms of labialization.<a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a> <ul><li>There is no complete agreement about the realization of /u/ between soft consonants: <ul><li>According to <a href="#CITEREFWiśniewski2007">Wiśniewski (2007</a>:72), it is close back somewhat fronted [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u̟</a>].</li> <li>According to <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995</a>:123), it is close central [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a>].</li> <li>According to <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976</a>:116), it is close centralized [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ü</a>].</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mid">Mid</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mid">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>/ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJassem2003105-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussmann20072-11">[7]</a> It is somewhat more open than cardinal [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a> <ul><li>There is no complete agreement about the realization of /ɛ/ between soft consonants: <ul><li>According to <a href="#CITEREFJassem2003">Jassem (2003</a>:105), <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995</a>:122) and <a href="#CITEREFWiśniewski2007">Wiśniewski (2007</a>:71), it is close-mid front unrounded [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>].</li> <li>According to <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976</a>:108), it is either mid front unrounded [<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ̝</a>] or mid retracted front unrounded [<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ̠</a>].</li> <li>According to the British phonetician <a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">John C. Wells</a>, it is often noticeably centralized [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ̈</a>]: somewhat closer to a central vowel [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a>] in palatal contexts.<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>/ɔ/ is open-mid back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJassem2003105-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussmann20072-11">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski197675,_112–113-20">[16]</a> It is somewhat more open than cardinal [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>] and intermediate between them in terms of labialization.<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> <ul><li>There is no complete agreement about the rounding of /ɔ/: <ul><li>According to <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976</a>:113), it is usually somewhat rounded [<a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">ɔ̜</a>], but sometimes, it is pronounced with neutral lips [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>]. In the latter case, the lack of rounding is compensated for by a stronger retraction of the tongue.</li> <li>According to <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995</a>:119), citing <a href="#CITEREFWierzchowska1967">Wierzchowska (1967</a>:109), it is unrounded [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>].</li> <li>According to <a href="#CITEREFGussmann2007">Gussmann (2007</a>:2), it is simply "rounded" [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>].</li></ul></li> <li>There is no complete agreement about the realization of /ɔ/ between soft consonants: <ul><li>According to <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976</a>:113), it can be any of the following: open-mid centralized back rounded [<a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Centralized_vowels" title="Relative articulation">ɔ̈</a>], raised open-mid back rounded [<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">ɔ̝</a>] or mid advanced back rounded [<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">ɔ̟</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski197675,_113-22">[18]</a></li> <li>According to <a href="#CITEREFWiśniewski2001">Wiśniewski (2001</a>:72) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFWiśniewski2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>), it is close-mid advanced back rounded [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o̟</a>].</li> <li>According to <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995</a>:122), it is close-mid central rounded vowel [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a>].</li></ul></li> <li>According to <a href="#CITEREFWiśniewski2001">Wiśniewski (2001</a>:72) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFWiśniewski2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>), a close-mid back [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>] is a free variant before [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>].</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Open">Open</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Open">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>/a/ is open central unrounded [<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]. According to most sources,<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> it is intermediate between cardinal [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>]. However, <a href="#CITEREFGussmann2007">Gussmann (2007)</a> describes it broadly as open front unrounded [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]. Traditionally, [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>] is used even in otherwise narrow transcriptions. <ul><li>There is no complete agreement about the realization of /a/ between soft consonants: <ul><li>According to <a href="#CITEREFJassem2003">Jassem (2003</a>:106), it is open front unrounded [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>].</li> <li>According to <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995</a>:122), it is open front unrounded [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>] or even near-open front unrounded [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]. She uses [<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>] for the main central allophone.</li> <li>According to <a href="#CITEREFWiśniewski2001">Wiśniewski (2001</a>:70) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFWiśniewski2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>), it is near-open central unrounded [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>].</li> <li>According to <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976</a>:110), it is near-open near-front unrounded [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ̞̈</a>].</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distribution">Distribution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible floatright" style="text-align: center; float: right"> <caption>Positional allophones in (alveolo-)palatal contexts<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995122-24">[20]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size: small;"> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>Typical Spelling </th> <th>Phonemic position </th> <th>Allophone </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/ɨ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">y </td> <td>Cɨ(C) </td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>CɨÇ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/i/ </td> <td rowspan="2">i </td> <td>(Ç)i(C) </td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>(Ç)iÇ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">/ɛ/</td> <td rowspan="2">e, ę*</td> <td>(C)ɛ(C)</td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>(C)ɛÇ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ie, je ię*, ję* </td> <td>Çɛ(C)</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>ÇɛÇ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">/a/ </td> <td rowspan="2">a</td> <td>(C)a(C)</td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>CaÇ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ia, ja</td> <td>Ça(C) </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">æ̞</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>ÇaÇ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">æ̞</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">/ɔ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">o, ą*</td> <td rowspan="1">(C)ɔ(C)</td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>(C)ɔÇ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">io, jo ią*, ją* </td> <td>Çɔ(C)</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>ÇɔÇ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">/u/ </td> <td rowspan="2">u, ó</td> <td>Cu(C)</td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>CuÇ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">iu, ju ió, jó </td> <td>Çu(C) </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>ÇuÇ</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dd>"C" represents a non-(alveolo)-palatal consonant only.</dd> <dd>"(C)" represents a non-(alveolo)-palatal consonant,</dd> <dd>a vowel, utterance boundary.</dd> <dd>"Ç" represents an alveolo-palatal consonant</dd> <dd>/ɲ, ɕ, ʑ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ/ or /j/.</dd> <dd>ę*, ą* represent /ɛ, ɔ/ followed by /m, n, ɲ, ŋ/</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> The vowels /ɨ/ and /i/ have largely <a href="/wiki/Complementary_distribution" title="Complementary distribution">complementary distribution</a>. Either vowel may follow a <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial consonant</a>, as in mi ('to me') and my ('we'). Elsewhere, however, /i/ is usually restricted to word-initial position and positions after <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatal consonants</a> and approximants /l, j/, while /ɨ/ cannot appear in those positions (see <a href="#Hard_and_soft_consonants">§ Hard and soft consonants</a> below). Either vowel may follow a velar fricative /x/ but after velar /k, ɡ/ the vowel /ɨ/ is limited to rare loanwords e.g. kynologia /ˌkɨnɔˈlɔgja/ ('<a href="/wiki/Cynology" title="Cynology">cynology</a>') and gyros /ˈɡɨrɔs/ ('<a href="/wiki/Gyro_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyro (food)">gyro</a>').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussmann2007101-25">[21]</a> Dental, postalveolar consonants and approximants /r, w/ are followed by /ɨ/ in native or assimilated words. However, /i/ appears outside its usual positions in some foreign-derived words, as in chipsy /ˈt͡ʂipsɨ/ ('<a href="/wiki/Potato_chip" title="Potato chip">potato chips</a>') and tir /tir/ ('large lorry', see <a href="/wiki/TIR_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="TIR Treaty">TIR</a>). The degree of palatalization in these contexts is weak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995148-26">[22]</a> In some phonological descriptions of Polish that make a phonemic distinction between palatalized and unpalatalized consonants, [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>] may thus be treated as <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> of a single <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a>. In the past, /ɨ/ was closer to [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>], which is acoustically more similar to [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nasal">Nasal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nasal">edit</a>]</div> Nasal vowels do not feature uniform nasality over their duration. <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">Phonetically</a>, they consist of an oral vowel followed by a nasal <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a> [<a href="/wiki/Nasal_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Nasal labial–velar approximant">w̃</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">j̃</a>] (są is pronounced [sɔw̃], which sounds closer to <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> são [sɐ̃w̃] than <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> sont [sɔ̃] – all three words mean '(they) are'). Therefore, they are phonetically <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> (For nasality following other vowel nuclei, see <a href="#Allophones">§ Allophony</a> below.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phonological_status">Phonological status</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonological status">edit</a>]</div> The nasal phonemes /ɔ̃, ɛ̃/ appear in older phonological descriptions of Polish e.g. <a href="#CITEREFStieber1966">Stieber (1966)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976</a>:84), <a href="#CITEREFWierzchowska1980">Wierzchowska (1980</a>:51). In more recent descriptions the orthographic nasal vowels ą, ę are analyzed as two phonemes in all contexts e.g. <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFWiśniewski2007">Wiśniewski (2007)</a>. Before a <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> and in word-final position (in the case of ą) they are transcribed as an oral vowel /ɔ, ɛ/ followed by a nasal consonant /ɲ, ŋ/<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> or /j̃, w̃/.<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> Under such an analysis, the list of consonantal phonemes is extended by a velar nasal phoneme /ŋ/ or by two <a href="/wiki/Nasal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal approximant">nasal approximants</a> /j̃/, /w̃/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distribution_2">Distribution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</div> If analyzed as separate phonemes, nasal vowels do not occur except before a <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> and in word-final position.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When the letters ą and ę appear before <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a>, they indicate an oral /ɔ/ or /ɛ/ followed by a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal consonant</a> <a href="/wiki/Homorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorganic">homorganic</a> with the following consonant. For example, kąt ('angle', 'corner') is /kɔnt/, gęba ('mouth') is /ˈɡɛmba/, pięć ('five') is /pjɛɲt͡ɕ/ and bąk ('bumble bee') is /bɔŋk/,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussmann20072–3-30">[26]</a> as if they were spelled *kont, *gemba, *pieńć and *bonk. Before /l/ or /w/, nasality is lost altogether, and ą and ę are pronounced as oral /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/ or /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/. The /ɛŋ/ sequence is also denasalized to /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ in word-final position, as in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/b%C4%99d%C4%99#Polish" class="extiw" title="wikt:będę">będę</a> /ˈbɛndɛ/ 'I will be'. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Polish vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Polish script </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">/i/ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">i </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fa\/Pl-mi%C5%9B-2.ogg\/Pl-mi%C5%9B-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"mi<\/b>\u015b<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-mi\u015b-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Pl-mi%C5%9B-2.ogg/Pl-mi%C5%9B-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">miś</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-mi%C5%9B-2.ogg" title="File:Pl-miś-2.ogg">ⓘ</a> /miɕ/ ('teddy bear') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">/ɛ/ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">e </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/08\/Pl-ten.ogg\/Pl-ten.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"te<\/b>n<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-ten.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Pl-ten.ogg/Pl-ten.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">ten</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-ten.ogg" title="File:Pl-ten.ogg">ⓘ</a> /tɛn/ ('this one') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">/ɨ/ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">y </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b9\/Pl-mysz-2.ogg\/Pl-mysz-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"my<\/b>sz<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-mysz-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Pl-mysz-2.ogg/Pl-mysz-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">mysz</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-mysz-2.ogg" title="File:Pl-mysz-2.ogg">ⓘ</a> /mɨʂ/ ('mouse') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">/a/ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">a </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/64\/Pl-ptak.ogg\/Pl-ptak.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pta<\/b>k<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-ptak.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/Pl-ptak.ogg/Pl-ptak.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">ptak</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-ptak.ogg" title="File:Pl-ptak.ogg">ⓘ</a> /ptak/ ('bird') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">/u/ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">u/ó </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d6\/Pl-bum.ogg\/Pl-bum.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"bu<\/b>m<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-bum.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Pl-bum.ogg/Pl-bum.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">bum</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-bum.ogg" title="File:Pl-bum.ogg">ⓘ</a> /bum/ ('boom') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">/ɔ/ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">o </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8c\/Pl-kot.ogg\/Pl-kot.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"ko<\/b>t<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-kot.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Pl-kot.ogg/Pl-kot.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">kot</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-kot.ogg" title="File:Pl-kot.ogg">ⓘ</a> /kɔt/ ('cat') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">/ɛŋ/ (or /ɛ̃/) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ę </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-7" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/04\/Pl-w%C4%99%C5%BCe.ogg\/Pl-w%C4%99%C5%BCe.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"w\u0119<\/b>\u017ce<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-w\u0119\u017ce.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Pl-w%C4%99%C5%BCe.ogg/Pl-w%C4%99%C5%BCe.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">węże</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-w%C4%99%C5%BCe.ogg" title="File:Pl-węże.ogg">ⓘ</a> /vɛŋʐɛ/ ('snakes') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">/ɔŋ/ (or /ɔ̃/) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ą </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-8" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a4\/Pl-w%C4%85%C5%BC.ogg\/Pl-w%C4%85%C5%BC.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"w\u0105<\/b>\u017c<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-w\u0105\u017c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Pl-w%C4%85%C5%BC.ogg/Pl-w%C4%85%C5%BC.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">wąż</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-w%C4%85%C5%BC.ogg" title="File:Pl-wąż.ogg">ⓘ</a> /vɔŋʂ/ ('snake') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">/ɛɲ/ (or /ɛ̃/) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ę </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-9" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4b\/Pl-g%C4%99%C5%9B.ogg\/Pl-g%C4%99%C5%9B.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"g\u0119<\/b>\u015b<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-g\u0119\u015b.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Pl-g%C4%99%C5%9B.ogg/Pl-g%C4%99%C5%9B.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">gęś</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-g%C4%99%C5%9B.ogg" title="File:Pl-gęś.ogg">ⓘ</a> /ɡɛɲɕ/ ('goose') </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">/ɔɲ/ (or /ɔ̃/) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ą </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-10" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1e\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Poemat-g%C4%85sior.wav\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Poemat-g%C4%85sior.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"g\u0105<\/b>sior<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q809 (pol)-Poemat-g\u0105sior.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Poemat-g%C4%85sior.wav/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Poemat-g%C4%85sior.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">gąsior</a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q809_(pol)-Poemat-g%C4%85sior.wav" title="File:LL-Q809 (pol)-Poemat-gąsior.wav">ⓘ</a> /ɡɔɲɕɔr/ ('gander') </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historical development">edit</a>]</div> Distinction between <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel lengths</a> was inherited from late <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a>, although in Polish only some pretonic long vowels and vowels with the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_accent" title="Proto-Slavic accent">neoacute</a> retained length. Additional vowel lengths were introduced in Proto-Polish (as in other <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic languages</a>) as a result of <a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">compensatory lengthening</a> when a <a href="/wiki/Yer" title="Yer">yer</a> in the next syllable disappeared according to <a href="/wiki/Havl%C3%ADk%27s_law" title="Havlík's law">Havlík's law</a>. In Polish this only happened in penultimate syllables (which thus became final syllables) before a <a href="/wiki/Voicedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Voicedness">voiced</a> consonant (in other Slavic languages where a similar process occurred this could be more general).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuraszkiewicz197278–80-31">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospond197365–67-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMańczak198325–26-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieber196611–13,_17,_23–26-34">[30]</a> The resultant system of vowel lengths was similar to what is today preserved in <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and to a lesser degree in <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, although the distribution of the sounds often differed (for example in Czech the old acute also lengthened vowels). In the emerging modern Polish, however, the long vowels were shortened again but sometimes (depending on dialect) with a change in quality (the vowels tended to become <a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">higher</a>). The latter changes came to be incorporated into the standard language only in the case of long o and the long nasal vowel. The <a href="/wiki/Vowel_shift" title="Vowel shift">vowel shift</a> may thus be presented as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuraszkiewicz197277–81-35">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospond197367–71,_84–86-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieber196620–21,_29–31-37">[33]</a> <ul><li>long oral /aː/ > short oral /a/ (certain dialects: /ɒ/, /ɔ/)</li> <li>long oral /eː/ > short oral /ɛ/ (certain dialects: /e/, /ɨ/ or /i/)</li> <li>long oral /ɨː/ or /iː/ > short oral /ɨ/ or /i/</li> <li>long oral /oː/ > short oral /u/ (certain dialects: /o/), written ó</li> <li>long oral /uː/ > short oral /u/, written u</li> <li>long nasal /ãː/ > short nasal /ɔ̃/, written ą</li></ul> The /u/ that was once a long /oː/ is still distinguished in script as ó, except in some words which were later respelled, such as bruzda, dłuto, pruć (instead of etymological brózda, dłóto, próć). In most circumstances, consonants were <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalized</a> when followed by an original front vowel, including the <a href="/wiki/Soft_sign" title="Soft sign">soft yer</a> (ь) that was often later lost. For example: *dьnь became dzień ('day'), while *dьnьmъ became dniem ('day' <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instr.</a>). Nasal vowels *ę and *ǫ of late Proto-Slavic merged (*ę leaving a trace by palatalizing the preceding consonant) to become the medieval Polish vowel /ã/, written ø. Like other Polish vowels, it developed long and short variants. The short variant developed into present-day /ɛ̃/ ę, while the long form became /ɔ̃/, written ą, as described above. Overall: <ul><li>Proto-Slavic *ę > ię when short, ią when long (where the i represents palatalization of the preceding consonant)</li> <li>Proto-Slavic *ǫ > ę when short, ą when long</li></ul> The historical shifts are the reason for the <a href="/wiki/Alternation_(linguistics)" title="Alternation (linguistics)">alternations</a> o:ó and ę:ą commonly encountered in Polish morphology: *rogъ ('horn') became róg due to the loss of the following <a href="/wiki/Yer" title="Yer">yer</a> (originally pronounced with a long o, now with /u/), and the instrumental case of the same word went from *rogъmъ to rogiem (with no lengthening of the o). Similarly, *dǫbъ ('oak') became dąb (originally with the long form of the nasal vowel), and in the instrumental case, *dǫbъmъ the vowel remained short, causing the modern dębem. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialectal_variation">Dialectal variation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dialectal variation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Polish_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish dialects">Polish dialects</a> differ particularly in their realization of nasal vowels, both in terms of whether and when they are decomposed to an oral vowel followed by a nasal consonant and in terms of the quality of the vowels used. Also, some dialects preserve nonstandard developments of historical long vowels (see previous section); for example, a may be pronounced with [ɔ] in words in which it was historically long. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonants">Consonants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> The Polish <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> system is more complicated; its characteristic features include the series of <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> consonants that resulted from four Proto-Slavic <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalizations</a> and two further palatalizations that took place in Polish and <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonemes">Phonemes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Phonemes">edit</a>]</div> The consonant phonemes of Polish are as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976130–181-38">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995116–117-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski2010197–199-40">[36]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-</a>) <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a><a href="#cite_note-nasals-42">[a]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_post-palatal_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless post-palatal plosive">kʲ</a><a href="#cite_note-velar-43">[b]</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_post-palatal_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced post-palatal plosive">ɡʲ</a><a href="#cite_note-velar-43">[b]</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">t͡ʂ</a><a href="#cite_note-postalveolar-45">[c]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">d͡ʐ</a><a href="#cite_note-postalveolar-45">[c]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a><a href="#cite_note-postalveolar-45">[c]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_post-palatal_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless post-palatal fricative">xʲ</a><a href="#cite_note-velar-43">[b]</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a><a href="#cite_note-postalveolar-45">[c]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a><a href="#cite_note-h-46">[d]</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɣʲ</a><a href="#cite_note-h-46">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-velar-43">[b]</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vibrant_consonant" title="Vibrant consonant">Vibrant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">r</a><a href="#cite_note-tap-47">[e]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nasals-42"><a href="#cite_ref-nasals_42-0">^</a> Most recent sources<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> present a consonant system with a phonemic /ŋ/ and without nasal vowel phonemes /ɛ̃/ and /ɔ̃/.(See <a href="#Phonological_status">§ Phonological status</a> above). </li> <li id="cite_note-velar-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-velar_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-velar_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-velar_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-velar_43-3">d</a> The phonemes /kʲ/, /ɡʲ/ and /xʲ/ are alternatively transcribed as /c/, /ɟ/ and /ç/ (as if they were <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal consonants</a>). They are not always considered phonemic. (See <a href="#Phonological_status_of_palatalized_consonants">§ Phonological status of palatalized consonants</a> below.) </li> <li id="cite_note-postalveolar-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-postalveolar_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-postalveolar_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-postalveolar_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-postalveolar_45-3">d</a> The postalveolar consonants /ʂ/, /ʐ/, /t͡ʂ/ and /d͡ʐ/ are alternatively transcribed as /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/.<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-h-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-h_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-h_46-1">b</a> dialectally for ⟨h⟩; see <a href="#Dialectal_variation_2">§ Dialectal variation</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-tap-47"><a href="#cite_ref-tap_47-0">^</a> The /r/ phoneme is alternatively transcribed /ɾ/. </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Polish consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Polish script </th> <th>Example </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Polish script </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>/m/ </td> <td>m </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-11" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e7\/Pl-masa.ogg\/Pl-masa.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"m<\/b>asa<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-masa.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Pl-masa.ogg/Pl-masa.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">masa</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-masa.ogg" title="File:Pl-masa.ogg">ⓘ</a> /masa/ ('mass') </td> <td>/ɲ/ </td> <td>ń/n(i) </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-12" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/78\/Pl-ko%C5%84-2.ogg\/Pl-ko%C5%84-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"ko\u0144<\/b><\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-ko\u0144-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Pl-ko%C5%84-2.ogg/Pl-ko%C5%84-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">koń</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-ko%C5%84-2.ogg" title="File:Pl-koń-2.ogg">ⓘ</a> /kɔɲ/ ('horse') </td></tr> <tr> <td>/b/ </td> <td>b </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-13" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/39\/Pl-bas.ogg\/Pl-bas.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"b<\/b>as<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-bas.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/Pl-bas.ogg/Pl-bas.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">bas</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-bas.ogg" title="File:Pl-bas.ogg">ⓘ</a> /bas/ ('bass') </td> <td>/ʑ/ </td> <td>ź/z(i) </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-14" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b5\/Pl-%C5%BArebi%C4%99.ogg\/Pl-%C5%BArebi%C4%99.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\u017a<\/b>rebi\u0119<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-\u017arebi\u0119.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Pl-%C5%BArebi%C4%99.ogg/Pl-%C5%BArebi%C4%99.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">źrebię</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-%C5%BArebi%C4%99.ogg" title="File:Pl-źrebię.ogg">ⓘ</a> /ʑrɛbjɛ/ ('foal') </td></tr> <tr> <td>/p/ </td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-15" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c7\/Pl-pas.ogg\/Pl-pas.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"p<\/b>as<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-pas.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Pl-pas.ogg/Pl-pas.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">pas</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-pas.ogg" title="File:Pl-pas.ogg">ⓘ</a> /pas/ ('belt') </td> <td>/ɕ/ </td> <td>ś/s(i) </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-16" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/53\/Pl-%C5%9Bruba.ogg\/Pl-%C5%9Bruba.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\u015b<\/b>ruba<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-\u015bruba.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/Pl-%C5%9Bruba.ogg/Pl-%C5%9Bruba.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">śruba</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-%C5%9Bruba.ogg" title="File:Pl-śruba.ogg">ⓘ</a> /ɕruba/ ('screw') </td></tr> <tr> <td>/v/ </td> <td>w </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-17" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6d\/Pl-w%C3%B3r.ogg\/Pl-w%C3%B3r.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"w<\/b>\u00f3r<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-w\u00f3r.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Pl-w%C3%B3r.ogg/Pl-w%C3%B3r.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">wór</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-w%C3%B3r.ogg" title="File:Pl-wór.ogg">ⓘ</a> /vur/ ('bag') </td> <td>/d͡ʑ/ </td> <td>dź/dz(i) </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-18" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/56\/Pl-d%C5%BAwi%C4%99k-2.ogg\/Pl-d%C5%BAwi%C4%99k-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"d\u017a<\/b>wi\u0119k<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-d\u017awi\u0119k-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/Pl-d%C5%BAwi%C4%99k-2.ogg/Pl-d%C5%BAwi%C4%99k-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">dźwięk</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-d%C5%BAwi%C4%99k-2.ogg" title="File:Pl-dźwięk-2.ogg">ⓘ</a> /d͡ʑvjɛŋk/ ('sound') </td></tr> <tr> <td>/f/ </td> <td>f </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-19" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b9\/Pl-futro.ogg\/Pl-futro.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"f<\/b>utro<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-futro.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Pl-futro.ogg/Pl-futro.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">futro</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-futro.ogg" title="File:Pl-futro.ogg">ⓘ</a> /futrɔ/ ('fur') </td> <td>/t͡ɕ/ </td> <td>ć/c(i) </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-20" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2d\/Pl-%C4%87ma-2.ogg\/Pl-%C4%87ma-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\u0107<\/b>ma<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-\u0107ma-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Pl-%C4%87ma-2.ogg/Pl-%C4%87ma-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">ćma</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-%C4%87ma-2.ogg" title="File:Pl-ćma-2.ogg">ⓘ</a> /t͡ɕma/ ('moth') </td></tr> <tr> <td>/n/ </td> <td>n </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-21" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/78\/Pl-noga.ogg\/Pl-noga.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"n<\/b>oga<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-noga.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Pl-noga.ogg/Pl-noga.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">noga</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-noga.ogg" title="File:Pl-noga.ogg">ⓘ</a> /nɔga/ ('leg') </td> <td>/ʐ/ </td> <td>ż/rz </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-22" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/41\/Pl-%C5%BCona-2.ogg\/Pl-%C5%BCona-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\u017c<\/b>ona<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-\u017cona-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Pl-%C5%BCona-2.ogg/Pl-%C5%BCona-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">żona</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-%C5%BCona-2.ogg" title="File:Pl-żona-2.ogg">ⓘ</a> /ʐɔna/ ('wife') </td></tr> <tr> <td>/d/ </td> <td>d </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-23" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/12\/Pl-dom-2.ogg\/Pl-dom-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"d<\/b>om<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-dom-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Pl-dom-2.ogg/Pl-dom-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">dom</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-dom-2.ogg" title="File:Pl-dom-2.ogg">ⓘ</a> /dɔm/ ('home') </td> <td>/ʂ/ </td> <td>sz </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-24" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1a\/Pl-szum.ogg\/Pl-szum.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"sz<\/b>um<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-szum.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Pl-szum.ogg/Pl-szum.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">szum</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-szum.ogg" title="File:Pl-szum.ogg">ⓘ</a> /ʂum/ ('rustle') </td></tr> <tr> <td>/t/ </td> <td>t </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-25" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/ca\/Pl-tom.ogg\/Pl-tom.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"t<\/b>om<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-tom.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Pl-tom.ogg/Pl-tom.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">tom</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-tom.ogg" title="File:Pl-tom.ogg">ⓘ</a> /tɔm/ ('volume') </td> <td>/d͡ʐ/ </td> <td>dż </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-26" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5f\/Pl-d%C5%BCem-2.ogg\/Pl-d%C5%BCem-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"d\u017c<\/b>em<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-d\u017cem-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Pl-d%C5%BCem-2.ogg/Pl-d%C5%BCem-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">dżem</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-d%C5%BCem-2.ogg" title="File:Pl-dżem-2.ogg">ⓘ</a> /d͡ʐɛm/ ('jam') </td></tr> <tr> <td>/z/ </td> <td>z </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-27" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1b\/Pl-zero.ogg\/Pl-zero.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"z<\/b>ero<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-zero.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Pl-zero.ogg/Pl-zero.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">zero</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-zero.ogg" title="File:Pl-zero.ogg">ⓘ</a> /zɛrɔ/ ('zero') </td> <td>/t͡ʂ/ </td> <td>cz </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-28" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ef\/Pl-czas-2.ogg\/Pl-czas-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"cz<\/b>as<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-czas-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/Pl-czas-2.ogg/Pl-czas-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">czas</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-czas-2.ogg" title="File:Pl-czas-2.ogg">ⓘ</a> /t͡ʂas/ ('time') </td></tr> <tr> <td>/s/ </td> <td>s </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-29" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cb\/Pl-sum.ogg\/Pl-sum.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"s<\/b>um<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-sum.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Pl-sum.ogg/Pl-sum.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">sum</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-sum.ogg" title="File:Pl-sum.ogg">ⓘ</a> /sum/ ('catfish') </td> <td>/ŋ/ </td> <td>n(k)/n(g) </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-30" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/71\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Poemat-bank.wav\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Poemat-bank.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"ban<\/b>k<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q809 (pol)-Poemat-bank.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Poemat-bank.wav/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Poemat-bank.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">bank</a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q809_(pol)-Poemat-bank.wav" title="File:LL-Q809 (pol)-Poemat-bank.wav">ⓘ</a> /baŋk/ ('bank') <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-31" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0e\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-gong.wav\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-gong.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"gon<\/b>g<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-gong.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-gong.wav/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-gong.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">gong</a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q809_(pol)-Olaf-gong.wav" title="File:LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-gong.wav">ⓘ</a> /gɔŋk/ ('gong') </td></tr> <tr> <td>/d͡z/ </td> <td>dz </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-32" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b7\/Pl-dzwon-2.ogg\/Pl-dzwon-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"dz<\/b>won<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-dzwon-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Pl-dzwon-2.ogg/Pl-dzwon-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">dzwon</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-dzwon-2.ogg" title="File:Pl-dzwon-2.ogg">ⓘ</a> /d͡zvɔn/ ('bell') </td> <td>/ɡ/ </td> <td>g </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-33" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cf\/Pl-gmin.ogg\/Pl-gmin.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"g<\/b>min<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-gmin.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/Pl-gmin.ogg/Pl-gmin.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">gmin</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-gmin.ogg" title="File:Pl-gmin.ogg">ⓘ</a> /gmin/ ('populace') </td></tr> <tr> <td>/t͡s/ </td> <td>c </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-34" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3e\/Pl-co%3F.ogg\/Pl-co%3F.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"c<\/b>o<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-co?.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/Pl-co%3F.ogg/Pl-co%3F.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">co</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-co%3F.ogg" title="File:Pl-co?.ogg">ⓘ</a> /t͡sɔ/ ('what') </td> <td>/k/ </td> <td>k </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-35" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/81\/Pl-kmin.ogg\/Pl-kmin.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"k<\/b>min<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-kmin.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Pl-kmin.ogg/Pl-kmin.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">kmin</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-kmin.ogg" title="File:Pl-kmin.ogg">ⓘ</a> /kmin/ ('cumin') </td></tr> <tr> <td>/r/ </td> <td>r </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-36" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/af\/Pl-rok.ogg\/Pl-rok.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"r<\/b>ok<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-rok.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/Pl-rok.ogg/Pl-rok.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">rok</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-rok.ogg" title="File:Pl-rok.ogg">ⓘ</a> /rɔk/ ('year') </td> <td>/x/ </td> <td>h/ch </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-37" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/82\/Pl-hak.ogg\/Pl-hak.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"h<\/b>ak<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-hak.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Pl-hak.ogg/Pl-hak.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">hak</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-hak.ogg" title="File:Pl-hak.ogg">ⓘ</a> /xak/ ('hook') <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-38" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3b\/Pl-ch%C3%B3r.ogg\/Pl-ch%C3%B3r.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"ch<\/b>\u00f3r<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-ch\u00f3r.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Pl-ch%C3%B3r.ogg/Pl-ch%C3%B3r.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">chór</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-ch%C3%B3r.ogg" title="File:Pl-chór.ogg">ⓘ</a> /xur/ ('choir') </td></tr> <tr> <td>/l/ </td> <td>l </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-39" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fd\/Pl-li%C5%9B%C4%87.ogg\/Pl-li%C5%9B%C4%87.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"l<\/b>i\u015b\u0107<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-li\u015b\u0107.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/Pl-li%C5%9B%C4%87.ogg/Pl-li%C5%9B%C4%87.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">liść</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-li%C5%9B%C4%87.ogg" title="File:Pl-liść.ogg">ⓘ</a> /liɕt͡ɕ/ ('leaf') </td> <td>(/ɡʲ/) </td> <td>g(i) </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-40" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a2\/Pl-gie%C5%82da.ogg\/Pl-gie%C5%82da.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"gi<\/b>e\u0142da<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-gie\u0142da.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/Pl-gie%C5%82da.ogg/Pl-gie%C5%82da.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">giełda</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-gie%C5%82da.ogg" title="File:Pl-giełda.ogg">ⓘ</a> /ɡjɛwda/ (or /ɡʲɛwda/) ('marketplace') <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-41" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1f\/Pl-filologia.ogg\/Pl-filologia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"filologi<\/b>a<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-filologia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Pl-filologia.ogg/Pl-filologia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">filologia</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-filologia.ogg" title="File:Pl-filologia.ogg">ⓘ</a> /filɔlɔɡja/ (or /filɔlɔɡʲja/) ('philology') </td></tr> <tr> <td>/j/ </td> <td>j </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-42" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/66\/Pl-jutro-2.ogg\/Pl-jutro-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"j<\/b>utro<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-jutro-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/Pl-jutro-2.ogg/Pl-jutro-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">jutro</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-jutro-2.ogg" title="File:Pl-jutro-2.ogg">ⓘ</a> /jutrɔ/ ('tomorrow') </td> <td>(/kʲ/) </td> <td>k(i) </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-43" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2c\/Pl-kiedy.ogg\/Pl-kiedy.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"ki<\/b>edy<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-kiedy.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Pl-kiedy.ogg/Pl-kiedy.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">kiedy</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-kiedy.ogg" title="File:Pl-kiedy.ogg">ⓘ</a> /kjɛdɨ/ (or /kʲɛdɨ/) ('when') <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-44" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/dc\/Pl-kiosk.ogg\/Pl-kiosk.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"ki<\/b>osk<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-kiosk.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Pl-kiosk.ogg/Pl-kiosk.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">kiosk</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-kiosk.ogg" title="File:Pl-kiosk.ogg">ⓘ</a> /kjɔsk/ (or /kʲjɔsk/) ('kiosk') </td></tr> <tr> <td>/w/ </td> <td>ł </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-45" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/37\/Pl-%C5%82aska.ogg\/Pl-%C5%82aska.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\u0142<\/b>aska<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-\u0142aska.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Pl-%C5%82aska.ogg/Pl-%C5%82aska.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">łaska</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-%C5%82aska.ogg" title="File:Pl-łaska.ogg">ⓘ</a> /waska/ ('grace') </td> <td>(/xʲ/) </td> <td>h(i)/ch(i) </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-46" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/10\/Pl-hieroglif.ogg\/Pl-hieroglif.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"hi<\/b>eroglif<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-hieroglif.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/Pl-hieroglif.ogg/Pl-hieroglif.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">hieroglif</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-hieroglif.ogg" title="File:Pl-hieroglif.ogg">ⓘ</a> /xjɛrɔɡlif/ (or /xʲjɛrɔɡlif/, /xʲɛrɔɡlif/) ('hieroglyph') <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-47" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/22\/Pl-monarchia.ogg\/Pl-monarchia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"monarchi<\/b>a<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-monarchia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Pl-monarchia.ogg/Pl-monarchia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">monarchia</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-monarchia.ogg" title="File:Pl-monarchia.ogg">ⓘ</a> /mɔnarxja/ (or /mɔnarxʲja/) ('monarchy') </td></tr></tbody></table> The tongue shape of the postalveolar sounds is similar to the shape postalveolar approximant [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar approximant">ɹ̠</a>] (one of the realizations of the English /r/ phoneme, see also <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_/r/" title="Pronunciation of English /r/">Pronunciation of English /r/</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatals</a> are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised to the hard <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palate</a> but a greater area of the front of the tongue is raised close to the hard palate compared to the English <a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Palato-alveolar">palato-alveolar</a> sounds. The series are known as "rustling" (szeleszczące) and "soughing" (szumiące) respectively; the equivalent alveolar series (⟨s, z, c, dz⟩) is called "hissing" (syczące). Polish contrasts <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a> and stop–fricative clusters<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussmann20077-48">[39]</a> by the fricative components being consistently longer in clusters than in affricates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagórska_Brooks1964209-49">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDukiewicz199549-50">[41]</a> Stops in clusters may have either a plosive release accompanied by a weak aspiration or a fricated release (as in an affricate) depending on the rate of speech and individual speech habits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995150-51">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERybka201589–91-52">[43]</a> <ul><li><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-48" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6e\/Pl-czysta.ogg\/Pl-czysta.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"cz<\/b>ysta<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-czysta.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Pl-czysta.ogg/Pl-czysta.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">czysta</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-czysta.ogg" title="File:Pl-czysta.ogg">ⓘ</a> [ˈt͡ʂɨsta] ('clean' fem.) vs. <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-49" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9e\/Pl-trzysta.ogg\/Pl-trzysta.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"trz<\/b>ysta<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-trzysta.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Pl-trzysta.ogg/Pl-trzysta.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">trzysta</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-trzysta.ogg" title="File:Pl-trzysta.ogg">ⓘ</a> [ˈt̺ʰʂˑɨsta] or [ˈt̺ʂˑɨsta]<a href="#cite_note-53">[44]</a> ('three hundred').</li> <li><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-50" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5f\/Pl-d%C5%BCem-2.ogg\/Pl-d%C5%BCem-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"d\u017c<\/b>em<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-d\u017cem-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Pl-d%C5%BCem-2.ogg/Pl-d%C5%BCem-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">dżem</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-d%C5%BCem-2.ogg" title="File:Pl-dżem-2.ogg">ⓘ</a> [ˈd͡ʐɛm] ('jam') with vs. <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-51" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f4\/Pl-drzem.ogg\/Pl-drzem.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"drz<\/b>em<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-drzem.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Pl-drzem.ogg/Pl-drzem.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">drzem</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-drzem.ogg" title="File:Pl-drzem.ogg">ⓘ</a> [d̺ʱʐˑɛm] or [ˈd̺ʐˑɛm]<a href="#cite_note-54">[45]</a> ('take a nap' imper. sing.).</li></ul> Both realizations of stop-fricative clusters are considered correct and typically respelled as tsz, d-ż and czsz, dżż respectively in normative descriptions of Polish pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunaj2006170-55">[46]</a> The distinction is lost in colloquial pronunciation in south-eastern Poland both being realized as simple affricates as in some <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Polish_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Polish dialect">Lesser Polish dialects</a>. According to <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995</a>:150), <a href="#CITEREFDunaj2006">Dunaj (2006</a>:170), such a simplification is allowed in the standard language variety only before another consonant or before a juncture, e.g. trzmiel /tʂmjɛl/ or /t͡ʂmjɛl/ ('bumblebee'), patrz /patʂ/ or /pat͡ʂ/ ('look', imper. sing.). For the possibility of an additional velar fricative /ɣ/<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995143-56">[47]</a> for ⟨h⟩, see <a href="#Dialectal_variation_2">§ Dialectal variation</a> below. On the same grounds as for /xʲ/ <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995</a>:146) gives /ɣʲ/ a phonemic status for speakers who have /ɣ/ in their system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allophones">Allophones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Allophones">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>/m, p, b, f, v/ are <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial consonants">labial</a> except before /i, j/ where they are palatalized [<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">mʲ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pʲ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">bʲ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">fʲ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">vʲ</a>].</li> <li>/m, n/ have a labiodental allophone [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a>], which occurs before labiodental consonants (as in symfonia 'symphony' or konfiguracja 'configuration').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuczek-Zawiła20149-57">[48]</a> Before fricatives, orthographic nasal consonants m, n may be realized as <a href="/wiki/Nasal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal approximant">nasal approximants</a> [w̃ <a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">j̃</a>], analogous to /ŋ, ɲ/ below. This occurs in <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Free_variation" title="Free variation">free variation</a> with the typical consonantal pronunciation (e.g. instynkt [ˈiw̃stɨŋkt⁓ˈinstɨŋkt] 'instinct').<a href="#cite_note-58">[49]</a></li> <li>/n, t, d, t͡s, d͡z, s, z/ are <a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Denti-alveolar consonants">denti-alveolar</a> [<a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">n̪, t̪, d̪, t̪͡s̪, d̪͡z̪, s̪, z̪</a>] except before /i, j/ and postalveolar consonants. They are pronounced with the tip of the tongue very close or touching to the upper front teeth and partially the front of the alveolar ridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971155,_157,_159,_160-59">[50]</a> In western and northern Poland, [n̪] is maintained in native words across a morpheme boundary in nk, e.g. sionka ('a small hallway') [ˈɕɔn̪ka] contrasts with siąka ('((s)he sniffs') [ˈɕɔŋka]. In other parts of Poland, the contrast is neutralized towards /ŋ/, i.e. [ˈɕɔŋka] is used for both.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrutyński200280-60">[51]</a> In foreign words ⟨nk, ng⟩ represent /ŋk, ŋɡ/.</li> <li>/t, d, t͡s, d͡z, s, z/ are palatalized laminal alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">t̻ʲ, d̻ʲ, t̻͡s̻ʲ, d̻͡z̻ʲ, s̻ʲ, z̻ʲ</a>] before /i, j/ in recent borrowings. They are pronounced with the blade of the tongue very close or touching the alveolar ridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971185,_187-61">[52]</a></li> <li>/t, d/ are apical alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">t̺</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">d̺</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976179-62">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971163-63">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995150-51">[42]</a> before apical postalveolar /t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ, ʂ, ʐ/ while /n/ is apical alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">n̺</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976136-64">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971167-65">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995134-66">[57]</a> before /t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ, ʂ, ʐ/.</li> <li>/t, d/ can be assimilated to affricates /ts, dz/ before /ts, dz, s, z/, /t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ/ before /t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ, ʂ, ʐ/ and /t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ/ before /t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, ɕ, ʑ/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995151–152-67">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubach1994137-68">[59]</a></li> <li>/t͡s, d͡z, s, z/ can be assimilated to /t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ, ʂ, ʐ/ before /t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ, ʂ, ʐ/ and to /t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, ɕ, ʑ/ before /t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, ɕ, ʑ/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995151-69">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubach1994137-68">[59]</a></li> <li>/t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ, ʂ, ʐ/ are variously described as <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> postalveolar [t̺͡ʃ̺, d̺͡ʒ̺, ʃ̺, ʒ̺]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERybka201570,101-70">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[62]</a> or as (laminal) flat <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar">postalveolar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[63]</a> They are articulated with a flat, retracted tongue body, the tongue tip being raised and the entire blade moved up and back behind the corner of the alveolar ridge. A recent study<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenc2018164–165-73">[64]</a> shows that /ʂ, ʐ/ and the release of /t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ/ are predominantly alveolar, while the place of articulation of the stop in /t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ/ varies between alveolar and postalveolar. This agrees with characterizations of /t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ, ʂ, ʐ/ as alveolar in older sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971164–165-74">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976153,_155,_167-75">[66]</a> They may be described as <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex consonants">retroflex</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">t͡ʂ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">d͡ʐ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERybka2015101-76">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamann200456-77">[68]</a> to indicate that they are not palatalized laminal postalveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t̻͡ʃ̻</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">d̻͡ʒ̻</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ̻</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ̻</a>]. Strictly speaking, this is at odds with the narrower definition of retroflex consonants as <a href="/wiki/Subapical_consonant" title="Subapical consonant">subapical</a>, in which the tongue curls back and its underside becomes the active articulator. Occasionally, [t͡ᶘ, d͡ᶚ, ᶘ, ᶚ] were used in a similar vein.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaver1996560-78">[69]</a></li> <li>/t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ, ʂ, ʐ/ become palatalized laminal postalveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t̻͡ʃ̻</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">d̻͡ʒ̻</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ̻</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ̻</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERybka2015105-79">[70]</a> before /i, j/ in recent loanwords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamann200464-80">[71]</a></li> <li>/ɲ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, ɕ, ʑ/ are <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatal</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal nasal">ɲ̟</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>]. They are articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge and the body of the tongue raised toward the palate. Before fricatives, /ɲ/ is usually realized as a <a href="/wiki/Nasalized_palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasalized palatal approximant">nasalized palatal approximant</a> [<a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">j̃</a>],<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussmann20072–3-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995135-81">[72]</a> for example, państwo ('state/country') [paj̃stfo], Gdańsk [ɡdaj̃sk].</li> <li>/ŋ, k, ɡ/ are velar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]. Before fricatives and word-finally, /ŋ/ is realized as <a href="/wiki/Nasal_labialized_velar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal labialized velar approximant">nasalized velar approximant</a> [<a href="/wiki/Nasal_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Nasal labial–velar approximant">w̃</a>]. According to <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995</a>:127–128, 136), this allophone is non-labialized [<a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">ɰ̃</a>].</li> <li>/x/ is primarily velar [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]; it has the strongest friction before consonants [<a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered" title="Relative articulation">x̝</a>], weaker friction before vowels [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x̞</a>] and weakest friction intervocalically, where it may be realized as glottal [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>] (this variant "may appear to be voiced").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976158-82">[73]</a> /x/ has a voiced <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>], which occurs whenever /x/ is followed by a voiced obstruent (even across a word boundary), in accordance with the rules given under <a href="#Voicing_and_devoicing">§ Voicing and devoicing</a> below. For example, klechda 'legend, myth' is [ˈklɛɣda], dach ('roof') is [ˈdax], but dach domu ('roof of the house') is [daɣ ˈdɔmu].</li> <li>/k, ɡ, x/ before /i, j/ are postpalatal [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_post-palatal_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless post-palatal plosive">c̠</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_post-palatal_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced post-palatal plosive">ɟ̠</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_post-palatal_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless post-palatal fricative">ç̠</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971195-83">[74]</a> If /kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ/ are acknowledged as phonemes they are [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_post-palatal_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless post-palatal plosive">c̠</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_post-palatal_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced post-palatal plosive">ɟ̠</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_post-palatal_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless post-palatal fricative">ç̠</a>] as well, but their distribution is limited to contexts before /i, ɛ, j/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995146-84">[75]</a> A postpalatal allophone [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_post-palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced post-palatal nasal">ɲ̠</a>] of /ŋ/ appears only in front of [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_post-palatal_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless post-palatal plosive">c̠</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_post-palatal_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced post-palatal plosive">ɟ̠</a>].</li> <li>/l/ is apical alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">l̺</a>] and becomes denti-alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental lateral approximant">l̪</a>] before a following denti-alveolar consonant /n, t, d, t͡s, d͡z, s, z/. A palatalized laminal [<a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">l̻ʲ</a>] or <a href="/wiki/Alveopalatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveopalatal">alveopalatal</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant">ʎ̟</a>] is used before /i, j/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995130-85">[76]</a></li> <li>/r/ is apical alveolar. It has been traditionally classified as a trill [<a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">r̺</a>], with a tap [<a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">ɾ̺</a>] supposedly only occurring as an allophone or in fast speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976132-86">[77]</a> However, more recent studies show that /r/ is predominantly realized as a tap [<a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">ɾ̺</a>], sometimes as an approximant or a fricative, but almost never as a trill.<a href="#cite_note-87">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[79]</a> One study found that in an intervocalic context a trilled [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] occurs in less than 3% of cases, while a tapped [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>] occurred in approximately 95% of cases. Another study by the same researcher showed that in a postconsonantal position, /r/ is realized as a tapped [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>] in 80–90% of cases, while trilled [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] occurs in just 1.5% of articulations.<a href="#cite_note-89">[80]</a> A palatalized laminal tap [<a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">ɾ̻ʲ</a>] is used before /i, j/ in recent loanwords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995130-85">[76]</a></li> <li>/j/ is a palatal approximant [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]. According to <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976</a>:123), /j/ is reduced and very short [<a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">i̯</a>] after consonants before vowels, for example miasto ('city') [ˈmʲi̯astɔ], piasek ('sand') [ˈpʲi̯asɛk].</li> <li>/w/ is a velar approximant [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]. According to <a href="#CITEREFWierzchowska1976">Wierzchowska (1976</a>:123) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFWierzchowska1976 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>), /w/ is most commonly non-labialized [<a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">w̜</a>]; a labialization being typical only before /u/. A palatalized allophone [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">w̟/ɥ̠</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERybka201543-90">[81]</a> before /i/ is given by <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995</a>:128).</li> <li>The approximants /j, w/ may be regarded as <a href="/wiki/Non-syllabic_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-syllabic vowel">non-syllabic vowels</a> when they are not followed by a vowel. For example, raj ('paradise') [ɾai̯], dał ('he gave') [dau̯], autor ('author') [ˈau̯tɔɾ].</li> <li>/m, n, ŋ, ɲ, l, r, w/ are regularly devoiced [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_nasal" title="Voiceless palatal nasal">ɲ̊</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant">l̥</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar tap">ɾ̥</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">w̥</a>] after a voiceless obstruent and optionally after a voiced obstruent which was devoiced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995155-91">[82]</a> For example, wiatr ('wind') is pronounced [vjatɾ̥], while kadr ('a frame") can be pronounced [katɾ̥] or [kadɾ]. (See <a href="#Voicing_and_devoicing">§ Voicing and devoicing</a> below.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_3">Distribution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</div> Polish, like other Slavic languages, permits complex consonant clusters, which often arose from the disappearance of <a href="/wiki/Yer" title="Yer">yers</a> (see <a href="#Historical_development">§ Historical development</a> above). Polish can have word-initial and word-medial clusters of up to four consonants, whereas word-final clusters can have up to five consonants.<a href="#cite_note-92">[83]</a> Examples of such clusters can be found in words such as bezwzględny /bɛzˈvzɡlɛndnɨ/ ('unconditional' or 'heartless', 'ruthless'), źdźbło /ˈʑd͡ʑbwɔ/ ('blade of grass'), <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-52" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/26\/Pl-wstrz%C4%85s.ogg\/Pl-wstrz%C4%85s.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"wstrz\u0105s<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-wstrz\u0105s.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Pl-wstrz%C4%85s.ogg/Pl-wstrz%C4%85s.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">wstrząs</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-wstrz%C4%85s.ogg" title="File:Pl-wstrząs.ogg">ⓘ</a> /ˈfstʂɔŋs/ ('shock'), and krnąbrność /ˈkrnɔmbrnɔɕt͡ɕ/ ('disobedience'). A popular Polish <a href="/wiki/Tongue-twister" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongue-twister">tongue-twister</a> (from a verse by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brzechwa" title="Jan Brzechwa">Jan Brzechwa</a>) is <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-53" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/22\/Polish_Tongue_twister_-_Chrz%C4%85szcz_-_2.ogg\/Polish_Tongue_twister_-_Chrz%C4%85szcz_-_2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"W Szczebrzeszynie chrz\u0105szcz brzmi w trzcinie<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Polish Tongue twister - Chrz\u0105szcz - 2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Polish_Tongue_twister_-_Chrz%C4%85szcz_-_2.ogg/Polish_Tongue_twister_-_Chrz%C4%85szcz_-_2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">W Szczebrzeszynie chrząszcz brzmi w trzcinie</a><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_Tongue_twister_-_Chrz%C4%85szcz_-_2.ogg" title="File:Polish Tongue twister - Chrząszcz - 2.ogg">ⓘ</a> /fʂt͡ʂɛbʐɛˈʂɨɲɛ xʂɔŋʂt͡ʂ bʐmi ˈftʂt͡ɕiɲɛ/ ('In <a href="/wiki/Szczebrzeszyn" title="Szczebrzeszyn">Szczebrzeszyn</a> a beetle buzzes in the reeds'). For the restrictions on combinations of voiced and voiceless consonants in clusters, see <a href="#Voicing_and_devoicing">§ Voicing and devoicing</a> below. Unlike languages such as <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, Polish does not have <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic consonants</a>: the nucleus of a <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> is always a vowel. The consonant /j/ is restricted to positions adjacent to a vowel. It also cannot precede i or y. (For other restrictions on consonants appearing before i or y, see <a href="#Distribution">§ Distribution</a> above.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voicing_and_devoicing">Voicing and devoicing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Voicing and devoicing">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none"> <caption>Voicing of final obstruents<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstaszewskaTambor200088-93">[84]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="max-width:10em" colspan="2">Position </th> <th style="max-width:10em" rowspan="2">Example </th> <th style="max-width:10em" colspan="2">Sandhi </th></tr> <tr> <th style="max-width:10em">Final </th> <th style="max-width:10em">Initial </th> <th style="max-width:10em">Voicing pronunciation </th> <th style="max-width:10em">Devoicing pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="max-width:10em">Word final obstruent or obstruent + /m, n, l, r, j, w/ </td> <td style="max-width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">Sonorant</a>: /m, n, l, r, j, w, i, ɨ, ɛ, a, ɔ, u/ </td> <td>kot rudy ('a ginger cat') dług mały ('a small debt') kot łaciaty ('a speckled cat') dług Łukasza ('Luke's debt') kot Ewy ('Eve's cat') mąż Ewy ('Eve's husband') </td> <td style="text-align:center">[kɔd‿ɾudɨ] [dwuɡ‿mawɨ] [kɔd‿wat͡ɕatɨ] [dwuɡ‿wukaʂa] [kɔd‿ɛvɨ] [mɔw̃ʐ‿ɛvɨ] </td> <td style="text-align:center">[kɔt‿ɾudɨ] [dwuk‿mawɨ] [kɔt‿wat͡ɕatɨ] [dwuk‿wukaʂa] [kɔt‿ɛvɨ] [mɔw̃ʂ‿ɛvɨ] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="max-width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">Voiceless</a> <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruent</a>: /p, f, t, t͡s, s, t͡ʂ, ʂ, t͡ɕ, ɕ, k, x, (kʲ), (xʲ)/ </td> <td>rok Smoka ('the Year of the Dragon' róg stołu ('a table corner') wiatr szumi ('the wind rustles') kadr filmu ('a film frame') </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">[ɾɔk‿smɔka] [ɾuk‿stɔwu] [vʲjatɾ̥‿ʂumʲi] [katɾ̥‿fʲilmu] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="max-width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">Voiced</a> <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruent</a>: /b, v, d, d͡z, z, d͡ʐ, ʐ, d͡ʑ, ʑ, ɡ, (ɣ), (ɡʲ), (ɣʲ)/ </td> <td>poradź Zosi ('give Zosia (some) advise') rok dobry ('a good year') idź zaraz ('go right now') płot brązowy ('a brown fence') </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">[pɔɾad͡ʑ‿zɔɕi] [ɾɔɡ‿dɔbɾɨ] [id͡ʑ‿zaɾas] [pwɔd‿bɾɔw̃zɔvɨ] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="max-width:10em" rowspan="3">Prepositional clitic: w, z, bez, przez, nad, pod, od, przed </td> <td style="max-width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">Sonorant</a>: /m, n, l, r, j, w, i, ɨ, ɛ, a, ɔ, u/ </td> <td>od matki ('from the mother') od łąki ('from a meadow') od ojca ('from the father') </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">[ɔd‿matk̟i] [ɔd‿wɔŋ̟k̟i] [ɔd‿ɔjt͡sa] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="max-width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">Voiceless</a> <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruent</a>: /p, f, t, t͡s, s, t͡ʂ, ʂ, t͡ɕ, ɕ, k, x, (kʲ), (xʲ)/ </td> <td>pod płotem ('at/by the fence') </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">[pɔt‿pwɔtɛm] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="max-width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">Voiced</a> <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruent</a>: /b, v, d, d͡z, z, d͡ʐ, ʐ, d͡ʑ, ʑ, ɡ, (ɣ), (ɡʲ), (ɣʲ)/ </td> <td>pod dzwonnicą ('beneath a bell tower') </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">[pɔd‿d͡zvɔɲːit͡sɔw̃] </td></tr></tbody></table> Polish <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> (stops, affricates and fricatives) are subject to <a href="/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">voicing and devoicing</a> in certain positions. This leads to <a href="/wiki/Neutralization_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutralization (linguistics)">neutralization</a> of voiced/voiceless pairs in those positions (or equivalently, restrictions on the distribution of voiced and voiceless consonants). The phenomenon applies in word-final position and in <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>. In Polish consonant clusters, including across a word boundary, the obstruents are all voiced or all voiceless. To determine (based on the spelling of the words) whether a given cluster has voiced or voiceless obstruents, the last obstruent in the cluster, excluding w or rz (but including ż), should be examined to see if it appears to be voiced or voiceless. The consonants n, m, ń, r, j, l, ł do not represent obstruents and so do not affect the voicing of other consonants; they are also usually not subject to devoicing except when surrounded by unvoiced consonants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrbańczyk1992369-94">[85]</a> Some examples follow (click the words to hear them spoken): <ul><li><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-54" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d9\/Pl-%C5%82%C3%B3dka.ogg\/Pl-%C5%82%C3%B3dka.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\u0142\u00f3dka<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-\u0142\u00f3dka.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Pl-%C5%82%C3%B3dka.ogg/Pl-%C5%82%C3%B3dka.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">łódka</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-%C5%82%C3%B3dka.ogg" title="File:Pl-łódka.ogg">ⓘ</a> [ˈwutka] ('boat'), /d/ → [t] before the voiceless k</li> <li><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-55" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/09\/Pl-kawka-2.ogg\/Pl-kawka-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"kawka<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-kawka-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Pl-kawka-2.ogg/Pl-kawka-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">kawka</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-kawka-2.ogg" title="File:Pl-kawka-2.ogg">ⓘ</a> [ˈkafka] ('jackdaw'), /v/ → [f] before the voiceless k</li> <li><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-56" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/71\/Pl-tak%C5%BCe.ogg\/Pl-tak%C5%BCe.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"tak\u017ce<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-tak\u017ce.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/Pl-tak%C5%BCe.ogg/Pl-tak%C5%BCe.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">także</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-tak%C5%BCe.ogg" title="File:Pl-także.ogg">ⓘ</a> [ˈtaɡʐɛ] ('also'), /k/ → [ɡ] before the voiced ż</li> <li><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-57" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/90\/Pl-jakby.ogg\/Pl-jakby.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"jakby<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-jakby.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Pl-jakby.ogg/Pl-jakby.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">jakby</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-jakby.ogg" title="File:Pl-jakby.ogg">ⓘ</a> [ˈjaɡbɨ] ('as if'), /k/ → [ɡ] before the voiced b</li> <li><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-58" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/25\/Pl-krzak-2.ogg\/Pl-krzak-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"krzak<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-krzak-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/Pl-krzak-2.ogg/Pl-krzak-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">krzak</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-krzak-2.ogg" title="File:Pl-krzak-2.ogg">ⓘ</a> [kʂak] ('bush'), /ʐ/ → [ʂ]; rz does not determine the voicing of the cluster</li> <li><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-59" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/aa\/Pl-odtworzy%C4%87.ogg\/Pl-odtworzy%C4%87.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"odtworzy\u0107<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-odtworzy\u0107.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Pl-odtworzy%C4%87.ogg/Pl-odtworzy%C4%87.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">odtworzyć</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-odtworzy%C4%87.ogg" title="File:Pl-odtworzyć.ogg">ⓘ</a> [ɔtˈtfɔʐɨt͡ɕ] ('to replay'), /d/ → [t] & /v/ → [f]; w does not determine the voicing of the cluster</li> <li>dach domu [daɣ dɔmu] ('roof of the house'), /x/ → [ɣ]; the rule still applies across a word boundary</li></ul> In some dialects of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Wielkopolska</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">eastern borderlands</a>, /v/ remains voiced after voiceless consonants. The above rule does not apply to <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a>: a consonant cluster may contain voiced sonorants and voiceless obstruents, as in <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-60" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/81\/Pl-kr%C3%B3l-2.ogg\/Pl-kr%C3%B3l-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"kr<\/b>\u00f3l<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-kr\u00f3l-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Pl-kr%C3%B3l-2.ogg/Pl-kr%C3%B3l-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">król</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-kr%C3%B3l-2.ogg" title="File:Pl-król-2.ogg">ⓘ</a> [krul], <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-61" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/57\/Pl-wart.ogg\/Pl-wart.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"wart<\/b><\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-wart.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Pl-wart.ogg/Pl-wart.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">wart</a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-wart.ogg" title="File:Pl-wart.ogg">ⓘ</a> [vart], słoń [ˈswɔɲ], tnąc [ˈtnɔnt͡s]. Utterance-finally, obstruents are pronounced voiceless. For example, the /ɡ/ in bóg ('god') is pronounced [k], and the /zd/ in zajazd ('inn') represents [st]. If followed by a word beginning with an obstruent then the above cluster rules apply across morpheme boundaries. When the second word begins with a <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a> the voicing of any preceding word-final obstruent varies regionally. In western and southern Poland, final obstruents are voiced (voicing pronunciation) if the following word starts with a <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a> (here, for example, the /t/ in brat ojca 'father's brother' would be pronounced as [d]). On the other hand, they are voiceless (devoicing pronunciation) in eastern and northern Poland (/t/ is pronounced [t]). This rule does not apply to prepositional clitics w, z, bez, przez, nad, pod, od, przed which are always voiced before sonorants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstaszewskaTambor200089-95">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWierzbicka1971207-96">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hard_and_soft_consonants">Hard and soft consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hard and soft consonants">edit</a>]</div> Multiple <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalizations</a> and some depalatalizations that took place in the history of Proto-Slavic and Polish have created quite a complex system of what are often called "soft" and "hard" consonants. These terms are useful in describing some <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> patterns and other <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> processes, but exact definitions of "soft" and "hard" may differ somewhat. "Soft" generally refers to the <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> nature of a consonant. The <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatal</a> sounds ⟨ń, ś, ź, ć, dź⟩ are considered soft, as normally is the palatal ⟨j⟩. The ⟨l⟩ sound is also normally classed as a soft consonant: like the preceding sounds, it cannot be followed by ⟨y⟩ but takes ⟨i⟩ instead. The palatalized velars /kʲ/, /ɡʲ/ and /xʲ/ might also be regarded as soft on this basis. Consonants not classified as soft are dubbed "hard". However, a subset of hard consonants, ⟨c, dz, sz, ż/rz, cz, dż⟩, often derive from historical palatalizations (for example, ⟨rz⟩ usually represents a historical palatalized ⟨r⟩) and behaves like the soft consonants in some respects (for example, they normally take ⟨e⟩ in the nominative plural). These sounds may be called "hardened" or "historically soft" consonants. The historical palatalized forms of some consonants have developed in Polish into noticeably different sounds: historical palatalized t, d, r have become the sounds now represented by ⟨ć, dź, rz⟩ respectively. Similarly palatalized ⟨s, z, n⟩ became the sounds ⟨ś, ź, ń⟩. The palatalization of labials has resulted (according to the main phonological analysis given in the sections above) in the addition of /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/, as in the example pies just given. These developments are reflected in some <a href="/wiki/Polish_grammar#Regular_morphological_alternation" title="Polish grammar">regular morphological changes</a> in Polish grammar, such as in noun declension. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phonological_status_of_palatalized_consonants">Phonological status of palatalized consonants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Phonological status of palatalized consonants">edit</a>]</div> In some phonological descriptions of Polish,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieber1966-97">[88]</a> however, consonants, including especially the labials m, p, b, f, w, are regarded as occurring in "hard" and "soft" pairs. In this approach, for example, the word pies ('dog') is analyzed not as /pjɛs/ but as /pʲɛs/, with a soft /pʲ/. These consonants are then also analyzed as soft when they precede the vowel /i/ (as in pić /pʲit͡ɕ/ 'to drink'). Unlike their equivalents in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, these consonants cannot retain their softness in the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">syllable coda</a> (when not followed by a vowel). For example, the word for "carp" has the inflected forms karpia, karpie etc., with soft /pʲ/ (or /pj/, depending on the analysis), but the nominative singular is karp, with a hard /p/. Similar considerations lead to two competing analyses of palatalized velars. In <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995</a>:146–47), all three palatalized velars are given phonological status on the grounds of their distribution and minimal contrasts between [c̱e], [ɟ̱e], [ç̱e] and [c̱je], [ɟ̱je], [ç̱je] e.g. giełda /ˈɡʲɛwda/ [ˈɟ̱ewda] ('stock market'), magiel /maɡʲɛl/ [maɟ̱el] ('laundry press ') but giętki /ˈɡʲjɛntkʲi/ [ˈɟ̱jentc̱i] ('flexible'), higiena /xʲiɡʲjɛna/ [ç̱iɟ̱jena] ('hygiene'). Phonemes /kʲ/, /ɡʲ/ and /xʲ/ do not occur before /a, ɔ, u/ where they are separated by a distinct [j] e.g. kiosk /kʲjɔsk/ [c̱jɵsk] ('kiosk'), filologia /filɔˈlɔɡʲja/ [filɔˈlɔɟ̱ja] ('philology'), Hiob /xʲjɔp/ [ç̱jɵp] ('<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>'). A system with /kʲ/ and /ɡʲ/ but without /xʲ/ is given by <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976</a>:86), <a href="#CITEREFWiśniewski2007">Wiśniewski (2007</a>:187), <a href="#CITEREFJassem2003">Jassem (2003</a>:103) and <a href="#CITEREFOstaszewskaTambor2000">Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000</a>:135). This analysis is based on an assumption that there is actually no [ç̱e] but only [ç̱je] as chie, hie occur only in loanwords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995146-84">[75]</a> However, a decomposed palatalization of kie, gie i.e. [c̱je], [ɟ̱je] in all contexts is a predominant pronunciation in contemporary Polish.<a href="#cite_note-98">[89]</a> Based on that, a system without palatalized velars is given by <a href="#CITEREFStrutyński2002">Strutyński (2002</a>:73), <a href="#CITEREFRocławski2010">Rocławski (2010</a>:199) and <a href="#CITEREFOsowicka-Kondratowicz2012">Osowicka-Kondratowicz (2012</a>:223). In such a system palatalized velars are analyzed as /k/, /ɡ/ and /x/ before /i/ and /kj/, /ɡj/ and /xj/ before other vowels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzybowski1986169-99">[90]</a> This is the main analysis presented above. The consonants t, d, r (and some others) can also be regarded as having hard and soft forms according to the above approach, although the soft forms occur only in <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> such as tir /tʲir/ ('large lorry'; see <a href="/wiki/TIR_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="TIR Treaty">TIR</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] If the distinction is made for all relevant consonants, then y and i can be regarded as <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> of a single phoneme, with y following hard consonants and i following soft ones (and in initial position). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glottal_stop">Glottal stop</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Glottal stop">edit</a>]</div> In more contemporary Polish, a phonetic <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> may appear as the onset of a vowel-initial word (e.g. Ala [ʔala]).<a href="#cite_note-100">[91]</a> It may also appear following word-final vowels to connote particular affects; for example, nie ('no') is normally pronounced [ɲɛ], but may instead be pronounced [ɲɛʔ] or in a prolonged interrupted [ɲɛʔɛ]. This intervocalic glottal stop may also break up a vowel hiatus, even when one appears morpheme-internally, as in poeta ('poet') [pɔʔɛta] or Ukraina ('Ukraine') [ʔukraʔina]. A relatively new phenomenon in Polish is the expansion of the usage of glottal stops. In the past, initial vowels were pronounced with an initial <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">voiceless glottal fricative</a> (so that Ala was pronounced [hala]), pre-<a href="/wiki/Iotation" title="Iotation">iotation</a> (so that igła ('needle') was pronounced [jiɡwa]), or pre-<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialization</a> (so that oko 'eye' was pronounced [u̯ɔkɔ]).<a href="#cite_note-101">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialectal_variation_2">Dialectal variation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dialectal variation">edit</a>]</div> In some <a href="/wiki/Polish_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish dialects">Polish dialects</a> (found in the <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">eastern borderlands</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>) there is an additional <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/, represented by the letter ⟨h⟩. It may be actually a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">voiced glottal fricative</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a>] for some speakers, especially word-finally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995142-102">[93]</a> In most varieties of Polish, both ⟨h⟩ and ⟨ch⟩ represent /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/. Some eastern dialects also preserve the <a href="/wiki/Velarized_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized dental lateral approximant">velarized dental lateral approximant</a>, [ɫ̪], which corresponds to [w] in most varieties of Polish. Those dialects also can palatalize [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>] to [<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">lʲ</a>] in every position, but standard Polish does so only allophonically before /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976130-103">[94]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Velarized_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized dental lateral approximant">ɫ̪</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">lʲ</a>] are also common realizations in native speakers of Polish from Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976)</a> notes that students of Polish philology were hostile towards the lateral variant of ⟨ł⟩, saying that it sounded "unnatural" and "awful". Some of the students also said that they perceived the lateral ⟨ł⟩ as a variant of ⟨l⟩, which, he further notes, along with the necessity of deciding from context whether the sound meant was /w/ or /l/, made people hostile towards the sound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976130–131-104">[95]</a> On the other hand, some Poles view the lateral variant with nostalgia, associating it with the elegant culture of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1918%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland (1918–39)">interwar Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[96]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Masurian_dialects" title="Masurian dialects">Masurian dialects</a> and some neighboring dialects, <a href="/wiki/Mazurzenie" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazurzenie">mazurzenie</a> occurs: postalveolar /ʂ, ʐ, t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ/ merge with the corresponding dentals /s, z, t͡s, d͡z/ unless /ʐ/ is spelled ⟨rz⟩ (a few centuries ago, it represented a fricative trill /r̝/, distinct from /ʐ/; only the latter sound occurs in modern Polish). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stress">Stress</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Stress">edit</a>]</div> The predominant <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> pattern in Polish is penultimate: the second-last syllable is stressed. Alternating preceding syllables carry secondary stress: in a four-syllable word, if the primary stress is on the third syllable, there will be secondary stress on the first.<a href="#cite_note-106">[97]</a> There must be a syllable for each written vowel except when the letter i precedes another vowel (in that case the i represents either /j/, or palatalization of the preceding consonant, or both, depending on analysis; see <a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">Polish orthography</a> and the above). Also, the letters u and i sometimes represent only semivowels after another vowel, as in autor /ˈawtɔr/ ('author'); these semivowels mostly occur in loanwords (so not in native nauka /naˈu.ka/ 'science, the act of learning', for example, nor in nativized Mateusz /maˈte.uʂ/ 'Matthew'). Some <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, particularly from <a href="/wiki/Classical_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical languages">classical languages</a>, have the stress on the antepenultimate (third-last) syllable. For example, fizyka (/ˈfizɨka/) ('physics') is stressed on the first syllable. That may lead to a rare phenomenon of minimal pairs differing only in stress placement: muzyka /ˈmuzɨka/ 'music' vs. muzyka /muˈzɨka/ – genitive singular of muzyk 'musician'. When further syllables are added at the end of such words through <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixation</a>, the stress normally becomes regular: uniwersytet (/uɲiˈvɛrsɨtɛt/, 'university') has irregular stress on the third (or antepenultimate) syllable, but the genitive uniwersytetu (/uɲivɛrsɨˈtɛtu/) and derived adjective uniwersytecki (/uɲivɛrsɨˈtɛt͡ski/) have regular stress on the penultimate syllables. Over time, loanwords tend to become nativized to have a penultimate stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussmann20079-107">[98]</a> Another class of exceptions to the usual stress pattern is verbs with the conditional endings -by, -bym, -byśmy etc. Those endings are not counted in determining the position of the stress: zrobiłbym ('I would do') is stressed on the first syllable and zrobilibyśmy ('we would do') on the second. According to prescriptive grammars, the same applies to the first and second person plural past tense endings -śmy, -ście although this rule is often ignored in colloquial speech (so zrobiliśmy 'we did' is said to be correctly stressed on the second syllable, although in practice it is commonly stressed on the third as zrobiliśmy).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliverGrice20031-108">[99]</a> The irregular stress patterns in the presence of these verb endings are explained by the fact that the endings are detachable <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitics</a> rather than true verbal inflections: for example, instead of kogo zobaczyliście? ('whom did you see?') it is possible to say kogoście zobaczyli? – here kogo retains its usual stress (first syllable) in spite of the attachment of the clitic. Reanalysis of the endings as inflections when attached to verbs causes the different colloquial stress patterns. Some common word combinations are stressed as if they were a single word. That applies in particular to many combinations of preposition plus a personal pronoun, such as do niej ('to her'), na nas ('on us'), przeze mnie ('because of me'), all stressed on the bolded syllable of the preposition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of the Polish language">Evolution of the Polish language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">Polish orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">Help:IPA/Polish</a> (a guide to pronunciation of Polish words as represented in Wikipedia articles)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski197684-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocławski197684_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976)</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995</a>:118), <a href="#CITEREFOstaszewskaTambor2000">Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000</a>:137–139), <a href="#CITEREFJassem2003">Jassem (2003</a>:104–105) and <a href="#CITEREFWiśniewski2007">Wiśniewski (2007</a>:188–191) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995120-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawicka1995120_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka 1995</a>, p. 120, "A system with synchronic nasal vowels exists vestigially in the speech of some people [...] (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Waldorff" title="Jerzy Waldorff">Jerzy Waldorff</a> or <a href="/wiki/Edward_Dziewo%C5%84ski" title="Edward Dziewoński">Edward Dziewoński</a>)." Both speakers are 20 years dead. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinde-Usiekniewicz_et_al.20111430-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinde-Usiekniewicz_et_al.20111430_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinde-Usiekniewicz_et_al.20111430_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLinde-Usiekniewicz_et_al.2011">Linde-Usiekniewicz et al. (2011)</a>, p. 1430. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995</a>:118), <a href="#CITEREFOstaszewskaTambor2000">Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000</a>:137–139), <a href="#CITEREFJassem2003">Jassem (2003</a>:104–105) and <a href="#CITEREFWiśniewski2007">Wiśniewski (2007</a>:188–191) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJassem2003105-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJassem2003105_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJassem2003105_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJassem2003105_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJassem2003105_10-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJassem2003">Jassem (2003)</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussmann20072-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussmann20072_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussmann20072_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussmann20072_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussmann20072_11-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGussmann2007">Gussmann (2007)</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJassem1971">Jassem (1971</a>:234) and <a href="#CITEREFJassem1974">Jassem (1974</a>:71) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussmann20071-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussmann20071_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGussmann2007">Gussmann 2007</a>, p. 1, "[A] case in point is the Polish vowel [ɨ] in ty [tɨ] 'you, sg.'. Karaś and Madejowa (1977) and Jassem (1983) use this symbol to denote a vowel which is described as almost half close, retracted to (almost) central position." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERybka201579-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERybka201579_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRybka2015">Rybka (2015)</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJassem197471-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJassem197471_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJassem1974">Jassem (1974)</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Jassem's description is often cited, e.g. <a href="#CITEREFBałutowa1992">Bałutowa (1992</a>:27), <a href="#CITEREFDukiewicz1995">Dukiewicz (1995</a>:26), <a href="#CITEREFWiśniewski2007">Wiśniewski (2007</a>:69) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJassem1971">Jassem (1971</a>:234) and <a href="#CITEREFJassem1974">Jassem (1974</a>:71) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJassem1971">Jassem (1971</a>:234) and <a href="#CITEREFJassem1974">Jassem (1974</a>:71) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells2011" class="citation web cs1">Wells, John C. (19 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2011/12/polish-way-out.html">"the Polish way out"</a>. John Wells's phonetic blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723071300/http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2011/12/polish-way-out.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Wells%27s+phonetic+blog&rft.atitle=the+Polish+way+out&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphonetic-blog.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F12%2Fpolish-way-out.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski197675,_112–113-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocławski197675,_112–113_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976)</a>, pp. 75, 112–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJassem1971">Jassem (1971</a>:234) and <a href="#CITEREFJassem1974">Jassem (1974</a>:71) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski197675,_113-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocławski197675,_113_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976)</a>, pp. 75, 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> For example, <a href="#CITEREFJassem1971">Jassem (1971</a>:234), <a href="#CITEREFJassem1974">Jassem (1974</a>:71), <a href="#CITEREFJassem2003">Jassem (2003</a>:105), <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976</a>:75) and <a href="#CITEREFWiśniewski2007">Wiśniewski (2007</a>:72) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995122-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawicka1995122_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka & (1995)</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussmann2007101-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussmann2007101_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGussmann2007">Gussmann (2007)</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995148-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawicka1995148_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995)</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGussmann2007">Gussmann (2007</a>:2), citing <a href="#CITEREFBiedrzycki1963">Biedrzycki (1963)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFBiedrzycki1978">Biedrzycki (1978)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFWierzchowska1971">Wierzchowska (1971</a>:135). </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995</a>:135) </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJassem2003">Jassem (2003</a>:104) and <a href="#CITEREFWiśniewski2007">Wiśniewski (2007</a>:192) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussmann20072–3-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussmann20072–3_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussmann20072–3_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGussmann2007">Gussmann (2007)</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuraszkiewicz197278–80-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuraszkiewicz197278–80_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuraszkiewicz1972">Kuraszkiewicz 1972</a>, pp. 78–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERospond197365–67-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospond197365–67_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRospond1973">Rospond 1973</a>, pp. 65–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMańczak198325–26-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMańczak198325–26_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMańczak1983">Mańczak 1983</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieber196611–13,_17,_23–26-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStieber196611–13,_17,_23–26_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStieber1966">Stieber 1966</a>, pp. 11–13, 17, 23–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuraszkiewicz197277–81-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuraszkiewicz197277–81_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuraszkiewicz1972">Kuraszkiewicz 1972</a>, pp. 77–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERospond197367–71,_84–86-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospond197367–71,_84–86_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRospond1973">Rospond 1973</a>, pp. 67–71, 84–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieber196620–21,_29–31-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStieber196620–21,_29–31_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStieber1966">Stieber 1966</a>, pp. 20–21, 29–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976130–181-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocławski1976130–181_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976)</a>, pp. 130–181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995116–117-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawicka1995116–117_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995)</a>, pp. 116–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski2010197–199-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocławski2010197–199_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocławski2010">Rocławski (2010)</a>, pp. 197–199. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995</a>:118), <a href="#CITEREFOstaszewskaTambor2000">Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000</a>:137–139), <a href="#CITEREFJassem2003">Jassem (2003</a>:104–105) and <a href="#CITEREFWiśniewski2007">Wiśniewski (2007</a>:188–191) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJassem2003">Jassem (2003</a>:103), <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995</a>:143) and <a href="#CITEREFGussmann2007">Gussmann (2007</a>:6–7) <a href="#CITEREFRocławski2010">Rocławski (2010</a>:165, 198–199) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussmann20077-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussmann20077_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGussmann2007">Gussmann (2007)</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagórska_Brooks1964209-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZagórska_Brooks1964209_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZagórska_Brooks1964">Zagórska Brooks (1964)</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDukiewicz199549-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDukiewicz199549_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDukiewicz1995">Dukiewicz (1995)</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995150-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawicka1995150_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawicka1995150_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995)</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERybka201589–91-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERybka201589–91_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRybka2015">Rybka (2015)</a>, pp. 89–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wsjp.pl/do_druku.php?id_hasla=37654&id_znaczenia=4765873">trzysta</a>", Wymowa: [tszysta] pot. [czszysta] (Pronunciation: [tszysta] colloquially [czszysta]) Wielki Słownik Języka Polskiego (20 Sep 2021) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wsjp.pl/do_druku.php?id_hasla=4205&id_znaczenia=0">drzemać</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212705/https://wsjp.pl/do_druku.php?id_hasla=4205&id_znaczenia=0">Archived</a> 2021-09-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Wymowa: [d-rzemać] lub [dż-żemać] (Pronunciation: [d-rzemać] or [dż-żemać]) Wielki Słownik Języka Polskiego (20 Sep 2021) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunaj2006170-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunaj2006170_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunaj2006">Dunaj (2006)</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995143-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawicka1995143_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995)</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuczek-Zawiła20149-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuczek-Zawiła20149_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuczek-Zawiła2014">Buczek-Zawiła (2014)</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGussmann2007">Gussmann (2007</a>:3), citing <a href="#CITEREFDukiewicz1995">Dukiewicz (1995</a>:32–33) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971155,_157,_159,_160-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971155,_157,_159,_160_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWierzchowska1971">Wierzchowska (1971)</a>, pp. 155, 157, 159, 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrutyński200280-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrutyński200280_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrutyński2002">Strutyński (2002)</a>, pp. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971185,_187-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971185,_187_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWierzchowska1971">Wierzchowska (1971)</a>, pp. 185, 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976179-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocławski1976179_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976)</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971163-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971163_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWierzchowska1971">Wierzchowska (1971)</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976136-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocławski1976136_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976)</a>, pp. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971167-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971167_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWierzchowska1971">Wierzchowska (1971)</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995134-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawicka1995134_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995)</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995151–152-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawicka1995151–152_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995)</a>, pp. 151–152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubach1994137-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubach1994137_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubach1994137_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubach1994">Rubach (1994)</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995151-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawicka1995151_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995)</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERybka201570,101-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERybka201570,101_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRybka2015">Rybka (2015)</a>, p. 70,101. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._C._Catford2001" class="citation book cs1">J. C. Catford (2001). A Practical Introduction to Phonetics (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Introduction+to+Phonetics&rft.pages=87&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.au=J.+C.+Catford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Ladefoged and Maddieson after <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._A._Keating1991" class="citation book cs1">P. A. Keating (1991). "Coronal places of articulation". In C. Paradis; J.-F. Prunet (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/keating/coronals.pdf">The Special Status of Coronals</a> (PDF). Academic Press. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coronal+places+of+articulation&rft.btitle=The+Special+Status+of+Coronals&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.au=P.+A.+Keating&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistics.ucla.edu%2Fpeople%2Fkeating%2Fcoronals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenc2018164–165-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenc2018164–165_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorenc2018">Lorenc (2018)</a>, pp. 164–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971164–165-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971164–165_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWierzchowska1971">Wierzchowska (1971)</a>, pp. 164–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976153,_155,_167-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocławski1976153,_155,_167_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976)</a>, pp. 153, 155, 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERybka2015101-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERybka2015101_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRybka2015">Rybka (2015)</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamann200456-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamann200456_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamann2004">Hamann 2004</a>, p. 56, "Summing up the articulatory criteria for retroflex fricatives, they are all articulated behind the alveolar ridge, show a sub-lingual cavity, are articulated with the tongue tip (though this is not always discernible in the x-ray tracings), and with a retracted and flat tongue body." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaver1996560-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaver1996560_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaver1996">Laver (1996)</a>, p. 560. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERybka2015105-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERybka2015105_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRybka2015">Rybka (2015)</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamann200464-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamann200464_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamann2004">Hamann 2004</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995135-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawicka1995135_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995)</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976158-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocławski1976158_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976)</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971195-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971195_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWierzchowska1971">Wierzchowska (1971)</a>, pp. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995146-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawicka1995146_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawicka1995146_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995)</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995130-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawicka1995130_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawicka1995130_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995)</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976132-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocławski1976132_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976)</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzpyra-Kozłowska2018" class="citation journal cs1">Szpyra-Kozłowska, Jolanta (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_17951_lsmll_2018_42_1_81">"The rhotic in fake and authentic Polish-accented English"</a>. Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature. 42 (1): 81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17951%2Flsmll.2018.42.1.81">10.17951/lsmll.2018.42.1.81</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2450-4580">2450-4580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lublin+Studies+in+Modern+Languages+and+Literature&rft.atitle=The+rhotic+in+fake+and+authentic+Polish-accented+English&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17951%2Flsmll.2018.42.1.81&rft.issn=2450-4580&rft.aulast=Szpyra-Koz%C5%82owska&rft.aufirst=Jolanta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcejsh.icm.edu.pl%2Fcejsh%2Felement%2Fbwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_17951_lsmll_2018_42_1_81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270267157">"On the phonetic instability of the Polish rhotic /r/ | Request PDF"</a>. ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=On+the+phonetic+instability+of+the+Polish+rhotic+%2Fr%2F+%7C+Request+PDF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F270267157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304824733">"Further analysis of the articulation of /r/ in Polish – The postconsonantal position"</a>. ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Further+analysis+of+the+articulation+of+%2Fr%2F+in+Polish+%E2%80%93+The+postconsonantal+position&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F304824733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERybka201543-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERybka201543_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRybka2015">Rybka (2015)</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995155-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawicka1995155_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995)</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/appendix/languages/polish/polish.html">"Polish"</a>. UCLA Phonetics Lab data. UCLA Phonetics Laboratory, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920090539/http://phonetics.ucla.edu/appendix/languages/polish/polish.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Phonetics+Lab+data&rft.atitle=Polish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phonetics.ucla.edu%2Fappendix%2Flanguages%2Fpolish%2Fpolish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstaszewskaTambor200088-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstaszewskaTambor200088_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOstaszewskaTambor2000">Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000)</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrbańczyk1992369-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUrbańczyk1992369_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbańczyk1992">Urbańczyk (1992)</a>, p. 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstaszewskaTambor200089-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstaszewskaTambor200089_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOstaszewskaTambor2000">Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000)</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWierzbicka1971207-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWierzbicka1971207_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWierzbicka1971">Wierzbicka (1971)</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieber1966-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStieber1966_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStieber1966">Stieber (1966)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> According to <a href="#CITEREFOsowicka-KondratowiczSerowik2004">Osowicka-Kondratowicz & Serowik (2004</a>:119) synchronic realizations amount to 17% in case of kie and 20% of gie, remaining realizations are with weak or distinct [j]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzybowski1986169-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzybowski1986169_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrzybowski1986">Grzybowski (1986)</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Magdalena Osowicka-Kondratowicz, "Zwarcie krtaniowe – rodzaj fonacji czy artykulacji?", Rocznik Slawistyczny, t. LXVII, 2018 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24425%2Frslaw.2018.124590">10.24425/rslaw.2018.124590</a>, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Osowicka-Kondratowicz, 2018 p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawicka1995142-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawicka1995142_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawicka1995">Sawicka (1995)</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976130-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocławski1976130_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976)</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976130–131-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocławski1976130–131_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976)</a>, pp. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radio.bialystok.pl/reportaz/index/id/25909">"Słynne gładkie ł"</a>. Radio Białystok. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630205328/http://www.radio.bialystok.pl/reportaz/index/id/25909">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C5%82ynne+g%C5%82adkie+%C5%82&rft.pub=Radio+Bia%C5%82ystok&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radio.bialystok.pl%2Freportaz%2Findex%2Fid%2F25909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGussmann2007">Gussmann (2007</a>:8), deferring to <a href="#CITEREFRubachBooij1985">Rubach & Booij (1985)</a> for further discussion. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussmann20079-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussmann20079_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGussmann2007">Gussmann (2007)</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliverGrice20031-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliverGrice20031_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOliverGrice2003">Oliver & Grice (2003)</a>, p. 1. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBałutowa1992" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bałutowa, Bronisława (1992), Wymowa angielska dla wszystkich [English Pronunciation for all.] (in Polish), p. 27</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wymowa+angielska+dla+wszystkich&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ba%C5%82utowa&rft.aufirst=Bronis%C5%82awa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiedrzycki1963" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Biedrzycki, Leszek (1963), "Fonologiczna interpretacja polskich głosek nosowych" [Phonological interpretation of Polish nasal vowels], Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego (in Polish), 22: 25–45</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biuletyn+Polskiego+Towarzystwa+J%C4%99zykoznawczego&rft.atitle=Fonologiczna+interpretacja+polskich+g%C5%82osek+nosowych&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=25-45&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Biedrzycki&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiedrzycki1978" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Biedrzycki, Leszek (1978), Fonologia angielskich i polskich rezonantów. 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Barcelona: Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876346-48-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-876346-48-5"><bdi>1-876346-48-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonetics+and+Phonology+of+lexical+stress+in+Polish+verbs&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Universitat+Aut%C3%B3noma+de+Barcelona&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-876346-48-5&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Dominika&rft.au=Grice%2C+Martine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalphoneticassociation.org%2Ficphs-proceedings%2FICPhS2003%2Fpapers%2Fp15_2027.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstaszewskaTambor2000" class="citation cs2">Ostaszewska, Danuta; Tambor, Jolanta (2000), Fonetyka i fonologia współczesnego języka polskiego [Phonetics and phonology of the contemporary Polish language], Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fonetyka+i+fonologia+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82czesnego+j%C4%99zyka+polskiego&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ostaszewska&rft.aufirst=Danuta&rft.au=Tambor%2C+Jolanta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocławski1976" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rocławski, Bronisław (1976), Zarys fonologii, fonetyki, fonotaktyki i fonostatystyki współczesnego języka polskiego [Outline of phonology, phonetics, phonotactics and phonostatistics of the contemporary Polish language] (in Polish), Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zarys+fonologii%2C+fonetyki%2C+fonotaktyki+i+fonostatystyki+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82czesnego+j%C4%99zyka+polskiego&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Uczelniane+Uniwersytetu+Gda%C5%84skiego&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Roc%C5%82awski&rft.aufirst=Bronis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocławski2010" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rocławski, Bronisław (2010), Podstawy wiedzy o języku polskim dla glottodydaktyków, pedagogów, psychologów i logopedów [The Basics of the Polish language for Glottodidactics, Educators, Psychologists and Speech Therapists] (in Polish) (3rd ed.), GLOTTISPOL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-86804-67-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-86804-67-2"><bdi>978-83-86804-67-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Podstawy+wiedzy+o+j%C4%99zyku+polskim+dla+glottodydaktyk%C3%B3w%2C+pedagog%C3%B3w%2C+psycholog%C3%B3w+i+logoped%C3%B3w&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=GLOTTISPOL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-83-86804-67-2&rft.aulast=Roc%C5%82awski&rft.aufirst=Bronis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubach1994" class="citation cs2">Rubach, Jerzy (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4178850">"Affricates as Strident Stops in Polish"</a>, Linguistic Inquiry, 50 (1): 119–143, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4178850">4178850</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Affricates+as+Strident+Stops+in+Polish&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=119-143&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4178850%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rubach&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4178850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubachBooij1985" class="citation cs2">Rubach, Jerzy; Booij, Geert E. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wymowa+polska&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=PZWS&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Wierzchowska&rft.aufirst=Bo%C5%BCena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiśniewski2007" class="citation cs2">Wiśniewski, Marek (2007), Zarys z fonetyki i fonologii współczesnego języka polskiego [Outline of phonetics and phonology of the contemporary Polish language] (5th ed.), Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-231-2133-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-231-2133-6"><bdi>978-83-231-2133-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zarys+z+fonetyki+i+fonologii+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82czesnego+j%C4%99zyka+polskiego&rft.place=Toru%C5%84&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Naukowe+Uniwersytetu+Miko%C5%82aja+Kopernika&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-83-231-2133-6&rft.aulast=Wi%C5%9Bniewski&rft.aufirst=Marek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagórska_Brooks1964" class="citation cs2">Zagórska Brooks, Maria (1964), "On Polish Affricates", Word, 20 (2): 207–210, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1964.11659819">10.1080/00437956.1964.11659819</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Word&rft.atitle=On+Polish+Affricates&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207-210&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1964.11659819&rft.aulast=Zag%C3%B3rska+Brooks&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagórska_Brooks1968" class="citation cs2">Zagórska Brooks, Maria (1968), Nasal Vowels in Contemporary Standard Polish. An Acoustic-Phonetic Analysis, University of Pennsylvania</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nasal+Vowels+in+Contemporary+Standard+Polish.+An+Acoustic-Phonetic+Analysis&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Zag%C3%B3rska+Brooks&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_phonology">Historical phonology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Historical phonology">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuraszkiewicz1972" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kuraszkiewicz, Władysław (1972), "Głosownia historyczna", Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego (in Polish), Warszawa: Państwowe Zakłady Wydawnictw Szkolnych</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=G%C5%82osownia+historyczna&rft.btitle=Gramatyka+historyczna+j%C4%99zyka+polskiego&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Zak%C5%82ady+Wydawnictw+Szkolnych&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Kuraszkiewicz&rft.aufirst=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMańczak1983" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Witold_Ma%C5%84czak" title="Witold Mańczak">Mańczak, Witold</a> (1983), Polska fonetyka i morfologia historyczna (in Polish), Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polska+fonetyka+i+morfologia+historyczna&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Wydawnictwo+Naukowe&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Ma%C5%84czak&rft.aufirst=Witold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRospond1973" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Rospond" title="Stanisław Rospond">Rospond, Stanisław</a> (1973), "Fonologia", Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego (in Polish), Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fonologia&rft.btitle=Gramatyka+historyczna+j%C4%99zyka+polskiego&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Wydawnictwo+Naukowe&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Rospond&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStieber1966" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stieber, Zdzisław (1966), Historyczna i współczesna fonologia języka polskiego [The historical and contemporary phonology of Polish] (in Polish) (4th ed.), Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historyczna+i+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82czesna+fonologia+j%C4%99zyka+polskiego&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Wydawnictwo+Naukowe&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Stieber&rft.aufirst=Zdzis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_phonology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polish_pronunciation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Polish pronunciation">Polish pronunciation</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenni1924" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benni, Tytus (1924), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kpbc.umk.pl/Content/19173/benni_-_ortofonja00001.djvu">Ortofonja polska: uwagi o wzorowej wymowie dla artystów, nauczycieli i wykształconego ogólu polskiego</a> (in Polish), Książnica Polska</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ortofonja+polska%3A+uwagi+o+wzorowej+wymowie+dla+artyst%C3%B3w%2C+nauczycieli+i+wykszta%C5%82conego+og%C3%B3lu+polskiego&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCnica+Polska&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Benni&rft.aufirst=Tytus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkpbc.umk.pl%2FContent%2F19173%2Fbenni_-_ortofonja00001.djvu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenni1959" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benni, Tytus (1959), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kpbc.umk.pl/Content/11487/benni_fonetyka00001.djvu">Fonetyka opisowa języka polskiego: z obrazami głosek polskich podług M. Abińskiego</a> (in Polish), Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fonetyka+opisowa+j%C4%99zyka+polskiego%3A+z+obrazami+g%C5%82osek+polskich+pod%C5%82ug+M.+Abi%C5%84skiego&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+im.+Ossoli%C5%84skich&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Benni&rft.aufirst=Tytus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkpbc.umk.pl%2FContent%2F11487%2Fbenni_fonetyka00001.djvu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiedrzycki1974" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Biedrzycki, Leszek (1974), Abriß der polnischen Phonetik (in German), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abri%C3%9F+der+polnischen+Phonetik&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Wiedza+Powszechna&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Biedrzycki&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozwadowski1925" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rozwadowski, Jan Michał (1925), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kpbc.umk.pl/Content/29220/rozwadowski_glosownia00001.djvu">Głosownia języka polskiego 1, Ogólne zasady głosowni</a> (in Polish), Cracow: Gebethner i Wolff</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C5%82osownia+j%C4%99zyka+polskiego+1%2C+Og%C3%B3lne+zasady+g%C5%82osowni&rft.place=Cracow&rft.pub=Gebethner+i+Wolff&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Rozwadowski&rft.aufirst=Jan+Micha%C5%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkpbc.umk.pl%2FContent%2F29220%2Frozwadowski_glosownia00001.djvu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubach2008" class="citation cs2">Rubach, Jerzy (2008), "Palatal nasal decomposition in Slovene, Upper Sorbian and Polish", Journal of Linguistics, 44 (1): 169–204, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022226707004987">10.1017/S0022226707004987</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40058031">40058031</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146558564">146558564</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Palatal+nasal+decomposition+in+Slovene%2C+Upper+Sorbian+and+Polish&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=169-204&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146558564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40058031%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022226707004987&rft.aulast=Rubach&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+phonology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polish_language" title="Template:Polish language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polish_language" title="Template talk:Polish language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polish_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polish language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polish_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Polish" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Polish">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Polish" title="Old Polish">Old Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Polish" title="Middle Polish">Middle Polish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">Spelling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Polish_orthography" title="History of Polish orthography">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_grammar" title="Polish grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_morphology" title="Polish morphology">Morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Polish" title="Dialects of Polish">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_mixed_dialects" title="New mixed dialects">New mixed dialects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_dialect_group" title="Greater Poland dialect group">Greater Poland dialect group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kociewie_dialect" title="Kociewie dialect">Kociewie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bory_Tucholskie_dialect" title="Bory Tucholskie dialect">Bory Tucholskie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydgoszcz_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bydgoszcz dialect (page does not exist)">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krajna_dialect" title="Krajna dialect">Krajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno-Dobrzy%C5%84_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect">Chełmno-Dobrzyń</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poznań dialect (page does not exist)">Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavian_dialect" title="Kuyavian dialect">Kujawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Greater_Polish_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Greater Polish dialect">Northern Greater Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Greater_Polish_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Greater Polish dialect">Western Greater Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Greater_Polish_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Greater Polish dialect">Central Greater Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Greater_Polish_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Greater Polish dialect">Eastern Greater Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Greater_Polish_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Greater Polish dialect">Southern Greater Polish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Masovian_dialect_group" title="Masovian dialect group">Masovian dialect group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lubawa_dialect" title="Lubawa dialect">Lubawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3da_dialect" title="Ostróda dialect">Ostróda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmia_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Warmia dialect">Warmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masurian_dialects" title="Masurian dialects">Masurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_dialect" title="Suwałki dialect">Suwałki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81owicz_dialect" title="Łowicz dialect">Łowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Mazovian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Mazovian dialect">Near Mazovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Mazovian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Far Mazovian dialect">Far Mazovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurpie_dialect" title="Kurpie dialect">Kurpie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlachia_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Podlachia dialect">Podlachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_dialect" title="Białystok dialect">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_dialect" title="Warsaw dialect">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_dialect_group" title="Lesser Poland dialect group">Lesser Poland dialect group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca_dialect" title="Łęczyca dialect">Łęczyca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradz_dialect" title="Sieradz dialect">Sieradz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masovian_Borderland_dialect" title="Masovian Borderland dialect">Masovian Borderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_dialect" title="Kielce dialect">Kielce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_dialect" title="Kraków dialect">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasovia_dialect" title="Lasovia dialect">Lasovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Krakow_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Krakow dialect">Eastern Krakow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podegrodzie_dialect" title="Podegrodzie dialect">Podegrodzie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limanowa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limanowa dialect (page does not exist)">Limanowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lublin_dialect" title="Western Lublin dialect">Western Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lublin_dialect" title="Eastern Lublin dialect">Eastern Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl_dialect" title="Przemyśl dialect">Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_dialect" title="Lwów dialect">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biecz_dialect" title="Biecz dialect">Biecz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goral_ethnolect" title="Goral ethnolect">Goral ethnolect</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBywiec_dialect" title="Żywiec dialect">Żywiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orawa_dialect" title="Orawa dialect">Orawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podhale_dialect" title="Podhale dialect">Podhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spisz_dialect" title="Spisz dialect">Spisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babia_G%C3%B3ra_dialect" title="Babia Góra dialect">Babia Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliszczak_dialect" title="Kliszczak dialect">Kliszczak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieniny_dialect" title="Pieniny dialect">Pieniny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%85cko_dialect" title="Łącko dialect">Łącko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piwniczna_dialect" title="Piwniczna dialect">Piwniczna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zag%C3%B3rze_dialect" title="Zagórze dialect">Zagórze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kysuce_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kysuce dialect (page does not exist)">Kysuce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ochotnica_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ochotnica dialect (page does not exist)">Ochotnica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liptov_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liptov dialect (page does not exist)">Liptov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Borderlands_dialect" title="Northern Borderlands dialect">Northern Borderlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Borderlands_dialect" title="Southern Borderlands dialect">Southern Borderlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_dialect" title="Lwów dialect">Lwów</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydgoszcz_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bydgoszcz dialect (page does not exist)">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_dialect" title="Kraków dialect">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_dialect" title="Lwów dialect">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poznań dialect (page does not exist)">Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_dialect" title="Warsaw dialect">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_phonologies" title="Template talk:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonologies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Phonologies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A–E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_phonology" title="Abkhaz phonology">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_phonology" title="Acehnese phonology">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_phonology" title="Adyghe phonology">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_phonology" title="Afrikaans phonology">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">American Sign Language</a></li> <li>Arabic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Modern Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology" title="Egyptian Arabic phonology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic_phonology" title="Hejazi Arabic phonology">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_phonology" title="Levantine Arabic phonology">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic#Phonology" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic_phonology" title="Tunisian Arabic phonology">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_phonology" title="Avestan phonology">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_phonology" title="Belarusian phonology">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology" title="Bulgarian phonology">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_phonology" title="Burmese phonology">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_phonology" title="Chukchi phonology">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_phonology" title="Cornish phonology">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_phonology" title="Danish phonology">Danish</a></li> <li>Dutch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsmaal-Gussenhoven_dialect_phonology" title="Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology">Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology" title="North American English regional phonology">Regional North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">White South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_phonology" title="Old English phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_phonology" title="Middle English phonology">Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_phonology" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_phonology" title="Estonian phonology">Estonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F–L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_phonology" title="Faroese phonology">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">Parisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_phonology" title="Quebec French phonology">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_phonology" title="Galician phonology">Galician</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German_phonology" title="Bernese German phonology">Bernese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greek <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_phonology" title="Greenlandic phonology">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_phonology" title="Gujarati phonology">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology" title="Hawaiian phonology">Hawaiian</a></li> <li>Hebrew <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_phonology" title="Hungarian phonology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" title="Ingrian phonology">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_phonology" title="Inuit phonology">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_phonology" title="Kiowa phonology">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_phonology" title="Konkani phonology">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_phonology" title="Kyrgyz phonology">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_phonology" title="Latgalian phonology">Latgalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_phonology" title="Latvian phonology">Latvian</a></li> <li>Limburgish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian_dialect_phonology" title="Maastrichtian dialect phonology">Maastrichtian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_phonology" title="Lithuanian phonology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_phonology" title="Luxembourgish phonology">Luxembourgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M–S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phonology" title="Macedonian phonology">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_phonology" title="Maldivian phonology">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_phonology" title="Māori phonology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_phonology" title="Massachusett phonology">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medumba_phonology" title="Medumba phonology">Medumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_phonology" title="Navajo phonology">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_phonology" title="Occitan phonology">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_phonology" title="Ojibwe phonology">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_phonology" title="Old Saxon phonology">Old Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_phonology" title="Oromo phonology">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_phonology" title="Ottawa phonology">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_phonology" title="Pashto phonology">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li>Ripuarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_phonology" title="Colognian phonology">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerkrade_dialect_phonology" title="Kerkrade dialect phonology">Kerkrade dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_phonology" title="Sardinian phonology">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Scots" title="Phonological history of Scots">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_phonology" title="Slovene phonology">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_phonology" title="Somali phonology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_phonology" title="Sotho phonology">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects and varieties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">T–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_phonology" title="Tagalog phonology">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_phonology" title="Taos phonology">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_phonology" title="Ubykh phonology">Ubykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_phonology" title="Uyghur phonology">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_phonology" title="West Frisian phonology">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_phonology" title="Yiddish phonology">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_phonology" title="Zuni phonology">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table 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