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<li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encounter_with_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encounter_with_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Encounter with Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encounter_with_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_with_the_Vietnamese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_with_the_Vietnamese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Wars with the Vietnamese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_with_the_Vietnamese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_the_Champa_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_the_Champa_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Fall of the Champa kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_the_Champa_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Chams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Chams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable Chams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Chams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chams</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureueng_Campa" title="Ureueng Campa – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ureueng Campa" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85" title="تشام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblu_cham" title="Pueblu cham – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pueblu cham" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="چاملار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چاملار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="চ্যাম জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চ্যাম জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Чамы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чамы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txams" title="Txams – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txams" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham_(Volk)" title="Cham (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cham (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BC" title="Τσαμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσαμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_cham" title="Pueblo cham – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo cham" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88amoj_(etno)" title="Ĉamoj (etno) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉamoj (etno)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham_(herria)" title="Cham (herria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cham (herria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="مردم چام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم چام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham_(peuple)" title="Cham (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cham (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B8%EC%A1%B1" title="참족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="참족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="चाम लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चाम लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Cham" title="Suku Cham – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Cham" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%83m_(popolo)" title="Chăm (popolo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chăm (popolo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тямдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тямдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E2%80%8B%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9C%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B3" title="ຊາວເຜົ່າຈຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊາວເຜົ່າຈຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Camai" title="Čamai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čamai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85" title="تشام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Cam" title="Orang Cam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Cam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham_(volk)" title="Cham (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cham (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A0%E6%97%8F" title="チャム族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャム族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamfolket" title="Chamfolket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chamfolket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyamlar" title="Tyamlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tyamlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="چام لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چام لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8D" title="ជនជាតិចាម្ប៍ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជនជាតិចាម្ប៍" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czamowie" title="Czamowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czamowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham_(povo)" title="Cham (povo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cham (povo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Тямы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тямы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chami" title="Chami – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Chami" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Чами – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чами" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamit" title="Chamit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chamit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamfolket" title="Chamfolket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chamfolket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சாம் மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாம் மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" 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role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Cham people of Southeast Asia. For the former minority of Greece, see <a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Cham Albanians</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chams_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chams (disambiguation)">Chams (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Cham</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span lang="cjm" style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word; font-family:'Noto Sans Cham', 'Code2000';">ꨂꨣꩃ ꨌꩌꨛꨩ</span><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اوراڠ چامفا</span>‎<br /><i>Urang Campa</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danses_Cham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Danses_Cham.jpg/200px-Danses_Cham.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Danses_Cham.jpg/300px-Danses_Cham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Danses_Cham.jpg/400px-Danses_Cham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cham women performing a traditional dance in <a href="/wiki/Nha_Trang" title="Nha Trang">Nha Trang</a>, Vietnam</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <b>822,648</b></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">600,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></th><td class="infobox-data">178,948<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25,000<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></th><td class="infobox-data">700<sup id="cite_ref-Census2021_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haroi_language" title="Haroi language">Haroi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> (Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, southern Vietnam, and Hainan, China)<br />Minorities of <a href="/wiki/Kan_Imam_San" title="Kan Imam San">Kan Imam San</a>, Bani Islam, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a> (central Vietnam)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Utsuls" title="Utsuls">Utsuls</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a><br />(especially <a href="/wiki/Jarai_people" title="Jarai people">Jarai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rade_people" title="Rade people">Rade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Chams</b> (<a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a>: <span lang="cjm" style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word; font-family:'Noto Sans Cham', 'Code2000';">ꨌꩌ</span>, چام, <i>cam</i>), or <b>Champa people</b> (<a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a>: <span lang="cjm" style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; word-wrap: break-word; font-family:'Noto Sans Cham', 'Code2000';">ꨂꨣꩃ ꨌꩌꨛꨩ</span>, اوراڠ چامفا, <i>Urang Campa</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-leaves_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaves-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Người Chăm</i> or <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Người Chàm</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: <span lang="km">ជនជាតិចាម</span>, <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">Chônchéatĕ Cham</i></span>), are an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> ethnic group in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and are the original inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Central_Vietnam" title="Central Vietnam">central Vietnam</a> and coastal <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> before the arrival of the Cambodians and Vietnamese, during the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> (802–1431 CE) and the Vietnamese conquest of Champa (11th–19th century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 2nd century CE, the Cham founded <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, a collection of independent Hindu-Buddhist principalities in what is now central and southern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. By the 17th century CE, Champa became an Islamic sultanate.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the Cham people are largely <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a>, with a minority following <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, both formed the indigenous Muslim and Hindu population in both Cambodia and Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their adherence to Islam, the Cham people still retain their ancestral practice of <a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">matriarchy</a> in family and inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cham people speak <a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a> (the latter is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Utsul" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsul">Utsul</a>, a Cham subgroup on China's <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan Island</a>), the two <a href="/wiki/Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Chamic languages</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cham people were one among several ethnic groups that were primarily targeted by the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>'s ethnic cleansing campaign during the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Genocide">Cambodian Genocide</a> (1975–1979).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isa_(Kim_Thanh),_c%C3%B4_g%C3%A1i_Ch%C4%83m_trong_%C4%91%E1%BB%99i_v%C5%A9_c%C3%B4ng_Phan_Rang.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Isa_%28Kim_Thanh%29%2C_c%C3%B4_g%C3%A1i_Ch%C4%83m_trong_%C4%91%E1%BB%99i_v%C5%A9_c%C3%B4ng_Phan_Rang.JPG/220px-Isa_%28Kim_Thanh%29%2C_c%C3%B4_g%C3%A1i_Ch%C4%83m_trong_%C4%91%E1%BB%99i_v%C5%A9_c%C3%B4ng_Phan_Rang.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Isa_%28Kim_Thanh%29%2C_c%C3%B4_g%C3%A1i_Ch%C4%83m_trong_%C4%91%E1%BB%99i_v%C5%A9_c%C3%B4ng_Phan_Rang.JPG/330px-Isa_%28Kim_Thanh%29%2C_c%C3%B4_g%C3%A1i_Ch%C4%83m_trong_%C4%91%E1%BB%99i_v%C5%A9_c%C3%B4ng_Phan_Rang.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Isa_%28Kim_Thanh%29%2C_c%C3%B4_g%C3%A1i_Ch%C4%83m_trong_%C4%91%E1%BB%99i_v%C5%A9_c%C3%B4ng_Phan_Rang.JPG/440px-Isa_%28Kim_Thanh%29%2C_c%C3%B4_g%C3%A1i_Ch%C4%83m_trong_%C4%91%E1%BB%99i_v%C5%A9_c%C3%B4ng_Phan_Rang.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Cham women's clothes</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chams#History_sections" title="Talk:Chams">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VietnamChampa1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/VietnamChampa1.gif/220px-VietnamChampa1.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/VietnamChampa1.gif/330px-VietnamChampa1.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/VietnamChampa1.gif 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Historical extent of the Kingdom of Champa (in green) around 1100 CE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayonnavalbat01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bayonnavalbat01.JPG/220px-Bayonnavalbat01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bayonnavalbat01.JPG/330px-Bayonnavalbat01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bayonnavalbat01.JPG/440px-Bayonnavalbat01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of fighting Cham naval soldier against the Khmer, stone relief at the <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For a long time,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (March 2023)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> researchers believed that the Chams had arrived by sea in the first millennium BC from <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, eventually settling in central modern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original Cham are therefore the likely heirs of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> navigators from <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and Borneo, whose main activities are commerce, transport and perhaps also piracy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Chamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamic">Chamic</a> peoples might have migrated into present-day Central Vietnam around 3 kya to 2.5 kya (1,000 to 500 BC). With having formed a <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocracy</a> leaving traces in written sources, they invested the ports at the start of important trade routes linking <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> islands. Historians are now no longer disputing in associating the <a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh culture">Sa Huynh culture</a> (1000 BC–200 AD) with the ancestors of the Cham people and other Chamic-speaking groups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Patterns and chronology of migration remain debated and it is assumed that the Cham people, the only Austronesian ethnic group originated from South Asia, arrived later in <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">peninsular Southeast Asia</a> via Borneo.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainland Southeast Asia had been populated on land routes by members of the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic language family</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon people</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer people</a> around 5,000 years ago. The Cham were accomplished Austronesian seafarers that from centuries populated and soon dominated <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">maritime Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earliest known records of Cham presence in Indochina date back to the second century CE. Population centers were located on the river outlets along the coast. As they controlled the import/export trade of continental Southeast Asia, they enjoyed a prosperous maritime economy.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cham folklore includes a <a href="/wiki/Creation_Myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation Myth">creation myth</a> in which the founder of the Cham people was a certain <a href="/wiki/Lady_Po_Nagar" title="Lady Po Nagar">Lady Po Nagar</a>. According to Cham mythology, Lady Po Nagar was born out of sea foam and clouds in the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-Phat_Giao_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phat_Giao-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in Vietnamese mythology, which adopted the goddess after taking over the Champa kingdom, her name is <a href="/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn_Y_A_Na" title="Thiên Y A Na">Thiên Y A Na</a> and she instead came from a humble peasant home somewhere in the Dai An Mountains, <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_H%C3%B2a_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khánh Hòa Province">Khánh Hòa Province</a>, spirits assisted her as she traveled to China on a floating log of sandalwood where she married a man of royalty and had two children. She eventually returned to Champa "did many good deeds in helping the sick and the poor" and "a temple was erected in her honor".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapuis199539_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapuis199539-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History18.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History18.JPG/220px-National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History18.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History18.JPG/330px-National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History18.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History18.JPG/440px-National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History18.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>The Cham decorated their temples with stone reliefs depicting the gods such as <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">garuda</a> fighting the <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">nāga</a> (12th-13th century CE)</figcaption></figure> <p>Like countless other political entities of Southeast Asia, the Champa principalities underwent the process of <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Indianization</a> since the early common era as a result of centuries of socio-economic interaction adopted and introduced cultural and institutional elements of India. From the 8th century onward, Muslims from such regions as <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> began to increasingly appear in trade and shipping of India. Islamic ideas became a part of the vast tide of exchange, treading the same path as Hinduism and Buddhism centuries before. Cham people picked up these ideas by the 11th century. This can be seen in the architecture of Cham temples, which shares similarities with the one of the <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> temples. <a href="/wiki/Al-Dimashqi_(geographer)" title="Al-Dimashqi (geographer)">Ad-Dimashqi</a> writes in 1325, "the country of Champa... is inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> and idolaters. The Muslim religion came there during the time of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a>... and <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, many Muslims who were expelled by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Al-Hajjaj_ibn_Yusuf" title="Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf">Hajjaj</a>, fled there".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Daoyi_Zhil%C3%BCe" title="Daoyi Zhilüe">Daoyi Zhilüe</a></i> records that at Cham ports, Cham women were often married to Chinese merchants, who frequently came back to them after trading voyages.<sup id="cite_ref-Heng2009_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heng2009-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeng2009133_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeng2009133-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Chinese merchant from <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>, Wang Yuanmao, traded extensively with Champa and married a Cham princess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWicks1992215_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicks1992215-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 12th century, the Cham fought a series of wars with the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> to the west. In 1177, the Cham and their allies launched an attack from the lake <a href="/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap" title="Tonlé Sap">Tonlé Sap</a> and managed to sack the Khmer capital of <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a>. In 1181, however, they were defeated by the Khmer King <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encounter_with_Islam">Encounter with Islam</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%B0%96%E5%9F%8E_Chamcia_-_Couple_from_Champa_-_Boxer_Codex_(1590).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%E5%B0%96%E5%9F%8E_Chamcia_-_Couple_from_Champa_-_Boxer_Codex_%281590%29.jpg/220px-%E5%B0%96%E5%9F%8E_Chamcia_-_Couple_from_Champa_-_Boxer_Codex_%281590%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%E5%B0%96%E5%9F%8E_Chamcia_-_Couple_from_Champa_-_Boxer_Codex_%281590%29.jpg/330px-%E5%B0%96%E5%9F%8E_Chamcia_-_Couple_from_Champa_-_Boxer_Codex_%281590%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%E5%B0%96%E5%9F%8E_Chamcia_-_Couple_from_Champa_-_Boxer_Codex_%281590%29.jpg/440px-%E5%B0%96%E5%9F%8E_Chamcia_-_Couple_from_Champa_-_Boxer_Codex_%281590%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Cham people in the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a> from 1590</figcaption></figure> <p>Islam first arrived in Champa around the ninth century; however, it did not become significant among the Cham people until after the eleventh century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cham who migrated to <a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a> were Orang Dampuan.<sup id="cite_ref-Halili2004_46_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halili2004_46-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Champa and Sulu engaged in commerce with each other which resulted in merchant Chams settling in Sulu where they were known as Orang Dampuan from the 10th-13th centuries. The Orang Dampuan were slaughtered by envious native Sulu Buranuns due to the wealth of the Orang Dampuan.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buranun were then subjected to retaliatory slaughter by the Orang Dampuan. Harmonious commerce between Sulu and the Orang Dampuan was later restored.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yakans were descendants of the Taguima-based Orang Dampuan who came to Sulu from Champa.<sup id="cite_ref-Halili2004_46_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halili2004_46-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulu received civilization in its Indic form from the Orang Dampuan.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of Cham also fled across the sea to the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> and as early as the 15th century, a Cham colony was established in <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>. The Chams encountered <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> there as the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a> was officially Muslim since 1414. The King of Champa then became an ally of the <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a>; in 1594, Champa sent its military forces to fight alongside Johor against the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese occupation of Malacca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchliesinger201518_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchliesinger201518-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1607 and 1676, one of the Champa kings converted to Islam and it became a dominant feature of Cham society. The Chams also adopted the <a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1991105_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1991105-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cham_Woman_-_Chau_Doc_-_Vietnam_-_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cham_Woman_-_Chau_Doc_-_Vietnam_-_03.JPG/220px-Cham_Woman_-_Chau_Doc_-_Vietnam_-_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cham_Woman_-_Chau_Doc_-_Vietnam_-_03.JPG/330px-Cham_Woman_-_Chau_Doc_-_Vietnam_-_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cham_Woman_-_Chau_Doc_-_Vietnam_-_03.JPG/440px-Cham_Woman_-_Chau_Doc_-_Vietnam_-_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A Cham Muslim woman in <a href="/wiki/Chau_Doc" class="mw-redirect" title="Chau Doc">Chau Doc</a>, Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <p>Historical records in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> showed the influence of Queen Dwarawati, a Muslim princess from the kingdom of Champa, toward her husband, Kertawijaya, the Seventh King of <a href="/wiki/Majapahit_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Majapahit Empire">Majapahit Empire</a>, so that the royal family of the Majapahit Empire eventually converted to Islam, which finally led to the conversion to Islam of the entire region.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_Taylor_2007_78_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip_Taylor_2007_78-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Agus_Sunyoto_2014_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agus_Sunyoto_2014-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-John_Renard_2009_343_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Renard_2009_343-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chams Princess tomb can be found in <a href="/wiki/Trowulan" title="Trowulan">Trowulan</a>, the site of the capital of the Majapahit Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Babad_Tanah_Jawi" title="Babad Tanah Jawi">Babad Tanah Jawi</a>, it is said that the king of <a href="/wiki/Brawijaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brawijaya">Brawijaya</a> V has a wife named Dewi Anarawati (or Dewi Dwarawati), a Muslim daughter of the King of Champa (Chams).<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_Taylor_2007_78_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip_Taylor_2007_78-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Agus_Sunyoto_2014_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agus_Sunyoto_2014-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-John_Renard_2009_343_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Renard_2009_343-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chams had trade and close cultural ties with the maritime kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Another significant figure from Champa in the history of Islam in Indonesia is Raden Rakhmat (Prince Rahmat) who's also known as <a href="/wiki/Sunan_Ampel" title="Sunan Ampel">Sunan Ampel</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Wali_Sanga" title="Wali Sanga">Wali Sanga</a> (Nine Saints), who spread Islam in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>. He is considered as a focal point of the Wali Sanga, because several of them were actually his descendants and/or his students. His father is <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Malik_Ibrahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Malik Ibrahim">Maulana Malik Ibrahim</a> also known as Ibrahim as-Samarkandy ("Ibrahim Asmarakandi" to <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> ears), and his mother is Dewi Candrawulan, a princess of Champa who's also the sister of Queen Dwarawati. Sunan Ampel was born in Champa in 1401 CE. He came to Java in 1443 CE, in order to visit his aunt Queen Dwarawati, a princess of Champa who married to Kertawijaya (Brawijaya V), the King of Majapahit Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_Taylor_2007_78_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip_Taylor_2007_78-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Agus_Sunyoto_2014_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agus_Sunyoto_2014-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-John_Renard_2009_343_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Renard_2009_343-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local legend says that he built the Great Mosque of <a href="/wiki/Demak,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demak, Indonesia">Demak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Masjid_Agung_Demak" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid Agung Demak">Masjid Agung Demak</a>) in 1479 CE, but other legends attribute that work to <a href="/wiki/Sunan_Kalijaga" title="Sunan Kalijaga">Sunan Kalijaga</a>. Sunan Ampel died in <a href="/wiki/Demak,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demak, Indonesia">Demak</a> in 1481 CE, but is buried in <a href="/wiki/Ampel_Mosque" title="Ampel Mosque">Ampel Mosque</a> at <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent scholarship, however, has shown that widespread conversion to Islam came much later. Poorly studied artifacts such as Islamic graves (which simply could have been ships' ballast) have been reexamined to show that they were, in fact, Tunisian and not Cham. Poorly conducted linguistic research attempting to link vocabulary to Arabic has been debunked as well. Rather, there is no sound evidence for widespread conversion to Islam until the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Haw,_Stephen_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haw,_Stephen-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_with_the_Vietnamese">Wars with the Vietnamese</h3></div> <p>Between the rise of the Khmer Empire around 800 and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">territorial expansion southwards</a> from <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Jiaozhi</a> and, later, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a>, Champa began to shrink. At a disadvantage against Dai Viet's army of 300,000 troops, the Cham army of 100,000 were overwhelmed.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1471)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham–Vietnamese War (1471)">Cham–Vietnamese War (1471)</a>, Champa suffered serious defeats at the hands of the Vietnamese, in which 120,000 people were either captured or killed, and the kingdom was reduced to a small enclave near <a href="/wiki/Nha_Trang" title="Nha Trang">Nha Trang</a> with many Chams fleeing to <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof20111210_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof20111210-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchliesinger201518_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchliesinger201518-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Champa was no longer a threat to Vietnam, and some were even enslaved by their victors.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cham were <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineal</a> and inheritance passed through the mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooker200275_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooker200275-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, in 1499 the Vietnamese enacted a law banning marriage between Cham women and Vietnamese men, regardless of class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2008111_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2008111-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(<a href="#CITEREFTạ1988">Tạ 1988</a>, p. 137)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson_Andaya200682_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson_Andaya200682-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vietnamese also issued instructions in the capital to kill all Chams within the vicinity.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More attacks by the Vietnamese continued and in 1693 the Champa Kingdom's territory was integrated as part of Vietnamese territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof20111210_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof20111210-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trade in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_ceramics" title="Vietnamese ceramics">Vietnamese ceramics</a> was damaged due to the plummet in trade by Cham merchants after the Vietnamese invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-SchottenhammerPtak2006_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchottenhammerPtak2006-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vietnam's export of ceramics was also damaged by its internal civil war, the Portuguese and Spanish entry into the region and the Portuguese conquest of Malacca which caused an upset in the trading system, while the carracks ships in the Malacca to Macao trade run by the Portuguese docked at Brunei due to good relations between the Portuguese and Brunei after the Chinese permitted Macao to be leased to the Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-BùiLong2001_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BùiLong2001-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> in China fell, several thousand Chinese refugees fled south and extensively settled on Cham lands and in Cambodia.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these Chinese were young males, and they took Cham women as wives. Their children identified more with Chinese culture. This migration occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chams participated in <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Spanish_War" title="Cambodian–Spanish War">defeating the Spanish invasion of Cambodia</a>. Cambodian king <a href="/wiki/Cau_Bana_Cand_Ramadhipati" class="mw-redirect" title="Cau Bana Cand Ramadhipati">Cau Bana Cand Ramadhipati</a>, also known as 'Sultan Ibrahim', launched the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Dutch_War" title="Cambodian–Dutch War">Cambodian–Dutch War</a> to expel the Dutch. The Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Nguyen_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyen Lords">Nguyen Lords</a> toppled Ibrahim from power to restore Buddhist rule. </p><p>In the 18th century and the 19th century, Cambodian-based <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Thailand" title="Islam in Thailand">Chams settled in Bangkok</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2013_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2013-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_the_Champa_kingdom">Fall of the Champa kingdom</h3></div> <p>Further expansion by the Vietnamese in 1692 resulted in the total annexation of the Champa kingdom <a href="/wiki/Panduranga_(Champa)" title="Panduranga (Champa)">Panduranga</a> and dissolution by the 19th century Vietnamese Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a>. In response, the last Cham Muslim king, Pô Chien, gathered his people in the hinterland and fled south to <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, while those along the coast migrated to <a href="/wiki/Trengganu" class="mw-redirect" title="Trengganu">Trengganu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>). A small group fled northward to the Chinese island of <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> where they are known today as the <a href="/wiki/Utsul" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsul">Utsuls</a>. The king and his people who took refuge in Cambodia were scattered in communities across the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong Basin">Mekong Basin</a>. Those who remained in the Nha Trang, Phan Rang, Phan Rí, and <a href="/wiki/Phan_Thi%E1%BA%BFt" title="Phan Thiết">Phan Thiết</a> provinces of central Vietnam were absorbed into the Vietnamese polity. Cham provinces were seized by the Nguyen Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-BridgmanWillaims1847_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BridgmanWillaims1847-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Vietnam invaded and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars" title="History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars">conquered Champa</a>, Cambodia granted refuge to Cham Muslims escaping from Vietnamese conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1832, the Vietnamese Emperor Minh Mang annexed the last Champa Kingdom. This resulted in the Cham Muslim leader <a href="/wiki/Katip_Sumat" class="mw-redirect" title="Katip Sumat">Katip Sumat</a>, who was educated in <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, declaring a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> against the Vietnamese.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubert2012_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubert2012-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vietnamese coercively fed lizard and pig meat to Cham Muslims and cow meat to Cham Hindus against their will to punish them and assimilate them to Vietnamese culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Wook2004_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wook2004-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second revolt led by <a href="/wiki/Ja_Thak_Wa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja Thak Wa">Ja Thak Wa</a>, a Bani cleric, resulting in the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Champa_(Ja_Thak_Wa)" title="Champa (Ja Thak Wa)">Cham resistance</a> which lasted from 1834 to 1835 until it was bloody crushed by Minh Mang's forces in July 1835. Only 40,000 Cham remained in the old Panduranga territory in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_Front_Alliberament_Cham.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bandera_Front_Alliberament_Cham.svg/220px-Bandera_Front_Alliberament_Cham.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bandera_Front_Alliberament_Cham.svg/330px-Bandera_Front_Alliberament_Cham.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bandera_Front_Alliberament_Cham.svg/440px-Bandera_Front_Alliberament_Cham.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the FLC – <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Front de Libération du Champa</i></span></i>, which was active during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the division of Vietnam in 1954, majority of Cham population remained in South Vietnam. A handful dozens of Chams who were members of the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> went North during the population exchange between North and South known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Passage_to_Freedom" title="Operation Passage to Freedom">Operation Passage to Freedom</a> – along with around ten thousand indigenous highland peoples – mainly Chamic and Bahnaric – from South Vietnam. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> during its early years (1954–1960) were actually more favorable toward ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples, compared to <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam">Republic of Vietnam</a>, attacking <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo Dinh Diem</a>'s Kinh chauvinist attitudes. Leaders of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a> at the time promised equal rights and autonomy, and by 1955 the North's national broadcast station <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Vietnam" title="Voice of Vietnam">Voice of Việt Nam</a> began broadcasting propaganda radio in <a href="/wiki/Rade_language" title="Rade language">Rhadé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahnar_language" title="Bahnar language">Bahnar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jarai_language" title="Jarai language">Jarai</a>, to recruit support from the South's indigenous groups. These cultivation efforts later contributed to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/FULRO" class="mw-redirect" title="FULRO">FULRO</a> in 1964, although FULRO's objective was to fight against both North and South Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Cambodia, due to discriminatory treatments of the colonial and following Sihanouk governments, the Cham communities here sought communism. The Cham began to rise in prominence in Cambodian politics when they joined the communists as early as the 1950s, with a Cham elder, Sos Man joining the <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochina Communist Party</a> and rising through the ranks to become a major in the Party's forces. He then returned home to the Eastern Zone in 1970 and joined the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a> (CPK), and he co-established the Eastern Zone Islamic Movement with his son, Mat Ly. Together, they became the mouthpiece of the Khmer Rouge and they encouraged the Cham people to participate in the revolution. Sos Man's Islamic Movement was also tolerated by the Khmer Rouge's leadership between 1970 and 1975. The Chams were gradually forced to abandon their faith and their distinct practices, a campaign which was launched in the Southwest as early as 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s various movements emerged calling for the creation of a separate Cham state in Vietnam. The <a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Champa" title="Front for the Liberation of Champa">Front for the Liberation of Champa</a> (FLC) and the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Front de Libération des Hauts plateaux</i></span> dominated. The latter group sought greater alliance with other hill tribe minorities. Initially known as "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Front des Petits Peuples</i></span>" from 1946 to 1960, the group later took the designation "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Front de Libération des Hauts plateaux</i></span>" and joined, with the FLC, the "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Front unifié pour la Libération des Races opprimées</i></span>" (<a href="/wiki/FULRO" class="mw-redirect" title="FULRO">FULRO</a>) at some point in the 1960s. Since the late 1970s, there has been no serious Cham secessionist movement or political activity in Vietnam or Cambodia. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, a sizable number of Chams migrated to <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>, where they were granted sanctuary by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Malaysian government</a> out of sympathy for fellow Muslims; most of them have now assimilated with <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof20111210_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof20111210-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rie_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rie-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The integrated community who self identifies as <i>Melayu Champa</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> Malay") has dabbled into trades of <a href="/wiki/Agarwood" title="Agarwood">agarwood</a>, clothing (especially in Kelantan) and fishery (in coastal <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>) from their arrival in the late 1970s to the 80s.<sup id="cite_ref-Rie_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rie-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cham community suffered a major blow during the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> targeted ethnic minorities like <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cambodians" title="Chinese Cambodians">Chinese</a>, Thai, Lao, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Cambodians" title="Vietnamese Cambodians">Vietnamese</a> and the Cham people, though the Cham suffered the largest death toll in proportion to their population. Around 80,000 to 100,000 Cham out of a total Cham population of 250,000 people in 1975, died in the genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cham_Girl_-_Chau_Doc_-_Vietnam.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cham_Girl_-_Chau_Doc_-_Vietnam.JPG/170px-Cham_Girl_-_Chau_Doc_-_Vietnam.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cham_Girl_-_Chau_Doc_-_Vietnam.JPG/255px-Cham_Girl_-_Chau_Doc_-_Vietnam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cham_Girl_-_Chau_Doc_-_Vietnam.JPG/340px-Cham_Girl_-_Chau_Doc_-_Vietnam.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Young Cham girl in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_%C4%90%E1%BB%91c" title="Châu Đốc">Châu Đốc</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A.jpg/220px-%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A.jpg/330px-%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A.jpg/440px-%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Cham Muslims in Cambodia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chams_villages_in_An_Giang_province.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chams_villages_in_An_Giang_province.jpg/220px-Chams_villages_in_An_Giang_province.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chams_villages_in_An_Giang_province.jpg/330px-Chams_villages_in_An_Giang_province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chams_villages_in_An_Giang_province.jpg/440px-Chams_villages_in_An_Giang_province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="2101" /></a><figcaption>Chams villages in <a href="/wiki/An_Giang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="An Giang Province">An Giang Province</a> (<a href="/wiki/An_Ph%C3%BA_District" class="mw-redirect" title="An Phú District">An Phú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_Ph%C3%BA_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Châu Phú District">Châu Phú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_Th%C3%A0nh_District,_An_Giang" class="mw-redirect" title="Châu Thành District, An Giang">Châu Thành district</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2n_Ch%C3%A2u,_An_Giang" title="Tân Châu, An Giang">Tân Châu town</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Cham in Vietnam are officially recognized by the Vietnamese government as one of 54 ethnic groups. There has also been wide-reaching recognition of the historical <a href="/wiki/Champa_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Champa Kingdom">Champa Kingdom</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An attempt at <a href="/wiki/Salafist" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafist">Salafist</a> expansion among the Cham in Vietnam has been halted by Vietnamese government controls; however, the loss of the Salafis among Chams has been to the benefit of <a href="/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat" title="Tablighi Jamaat">Tablighi Jamaat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is evidence that some <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, Indonesia are descendants of Cham refugees who fled after defeat by the Vietnamese polity in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-leaves_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaves-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cham_People_in_Vietnam_and_Cambodia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cham_People_in_Vietnam_and_Cambodia.jpg/220px-Cham_People_in_Vietnam_and_Cambodia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cham_People_in_Vietnam_and_Cambodia.jpg/330px-Cham_People_in_Vietnam_and_Cambodia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cham_People_in_Vietnam_and_Cambodia.jpg/440px-Cham_People_in_Vietnam_and_Cambodia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Map of the distribution of the Cham in southeast Asia today</figcaption></figure> <p>Eastern Chams (also known as <i>Panduranga Chams</i> or <i>Phan Rang Chams</i>) and their related ethnic groups, <a href="/wiki/Raglai" class="mw-redirect" title="Raglai">Raglai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Churu_people" title="Churu people">Churu</a>, are a major minority in <a href="/wiki/Panduranga" class="mw-redirect" title="Panduranga">Panduranga</a> region in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bình Thuận Province">Bình Thuận</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ninh_Thuan_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninh Thuan province">Ninh Thuận</a> provinces of Vietnam. The Haroi Cham mainly populate in <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Xu%C3%A2n_district" title="Đồng Xuân district">Đồng Xuân district</a> of Phu Yen and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2n_Canh_district" title="Vân Canh district">Vân Canh district</a> of Bình Định province. They are the core of the Hindu and Bani population. </p><p>The Western Cham population is concentrated between the in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Vietnam" title="Southern Vietnam">Southern Vietnam</a>, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Cham_province" title="Kampong Cham province">Kampong Cham province</a> and <a href="/wiki/An_Giang_province" title="An Giang province">An Giang province</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Kampot_province" title="Kampot province">Kampot province</a>, communities of Chvea of Malay origin also identify themselves as Cham. Chams also made significant presence in other southern Vietnamese provinces like <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Nai_province" title="Đồng Nai province">Đồng Nai</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Ninh_province" title="Tây Ninh province">Tây Ninh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ki%C3%AAn_Giang_province" title="Kiên Giang province">Kiên Giang</a>, and even as far as in Ninh Thuận, as well as having a large minority presence in <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>. This group represents the core of the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> communities in both <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Including the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>, their total is about 400,000. An additional 4,000 Chams live in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, whose ancestors migrated there during <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I</a>'s reign. Recent immigrants to Thailand are mainly students and workers, who preferably seek work and education in the southern Islamic <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Province">Pattani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narathiwat_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Narathiwat Province">Narathiwat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yala_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yala Province">Yala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Songkhla_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Songkhla Province">Songkhla</a> provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-worldmap_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldmap-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MyUser_Phnompenhpost.com_January_26_2017c_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Phnompenhpost.com_January_26_2017c-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a> in Vietnam and <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> in Cambodia in 1975, 9,704 Cham refugees made their way to <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and were allowed to stay, unlike 250,000 other refugees that fled to Malaysia. Most of the Cham refugees came from Cambodia and were Muslims, known as <i>Melayu Kemboja</i> and <i>Melayu Champa</i> in Malay. Many of these Cham refugees chose to settle in Malaysia, as they preferred to live in an Islamic country and had family ties in the Malaysian states of <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>. Kelantan served as a center of Islamic teachings for Chams in Cambodia for three to four centuries and many Cambodian Chams had relatives living there, subsequently many Chams chose to settle in Kelantan. By 1985, around 50,000 or more Chams were living in Malaysia. As of 2013, many have been integrated into Malaysian society.<sup id="cite_ref-wong2013_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wong2013-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <p>While historically complicated, the modern Chams of Cambodia and Vietnam have had friendly relationships with the Khmer and Vietnamese majority. Despite ethnic and religious differences, the majority people of Cambodia and Vietnam have accepted the Cham as closer to them than other minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Muslim Cham report a friendly attitude of both Cambodians and Vietnamese toward the Chams and little harassment against them from locals.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, between government and people, it is difficult to categorize. According to Cham human rights activists, the Vietnamese regime, the fears of historical influence has evolved into suppression of Islam among Muslims Chams. For example, there is an unofficial ban on distributing the Quran and other Islamic scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even with Vietnam's growing relations with Muslim states like <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the regime discourages growth of Islam because the Vietnamese government distrusts the Cham Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"Relations between the Hanoi government and ethnic minorities are sensitive. In 2001 and 2004 massive human rights protests by hill tribes resulted in deaths and mass imprisonments. For some time after that, the Central Highlands were sealed off to foreigners."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to international scholars, it's observed that both modern Cham separatism and Cham nationhood are non-existent.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only active representative organization for the Chams, the International Office of Champa (IOC), whose headquarter locates in <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a>, only demands civil and land rights for the Cham people in Vietnam and Cambodia. Criticism and concerns against Vietnamese, Indian, Malaysian governments and tourist corporations for misappropriating Cham heritage and ignoring living indigenous culture was made by the IOC and international scientists in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2></div> <p>He et. al (2012) states that the Cham most likely originated from admixture between islander Southeast Asian immigrants and mainland Southeast Asians, especially Mon-Khmers. About 18.6% of their Y haplogroups are also South Asian in origin, mostly R-M17, R-M124, and H-M69. This significantly differs from the Kinh Vietnamese, who mostly have haplogroup O-M7, which originated from China. But they possess one South Asian haplogroup, which is R-M17.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changmai et. al (2022) re-affirms the presence of South Asian Y-haplogroups in Cham, mainly R-M17 (13.6%) and R-M124 (3.4%).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parade_from_%22Kate%22_festival_of_Cham_people,_Central_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Parade_from_%22Kate%22_festival_of_Cham_people%2C_Central_Vietnam.jpg/220px-Parade_from_%22Kate%22_festival_of_Cham_people%2C_Central_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Parade_from_%22Kate%22_festival_of_Cham_people%2C_Central_Vietnam.jpg/330px-Parade_from_%22Kate%22_festival_of_Cham_people%2C_Central_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Parade_from_%22Kate%22_festival_of_Cham_people%2C_Central_Vietnam.jpg/440px-Parade_from_%22Kate%22_festival_of_Cham_people%2C_Central_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Kate festival of the Cham people</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drum,_Cham_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi,_Vietnam_-_DSC03385.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Drum%2C_Cham_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC03385.JPG/220px-Drum%2C_Cham_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC03385.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Drum%2C_Cham_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC03385.JPG/330px-Drum%2C_Cham_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC03385.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Drum%2C_Cham_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC03385.JPG/440px-Drum%2C_Cham_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC03385.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4932" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Cham musical drum</figcaption></figure> <p>The Cham culture is diverse and rich because of the combination of indigenous cultural elements (plains culture, maritime culture, and mountain culture) and foreign cultural features (Indian cultures and religions such as Buddhism; early Han Chinese influences; Islam) (Phan Xuan Bien et al. 1991:376). The blend of indigenous and foreign elements in Cham culture is a result of ecological, social, and historical conditions. The influences of various Indian cultures produced similarities among many groups in Southeast Asia such as the Cham, who traded or communicated with polities on the Indian subcontinent. However, the indigenous elements also allow for cultural distinctions. As an example, Brahmanism became the Ahier religion, while other aspects of influence were changed, to adapt to local Ahier characteristics and environment. The blending of various cultures has produced its own unique form through the prolific production of sculptures and architecture only seen at the Champa temple tower sites.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Cham shielded and always observed their girls attentively, placing great importance on their virginity. A Cham saying said "As well leave a man alone with a girl, as an elephant in a field of sugarcane."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cham Muslims view the karoeh (also spelled karoh) ceremony for girls as very significant. This symbolic ceremony marks the passage of a girl from infancy to puberty (the marriageable age), and usually takes place when the girl is aged fifteen and has completed her development.<sup id="cite_ref-sorocham_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sorocham-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If it has not taken place, the girl cannot marry since she is "tabung". After the ceremony is done the girl can marry. Circumcision to the Cham was less significant than karoeh.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not practiced, only symbolic and performed with a toy wooden knife.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Important festivals include Kate, celebrated mainly by the Cham of central Vietnam. The festival venerates ancient Cham royalty gods. Among Cham Muslims, Ramadan, El Fitri, and the Hajj are important celebrations. However, the Cham (regardless of faith) all have a very rich tradition of dance, arts, music, costumes, poetry, and more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham language</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language family">Austronesian language family</a>. Although sparse, Cham literary tradition is ancient, dating back to the 4th century AD. The <a href="/wiki/Dong_Yen_Chau_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong Yen Chau inscription">Dong Yen Chau inscription</a>, written in old Cham, is the oldest known attestation of an Austronesian language. Cham is very rich with many loan words and terminology influenced by many other languages it came into contact with. Most Cham speak the language though many also speak the dominant language of the nation they reside in like Vietnamese, Khmer, Malay and others. Some Cham can also speak and write Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cham is written in Eastern <a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham script</a> in Central Vietnam while the language is predominantly written in Jawi Arabic script around the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western Cham script, used in Cambodia, is different enough from Eastern Cham's to be under review by the Unicode Consortium for inclusion as its own block — as of 2022, the character set is still being revised.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kan_Imam_San" title="Kan Imam San">Kan Imam San</a> sect, accounting for about 10% of the Cambodian Cham minority and mainly centered around a few villages in the Tralach District of Kampong Chhnang Province and their historic mosque atop Phnom Oudong, have kept the use of the Western Cham script, akhar srak, alive — with grants from the US embassy for about a decade starting in 2007, the written form of Western Cham has moved from the preserve of a few elders to being taught in close to 20 classrooms with thousands of students exposed to some degree, albeit limited.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost all of the existing texts are housed at two <a href="/wiki/Kan_Imam_San" title="Kan Imam San">Kan Imam San</a> mosques in Kampong Tralach, primarily at the Au Russey mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hinduism in Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Vietnam" title="Hinduism in Vietnam">Hinduism in Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Cambodia" title="Hinduism in Cambodia">Hinduism in Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Islam in Southeast Asia">Islam in Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam" title="Islam in Vietnam">Islam in Vietnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cambodia" title="Islam in Cambodia">Islam in Cambodia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:My_Son_tower2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/My_Son_tower2.JPG/220px-My_Son_tower2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/My_Son_tower2.JPG/330px-My_Son_tower2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/My_Son_tower2.JPG/440px-My_Son_tower2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The temples at Mỹ Sơn are one of the holiest of Cham sites</figcaption></figure> <p>The first recorded religion of the Champa was a form of <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva Hinduism</a>, brought by sea from India. Hinduism was the predominant religion among the Cham people until the sixteenth century. Numerous temples dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> were constructed in the central part of what is now Vietnam. The jewel of such temple is <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1n" title="Mỹ Sơn">Mỹ Sơn</a>. It is often compared with other historical temple complexes in Southeast Asia, such as <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> of Java in Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> of Cambodia, <a href="/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan">Bagan</a> of Myanmar and <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Historical_Park" title="Ayutthaya Historical Park">Ayutthaya</a> of Thailand. As of 1999, Mỹ Sơn has been recognised by UNESCO as a world heritage site. </p><p>Religiously and culturally, the Chams were grouped into two major religio-cultural groups; the Balamon Chams that adhere to an indigenized form of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and Cham Bani that adhere to an indigenized form of Shi'a <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. The term "Balamon" derived from "Brahmana, the priests. The term "Bani" on the other hand is derived from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> term "bani" (بني) which means "people". Balamon Chams adhere to the old religion of their ancestor, an indigenized form of Hinduism that thrived since the ancient era of Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> in 5th century AD, whereas Cham Bani are adherents of a localized version of Shi'a Islam, including a minor element of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, endured with Hindu-Chamic customs as early as around the 11th–13th century. However, it was not until 17th century that Islam began to attract large numbers of Chams, when some members of the Cham royalty converted to Islam. These two groups mostly live in separate villages. Intermarriage was prohibited in former times, and remains rare even nowadays. Both groups are <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> and conform to <a href="/wiki/Matrilocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilocal">matrilocal</a> residence practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_near_Chau_Doc,_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mosque_near_Chau_Doc%2C_Vietnam.jpg/220px-Mosque_near_Chau_Doc%2C_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mosque_near_Chau_Doc%2C_Vietnam.jpg/330px-Mosque_near_Chau_Doc%2C_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mosque_near_Chau_Doc%2C_Vietnam.jpg/440px-Mosque_near_Chau_Doc%2C_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3863" data-file-height="2579" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C4%90a_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc,_An_Giang" title="Đa Phước, An Giang">Da Phuoc village</a>, <a href="/wiki/An_Ph%C3%BA_District" class="mw-redirect" title="An Phú District">An Phu district</a>, An Giang province.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_Cham_temple_in_Nha_Trang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Inside_Cham_temple_in_Nha_Trang.jpg/220px-Inside_Cham_temple_in_Nha_Trang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Inside_Cham_temple_in_Nha_Trang.jpg/330px-Inside_Cham_temple_in_Nha_Trang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Inside_Cham_temple_in_Nha_Trang.jpg/440px-Inside_Cham_temple_in_Nha_Trang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Inside Cham temple in Nha Trang</figcaption></figure> <p>As Muslim merchants of Arab and of <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> origin stopped along the Vietnam coast en route to China, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> began to influence Cham civilization. The exact date that Islam came to Champa is unknown; however, the religion first arrived around the ninth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally assumed that Islam came to <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">mainland Southeast Asia</a> much later than its arrival in China during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907) and that Arab traders in the region came into direct contact only with the Cham and not others. Islam began making headway among the Chams beginning in the eleventh century, however it split into two distinctive versions. </p> <ul><li>The version of Islam practiced by the Vietnamese Chams in Central Vietnam is often called <b>Bani</b> which contains many pre-Islamic beliefs and rituals such as magic, spirit worship, and propitiation of the souls of former kings, something mistaken to <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. Bani Islam is the syncretic form of Shi'a Islam (including minor influences from Sunni and Sufism teaching) that blends indigenous cultural beliefs that are practiced by the Cham Bani, who predominantly live in Vietnam's <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bình Thuận Province">Bình Thuận</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ninh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninh Thuận Province">Ninh Thuận Provinces</a>, and is considered unorthodox from mainstream Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-yoshi_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yoshi-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cham Bani worship in <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> which are where the main communal setting for prayers and religious rituals take place among the Bani Cham<sup id="cite_ref-yoshi_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yoshi-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also celebrate the month of Ramuwan (<a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>), during which they pray to Allah for their deceased ancestors in the hereafter and pray for good fortune in the lives, and the <i>acar</i> (<a href="/wiki/Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="Imams">Imams</a>) stay at the thang magik (Mosques) for one month and pray to God the practice is known as <a href="/wiki/I%CA%BFtik%C4%81f" title="Iʿtikāf">Iʿtikāf</a>. In general, the Bani Muslims are not willing to identify themselves as Shi'a or even Muslims, but as Bani Muslims instead, although some even openly reject the terms "Muslims" in favour of "Banis" alone.<sup id="cite_ref-yoshi_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yoshi-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It should be noted, however, that the notion of Bani being an Islamic sect is only a norm used by the official narratives, while most Muslim scholars reject Bani as an Islamic sect due to its abnormal practise unseen even in mainstream <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, where Bani originated from.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The version of Islam practised by Cambodian and Southern Vietnamese Chams belong to mainstream <b>Sunni Islam</b>, mainly to the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i school</a>, which is also found in Malaysia, Indonesia, Mindanao, Southern Thailand as well as Yemen and East Africa, and in general, they largely abide with the mainstream Sunni Islamic practise, such as observing <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Islamic New Year</a>, as well as doing <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a>. At some aspects however, due to interaction with other religions and thoughts at the same time, mainly from influences of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, it has many indigenous, magical, Hindu and Buddhist elements to it; while some practice a more centralized form of Sunni Islam and some reformist movements like <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> can also be found.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a small band of Chams, who called themselves Kaum Jumaat, follow a localized adaptation of Islamic theology, according to which they pray only on Fridays and celebrate Ramadan for only three days. Some members of this group have joined the larger Muslim Cham community in their practices of Islam in recent years. One of the factors for this change is the influence by members of their family who have gone abroad to study Islam.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Numbers">Numbers</h4></div> <p>The number of Balamon Cham Hindus in Vietnam were declared at 64,547 (36%) out of a total Cham population of 178,948 according to the 2019 population census.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They do not have a caste system, although previously they may have been divided between the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya#Nagavanshi" title="Kshatriya">Nagavamshi Kshatriya</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> castes, the latter of which would have represented a small minority of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindu temples are known as <i>Bimong</i> in Cham language, but are commonly referred to as <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/th%C3%A1p" class="extiw" title="wikt:tháp">tháp</a></i> "<a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a>", in Vietnamese. The priests are divided into three levels, where the highest rank are known as <i>Po Adhia</i> or <i>Po Sá</i>, followed by <i>Po Tapáh</i> and the junior priests <i>Po Paséh</i>. By the 17th century, due to pressures from king <a href="/wiki/Po_Rome" title="Po Rome">Po Rome</a>, the Ahier (Balamon) were forced to accept Allah as the most supreme God while retaining the worships of other Balamon deities in their faiths. </p><p>The majority of Hindu Chams in Vietnam (also known as the Eastern Chams) are syncretic Ahiér <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> and Bani Muslims and they mostly live in Central Vietnam, while Southern Vietnam's Chams and their Cambodian counterparts are largely Sunni <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, as Islamic conversion happened relatively late.<sup id="cite_ref-everyculture.com_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-everyculture.com-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Terry_E._Miller_Pg._326_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terry_E._Miller_Pg._326-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number emigrated to France in the late 1960s during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a>, the mainly Cham Sunni community has a population of around 25,000 in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-yoshi_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yoshi-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Currysaraman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Currysaraman.jpg/220px-Currysaraman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Currysaraman.jpg/330px-Currysaraman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Currysaraman.jpg/440px-Currysaraman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>'s Muslim Cham <a href="/wiki/Saraman_curry" title="Saraman curry">Saraman curry</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Popular Cham dishes are <i>muthin ritong</i> (rice with fish), <i>lithei jrau</i> (rice with meat and vegetables), <i>abu mutham</i> (gruel with fish and vegetables), and <i>kari cam murong</i> (chicken or beef curry).<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A specialty of Chams in <a href="/wiki/An_Giang_province" title="An Giang province">An Giang province</a> is the beef sausage <i>tung lamaow</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a>: ꨓꨭꩂ ꨤꨟꨯꨱꨥ).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chams in this province are also known for their beef, goat or chicken <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a> with rice.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chams eat three meals a day – breakfast, lunch and dinner – with <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a> being the <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a>. Other foods eaten by the Cham depend on the region they inhabit. Chams in <a href="/wiki/Central_Vietnam" title="Central Vietnam">Central Vietnam</a> eat meat and processed meat products and arrange food in trays and use <a href="/wiki/Chopsticks" title="Chopsticks">chopsticks</a> and bowls similar to <a href="/wiki/Kinh_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinh people">Kinh people</a>, while Chams in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Vietnam" title="Southern Vietnam">Southern Vietnam</a> eat fish and shrimps and arrange food on plates.<sup id="cite_ref-law_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cham cuisine is also diversified by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">food prohibitions in religions</a> practised by Chams: Hindu Chams not eating <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, and Muslim Chams not eating <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, while Buddhism-practicing Cham Hroi of <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Y%C3%AAn_province" title="Phú Yên province">Phú Yên</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_province" title="Bình Định province">Bình Định provinces</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> eating both beef and pork.<sup id="cite_ref-law_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cham cuisine is very similar to the cuisines of <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Northern_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Northern Thailand">Northern Thailand</a>. It is sweeter and spicier than the cuisine of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern Vietnam</a> and uses many different types of <a href="/wiki/Fermented_fish" title="Fermented fish">fermented fish</a> (<i>mắm</i>), including <i><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%AFm_n%C3%AAm" title="Mắm nêm">mắm nêm</a></i>, which along with different spices, curries and other Cham dishes entered the cuisine of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Vietnam" title="Southern Vietnam">Southern Vietnam</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Champa%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_War_(1471)" title="Champa–Đại Việt War (1471)">Vietnamese conquest and annexation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> during <a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">Vietnam's southward expansion</a>. Another type of <i>mắm</i> that may have originally been a Cham product is <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%E1%BA%AFm_ru%E1%BB%91c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mắm ruốc (page does not exist)">mắm ruốc</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%AFm_ru%E1%BB%91c" class="extiw" title="vi:Mắm ruốc">vi</a>]</span></i>, which has become a famous condiment in modern-day Central Vietnam eaten with raw vegetables, herbs and boiled pork and used as an essential ingredient for the Central Vietnamese noodle dish <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAn_b%C3%B2_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Bún bò Huế">bún bò Huế</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, where the majority of Cham are from Cambodia, most of their dishes, such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leas_hal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leas hal (page does not exist)">leas hal</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Num_banhchok" title="Num banhchok">num banhchok</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Num_kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Num kong (page does not exist)">num kong</a></i>, are of Cambodian origin, while the Cham style of coffee (<i>café Yuon</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">green tea</a> have been adopted from the Vietnamese. Other Malaysia's Cham dishes, such as <i>tung lamaow</i> and <i>paynong</i> (banana-filled glutinous rice cakes wrapped in banana leaves) are known by Chams in both Cambodia and Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Chams">Notable Chams</h2></div> <p>In accordance with Cham custom, the surname is followed by the given name. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Po_Tisuntiraidapuran" title="Po Tisuntiraidapuran">Po Tisuntiraidapuran</a>, ruler of Champa from 1780 to 1793</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Kosem" title="Les Kosem">Les Kosem</a>, Cambodian-Cham activist leader in <a href="/wiki/FULRO" class="mw-redirect" title="FULRO">FULRO</a> (d. 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po_Dharma" title="Po Dharma">Po Dharma</a>, Vietnamese-Cham activist leader of FULRO, he was also a Cham cultural historian</li> <li>Sos Math, Cambodian-Cham singer, songwriter from the 1950s to the 1970s; his son Sos Mach is also a popular singer from the 1990s till today</li> <li>Has Salan, Cambodian-Cham classical violinist, composer and actor from the 1950s to 1970s</li> <li>Musa Porome, Cham rights activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%27an-Lo_T%27ou-Ts%27iuan" class="mw-redirect" title="P'an-Lo T'ou-Ts'iuan">Maha Sajan</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu_Nhan" title="Amu Nhan">Amu Nhan</a>, expert on Cham music</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po_Binasuor" title="Po Binasuor">Po Binasuor</a>, the last strong king of Champa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%BF_Linh" title="Chế Linh">Chế Linh</a>, Vietnamese-Cham singer</li> <li>Dang Nang Tho, Vietnamese-Cham sculptor and director of Cham Cultural Center, Phan Rang, Ninh Thuan Province</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inrasara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inrasara (page does not exist)">Inrasara</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inrasara" class="extiw" title="vi:Inrasara">vi</a>]</sup> (Mr Phu Tram), poet and author</li> <li>H.E. Othman Hassan (អូស្មាន ហាស្សាន់៖), Cambodian-Cham politician; secretary of state at the Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, Advisor and Special Envoy to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hun_Sen" title="Hun Sen">Hun Sen</a>, President of Cambodian Muslim Development Foundation (CMDF), Secretary General of the Foundation for Cambodian People's Poverty Alleviation (PAL), vice-director of Cambodian Islamic Center (CIC), Patron of Islamic Medical Association of Cambodia (IMAC); <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a></li> <li>H.E. Nos Sles (ណុះ ស្លេះ), Cambodian-Cham politician; secretary of state at the Ministry of Education and Sport of Cambodia; <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a></li> <li>H.E. <a href="/wiki/Amath_Yashya" title="Amath Yashya">Amath Yashya</a> <i>also transliterated</i> Amadh Yahya, Cambodian-Cham politician; ex-Member of <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a>, deputy in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Cambodia">National Assembly of Cambodia</a> representing <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Cham_province" title="Kampong Cham province">Kampong Cham province</a>, President of Cambodian Islamic Development Association (CIDA); <a href="/wiki/Candlelight_Party" title="Candlelight Party">Candlelight Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia_National_Rescue_Party" title="Cambodia National Rescue Party">Cambodia National Rescue Party</a></li> <li>H.E. Zakarya Adam, Cambodian-Cham politician; Secretary of State at Ministry of Cults and Religion, Vice President of CMDF, General Secretary of CIC & Vice-chairperson of IWMC; <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a></li> <li>H.E. Sith Ibrahim, Cambodian-Cham politician; <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> at Ministry of Cults and Religion; <a href="/wiki/FUNCINPEC" title="FUNCINPEC">FUNCINPEC</a></li> <li>H.E. Dr. Sos Mousine, Cambodian-Cham politician; Under Secretary of State at <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rural_Development_(Cambodia)" title="Ministry of Rural Development (Cambodia)">Ministry of Rural Development</a>, President of Cambodian Muslim Students Association and IMAC, Member of CMDF, Under-General Secretary of CIC; <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a></li> <li>H.E. Sman Teath, Cambodian-Cham politician; Member of Parliament representing Pursat, Member of CMDF, Under-General Secretary of CIC; <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a></li> <li>H.E. Sem Sokha, Cambodian-Cham politician; Under Secretary of State at Ministry of Social Affairs and Veterans, member of CMDF; <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a></li> <li>Her E. Kob Mariah, Cambodian-Cham politician; <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Under Secretary">Under Secretary</a> at Ministry of Women, General Secretary of Cambodian Islamic Women Development & Cambodian Islamic Women's Development Organization Association, member of CMDF; <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a></li> <li>H.E. Msas Loh, Cambodian-Cham politician; Under Secretary of State at Office of the Council of Ministers, Patron of Cambodian Islamic Association; <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a></li> <li>H.E. Paing Punyamin, Cambodian-Cham politician; Member of Parliament representing <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Chhnang_(city)" title="Kampong Chhnang (city)">Kampong Chhnang</a>, Member of CMDF, Executive Member of CIC; <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a></li> <li>H.E. Wan Math, Cambodian-Cham politician; Member of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Cambodia)" title="Senate (Cambodia)">Senate</a>, President of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodian</a> Islamic Association; <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a></li> <li>H.E. Sabo Bacha, Cambodian-Cham politician; Member of the Senate; <a href="/wiki/FUNCINPEC" title="FUNCINPEC">FUNCINPEC</a></li> <li>Sem Soprey, Cambodian-Cham politician; Vice Governor of <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Cham_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampong Cham Province">Kampong Cham</a> province and Member of CMDF; <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a></li> <li>Saleh Sen, Cambodian-Cham politician; <a href="/wiki/Vice_Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Governor">Vice Governor</a> of Kampong Chhnang province and Member of CMDF</li> <li>H.E. Ismail Osman, Cambodian-Cham politician; Advisor to His Royal Highness Prince <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Ranariddh" title="Norodom Ranariddh">Norodom Ranariddh</a> (នរោត្តម រណឫទ្) of the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, President of the National Assembly; <a href="/wiki/FUNCINPEC" title="FUNCINPEC">FUNCINPEC</a></li> <li>General Chao Tol, Cambodian-Cham politician; Assistant to the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hun_Sen" title="Hun Sen">Hun Sen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a></li> <li>General Sen Komary, Cambodian-Cham politician; Head of Department of Health at <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Defense">Ministry of National Defense</a>, Member of IMAC; <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samad_Bounthong" title="Samad Bounthong">Samad Bounthong</a>, Cham-American soccer player<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeu_Muslim" title="Yeu Muslim">Yeu Muslim</a>, Cambodian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%E1%BB%A5ng_Quang_Nho" title="Dụng Quang Nho">Dụng Quang Nho</a>, Vietnamese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Ahmed" title="Fatima Ahmed">Fatima Ahmed</a>, Italian-Somali writer of distant Cham origin, born in Phnom Penh</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Champa" title="Art of Champa">Art of Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham alphabet">Cham alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_calendar" title="Cham calendar">Cham calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cambodia" title="Islam in Cambodia">Islam in Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam" title="Islam in Vietnam">Islam in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hinduism in Southeast Asia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Rex Bookstore. pp. 46ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9712339349" title="Special:BookSources/978-9712339349"><bdi>978-9712339349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History&rft.pages=46ff&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-9712339349&rft.au=Maria+Christine+N.+Halili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUt5v8ET4QYC%26q%3DOrang%2BDampuans%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C&q=Orang+Dampuans&pg=RA3-PA18-IA1"><i>The Filipino Moving Onward 5' 2007 Ed</i></a>. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 3–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4154-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4154-0"><bdi>978-971-23-4154-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Filipino+Moving+Onward+5%27+2007+Ed&rft.pages=3-&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=978-971-23-4154-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSIq_FvJUr40C%26q%3DOrang%2BDampuans%26pg%3DRA3-PA18-IA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITLRpPrrcykC&q=Orang+Dampuans&pg=PA39"><i>Philippine History Module-based Learning I' 2002 Ed</i></a>. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 39–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3449-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3449-8"><bdi>978-971-23-3449-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History+Module-based+Learning+I%27+2002+Ed&rft.pages=39-&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=978-971-23-3449-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DITLRpPrrcykC%26q%3DOrang%2BDampuans%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2H0KWiOADLQC&q=Orang+Dampuans&pg=PA23"><i>Study Skills in English for a Changing World' 2001 Ed</i></a>. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 23–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3225-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3225-8"><bdi>978-971-23-3225-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Study+Skills+in+English+for+a+Changing+World%27+2001+Ed&rft.pages=23-&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=978-971-23-3225-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2H0KWiOADLQC%26q%3DOrang%2BDampuans%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchliesinger201518-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchliesinger201518_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchliesinger201518_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchliesinger2015">Schliesinger 2015</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1991105-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1991105_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson1991">Davidson 1991</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philip_Taylor_2007_78-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_Taylor_2007_78_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_Taylor_2007_78_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_Taylor_2007_78_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Taylor2007" class="citation book cs1">Philip Taylor (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a5YntZEIUHMC&q=putri+champa&pg=PA72"><i>Cham Muslims of the Mekong Delta: place and mobility in the cosmopolitan periphery</i></a>. NUS Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-361-9"><bdi>978-9971-69-361-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cham+Muslims+of+the+Mekong+Delta%3A+place+and+mobility+in+the+cosmopolitan+periphery&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-361-9&rft.au=Philip+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da5YntZEIUHMC%26q%3Dputri%2Bchampa%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agus_Sunyoto_2014-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agus_Sunyoto_2014_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agus_Sunyoto_2014_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agus_Sunyoto_2014_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgus_Sunyoto2014" class="citation book cs1">Agus Sunyoto (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025741/http://www.atlaswalisongo.com/2015/06/sunan-ampel-485.html"><i>Atlas Wali Songo (The Atlas of Nine Saint)</i></a>. Mizan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-8648-09-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-602-8648-09-7"><bdi>978-602-8648-09-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlaswalisongo.com/2015/06/sunan-ampel-485.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+Wali+Songo+%28The+Atlas+of+Nine+Saint%29&rft.pub=Mizan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-602-8648-09-7&rft.au=Agus+Sunyoto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlaswalisongo.com%2F2015%2F06%2Fsunan-ampel-485.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Renard_2009_343-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_Renard_2009_343_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Renard_2009_343_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Renard_2009_343_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Renard2009" class="citation book cs1">John Renard (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srZ5L70phwQC&q=brawijaya+champa&pg=PA343"><i>Tales of God's Friends: Islamic Hagiography in Translation</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520258969" title="Special:BookSources/9780520258969"><bdi>9780520258969</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+of+God%27s+Friends%3A+Islamic+Hagiography+in+Translation&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780520258969&rft.au=John+Renard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsrZ5L70phwQC%26q%3Dbrawijaya%2Bchampa%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlamet_Muljana2005" class="citation book cs1">Slamet Muljana (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j9ZOKjMxVdIC&q=suma%20oriental&pg=PA68"><i>Runtuhnya kerajaan Hindu-Jawa dan timbulnya negara-negara Islam di Nusantara</i></a>. PT LKiS Pelangi Aksara. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-8451-16-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-8451-16-4"><bdi>978-979-8451-16-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runtuhnya+kerajaan+Hindu-Jawa+dan+timbulnya+negara-negara+Islam+di+Nusantara&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=PT+LKiS+Pelangi+Aksara&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-979-8451-16-4&rft.au=Slamet+Muljana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj9ZOKjMxVdIC%26q%3Dsuma%2520oriental%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunan_Ampel" class="extiw" title="id:Sunan Ampel">id:Sunan Ampel</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (April 2019)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haw,_Stephen-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haw,_Stephen_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaw2018" class="citation journal cs1">Haw, Stephen G. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/islam-in-champa-and-the-making-of-factitious-history/F3189E4E37FCDF4EE59A40353E133D19">"Islam in Champa and the Making of a Fictitious History"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 717–747. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186317000219">10.1017/S1356186317000219</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165122789">165122789</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Islam+in+Champa+and+the+Making+of+a+Fictitious+History&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=717-747&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186317000219&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165122789%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Haw&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fislam-in-champa-and-the-making-of-factitious-history%2FF3189E4E37FCDF4EE59A40353E133D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oscar Chapuis (1995). A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 46. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29622-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29622-7">0-313-29622-7</a>. Retrieved 9 January 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof20111210-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof20111210_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof20111210_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof20111210_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuergensmeyerRoof2011">Juergensmeyer & Roof 2011</a>, p. 1210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Kiernan (2009). Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale University Press. p. 110. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-14425-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-14425-3">0-300-14425-3</a>. Retrieved 9 January 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooker200275-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooker200275_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHooker2002">Hooker 2002</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2008111-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2008111_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2008">Kiernan 2008</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson_Andaya200682-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson_Andaya200682_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson_Andaya2006">Watson Andaya 2006</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYale_University,_Southeast_Asia_Studies1985" class="citation book cs1">Yale University, Southeast Asia Studies (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f3FuAAAAMAAJ&q=from+wedding+women+of+the+Cham+race,35+it+was+also+based+on+national+security+considerations"><i>The Vietnam forum, Issues 5-7</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnam+forum%2C+Issues+5-7&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Council+on+Southeast+Asia+Studies+at+Yale+University&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Yale+University%2C+Southeast+Asia+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df3FuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dfrom%2Bwedding%2Bwomen%2Bof%2Bthe%2BCham%2Brace%2C35%2Bit%2Bwas%2Balso%2Bbased%2Bon%2Bnational%2Bsecurity%2Bconsiderations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeresa_A._MeadeMerry_E._Wiesner-Hanks2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Meade" title="Teresa Meade">Teresa A. Meade</a>; <a href="/wiki/Merry_E._Wiesner-Hanks" title="Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks">Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks</a>, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ilqhy4Z3iwEC&pg=PA332"><i>A companion to gender history</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4960-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4960-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-4960-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+gender+history&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-4960-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIlqhy4Z3iwEC%26pg%3DPA332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_B._Lieberman2003" class="citation book cs1">Victor B. Lieberman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/strange-parallels/0C2FAED1DB111C4094B37054B65DF39C"><i>Strange parallels: Southeast Asia in global context, c 800-1830, Volume 1</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80496-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80496-7"><bdi>978-0-521-80496-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strange+parallels%3A+Southeast+Asia+in+global+context%2C+c+800-1830%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=381&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80496-7&rft.au=Victor+B.+Lieberman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fstrange-parallels%2F0C2FAED1DB111C4094B37054B65DF39C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchottenhammerPtak2006-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SchottenhammerPtak2006_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngela_SchottenhammerRoderich_Ptak2006" class="citation book cs1">Angela Schottenhammer; Roderich Ptak (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U9rWcNu89kgC&q=tran+dynasty+fujian&pg=PA138"><i>The Perception of Maritime Space in Traditional Chinese Sources</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 138–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05340-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05340-2"><bdi>978-3-447-05340-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perception+of+Maritime+Space+in+Traditional+Chinese+Sources&rft.pages=138-&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05340-2&rft.au=Angela+Schottenhammer&rft.au=Roderich+Ptak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU9rWcNu89kgC%26q%3Dtran%2Bdynasty%2Bfujian%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BùiLong2001-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BùiLong2001_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinh_Trí_BùiKerry_Nguyễn_Long2001" class="citation book cs1">Minh Trí Bùi; Kerry Nguyễn Long (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rxjWAAAAMAAJ&q=The+arrival+of+the+Spanish+in+Brunei+and+the+Philippines+in+force+in+the+sixteenth+century+initiated+the+same+kind+of+..."><i>Vietnamese Blue & White Ceramics</i></a>. Khoa học xã hội. p. 176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnamese+Blue+%26+White+Ceramics&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Khoa+h%E1%BB%8Dc+x%C3%A3+h%E1%BB%99i&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Minh+Tr%C3%AD+B%C3%B9i&rft.au=Kerry+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+Long&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrxjWAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DThe%2Barrival%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSpanish%2Bin%2BBrunei%2Band%2Bthe%2BPhilippines%2Bin%2Bforce%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bsixteenth%2Bcentury%2Binitiated%2Bthe%2Bsame%2Bkind%2Bof%2B...&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica,_inc2003" class="citation book cs1">Encyclopædia Britannica, inc (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FP7iAAAAMAAJ&q=Much+of+the+settlement+of+Cham+and+Cambodian+lands,+however,+was+done+by+Chinese+refugees+fleeing+the+collapse+of+the+Ming+dynasty.+The+Chinese+were+actively+courted+by+the+Nguyen,+who+were+in+desperate+need+of+manpower+in+order+to"><i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 8</i></a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 669. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-961-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-961-6"><bdi>978-0-85229-961-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Volume+8&rft.pages=669&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-961-6&rft.au=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFP7iAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DMuch%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bsettlement%2Bof%2BCham%2Band%2BCambodian%2Blands%2C%2Bhowever%2C%2Bwas%2Bdone%2Bby%2BChinese%2Brefugees%2Bfleeing%2Bthe%2Bcollapse%2Bof%2Bthe%2BMing%2Bdynasty.%2BThe%2BChinese%2Bwere%2Bactively%2Bcourted%2Bby%2Bthe%2BNguyen%2C%2Bwho%2Bwere%2Bin%2Bdesperate%2Bneed%2Bof%2Bmanpower%2Bin%2Border%2Bto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Watson_Andaya2006" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Watson Andaya (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flamingwombrepos0000anda"><i>The flaming womb: repositioning women in early modern Southeast Asia</i></a></span>. University of Hawaii Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flamingwombrepos0000anda/page/146">146</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2955-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2955-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-2955-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>. <q>southern vietnam thousands of young chinese males brides cham communities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+flaming+womb%3A+repositioning+women+in+early+modern+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2955-1&rft.au=Barbara+Watson+Andaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflamingwombrepos0000anda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown2013-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown2013_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajeswary_Ampalavanar_Brown2013" class="citation book cs1">Rajeswary Ampalavanar Brown (1 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQkiAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA19"><i>Islam in Modern Thailand: Faith, Philanthropy and Politics</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 19–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58389-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58389-8"><bdi>978-1-134-58389-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Modern+Thailand%3A+Faith%2C+Philanthropy+and+Politics&rft.pages=19-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-134-58389-8&rft.au=Rajeswary+Ampalavanar+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOQkiAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BridgmanWillaims1847-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BridgmanWillaims1847_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElijah_Coleman_BridgmanSamuel_Wells_Willaims1847" class="citation book cs1">Elijah Coleman Bridgman; Samuel Wells Willaims (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SgEMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA584"><i>The Chinese Repository</i></a>. proprietors. pp. 584–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Repository&rft.pages=584-&rft.pub=proprietors.&rft.date=1847&rft.au=Elijah+Coleman+Bridgman&rft.au=Samuel+Wells+Willaims&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSgEMAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Mark_Phoeun" class="citation web cs1">Dr. Mark Phoeun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325184700/http://chamtoday.com/index.php/history-l-ch-s/76-po-cei-brei-fled-to-cambodia-in-1795-1796-to-find-support">"PO CEI BREI FLED TO CAMBODIA IN 1795-1796 TO FIND SUPPORT"</a>. <i>Cham Today</i>. Translated by Musa Porome. IOC-Champa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chamtoday.com/index.php/history-l-ch-s/76-po-cei-brei-fled-to-cambodia-in-1795-1796-to-find-support">the original</a> on 25 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cham+Today&rft.atitle=PO+CEI+BREI+FLED+TO+CAMBODIA+IN+1795-1796+TO+FIND+SUPPORT&rft.au=Dr.+Mark+Phoeun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchamtoday.com%2Findex.php%2Fhistory-l-ch-s%2F76-po-cei-brei-fled-to-cambodia-in-1795-1796-to-find-support&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hubert2012-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hubert2012_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-François_Hubert2012" class="citation book cs1">Jean-François Hubert (8 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3oMqrqSp1W4C&pg=PA25"><i>The Art of Champa</i></a>. Parkstone International. pp. 25–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78042-964-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78042-964-9"><bdi>978-1-78042-964-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Champa&rft.pages=25-&rft.pub=Parkstone+International&rft.date=2012-05-08&rft.isbn=978-1-78042-964-9&rft.au=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Hubert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3oMqrqSp1W4C%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206042152/http://chamunesco.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=110%3Athe-raja-praong-ritual-a-memory-of-the-sea-in-cham-malay-relations&catid=45%3Avan-hoa&Itemid=120">"The Raja Praong Ritual: A Memory of the Sea in Cham- Malay Relations"</a>. <i>Cham Unesco</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chamunesco.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=110:the-raja-praong-ritual-a-memory-of-the-sea-in-cham-malay-relations&catid=45:van-hoa&Itemid=120">the original</a> on 6 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cham+Unesco&rft.atitle=The+Raja+Praong+Ritual%3A+A+Memory+of+the+Sea+in+Cham-+Malay+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchamunesco.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D110%3Athe-raja-praong-ritual-a-memory-of-the-sea-in-cham-malay-relations%26catid%3D45%3Avan-hoa%26Itemid%3D120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Extracted from Truong Van Mon, "The Raja Praong Ritual: a Memory of the sea in Cham- Malay Relations", in Memory And Knowledge of the Sea in South Asia, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Monograph Series 3, pp, 97-111. International Seminar on Maritime Culture and Geopolitics & Workshop on Bajau Laut Music and Dance", Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences and the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya, 23-24/2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDharma" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Po_Dharma" title="Po Dharma">Dharma, Po</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626122653/http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/history-l-ch-s/78-the-uprisings-of-katip-sumat-and-ja-thak-wa-1833-1835">"The Uprisings of Katip Sumat and Ja Thak Wa (1833-1835)"</a>. <i>Cham Today</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/history-l-ch-s/78-the-uprisings-of-katip-sumat-and-ja-thak-wa-1833-1835">the original</a> on 26 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cham+Today&rft.atitle=The+Uprisings+of+Katip+Sumat+and+Ja+Thak+Wa+%281833-1835%29&rft.aulast=Dharma&rft.aufirst=Po&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chamtoday.com%2Findex.php%2Fhistory-l-ch-s%2F78-the-uprisings-of-katip-sumat-and-ja-thak-wa-1833-1835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wook2004-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wook2004_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi_Byung_Wook2004" class="citation book cs1">Choi Byung Wook (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=foZAdRgB-nwC&pg=PA141"><i>Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820-1841): Central Policies and Local Response</i></a>. SEAP Publications. pp. 141–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-138-3"><bdi>978-0-87727-138-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Vietnam+Under+the+Reign+of+Minh+M%E1%BA%A1ng+%281820-1841%29%3A+Central+Policies+and+Local+Response&rft.pages=141-&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-138-3&rft.au=Choi+Byung+Wook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfoZAdRgB-nwC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLafont2007" class="citation book cs1">Lafont, Pierre-Bernard (2007). <i>Le Campā: Géographie, population, histoire</i>. 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New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 258.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pol+Pot+Regime%3A+Race%2C+Power+and+Genocide+in+Cambodia+under+the+Khmer+Rouge%2C+1975%E2%80%9379&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=258&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rie-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rie_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rie_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamura2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nakamura, Rie (December 2019). "Becoming Malay: The Politics of the Cham Migration to Malaysia". <i>Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 293–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsena.12305">10.1111/sena.12305</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213134318">213134318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Ethnicity+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=Becoming+Malay%3A+The+Politics+of+the+Cham+Migration+to+Malaysia&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=293-8&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fsena.12305&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213134318%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Rie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan1988" class="citation journal cs1">Kiernan, Ben (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14672715.1988.10412580">"Orphans of genocide: The Cham muslims of Kampuchea under Pol Pot"</a>. <i>Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars</i>. <b>20</b> (4). 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"The Cham Muslims of Vietnam". <i>ISIM Newsletter</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 14. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F17164">1887/17164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISIM+Newsletter&rft.atitle=The+Cham+Muslims+of+Vietnam&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F17164&rft.aulast=Willoughby&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225074701/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/140616-south-china-sea-vietnam-china-cambodia-champa">"The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines"</a>. <i>Science</i>. 18 June 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/140616-south-china-sea-vietnam-china-cambodia-champa">the original</a> on 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Cham%3A+Descendants+of+Ancient+Rulers+of+South+China+Sea+Watch+Maritime+Dispute+From+Sidelines&rft.date=2014-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2F140616-south-china-sea-vietnam-china-cambodia-champa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhuongLockhart2011" class="citation book cs1">Phuong, Tran Ky; Lockhart, Bruce (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GUHeBgAAQBAJ&q=Balamon+Bani+Cham&pg=PA325"><i>The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art</i></a>. NUS Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-459-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-459-3"><bdi>978-9971-69-459-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cham+of+Vietnam%3A+History%2C+Society+and+Art&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-459-3&rft.aulast=Phuong&rft.aufirst=Tran+Ky&rft.au=Lockhart%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGUHeBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DBalamon%2BBani%2BCham%26pg%3DPA325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/isnacreative/docs/ih_march-april_23/s/19954472">"Translating the Quran into Cham - Islamic Society if North America"</a>. April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Translating+the+Quran+into+Cham+-+Islamic+Society+if+North+America&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fisnacreative%2Fdocs%2Fih_march-april_23%2Fs%2F19954472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuangDangAlangNguyen2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Quang, Tuyen Dai; Dang, Vang Quang; Alang, Tho; Nguyen, Hoang Van (27 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/EDI-08-2022-0243/full/html?skipTracking=true">"Can tourism enhance inclusitivity for indigenous peoples? Cham perspectives on tourism benefit sharing at living heritage sites in Vietnam"</a>. <i>Equality, Diversity and Inclusion</i>. ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FEDI-08-2022-0243">10.1108/EDI-08-2022-0243</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259626503">259626503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Equality%2C+Diversity+and+Inclusion&rft.atitle=Can+tourism+enhance+inclusitivity+for+indigenous+peoples%3F+Cham+perspectives+on+tourism+benefit+sharing+at+living+heritage+sites+in+Vietnam&rft.volume=ahead-of-print&rft.issue=ahead-of-print&rft.date=2023-06-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FEDI-08-2022-0243&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259626503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Quang&rft.aufirst=Tuyen+Dai&rft.au=Dang%2C+Vang+Quang&rft.au=Alang%2C+Tho&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Hoang+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FEDI-08-2022-0243%2Ffull%2Fhtml%3FskipTracking%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHePengQuangDang2012" class="citation journal cs1">He, Jun-Dong; Peng, Min-Sheng; Quang, Huy Ho; et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224959093_Patrilineal_Perspective_on_the_Austronesian_Diffusion_in_Mainland_Southeast_Asia">"Patrilineal Perspective on the Austronesian Diffusion in Mainland Southeast Asia"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (5) – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Patrilineal+Perspective+on+the+Austronesian+Diffusion+in+Mainland+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=Jun-Dong&rft.au=Peng%2C+Min-Sheng&rft.au=Quang%2C+Huy+Ho&rft.au=Dang%2C+Khoa+Pham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F224959093_Patrilineal_Perspective_on_the_Austronesian_Diffusion_in_Mainland_Southeast_Asia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangmaiJaisamutKampuansaiKutanan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Changmai, Piya; Jaisamut, Kitipong; Kampuansai, Jatupol; et al. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8853555">"Indian genetic heritage in Southeast Asian populations"</a>. <i>PLOS Genetics</i>. <b>18</b> (2): e1010036. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1010036">10.1371/journal.pgen.1010036</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8853555">8853555</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35176016">35176016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=Indian+genetic+heritage+in+Southeast+Asian+populations&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e1010036&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8853555%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35176016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1010036&rft.aulast=Changmai&rft.aufirst=Piya&rft.au=Jaisamut%2C+Kitipong&rft.au=Kampuansai%2C+Jatupol&rft.au=Kutanan%2C+Wibhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8853555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(the University of Michigan)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Houghton_Brodrick1942" class="citation book cs1">Alan Houghton Brodrick (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmZuAAAAMAAJ&q=elephant+field"><i>Little China: the Annamese lands</i></a>. Oxford university press. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598750839" title="Special:BookSources/9780598750839"><bdi>9780598750839</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2011</span>. <q>The Cham women have a high reputation for chastity, and, at any rate, they are closely watched and guarded. 'As well leave a man alone with a girl,' runs their proverb, 'as an elephant in a field of sugarcane.' There are, indeed, traces of matriarchate in the Cham customs, and women play an important part in their religious life. At her first menstruation a Cham girl goes into the<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="truncated (February 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+China%3A+the+Annamese+lands&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Oxford+university+press&rft.date=1942&rft.isbn=9780598750839&rft.au=Alan+Houghton+Brodrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFmZuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Delephant%2Bfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sorocham-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sorocham_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpecial_Operations_Research_Office" class="citation web cs1">Special Operations Research Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/s/selected-groups-republic-vietnam/selected-groups-republic-vietnam-cham.html">"Selected Groups in the Republic of Vietnam - The Cham"</a>. <i>Naval History and Heritage Command</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naval+History+and+Heritage+Command&rft.atitle=Selected+Groups+in+the+Republic+of+Vietnam+-+The+Cham&rft.au=Special+Operations+Research+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Flibrary%2Fonline-reading-room%2Ftitle-list-alphabetically%2Fs%2Fselected-groups-republic-vietnam%2Fselected-groups-republic-vietnam-cham.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(the University of Michigan)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenri_ParmentierPaul_MusEtienne_Aymonier2001" class="citation book cs1">Henri Parmentier; Paul Mus; Etienne Aymonier (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WpZuAAAAMAAJ&q=karoeh"><i>Cham sculpture of the Tourane Museum, Da Nang, Vietnam: religious ceremonies and superstitions of Champa</i></a>. White Lotus Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-7534-70-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-7534-70-2"><bdi>978-974-7534-70-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2011</span>. <q>A much more important ceremony than circumcision is celebrated by these Muslim Cham when their daughters reach the age of about fifteen. It is called karoeh (closing, closure). Until her karoeh has taken place, a girl is tabung, and cannot think of marriage or its equivalent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cham+sculpture+of+the+Tourane+Museum%2C+Da+Nang%2C+Vietnam%3A+religious+ceremonies+and+superstitions+of+Champa&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=White+Lotus+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-974-7534-70-2&rft.au=Henri+Parmentier&rft.au=Paul+Mus&rft.au=Etienne+Aymonier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWpZuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkaroeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/s/selected-groups-republic-vietnam/selected-groups-republic-vietnam-cham.html">Selected Groups in the Republic of Vietnam: The Cham</a>. Special Operations Research Offices. October 1965. p. 20 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527170829/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/s/selected-groups-republic-vietnam/selected-groups-republic-vietnam-cham.html">Archived</a> May 27, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=entry_detail&uid=z6dlrcd64h">"ScriptSource - Entry - Unicode Status (Western Cham)"</a>. <i>Scriptsource.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VietNamNet&rft.atitle=Cham+curry+%E2%80%93+specialty+of+Cham+people+in+An+Giang&rft.date=2014-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvietnamnet.vn%2Fen%2Fcham-curry-specialty-of-cham-people-in-an-giang-E113288.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hanoitimes.vn/cham-curry-specialty-of-cham-people-in-an-giang-12280.html">"Cham curry – specialty of Cham people in An Giang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saigon_Times" title="Saigon Times">Saigon Times</a>. 10 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cham+curry+%E2%80%93+specialty+of+Cham+people+in+An+Giang&rft.date=2015-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.nhandan.vn%2Fcham-curry-specialty-of-cham-people-in-an-giang-post31624.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-law-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-law_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vietnamlawmagazine.vn/the-cham-clan-and-traditions-6286.html">"The Cham clan and traditions"</a>. <i>Vietnam Law Magazine</i>. 2 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vietnam+Law+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Cham+clan+and+traditions&rft.date=2018-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvietnamlawmagazine.vn%2Fthe-cham-clan-and-traditions-6286.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVu-Hong2016" class="citation book cs1">Vu-Hong, Lien (2016). <i>Rice and Baguette: A History of Food in Vietnam</i>. <a href="/wiki/Reaktion_Books" title="Reaktion Books">Reaktion Books</a>. pp. 102–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-780-23657-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-780-23657-5"><bdi>978-1-780-23657-5</bdi></a>. <q>The new Việt settlers soon acquired culinary habits and dishes from the local Chams and Khmers, most notably the use of spices and various curries. Many other Cham and Khmer dishes may have been included in Vietnamese southern cuisine at the time, but the most recognizable legacy was the fermented food. (...) <i>Mắm nêm</i> was a typical Cham food that entered southern Vietnamese cuisine during the Nguyễn Southern Push. (...) Cham food is very much like that of Cambodia, Laos and northern Thailand. It is sweeter and spicier than northern Vietnamese food and uses many different types of mắm, one of which is <i>mắm nêm</i>. (...) Another mắm that may have been a Cham product is <i>mắm ruốc</i>, a similar paste made with ground small shrimps and salt and left to ferment for days until it changes from purple to red. It is a famous condiment of central Vietnam, the former Cham land, and is used to season many dishes; it can also be eaten in its own right with raw vegetables, herbs and boiled pork. <i>Mắm ruốc</i> is a vital ingredient in the central Vietnamese noodle dish <i>bún bò Huế</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rice+and+Baguette%3A+A+History+of+Food+in+Vietnam&rft.pages=102-104&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-780-23657-5&rft.aulast=Vu-Hong&rft.aufirst=Lien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamura2020" class="citation journal cs1">Nakamura, Rie (6 May 2020). "Food and Ethnic identity in the Cham Refugee Community in Malaysia". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Malaysian_Branch_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></i>. <b>93</b> (2): 153–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fras.2020.0024">10.1353/ras.2020.0024</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235029137">235029137</a>. <q>A majority of the Cham refugees in Malaysia came from Cambodia, and most 'Cham' dishes found in Malaysia originate from Cambodia, including <i>leas hal</i> (a salty/spicy sun-dried shellfish), <i>banh chok</i> (rice vermicelli noodle soup), and <i>nom kong</i> (a kind of donut). The Muslim Cham from the Mekong Delta region in Vietnam are familiar with Cambodian food since many of them routinely moved back and forth across the border with Cambodia in the past for business or to visit relatives. Contributions to Cham ethnic foods from Vietnam include Vietnamese style coffee (<i>café Yuon</i>) and green tea. Other Cham ethnic dishes found in Malaysia are beef sausage (ton lamo) and banana-filled glutinous rice cakes wrapped in banana leaves (paynong), which are familiar to both the Cham from Cambodia and those from Vietnam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Malaysian+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Food+and+Ethnic+identity+in+the+Cham+Refugee+Community+in+Malaysia&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-164&rft.date=2020-05-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fras.2020.0024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235029137%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Rie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laoamericansports.com/samad-bounthong">"Samad Bounthong"</a>. <i>Lao American Sports</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lao+American+Sports&rft.atitle=Samad+Bounthong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laoamericansports.com%2Fsamad-bounthong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAymonier1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Aymonier" title="Étienne Aymonier">Aymonier, Étienne</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_R_kuAAAAYAAJ"><i>Les Tchames et leurs religions</i></a>. E. Leroux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Tchames+et+leurs+religions&rft.pub=E.+Leroux&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Aymonier&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_R_kuAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson_Andaya2006" class="citation book cs1">Watson Andaya, Barbara (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flamingwombrepos0000anda"><i>The Flaming Womb: Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia</i></a></span>. University of Hawaii Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flamingwombrepos0000anda/page/82">82</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2955-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2955-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-2955-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flaming+Womb%3A+Repositioning+Women+in+Early+Modern+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2955-1&rft.aulast=Watson+Andaya&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflamingwombrepos0000anda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabaton1901" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Cabaton" title="Antoine Cabaton">Cabaton, Antoine</a> (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DIsoAAAAYAAJ"><i>Nouvelles recherches sur les Chams</i></a>. E. Leroux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouvelles+recherches+sur+les+Chams&rft.pub=E.+Leroux&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Cabaton&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_DIsoAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouraniCarswell1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Hourani" title="George Hourani">Hourani, George</a>; Carswell, John (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDh2KKSlQg4C"><i>Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00032-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00032-9"><bdi>978-0-691-00032-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Seafaring+in+the+Indian+Ocean+in+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+Times&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00032-9&rft.aulast=Hourani&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Carswell%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZDh2KKSlQg4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapuis1995" class="citation book cs1">Chapuis, Oscar (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jskyi00bspcC&pg=PA39"><i>A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc</i></a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29622-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29622-2"><bdi>978-0-313-29622-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Vietnam%3A+From+Hong+Bang+to+Tu+Duc&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29622-2&rft.aulast=Chapuis&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJskyi00bspcC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1991" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Jeremy H. C. S. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Rs5UC5qGXsC&pg=PA105"><i>Austroasiatic Languages: Essays in Honour of H.L. Shorto</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7286-0183-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7286-0183-3"><bdi>978-0-7286-0183-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austroasiatic+Languages%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+H.L.+Shorto&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7286-0183-3&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+H.+C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Rs5UC5qGXsC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Đỗ Hải Minh (1965). "Dân Tộc Chàm Lược sử". Saigon.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeng2009" class="citation book cs1">Heng, Derek (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cLE_ToRyuLsC&pg=PA133"><i>Sino–Malay Trade and Diplomacy from the Tenth through the Fourteenth Century</i></a>. Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-475-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-475-3"><bdi>978-0-89680-475-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sino%E2%80%93Malay+Trade+and+Diplomacy+from+the+Tenth+through+the+Fourteenth+Century&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-89680-475-3&rft.aulast=Heng&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcLE_ToRyuLsC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker2002" class="citation book cs1">Hooker, M. B. (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzuKi8RWYy0C&pg=PA75"><i>Law and the Chinese in Southeast Asia</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-125-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-125-3"><bdi>978-981-230-125-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+the+Chinese+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-981-230-125-3&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=M.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzuKi8RWYy0C%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuergensmeyerRoof2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Juergensmeyer" title="Mark Juergensmeyer">Juergensmeyer, Mark</a>; Roof, Wade Clark (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1210"><i>Encyclopedia of Global Religion</i></a>. SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6656-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6656-5"><bdi>978-1-4522-6656-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Religion&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6656-5&rft.aulast=Juergensmeyer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Roof%2C+Wade+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwJzAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a> (1 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bc30ytJmwzMC&pg=PA111"><i>Blood and Soil</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13793-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13793-4"><bdi>978-0-300-13793-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Soil&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13793-4&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBc30ytJmwzMC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2014" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Jonathan H. X. (2014). <i>Southeast Asian Diaspora in the United States: Memories and Visions, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow</i>. Cambridge Scholars Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44386-979-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44386-979-9"><bdi>978-1-44386-979-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asian+Diaspora+in+the+United+States%3A+Memories+and+Visions%2C+Yesterday%2C+Today%2C+and+Tomorrow&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publisher&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-44386-979-9&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+H.+X.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMostiller2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mostiller, Marimas Hosan (2021). "The Nexus of Asian Indigeneity, Refugee Status, and Asian Settler Colonialism in the Case of Indigenous Cham Muslim Refugees". <i>Amerasia Journal</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 112–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00447471.2021.1990001">10.1080/00447471.2021.1990001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245274893">245274893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amerasia+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Nexus+of+Asian+Indigeneity%2C+Refugee+Status%2C+and+Asian+Settler+Colonialism+in+the+Case+of+Indigenous+Cham+Muslim+Refugees&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=112-118&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00447471.2021.1990001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245274893%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mostiller&rft.aufirst=Marimas+Hosan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamura2020" class="citation book cs1">Nakamura, Rie (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridgescholars.com/product/978-1-5275-4309-6"><i>A Journey of Ethnicity: In Search of the Cham of Vietnam</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing" title="Cambridge Scholars Publishing">Cambridge Scholars Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527543096" title="Special:BookSources/9781527543096"><bdi>9781527543096</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journey+of+Ethnicity%3A+In+Search+of+the+Cham+of+Vietnam&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781527543096&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Rie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgescholars.com%2Fproduct%2F978-1-5275-4309-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyen, T.T.T (2021). "Ethnic Stereotypes in the Central Highlands of Vietnam: Minority Students' Perspectives". <i>Sociological Research Online</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 452–469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F13607804211015820">10.1177/13607804211015820</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237876655">237876655</a> – via SAGE Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Research+Online&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Stereotypes+in+the+Central+Highlands+of+Vietnam%3A+Minority+Students%27+Perspectives&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=452-469&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F13607804211015820&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237876655%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=T.T.T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2022" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyen, T.T.T (2022). "Educational linguicism: linguistic discrimination against minority students in Vietnamese mainstream schools". <i>Language Policy</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 167–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10993-021-09601-4">10.1007/s10993-021-09601-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239164493">239164493</a> – via Springer Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Policy&rft.atitle=Educational+linguicism%3A+linguistic+discrimination+against+minority+students+in+Vietnamese+mainstream+schools&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-194&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10993-021-09601-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239164493%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=T.T.T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Salim, Maryam. (2005) "The Laws of Kedah, 220 Hijrah" A text translation from jawi script to rumi script Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Malaysia.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchliesinger2015" class="citation book cs1">Schliesinger, Joachim (11 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ayUjBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"><i>Ethnic Groups of Cambodia Vol 3: Profile of Austro-Thai and Sinitic-Speaking Peoples</i></a>. Booksmango. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63323-240-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63323-240-2"><bdi>978-1-63323-240-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Cambodia+Vol+3%3A+Profile+of+Austro-Thai+and+Sinitic-Speaking+Peoples&rft.pub=Booksmango&rft.date=2015-01-11&rft.isbn=978-1-63323-240-2&rft.aulast=Schliesinger&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DayUjBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTạ1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C4%83n_T%C3%A0i_T%E1%BA%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Văn Tài Tạ (page does not exist)">Tạ, Văn Tài</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qqaAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Vietnamese Tradition of Human Rights</i></a>. Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55729-002-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55729-002-1"><bdi>978-1-55729-002-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnamese+Tradition+of+Human+Rights&rft.pub=Institute+of+East+Asian+Studies%2C+University+of+California&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-55729-002-1&rft.aulast=T%E1%BA%A1&rft.aufirst=V%C4%83n+T%C3%A0i&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6qqaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarling1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Tarling" title="Nicholas Tarling">Tarling, Nicholas</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jtsMLNmMzbkC"><i>The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66370-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66370-0"><bdi>978-0-521-66370-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66370-0&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjtsMLNmMzbkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2007" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Philip (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a5YntZEIUHMC"><i>Cham Muslims of the Mekong Delta: Place and Mobility in the Cosmopolitan Periphery</i></a>. NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-361-9"><bdi>978-9971-69-361-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cham+Muslims+of+the+Mekong+Delta%3A+Place+and+Mobility+in+the+Cosmopolitan+Periphery&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-361-9&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da5YntZEIUHMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwishime2022" class="citation cs2">Twishime, P.I. (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.umass.edu/communication_grads_pubs/22">"Asian American Heritage Seeking: Toward a Critical and Conscious Study Abroad Curriculum"</a>, in Walker, Devin L.; Lyons, Linda M.; Vaught, Seneca (eds.), <i>Historically Underrepresented Faculty and Students in Education Abroad: Wandering Where We Belong</i>, Springer Publishing, pp. 235–256, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-13056-4_11">10.1007/978-3-031-13056-4_11</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03113-055-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03113-055-7"><bdi>978-3-03113-055-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Asian+American+Heritage+Seeking%3A+Toward+a+Critical+and+Conscious+Study+Abroad+Curriculum&rft.btitle=Historically+Underrepresented+Faculty+and+Students+in+Education+Abroad%3A+Wandering+Where+We+Belong&rft.pages=235-256&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-13056-4_11&rft.isbn=978-3-03113-055-7&rft.aulast=Twishime&rft.aufirst=P.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.umass.edu%2Fcommunication_grads_pubs%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWicks1992" class="citation book cs1">Wicks, Robert S. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs1q9VEoEkoC&pg=PA215"><i>Money, Markets, and Trade in Early Southeast Asia: The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems to AD 1400</i></a>. SEAP Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-710-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-710-1"><bdi>978-0-87727-710-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Money%2C+Markets%2C+and+Trade+in+Early+Southeast+Asia%3A+The+Development+of+Indigenous+Monetary+Systems+to+AD+1400&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-710-1&rft.aulast=Wicks&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQs1q9VEoEkoC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeeMatsuokaLee2015" class="citation book cs1">Yee, Edmond; Matsuoka, Fumitaka; Lee, Jonathan H. X. (2015). <i>Asian American Religious Cultures [2 volumes]</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-330-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-330-9"><bdi>978-1-59884-330-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+American+Religious+Cultures+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-330-9&rft.aulast=Yee&rft.aufirst=Edmond&rft.au=Matsuoka%2C+Fumitaka&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jonathan+H.+X.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYooGabrielOkazaki2022" class="citation journal cs1">Yoo, H. C.; Gabriel, Abigail K.; Okazaki, Sumie (2022). "Advancing Research Within Asian American Psychology Using Asian Critical Race Theory and an Asian Americanist Perspective". <i>Journal of Humanistic Psychology</i>. <b>62</b> (4): 563–590. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00221678211062721">10.1177/00221678211062721</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245465232">245465232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Humanistic+Psychology&rft.atitle=Advancing+Research+Within+Asian+American+Psychology+Using+Asian+Critical+Race+Theory+and+an+Asian+Americanist+Perspective&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=563-590&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00221678211062721&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245465232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yoo&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rft.au=Gabriel%2C+Abigail+K.&rft.au=Okazaki%2C+Sumie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChams" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cham_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cham people">Cham people</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104802/Cham">Britannica Cham people</a></li> <li>Mitsraym, Islam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onislam.net/english/politics/asia/459039-cham-muslims-liberate-not-expatriate.html">Cham Muslims: Liberate Not Expatriate.</a> <i>OnIslam.net.</i> 15 September 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080404103103/http://www.nus.edu.sg/sup/9971-69-361-5.html">Cham Muslims of the Mekong Delta</a> Book by Philip Taylor about the settlement history, religion, economic life and political relations of the Cham Muslims in the Mekong delta of Vietnam</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050512080208/http://www.seacrc.org/media/pdfiles/ChamBook.pdf">Proceedings of the Seminar on Champa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040617071243/http://kyotoreview.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/issue/issue4/article_353.html">Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th—19th Centuries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060404103517/http://www.cpamedia.com/articles/20010703_01/">The Survivors of a Lost Civilisation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talesofasia.com/rs-50-cham.htm">Cham Muslims: A look at Cambodia's Muslim minority</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719143002/https://transoceantourist.com/cham-muslims-indo-china/">Cham Muslims of Indo-China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talesofasia.com/rs-107-chams.htm">Article about the Cham people living in Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia</a> by Antonio Graceffo</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517195059/http://www.escapeartist.com/efam/63/Travel_To_Cambodia.html">Article about Cham fishermen living near Mekong Island, Cambodia</a> by Antonio Graceffo</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070502224321/http://angkorblog.com/_wsn/page10.html">Stone carvings at Bayon</a> in Cambodia showing a battle between the Khmer and the Cham</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phnompenhpost.com">The face of Islam in a Buddhist land</a>, by Murat Karaali, Phnom Penh Post, January 1995</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516232816/http://www.chamstudies.com/">Chamstudies</a>, a new site on Chams</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/photos/photo.asp?PhotoID=29586">Picture of Muslim cham girls</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091223033613/http://www.radiosapcham.org/">Radio Sapcham</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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id="Ethnic_groups_in_Cambodia_by_language_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Cambodia" title="Ethnic groups in Cambodia">Ethnic groups in Cambodia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cambodia#Languages" title="Demographics of Cambodia">language family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khmer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Central Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom" title="Khmer Krom">Khmer Krom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khmer_people" title="Northern Khmer people">Khmer Surin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cambodians" title="Chinese Cambodians">Sinitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kula_people_(Asia)" title="Kula people (Asia)">Bamar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarai_people" title="Jarai people">Jarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rade_people" title="Rade people">Rade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahnaric language">Bahnaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kachok_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kachok people (page does not exist)">Kachok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampuan_people" title="Tampuan people">Tampuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mel-Khaonh_language" title="Mel-Khaonh language">Khaonh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraol_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kraol people (page does not exist)">Kraol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel-Khaonh_language" title="Mel-Khaonh language">Mel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunong_people" title="Bunong people">Bunong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%27ong_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ra'ong people (page does not exist)">Ra'ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stieng_people" title="Stieng people">Stieng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thmon_language" title="Thmon language">Thmaun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brao_people" title="Brao people">Brao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavet_people" title="Kavet people">Kavet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klueng_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Klueng language">Klueng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreung">Kreung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lun_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lun people (page does not exist)">Lun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katuic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Katuic language">Katuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuy_people" title="Kuy people">Kuy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pearic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearic language">Pearic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pear_people" title="Pear people">Por</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somray_language" title="Somray language">Samrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samre_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Samre language">Samre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearic_peoples" title="Pearic peoples">Sa'och</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearic_peoples" title="Pearic peoples">Suoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kchruk_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kchruk people (page does not exist)">Kchruk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietic language">Vietic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Cambodians" title="Vietnamese Cambodians">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai–Kadai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kula_people_(Asia)" title="Kula people (Asia)">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Lao_people" title="Khmer Lao people">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuan_people" title="Phuan people">Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaw_people" title="Nyaw people">Tai Nyaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expatriate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Cambodia" title="Indians in Cambodia">Indians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Malaysia">Ethnic groups in Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Malaysians" title="Malaysians">Malaysians</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malay_people" title="List of Malay people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><i>Anak Jati</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johorean_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Johorean Malay people">Johorean Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malays" title="Kedahan Malays">Kedahan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantanese_Malays" title="Kelantanese Malays">Kelantanese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaccan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaccan Malay people">Malaccan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays#Sub-ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Negeri Sembilanese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malays" title="Kedahan Malays">Penangite Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perakian_Malays" title="Perakian Malays">Perakian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedahan Malay people">Perlisan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malays" title="Pahang Malays">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangorian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangorian Malay people">Selangorian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganuan_Malays" title="Terengganuan Malays">Terengganuan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malays" title="Bruneian Malays">Bruneian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawakian Malay people">Sarawakian Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><i>Anak Dagang</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malays" title="Cocos Malays">Cocos Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island Malays</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_Malaysians" title="Javanese Malaysians">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Baweanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_Malaysians" title="Minangkabau Malaysians">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_people" title="Kerinci people">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocu_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocu people (page does not exist)">Ocu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Malays" title="Burmese Malays">Burmese Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Malays" title="Thai Malays">Patani Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Siamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asal" title="Orang Asal">Orang Asal</a><br />(Other<br />Indigenous peoples)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Peninsular<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay" title="Proto-Malay">Proto-Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_people" title="Jakun people">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq" title="Orang Kanaq">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar" title="Orang Seletar">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_people" title="Semelai people">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_people" title="Temoq people">Temoq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_people" title="Temuan people">Temuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semang" title="Semang">Semang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_people" title="Batek people">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_people" title="Lanoh people">Lanoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_people" title="Jahai people">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensiu">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Kintaq">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendriq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendriq">Mendriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mintil">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mos language">Mos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senoi" title="Senoi">Senoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semai_people" title="Semai people">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_people" title="Mah Meri people">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_people" title="Cheq Wong people">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_people" title="Temiar people">Temiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_people" title="Jah Hut people">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_people" title="Semaq Beri people">Semaq Beri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Ulu" title="Orang Ulu">Orang Ulu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_people" title="Penan people">Penan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_people" title="Ukit people">Ukit</a></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_people" title="Melanau people">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriek_people" title="Miriek people">Miriek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan_people" title="Kadazan people">Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_people" title="Dusun people">Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwijau" title="Kwijau">Kwijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud" title="Lotud">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangka%27ak" title="Mangka'ak">Mangka'ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragang" title="Maragang">Maragang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minokok" title="Minokok">Minokok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumanau_people" title="Rumanau people">Rumanau</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Illanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Sungai" title="Orang Sungai">Orang Sungai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas" title="Dumpas">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambanuo_people" title="Tambanuo people">Tambanuo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rungus_people" title="Rungus people">Rungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Peranakan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Malaysians" title="Arab Malaysians">Peranakan Arab</a></li> <li>Peranakan Eropah (including <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_Peranakan" title="Jawi Peranakan">Jawi Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Peranakan Siam</a> (Sam-Sam)</li> <li>Peranakan Turki</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysians_of_Chinese_descent" title="List of Malaysians of Chinese descent">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_people" title="Hainan people">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Foochow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian_people" title="Putian people">Henghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penangite" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangite">Penangite</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peranakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Peranakan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan Chinese</a> (Baba-Nyonya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Native" title="Sino-Native">Sino-Native</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Indian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysians_of_Indian_descent" title="List of Malaysians of Indian descent">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Malaysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati Malaysian">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang">Penangite Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Malaysians" title="Punjabi Malaysians">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Malayali">Malayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sabah" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sabah">Indians in Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sarawak" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sarawak">Indians in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Malaysia" title="Sri Lankans in Malaysia">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Telugu" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Telugu">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peranakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Peranakan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Peranakan Chitty</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed ancestry<br />(non-Peranakan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindians#Malaysia" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malaysia" title="Immigration to Malaysia">Foreign ethnicities<br />/expatriates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Malaysia" title="Africans in Malaysia">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Malaysians" title="Arab Malaysians">Arab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadhrami people">Hadhrami</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Malaysia" title="Bangladeshis in Malaysia">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_in_Malaysia" title="Burmese in Malaysia">Burmese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese#Malaysia" title="Overseas Chinese">China/Taiwan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timorese_in_Malaysia" title="Timorese in Malaysia">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Malaysia" title="Filipinos in Malaysia">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Malaysians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Malaysians">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Malaysia" title="Iranians in Malaysia">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Malaysia" title="Japanese migration to Malaysia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Jewish</a> (former)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Malaysia" title="Koreans in Malaysia">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_people_in_Malaysia" title="Nepalese people in Malaysia">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Malaysia" title="Pakistanis in Malaysia">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporeans_in_Malaysia" title="Singaporeans in Malaysia">Singaporeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Malaysia" title="Vietnamese people in Malaysia">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam_by_language_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Vietnam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Vietnam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Vietnam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam_by_language_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Vietnam">Ethnic groups in Vietnam</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vietnam#Languages" title="Vietnam">language family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A9t_people" title="Chứt people">Chứt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muong_people" title="Muong people">Mường</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngu%E1%BB%93n_language" title="Nguồn language">Nguồn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%95_people" title="Thổ people">Thổ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Việt (Kinh)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Austroasiatic (non-Vietic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahnar_people" title="Bahnar people">Ba Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brau_people" title="Brau people">Brâu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bru_people" title="Bru people">Bru-Vân Kiều</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cor_people" title="Cor people">Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katu_people" title="Katu people">Cơ Tu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gie_Trieng_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gie Trieng people">Giẻ Triêng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%27re_people" title="H're people">Hrê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Khang people">Kháng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khơ Mú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mang people">Mảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnong_people" title="Mnong people">M'Nông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stieng_people" title="Stieng people">Xtiêng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koho_people" title="Koho people">Cơ Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1_people" title="Mạ people">Mạ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cho_Ro_people" title="Cho Ro people">Chơ Ro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Du_people" title="O Du people">Ơ Đu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C6%A1_M%C4%83m_people" title="Rơ Măm people">Rơ Măm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta_Oi_people" title="Ta Oi people">Tà Ôi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksingmul_people" title="Ksingmul people">Xinh Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xo_Dang_people" title="Xo Dang people">Xơ Đăng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom" title="Khmer Krom">Khmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Dao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">H'Mông/Mông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Then_people" title="Pa Then people">Pà Thẻn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Tai–Kadai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bố Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gi%C3%A1y_people" title="Giáy people">Giáy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lào</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_people" title="Tai Lue people">Lự</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_people" title="Nùng people">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Chay_people" title="San Chay people">Sán Chay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tay people">Tày</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_people_(Vietnam)" title="Thái people (Vietnam)">Thái</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_people" title="Tai Dam people">Thái Đen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Daeng_people" title="Tai Daeng people">Thái Đỏ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_people" title="Tai Dón people">Thái Trắng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thái</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Thanh_language" title="Tai Thanh language">Tày Thanh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Pao_language" title="Tai Pao language">Thái Hàng Tổng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelao_people" title="Gelao people">Cơ Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachi_people" title="Lachi people">La Chí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laha_people" title="Laha people">La Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_people" title="Qabiao people">Pu Péo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_people" title="Sui people">Thủy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">Hoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A1i_people" title="Ngái people">Ngái</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diu_people" title="San Diu people">Sán Dìu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phunoi_people" title="Phunoi people">Cống</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_people" title="Hani people">Hà Nhì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_people" title="Lahu people">La Hủ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B4_L%C3%B4_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lô Lô people">Lô Lô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B9_L%C3%A1_people" title="Phù Lá people">Phù Lá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_La_people" title="Si La people">Si La</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chăm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churu_people" title="Churu people">Chu Ru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rade_people" title="Rade people">Ê Đê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarai_people" title="Jarai people">Gia Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raglai_people" title="Raglai people">Raglai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Expatriate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Vietnam" title="Indians in Vietnam">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Vietnam" title="Japanese people in Vietnam">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Vietnam" title="Koreans in Vietnam">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Vietnam" title="Nigerians in Vietnam">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_expatriates_in_Vietnam" title="Taiwanese expatriates in Vietnam">Taiwanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Italic</i> – Not officially recognized</span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vietnam" title="Portal:Vietnam">Vietnam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Vietnam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383256#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383256#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383256#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/851901/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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