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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internationalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internationalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Internationalisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internationalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moroccan_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moroccan_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Moroccan independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moroccan_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Primary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_primary_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_primary_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>International primary institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_primary_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_high_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_high_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>International high schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_high_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Espionage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Espionage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.1</span> <span>Espionage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Espionage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>General bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tangier</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanjah" title="Thanjah – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Thanjah" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tangier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A9" title="طنجة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طنجة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1ncher" title="Táncher – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Táncher" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1nxer" title="Tánxer – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tánxer" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1nger" title="Tánger – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tánger" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjer" title="Tanjer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tanjer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%87" title="طنجه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="طنجه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="তানজাহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তানজাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Танжэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Танжэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Танжер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Танжер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0nger" title="Tànger – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tànger" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Танжер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Танжер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger-Assilah" title="Tanger-Assilah – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tanger-Assilah" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tangier" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="طانجا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طانجا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B7" title="Ταγγέρη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταγγέρη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1nger" title="Tánger – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tánger" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%C4%9Dero" title="Tanĝero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tanĝero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangi" title="Tangi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Tangi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%87" title="طنجه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طنجه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1nxer" title="Tánxer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tánxer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%95%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4" title="탕헤르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탕헤르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanja" title="Tanja – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tanja" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AA%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Տանժեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տանժեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="टैंजियर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टैंजियर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tangier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Танжер – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Танжер" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangeri" title="Tangeri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tangeri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A8" title="טנג'יר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טנג'יר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Танжер – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Танжер" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9F%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ტანჟერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტანჟერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Танжер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Танжер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjer" title="Tanjer – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Tanjer" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingis" title="Tingis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tingis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%C5%BEera" title="Tanžera – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tanžera" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%C5%BEeras" title="Tanžeras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tanžeras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тангер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тангер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BC" title="ടാൻജീർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടാൻജീർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%C4%A1ier" title="Tanġier – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Tanġier" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="टँजियर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टँजियर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9F%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ტანჟერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტანჟერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%87" title="طنجه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طنجه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjah" title="Tanjah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tanjah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Танжер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Танжер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="တန်ဂျီးယားမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တန်ဂျီးယားမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7" title="タンジェ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タンジェ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Танжер – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Танжер" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0nger" title="Tànger – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tànger" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjer" title="Tanjer – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tanjer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2nger" title="Tânger – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tânger" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Танжер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Танжер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangeri" title="Tangeri – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tangeri" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tangier" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangeri" title="Tangeri – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tangeri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tangier" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тангер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тангер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangher" title="Tangher – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tangher" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%ACanja" title="Ṭanja – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ṭanja" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Iggi_(Ame%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%9Buk)" title="Tin Iggi (Ameṛṛuk) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tin Iggi (Ameṛṛuk)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D0%BD%D2%97%D3%99" title="Тәнҗә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тәнҗә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanca" title="Tanca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tanca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Танжер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Танжер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%81" title="طنجہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طنجہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tangier" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandj%C3%AE" title="Tandjî – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tandjî" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Tanger" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tangier" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94" title="丹吉尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="丹吉尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE" title="丹吉爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="丹吉爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94" title="丹吉尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="丹吉尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%8A%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q126148#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tangier&params=35_46_36_N_05_48_14_W_region:MA-01_type:city(95,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°46′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">05°48′14″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.77667°N 5.80389°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.77667; -5.80389</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in and capital of Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, Morocco</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tanger" redirects here. For other uses of Tanger, see <a href="/wiki/Tanger_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tanger (disambiguation)">Tanger (disambiguation)</a>. For other uses of Tangier, see <a href="/wiki/Tangier_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tangier (disambiguation)">Tangier (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, Morocco</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Tangier</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طنجة</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Morocco" title="List of cities in Morocco">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:275px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangier_-_44699733295.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tangier_-_44699733295.jpg/275px-Tangier_-_44699733295.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tangier_-_44699733295.jpg/413px-Tangier_-_44699733295.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tangier_-_44699733295.jpg/550px-Tangier_-_44699733295.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5230" data-file-height="2311" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faro_de_Cabo_Espartel_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Faro_de_Cabo_Espartel_%28cropped%29.jpg/136px-Faro_de_Cabo_Espartel_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Faro_de_Cabo_Espartel_%28cropped%29.jpg/204px-Faro_de_Cabo_Espartel_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Faro_de_Cabo_Espartel_%28cropped%29.jpg/272px-Faro_de_Cabo_Espartel_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2219" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasbah_Museum_(39014311340)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Kasbah_Museum_%2839014311340%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/136px-Kasbah_Museum_%2839014311340%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Kasbah_Museum_%2839014311340%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/204px-Kasbah_Museum_%2839014311340%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Kasbah_Museum_%2839014311340%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/272px-Kasbah_Museum_%2839014311340%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2774" data-file-height="1708" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Violent_Atlantic_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Violent_Atlantic_%28cropped%29.jpg/275px-The_Violent_Atlantic_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Violent_Atlantic_%28cropped%29.jpg/413px-The_Violent_Atlantic_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Violent_Atlantic_%28cropped%29.jpg/550px-The_Violent_Atlantic_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4662" data-file-height="2376" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Clockwise from top: View towards the Medina, courtyard of <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Palace,_Tangier" title="Kasbah Palace, Tangier">Kasbah Palace</a>, waterfront from Achakar, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Spartel" title="Cape Spartel">Cape Spartel</a> lighthouse</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Tangier.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Tangier"><img alt="Official seal of Tangier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Tangier.png/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tangier.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Tangier.png/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tangier.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Tangier.png/139px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tangier.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2750" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The blue and white city, City of the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Boughaz</a>, Bride of the North</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tangier is located in Morocco"><img alt="Tangier is located in Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1223" data-file-height="995" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:5.289%;left:59.816%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tangier"><img alt="Tangier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Tangier</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Tangier within Morocco</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Morocco</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tangier is located in Africa"><img alt="Tangier is located in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:4.231%;left:27.003%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tangier"><img alt="Tangier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Tangier</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Tangier (Africa)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Africa</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tangier&params=35_46_36_N_05_48_14_W_region:MA-01_type:city(95,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°46′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">05°48′14″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.77667°N 5.80389°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.77667; -5.80389</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/25px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/50px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Morocco" title="Regions of Morocco">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tanger-Tetouan-Al_Hoceima" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima">Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Mounir Laymouri</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-The_Tangier_Commune_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Tangier_Commune-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">124 km<sup>2</sup> (48 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">230 m (750 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 m (0 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2024)<sup id="cite_ref-census_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,275,428</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Morocco" title="List of cities in Morocco">2nd in Morocco</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">7,026/km<sup>2</sup> (18,200/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tanjawi, Tangierian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal codes</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>90000</li><li>90010</li><li>90020</li><li>90030</li><li>90040</li><li>90050</li><li>90060</li><li>90070</li><li>90080</li><li>90090</li><li>90100</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0539</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanger.ma/">tanger<wbr />.ma</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Haut_Commissariat_au_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Haut Commissariat au Plan">High Commission for Planning</a> defines the city of Tangier as comprising the four <i><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Morocco">arrondissements</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Bni_Makada" title="Bni Makada">Bni Makada</a>, Charf-Mghogha, Charf-Souani and Tanger-Médina.<sup id="cite_ref-citydefn_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citydefn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tangier</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">tan-<span style="font-size:90%">JEER</span></i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طنجة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṭanjah</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[tˤandʒa]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[tˤanʒa]</a></span>) or <b>Tangiers</b> is a city in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, on the coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. The city is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tanger-Tetouan-Al_Hoceima" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima">Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima</a> region, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Tangier-Assilah_Prefecture" title="Tangier-Assilah Prefecture">Tangier-Assilah Prefecture</a> of Morocco. </p><p>Many civilisations and cultures have influenced the history of Tangier, starting from before the 10th century<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE. Starting as a strategic <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> town and trading centre, Tangier has been a nexus for many cultures. In 1923, it became an <a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">international zone</a> managed by <a href="/wiki/Colonialism_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialism in Africa">colonial powers</a> and became a destination for many European and American diplomats, spies, bohemians, writers and businessmen. That status came to an end with <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan independence">Moroccan independence</a>, in phases between 1956 and 1960. </p><p>By the early 21st century, Tangier was undergoing rapid development and modernisation. Projects include tourism projects along the bay, a modern business district called Tangier City Centre, an airport terminal, and a football stadium. Tangier's economy is set to benefit greatly from the <a href="/wiki/Tanger-Med" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanger-Med">Tanger-Med</a> port.<span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian Empire">Carthaginian</a> name of the city is variously recorded as <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">TNG</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a>: <span lang="xpu" dir="rtl">𐤕𐤍𐤂</span>), <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">TNGʾ</span></span> (<span title="Punic-language text"><span lang="xpu" dir="rtl">𐤕𐤍𐤂𐤀</span></span>), <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">TYNGʾ</span></span> (<span title="Punic-language text"><span lang="xpu" dir="rtl">𐤕𐤉𐤍𐤂𐤀</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhaki201567_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhaki201567-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">TTGʾ</span></span> (<span title="Punic-language text"><span lang="xpu" dir="rtl">𐤕𐤕𐤂𐤀</span></span>);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHead_et_al.1911_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHead_et_al.1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these appear in Greek and Roman sources as <b>Tenga</b>, <b>Tinga</b>, <b>Titga</b>, &c.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old <a href="/wiki/Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber</a> name was <i>Tingi</i> (<span title="Berber languages collective text"><span lang="ber">ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉ</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ana_Ruiz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ana Ruiz (page does not exist)">Ruiz</a> connects to Berber <i>tingis</i>, meaning "marsh".<sup id="cite_ref-ruiz_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruiz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek geography">Greeks</a> <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">later claimed</a> that <i>Tingís</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Τιγγίς</span>) had been named for <a href="/wiki/Tinjis" title="Tinjis">Tinjis</a>, a daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titan</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a>, who was supposed to support the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">vault of heaven</a> nearby. <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tingis</a></b> then developed into <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Tânger</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Tánger</i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Tanger</i></span>, which entered English as <i>Tangier</i> and <i>Tangiers</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and modern Berber name of the town is <i>Ṭanjah</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طَنجة</span></span>, <span title="Berber languages collective text"><span lang="ber">ⵟⴰⵏⴵⴰ</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moroccan historian <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Toufiq" title="Ahmed Toufiq">Ahmed Toufiq</a> considers that the name "Tingi" has the same etymology as <i><a href="/wiki/Tinghir" title="Tinghir">Tinghir</a></i>, and is composed of "Tin", which is a feminine particle that could be translated as "owner" or "she who has", and "gi" which may have originally been "ig", meaning "high location". This corresponds to the popular Moroccan phrase <i>Tanja l-ɛalya</i> (Tangier the High), which may be a remnant echo of the original meaning, as well as a reference to the high location of Tangier. A similar construction can be found in the name of <i><a href="/wiki/Tinmel" title="Tinmel">Tinmel</a></i>, the first capital of the <a href="/wiki/Almohads" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Almohads</a>, which is composed of "Tin", and "Amlel" meaning "at foot of the mountain" or "at a low location".<sup id="cite_ref-taouf_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taouf-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tangier was formally known as <span class="nowrap"><b>Colonia Julia Tingi</b></span> ("The <a href="/wiki/Julia_(gens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia (gens)">Julian</a> Colony of Tingis") following its elevation to <a href="/wiki/Roman_colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colonia">colony status</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The nicknames "Bride of the North" and "Door of Africa" reference its position in far northwestern Africa near the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tangier" title="Timeline of Tangier">Timeline of Tangier</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tingis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruines_de_Tingis_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ruines_de_Tingis_1.jpg/220px-Ruines_de_Tingis_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ruines_de_Tingis_1.jpg/330px-Ruines_de_Tingis_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ruines_de_Tingis_1.jpg/440px-Ruines_de_Tingis_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Surviving parts of the wall of Roman <a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tingis</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prima_Affrice_Tabula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Prima_Affrice_Tabula.jpg/220px-Prima_Affrice_Tabula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Prima_Affrice_Tabula.jpg/330px-Prima_Affrice_Tabula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Prima_Affrice_Tabula.jpg/440px-Prima_Affrice_Tabula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s 1st African map, showing Roman <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tangier was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician colonies">colony</a>, possibly as early as the 10th century<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartley2007345_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartley2007345-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brad_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brad-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and almost certainly by the 8th century<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-sweethomealabama_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweethomealabama-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> tombs around Tangier had <a href="/wiki/Punics" class="mw-redirect" title="Punics">Punic</a> jewelry by the 6th century<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE, speaking to abundant trade by that time.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginians</a> developed it as an important port of <a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian Empire">their empire</a> by the 5th century<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartley2007345_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartley2007345-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brad_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brad-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was probably involved with the expeditions of <a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a> along the <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartley2007345_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartley2007345-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sweethomealabama_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweethomealabama-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city long preserved its <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> traditions, issuing bronze coins under the <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretanian</a> kings with <a href="/wiki/Punic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic script">Punic script</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> other coins were issued, bearing <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa</a>'s heads and Latin script <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">obverse</a> but an image of the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite god</a> <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">reverse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHead_et_al.1911_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHead_et_al.1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some editions of <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> place his Punic <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stelae</a> in Tingis rather than <a href="/wiki/Tigisis_in_Numidia" title="Tigisis in Numidia">Tigisis</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeakin1899[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmoorishempireah02meakgoogpagen40_10]_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeakin1899[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmoorishempireah02meakgoogpagen40_10]-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in either case, however, their existence is highly dubious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmitay2011_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmitay2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greeks knew this town as <a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tingis</a> and, with <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">some modification</a>, record the <a href="/wiki/Berber_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber mythology">Berber legends</a> of its founding. Supposedly <a href="/wiki/Tinjis" title="Tinjis">Tinjis</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a> and widow of <a href="/wiki/Antaeus" title="Antaeus">Antaeus</a>, slept with <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> and bore him the son <a href="/wiki/Sufax" title="Sufax">Syphax</a>. After Tinjis' death, Syphax then founded the port and named it in her honour.<sup id="cite_ref-plu_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plu-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gigantic skeleton and tomb of Antaeus were tourist attractions for ancient visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-plu_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plu-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Hercules" title="Caves of Hercules">Caves of Hercules</a>, where he supposedly rested on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Spartel" title="Cape Spartel">Cape Spartel</a> during <a href="/wiki/Labors_of_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="Labors of Hercules">his labors</a>, remain one today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Tingis came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> ally <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sertorius" title="Quintus Sertorius">Q. Sertorius</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">his war</a> against <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Sulla</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Sulla" title="Constitutional reforms of Sulla">regime in Rome</a>, took and held Tingis for a number of years in the 70s<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE. It was subsequently returned to the Mauretanians but established as a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">free city</a> during the reign of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bocchus_III_of_Mauretania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bocchus III of Mauretania (page does not exist)">Bocchus<span class="nowrap"> </span>III</a> in 38<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tingis received certain municipal privileges under <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> and became a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colonia">colony</a> under <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, who made it the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Diocletian_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocletian Reforms">291 reforms</a>, it became the seat of a <a href="/wiki/Comes" title="Comes">count</a> (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">comes</i></span></i>) and Tingitana's <a href="/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses">governor</a> (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">praeses</i></span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the province itself shrank to little more than the ports along the coast and, owing to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Persecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Persecution">Great Persecution</a>, Tingis was also the scene of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian martyrdom">martyrdoms</a> by <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">beheading</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_of_Tangier" title="Marcellus of Tangier">Saints<span class="nowrap"> </span>Marcellus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassian_of_Tangier" title="Cassian of Tangier">Cassian</a> in 298.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartley2007345_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartley2007345-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tingis remained the largest settlement in its province in the 4th century and was greatly developed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangier4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tangier4.JPG/220px-Tangier4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tangier4.JPG/330px-Tangier4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tangier4.JPG/440px-Tangier4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Entrance gate to the medina</figcaption></figure> <p>Probably invited by <a href="/wiki/Bonifacius" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonifacius">Count Boniface</a>, who feared war with <a href="/wiki/Galla_Placidia" title="Galla Placidia">the empress dowager</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pro_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pro-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> under <a href="/wiki/Gaiseric" title="Gaiseric">Gaiseric</a> crossed into <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> in 429 CE and occupied Tingis<sup id="cite_ref-huckleberry_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huckleberry-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mauretania as far east as <a href="/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Calama</a>. When Boniface learned that he and the empress had been manipulated against each other by <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Aetius" title="Flavius Aetius">Aetius</a>, he attempted to compel the Vandals to return to Spain but was instead defeated at Calama in 431.<sup id="cite_ref-pro_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pro-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vandals lost control of Tingis and the rest of Mauretania in various Berber uprisings. </p><p>Tingis was reconquered by <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a>, the general of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian the Great">Justinian<span class="nowrap"> </span>I</a>, in 533 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">Vandalic War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-huckleberry_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huckleberry-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new provincial administration was moved, however, to the more defensible base at <a href="/wiki/Septem_(Ceuta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Septem (Ceuta)">Septem</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byzantine control probably yielded to pressure from <a href="/wiki/Visigoth_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigoth Spain">Visigoth Spain</a> around 618.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Count_Julian" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Julian">Count Julian</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> supposedly led the last defences of Tangier against the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim invasion of North Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkram19805_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkram19805-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Medieval romance</a> made his betrayal of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> a personal vendetta against the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoth</a> king <a href="/wiki/Roderic" title="Roderic">Roderic</a> over the honour of his daughter,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2003_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Tangier at least fell to a siege<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkram19809_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkram19809-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Musa_bin_Nusayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa bin Nusayr">Musa bin Nusayr</a> sometime between 707<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerli2003_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerli2003-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 711.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he moved south through central Morocco, he had his deputy at Tangier <a href="/wiki/Tariq_ibn_Zayid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariq ibn Zayid">Tariq ibn Zayid</a>, Musa's <i><a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">mawla</a></i> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2003_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivantos2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGO0_DwAAQBAJpgPA115_115]_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECivantos2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGO0_DwAAQBAJpgPA115_115]-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> launch the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Spain">Muslim invasion of Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerli2003_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerli2003-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_Nafi" title="Uqba ibn Nafi">Uqba ibn Nafi</a> was frequently but erroneously credited with Tangier's conquest by medieval historians, but only owing to Musa's later commission at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Al-Walid_I" title="Al-Walid I">Al-Walid I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a>, Tangier served as the capital of the Moroccan district (<i>Maghreb al-Aqsa</i><sup id="cite_ref-bad_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>al-Udwa</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">province of Africa</a> (<i>Ifriqiya</i>). The conquest of the Maghreb and Spain had, however, been undertaken principally as raids for <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Islam">slaves</a> and plunder and the caliphate's leadership continued to treat all Berbers as pagans or slaves for <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">tax purposes</a>, even after their wholesale conversion to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-brett_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brett-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the area around Tangier, these hateful taxes were mostly paid in female slaves or in tender <a href="/wiki/Lambskin_(sheepskin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambskin (sheepskin)">lambskins</a> obtained by beating the ewes to induce <a href="/wiki/Premature_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature birth">premature birth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brett_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brett-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yazid_ibn_Abi_Muslim" title="Yazid ibn Abi Muslim">Governor Yazid</a> was murdered by Berber guards whom he had tattooed as slaves in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 720</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-brett_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brett-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the 730s similar treatment from <a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_al-Habhab" title="Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab">Governor Ubayd Allah</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omar_ibn_Abd_Allah_al-Muradi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omar ibn Abd Allah al-Muradi (page does not exist)">al-Muradi</a>, his deputy at Tangier, provoked the <a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">Berber Revolt</a>. Inspired by the egalitarian <a href="/wiki/Kharijite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharijite">Kharijite</a> heresy, <a href="/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghawata</a> and others under <a href="/wiki/Maysara_al-Matghari" title="Maysara al-Matghari">Maysara al-Matghari</a> seized Tangier in the summer of 740.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIlahiane2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaRYuDgAAQBAJpgPA47_s.v._"Barghwata"]_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIlahiane2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaRYuDgAAQBAJpgPA47_s.v._"Barghwata"]-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brettt_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brettt-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nobles" title="Battle of the Nobles">Battle of the Nobles</a> on the city's outskirts a few months later, Maysara's replacement <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Hamid_al-Zanati" title="Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati">Khalid ibn Hamid</a> massacred the cream of Arab nobility in North Africa. An enraged <a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik">Caliph Hisham</a> ordered an attack from a second army "whose beginning is where they are and whose end is where I am," but this army was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bagdoura" title="Battle of Bagdoura">defeated at Bagdoura</a> the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankinship1994208–9_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankinship1994208–9-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Barghawata were concentrated further south on the Atlantic coast, and area around Tangier fell into chaos until 785.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Shia</a> Arab refugee <a href="/wiki/Idris_I_of_Morocco" title="Idris I of Morocco">Idris</a> arrived at Tangier<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before moving further south, marrying into local tribes around <a href="/wiki/Moulay_Idriss" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulay Idriss">Moulay Idriss</a> and assembling an army that, among <a href="/wiki/Idrisids" class="mw-redirect" title="Idrisids">its other conquests</a>, took Tangier <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 790</span>. During the division of the sultanate that occurred on the death of <a href="/wiki/Idris_II_of_Morocco" title="Idris II of Morocco">Idris<span class="nowrap"> </span>II</a>, Tangier fell to his son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qasim_ibn_Idris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qasim ibn Idris (page does not exist)">Qasim</a> in 829.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was soon taken by Qasim's brother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umar_ibn_Idris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umar ibn Idris (page does not exist)">Umar</a>, who ruled it until his death in 835.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Umar's son <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Umar" title="Ali ibn Umar">Ali</a> became sultan (r.<span class="nowrap"> </span>874–883), as did Qasim's son <a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_al-Qasim" title="Yahya ibn al-Qasim">Yahya</a> after him (r.<span class="nowrap"> </span>880–904), but they governed from <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimid</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdullah al-Madhi</a> began interfering in Morocco in the early 10th century, prompting <a href="/wiki/Abd_ar-Rahman_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd ar-Rahman III">the Umayyad emir of Cordova</a> to proclaim himself caliph and to begin supporting proxies against his rivals. He helped the <a href="/wiki/Maghrawa_Berbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrawa Berbers">Maghrawa Berbers</a> overrun <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> in 927, <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> in 931, and Tangier in 949.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tangier's governor was subsequently named chief over Cordova's Moroccan possessions and allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Hammud_al-Nasir" title="Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir">Ali ibn Hammud</a>, named Cordova's governor for Ceuta in 1013, took advantage of the realm's civil wars to conquer Tangier and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a> before overrunning Cordova itself and proclaiming himself caliph in 1016. His Barghawata ally Rizḳ Allāh was then permitted to rule from Tangier with general autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Tashfin" title="Yusuf ibn Tashfin">Yusuf ibn Tashfin</a> captured Tangier for the <a href="/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a> in 1077.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It fell to <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mumin" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Mumin">Abd al-Mumin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a> in the 1147 and then flourished under his dynasty, with its port highly active.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like Ceuta, Tangier did not initially acknowledge the <a href="/wiki/Marinids" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinids">Marinids</a> after the fall of the Almohads. Instead, the local chief <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_%27l-Hadidjadj_Yusuf_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Amir_al-Hamdani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu 'l-Hadidjadj Yusuf ibn Muhammad ibn al-Amir al-Hamdani (page does not exist)">Yusuf ibn Muhammad</a> pledged himself to the <a href="/wiki/Hafsids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsids">Hafsids</a> in Tunisia and then to the <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a> in the east before being killed in <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">AH</span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>665 (late 1266 or early 1267).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_ibn_Abd_al-Haqq" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq">Abu Yusuf Yaqub</a> compelled Tangier's allegiance with a three months' siege in 1274.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next century was an obscure time of rebellions and difficulties for the city. During this time, the traveler <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> was born in Tangier in 1304, leaving home at 20 for the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIlahiane2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaRYuDgAAQBAJpgPA99_s.v._"Ibn_Battuta_Muhammad_ibn_ʿAbd_Allah"]_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIlahiane2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaRYuDgAAQBAJpgPA99_s.v._"Ibn_Battuta_Muhammad_ibn_ʿAbd_Allah"]-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Piracy</a> from Tangier and <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9" title="Salé">Salé</a> began to harass shipping in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">strait</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a> in the late 14th<span class="nowrap"> </span>century.<sup id="cite_ref-huckleberry_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huckleberry-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A partial plan of the late medieval <a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">kasbah</a> was found in a Portuguese document now held by the <a href="/wiki/Military_Archives_of_Sweden" title="Military Archives of Sweden">Military Archives of Sweden</a> in Stockholm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElbl2012_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElbl2012-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the Portuguese started their <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">colonial expansion</a> by <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Ceuta">taking Ceuta</a> in retribution for its piracy<sup id="cite_ref-huckleberry_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huckleberry-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1415,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tangier was always a major goal. They <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1437)" title="Battle of Tangier (1437)">failed to capture it in 1437</a>, 1458, and 1464,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but occupied it unopposed on 28 August 1471 after its garrison fled upon learning of the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Asilah" title="Conquest of Asilah">conquest of Asilah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in Ceuta, they converted its chief mosque into the town's cathedral church; it was further embellished by several restorations during the town's occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the cathedral, the Portuguese raised European-style houses and <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> chapels and monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-huckleberry_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huckleberry-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wattasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Wattasids">Wattasids</a> assaulted Tangier in 1508, 1511, and 1515 but without success. In the 17th century, it passed with the rest of Portugal's domains into <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish control</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">personal union of the crowns</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but maintained its Portuguese garrison and administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1680s_-_J._Oliver_-_Tangier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1680s_-_J._Oliver_-_Tangier.jpg/220px-1680s_-_J._Oliver_-_Tangier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1680s_-_J._Oliver_-_Tangier.jpg/330px-1680s_-_J._Oliver_-_Tangier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1680s_-_J._Oliver_-_Tangier.jpg/440px-1680s_-_J._Oliver_-_Tangier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Tangier in the 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Iberian rule lasted until 1661,<sup id="cite_ref-huckleberry_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huckleberry-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when it was given to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles<span class="nowrap"> </span>II</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> of the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Infanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta">infanta</a> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A squadron under the admiral and ambassador <a href="/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich">Edward Montagu</a> arrived in November. <a href="/wiki/English_Tangier" title="English Tangier">English Tangier</a>, fully occupied in January 1662,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElbl2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeTBAgAAQBAJpgPA12_12]_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElbl2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeTBAgAAQBAJpgPA12_12]-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was praised by Charles as "a jewell of immense value in the royal <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-huckleberry_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huckleberry-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the departing Portuguese taking away everything they could, even—according to the official report—"the very fflowers, the Windowes and the Dores".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElbl2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeTBAgAAQBAJpgPA12_12–13]_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElbl2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeTBAgAAQBAJpgPA12_12–13]-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tangier received a <a href="/wiki/Tangier_Garrison" title="Tangier Garrison">garrison</a> and a charter which made it equal to other English towns, but the religious orders were expropriated, the Portuguese residents nearly entirely left, and the town's <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Morocco">Jews</a> were driven out owing to fears concerning their loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlayson1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidz69sBQAAQBAJpgPA26_26–27]_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlayson1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidz69sBQAAQBAJpgPA26_26–27]-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_Regiment_(West_Surrey)#Titles" title="Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)">Tangier Regiment</a> were almost constantly under attack by locals who considered themselves <i><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a></i> fighting a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">holy war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their principal leader was <a href="/wiki/Khadir_Gha%C3%AFlan" title="Khadir Ghaïlan">Khadir Ghaïlan</a> (known to the English as "Gayland" or "Guyland") of the Banu Gurfat, whom the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mordaunt,_2nd_Earl_of_Peterborough" title="Henry Mordaunt, 2nd Earl of Peterborough">Earl of Peterborough</a> attempted to buy off.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the truce lasted only for part of 1663 and 1664; on May 4 of the latter year, the <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rutherford,_1st_Earl_of_Teviot" title="Andrew Rutherford, 1st Earl of Teviot">Earl of Teviot</a> and around 470 members of the garrison <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1664)" title="Battle of Tangier (1664)">were killed in an ambush</a> beside Jew's Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Belasyse,_1st_Baron_Belasyse" title="John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse">Lord Belasyse</a> happened to secure a longer-lasting treaty in 1666:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khadir Ghaïlan hoped to support a pretender against the new <a href="/wiki/Alaouite_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaouite dynasty">Alawid</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid_of_Morocco" title="Al-Rashid of Morocco">Al-Rashid</a> and things subsequently went so badly for him that he was obliged to abide by its terms until his death in 1673.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English took advantage of the respite to improve greatly the Portuguese defences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also planned to improve the harbour by building a <a href="/wiki/Mole_(architecture)" title="Mole (architecture)">mole</a>, which would have allowed it to play the same role that Gibraltar later played in British naval strategy. Incompetence, waste and outright fraud and embezzlement caused costs to swell; among those enriched was <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mole cost <a href="/wiki/GBP" class="mw-redirect" title="GBP">£</a>340,000 and reached 1,436 ft (438 m) long before its destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERouth1912_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERouth1912-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElbl2009_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElbl2009-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElbl2013Ch._8_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElbl2013Ch._8-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although funding was found for the fortifications, the garrison's pay was delayed until in December 1677 it was 2<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> years in arrears; <a href="/wiki/Palmes_Fairborne" title="Palmes Fairborne">Governor Fairborne</a> dealt with the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a> by seizing one of the soldier's <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a> and killing him with it on the spot. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Tangier" title="Great Siege of Tangier">determined siege</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Ibn_Sharif" title="Ismail Ibn Sharif">Sultan Moulay Ismail</a> of Morocco between 1678 and 1680 was unsuccessful,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but longstanding exasperation with the colony's finances<sup id="cite_ref-finn_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finn-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the difficulties caused by the siege<sup id="cite_ref-:15_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pushed Parliament to write off the effort in 1680.<sup id="cite_ref-finn_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finn-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Tangier's population consisted of only about 700 apart from the thousand-man garrison; <a href="/wiki/Percy_Kirke" title="Percy Kirke">Governor Kirke</a> estimated 400 of them had suffered <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a> from the same "mighty pretty" sex worker.<sup id="cite_ref-finn_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finn-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forces under <a href="/wiki/George_Legge,_1st_Baron_Dartmouth" title="George Legge, 1st Baron Dartmouth">Lord Dartmouth</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a>) methodically destroyed the town and its port facilities for five months prior to Morocco's occupation of the city on 7 February 1684.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElbl2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeTBAgAAQBAJpgPA13_13–14]_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElbl2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeTBAgAAQBAJpgPA13_13–14]-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ali ibn Abdallah and his son Ahmed ibn Ali served in turn as the town's governors until 1743, repopulating it with populace from the surrounding countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlayson1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidz69sBQAAQBAJpgPA31_31]_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlayson1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidz69sBQAAQBAJpgPA31_31]-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were powerful enough to oppose <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_of_Morocco" title="Abdallah of Morocco">Sultan Abdallah</a> through his various reigns, giving support and asylum to his various rivals within and without the royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936652_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936652-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was attacked by Spain in 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internationalisation">Internationalisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Internationalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">Tangier International Zone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_occupation_of_Tangier_(1940%E2%80%931945)" title="Spanish occupation of Tangier (1940–1945)">Spanish occupation of Tangier (1940–1945)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_Tangier_Port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Morocco_Tangier_Port.jpg/220px-Morocco_Tangier_Port.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Morocco_Tangier_Port.jpg/330px-Morocco_Tangier_Port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Morocco_Tangier_Port.jpg/440px-Morocco_Tangier_Port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3023" data-file-height="2149" /></a><figcaption>Renschhausen building, erected around 1913 by German businessman Adolf Renschhausen, exemplar of German influence in pre-World-War-I Tangier</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_Tangier_Bolsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Morocco_Tangier_Bolsa.jpg/220px-Morocco_Tangier_Bolsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Morocco_Tangier_Bolsa.jpg/330px-Morocco_Tangier_Bolsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Morocco_Tangier_Bolsa.jpg/440px-Morocco_Tangier_Bolsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3239" /></a><figcaption>Former stock exchange building in the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Ville Nouvelle</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>From the 18th century, Tangier served as Morocco's diplomatic headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States dedicated its first consulate in Tangier during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">George Washington's tenure as president</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1821, <a href="/wiki/Tangier_American_Legation_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangier American Legation Museum">the Legation Building</a> in Tangier became the first piece of property acquired abroad by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a>—a gift to the U.S. from Sultan <a href="/wiki/Slimane_of_Morocco" title="Slimane of Morocco">Moulay Suliman</a>. </p><p>In 1828, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a> blockaded the port in retaliation for piracy.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">its ongoing conquest</a> of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">France</a> <a href="/wiki/Franco-Moroccan_War" title="Franco-Moroccan War">declared war</a> over Moroccan tolerance of <a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Abd el-Kader</a>; Tangier was bombarded by a French fleet under the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Prince_of_Joinville" title="François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville">Prince of Joinville</a> on 6 August 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936652_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936652-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What little of its fortifications were damaged<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElbl2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeTBAgAAQBAJpgPA15_15]_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElbl2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeTBAgAAQBAJpgPA15_15]-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were later repaired by English engineers,<sup id="cite_ref-bad_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but French <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Isly" title="Battle of Isly">victory at Isly</a> near the disputed border <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tangier_(1844)" title="Treaty of Tangier (1844)">ended the conflict on French terms</a>. </p><p>Italian revolutionary hero <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> lived in exile at Tangier in late 1849 and the first half of 1850, following the fall of the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a>. </p><p>Tangier's geographic location made it a centre of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> diplomatic and commercial rivalry in Morocco in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1870s, it was the site of every foreign embassy and consul in Morocco but only held about 400 foreign residents out of a total population of around 20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city increasingly came under French influence, and it was here in 1905 that <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II of Germany">Kaiser Wilhelm<span class="nowrap"> </span>II</a> triggered <a href="/wiki/Tangier_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangier Crisis">an international crisis</a> that almost led to war between his country and France by pronouncing himself in favour of Morocco's continued independence, with an eye to its future acquisition by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a> which ended the standoff left Tangier's <a href="/wiki/Police_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Morocco">police</a> training and <a href="/wiki/Customs_(tax)" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs (tax)">customs</a> collections in international hands<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Britain's strong support of its "<a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a>" with France ended German hopes concerning Morocco. </p><p>Improved harbour facilities were completed in 1907, with an inner and outer <a href="/wiki/Mole_(architecture)" title="Mole (architecture)">mole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1905 the first Moroccan newspaper, <i>Lisan al-Maghrib</i> ("The Voice of Morocco"), was established in Tangiers on the order of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_of_Morocco" title="Abdelaziz of Morocco">Abdelaziz</a>, partly with the aim of counteracting the views expressed by <i>al-Sa'adah</i>, an Arabic newspaper established in 1904 or 1905 by the French embassy in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newspaper was founded and managed on behalf of the government by two Lebanese journalists, Faraj and Artur Numur.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It later became more notorious for publishing reformist ideas and views critical of the sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years leading up to the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Tangier had a population of about 40,000, about half Muslim, a quarter <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Morocco">Jewish</a>, and a quarter European Christians. Of the Europeans, about three-quarters were Spanish artisans and labourers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1912, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes</a> established the <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">French protectorate</a> over most of Morocco and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish rule</a> in the country's far south and north, but left Tangier's status for further determination. <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyautey" title="Hubert Lyautey">Hubert Lyautey</a> persuaded the last Sultan of independent Morocco, <a href="/wiki/Abdelhafid_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdelhafid of Morocco">Abdelhafid</a>, to abdicate in exchange for the receipt of a massive pension.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdelhafid planned to live in Tangier where he used part of his pension to build an opulent mansion west of the old city, the <a href="/wiki/Abdelhafid_Palace" title="Abdelhafid Palace">Abdelhafid Palace</a>, completed in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complex was later purchased by Italian interests and is now also known as the "Palace of Italian Institutions" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">palais des institutions italiennes</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard-gauge">standard-gauge</a> Franco-Spanish <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier%E2%80%93Fez_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tangier–Fez Railway (page does not exist)">Tangier–Fez Railway</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Compagnie Franco-Espagnole du Tanger–Fès</i>) was constructed from 1919 to 1927. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">Tangier International Zone</a> was created under the joint administration of France, Spain and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> by an international convention signed in Paris on 18 December 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ratifications were exchanged in Paris on 14 May 1924, and the convention was registered in <i>League of Nations Treaty Series</i> on 13 September 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was amended by a protocol of July 1928 to elevate the status of Italy, an idea put forth by <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Sir Austen Chamberlain</a> of Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European powers' creation of the statute of Tangier promoted the formation of a cosmopolitan society where Muslims, Christians, and Jews lived together with reciprocal respect and tolerance. A town where men and women, with many different political and ideological tendencies, found refuge, including Spaniards from the right or from the left, Jews fleeing Nazi Germany and Moroccan dissidents. With very liberal economic and fiscal laws, Tangier became - in an international environment full of restrictions, prohibitions and monopolies - a tax haven with absolute freedom of trade.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Zone of Tangier had a 373 km<sup>2</sup> (144 sq mi) area and, by the mid-1930s, a population of about 50,000 inhabitants: 30,000 Muslims; 12,000 Jews; and 8,000-odd Europeans, with a decreasing proportion of working-class Spaniards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its peak in the 1940s, there were 22,000 Jews in Tangier. <sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish troops occupied Tangier on 14 June 1940, the same day <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Paris fell to the Germans</a>. Despite calls by Spanish nationalists to annex "<i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Tánger español</i></span></i>", the <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Franco regime</a> publicly considered the occupation a temporary <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain in World War II">wartime measure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A diplomatic dispute between Britain and Spain over the latter's abolition of the city's international institutions in November 1940 led to a further guarantee of British rights and a Spanish promise not to fortify the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1987274,_note_28_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1987274,_note_28-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory was restored to its pre-war status on October 11, 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moroccan_independence">Moroccan independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Moroccan independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tangier International Zone played an important role in the campaign for Moroccan independence.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its legal status as an international zone, activists were able to meet in Tangier, relatively protected from the French and Spanish authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951, the National Front was created in Tangier, a pact between Morocco's four nationalist parties to coordinate their campaign to achieve Moroccan independence.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1952 the protecting powers met at <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> to discuss the International Zone's future, agreeing to abolish it. Tangier joined with the rest of Morocco following the restoration of full sovereignty in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the handover, Tangier had a population of around 40,000 Muslims; 31,000 Christians; and 15,000 Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Planta_de_Tanger,_Leonardo_de_Ferrari,_1655.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leonardo de Ferrari's plan of the Portuguese fortifications at Tangier, c. 1655."><img alt="Leonardo de Ferrari's plan of the Portuguese fortifications at Tangier, c. 1655." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Planta_de_Tanger%2C_Leonardo_de_Ferrari%2C_1655.jpg/200px-Planta_de_Tanger%2C_Leonardo_de_Ferrari%2C_1655.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Planta_de_Tanger%2C_Leonardo_de_Ferrari%2C_1655.jpg/300px-Planta_de_Tanger%2C_Leonardo_de_Ferrari%2C_1655.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Planta_de_Tanger%2C_Leonardo_de_Ferrari%2C_1655.jpg/400px-Planta_de_Tanger%2C_Leonardo_de_Ferrari%2C_1655.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8293" data-file-height="6110" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leonardo de Ferrari's plan of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> fortifications at Tangier, c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1655.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_land_of_the_Moors;_a_comprehensive_description_(1901)_(14780828702).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hollar's landscape of Tanger at the beginning of its English occupation"><img alt="Hollar's landscape of Tanger at the beginning of its English occupation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/The_land_of_the_Moors%3B_a_comprehensive_description_%281901%29_%2814780828702%29.jpg/200px-The_land_of_the_Moors%3B_a_comprehensive_description_%281901%29_%2814780828702%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/The_land_of_the_Moors%3B_a_comprehensive_description_%281901%29_%2814780828702%29.jpg/300px-The_land_of_the_Moors%3B_a_comprehensive_description_%281901%29_%2814780828702%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/The_land_of_the_Moors%3B_a_comprehensive_description_%281901%29_%2814780828702%29.jpg/400px-The_land_of_the_Moors%3B_a_comprehensive_description_%281901%29_%2814780828702%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_Hollar" title="Wenceslaus Hollar">Hollar</a>'s landscape of Tanger at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/English_Tangier" title="English Tangier">its English occupation</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baedeker%27s_Spain_and_Portugal-_Tangier_(1901).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tangier c. 1901"><img alt="Tangier c. 1901" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Baedeker%27s_Spain_and_Portugal-_Tangier_%281901%29.jpg/133px-Baedeker%27s_Spain_and_Portugal-_Tangier_%281901%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Baedeker%27s_Spain_and_Portugal-_Tangier_%281901%29.jpg/200px-Baedeker%27s_Spain_and_Portugal-_Tangier_%281901%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Baedeker%27s_Spain_and_Portugal-_Tangier_%281901%29.jpg/267px-Baedeker%27s_Spain_and_Portugal-_Tangier_%281901%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="2044" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tangier c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1901</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Editorial_cartoon_about_the_Perdicaris_Incident.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1904 editorial cartoon illustrating the gunboat diplomacy involved in resolving the Perdicaris Incident."><img alt="A 1904 editorial cartoon illustrating the gunboat diplomacy involved in resolving the Perdicaris Incident." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Editorial_cartoon_about_the_Perdicaris_Incident.jpg/162px-Editorial_cartoon_about_the_Perdicaris_Incident.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Editorial_cartoon_about_the_Perdicaris_Incident.jpg/243px-Editorial_cartoon_about_the_Perdicaris_Incident.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Editorial_cartoon_about_the_Perdicaris_Incident.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 1904 <a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Editorial cartoon">editorial cartoon</a> illustrating the <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">gunboat diplomacy</a> involved in resolving the <a href="/wiki/Perdicaris_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Perdicaris Incident">Perdicaris Incident</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-Sicht_auf_Tanger-Nordafrikaflug_1932-LBS_MH02-13-0452.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial view of Tangier in 1932"><img alt="Aerial view of Tangier in 1932" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/ETH-BIB-Sicht_auf_Tanger-Nordafrikaflug_1932-LBS_MH02-13-0452.tif/lossy-page1-200px-ETH-BIB-Sicht_auf_Tanger-Nordafrikaflug_1932-LBS_MH02-13-0452.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/ETH-BIB-Sicht_auf_Tanger-Nordafrikaflug_1932-LBS_MH02-13-0452.tif/lossy-page1-300px-ETH-BIB-Sicht_auf_Tanger-Nordafrikaflug_1932-LBS_MH02-13-0452.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/ETH-BIB-Sicht_auf_Tanger-Nordafrikaflug_1932-LBS_MH02-13-0452.tif/lossy-page1-400px-ETH-BIB-Sicht_auf_Tanger-Nordafrikaflug_1932-LBS_MH02-13-0452.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="3276" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aerial view of Tangier in 1932</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangier_Zone_txu-oclc-6949452-ni30-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tangier and its mid-20th-century international zone"><img alt="Tangier and its mid-20th-century international zone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tangier_Zone_txu-oclc-6949452-ni30-1.jpg/137px-Tangier_Zone_txu-oclc-6949452-ni30-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tangier_Zone_txu-oclc-6949452-ni30-1.jpg/205px-Tangier_Zone_txu-oclc-6949452-ni30-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tangier_Zone_txu-oclc-6949452-ni30-1.jpg/274px-Tangier_Zone_txu-oclc-6949452-ni30-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="1386" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tangier and <a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">its mid-20th-century international zone</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangiermorocconasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tangiermorocconasa.jpg/250px-Tangiermorocconasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tangiermorocconasa.jpg/375px-Tangiermorocconasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tangiermorocconasa.jpg/500px-Tangiermorocconasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption>Tangier from space (2005)</figcaption></figure> <p>Central Tangier lies about 23 km (14 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Spartel" title="Cape Spartel">Cape Spartel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the southern half of the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It nestles between two hills at the northwest end of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Tangier" title="Bay of Tangier">Bay of Tangier</a>, which historically formed the best natural harbour anywhere on the Moroccan coast before the increasing size of ships required anchorage to be made further and further from shore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shape of the gradually-rising underlying terrain creates the effect of the city as an <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a>, with the commercial district in the middle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911_56-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The western hill (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">La Montagne</i>) is the site of the city's citadel or <a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">kasbah</a>. The eastern hill forms <a href="/wiki/Cape_Malabata" title="Cape Malabata">Cape Malabata</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes proposed as the point for a <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar_crossing" title="Strait of Gibraltar crossing">strait crossing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Years of studies have, however, made no real progress thus far.)<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Marshan is a plateau about 1,189 metres (3,900 ft) long spreading west of downtown along the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tangier has a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>Csa</i>) with heavier rainfall than most parts of North Africa and nearby areas on the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> owing to its exposed location.<sup id="cite_ref-valor_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valor-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_winds" title="Prevailing winds">prevailing winds</a> blow from the sea and have kept the site generally healthy even in earlier times with much poorer sanitation.<sup id="cite_ref-bad_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The summers are relatively hot and sunny and the winters are wet and mild. Frost is rare, although a new low of −4.2 °C (24.4 °F) was recorded in January 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-valor_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valor-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:1000px; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Tangier (<a href="/wiki/Tangier_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangier Airport">Tangier Airport</a>) 1961–1990, extremes 1917–1963 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8<br />(94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9<br />(89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5<br />(92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2<br />(100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8<br />(96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.2<br />(100.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3<br />(82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3<br />(81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.8<br />(71.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.2<br />(24.4) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−4.2<br />(24.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #64FF64; color:#000000;" class="notheme">103.5<br />(4.07) </td> <td style="background: #5DFF5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98.7<br />(3.89) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.8<br />(2.83) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.2<br />(2.45) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3<br />(1.47) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(0.55) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(0.08) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(0.10) </td> <td style="background: #E8FFE8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(0.59) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.1<br />(2.56) </td> <td style="background: #2FFF2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">134.6<br />(5.30) </td> <td style="background: #3EFF3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129.3<br />(5.09) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">735.9<br />(28.97) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">87.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">76 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">169.2 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">166.9 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">231.7 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">251.7 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">298.9 </td> <td style="background: #F2F214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">306.8 </td> <td style="background: #F8F823; color:#000000;" class="notheme">344.0 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">330.7 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">275.6 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">238.2 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">180.6 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">166.9 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,960.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (humidity, 1973–1993)<sup id="cite_ref-DWD_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWD-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: Citation is for the 2004 census. Both citation and numbers may need updating for the 2024 census..<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The current prefecture is divided administratively into the following:<sup id="cite_ref-Pop_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pop-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Geographic code</th> <th>Type</th> <th>Households</th> <th>Population (2004)</th> <th>Foreign population</th> <th>Moroccan population</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assilah" class="mw-redirect" title="Assilah">Assilah</a></td> <td>511.01.01.</td> <td>Municipality</td> <td>6,245</td> <td>28,217</td> <td>66</td> <td>28,151</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bni_Makada" title="Bni Makada">Bni Makada</a></td> <td>511.01.03.</td> <td>Arrondissement</td> <td>47,384</td> <td>238,382</td> <td>74</td> <td>238,308</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charf-Mghogha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charf-Mghogha (page does not exist)">Charf-Mghogha</a></td> <td>511.01.05.</td> <td>Arrondissement</td> <td>30,036</td> <td>141,987</td> <td>342</td> <td>141,645</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charf-Souani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charf-Souani (page does not exist)">Charf-Souani</a></td> <td>511.01.06.</td> <td>Arrondissement</td> <td>25,948</td> <td>115,839</td> <td>273</td> <td>115,566</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanger-Medina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanger-Medina (page does not exist)">Tanger-Medina</a></td> <td>511.01.07.</td> <td>Arrondissement</td> <td>40,929</td> <td>173,477</td> <td>2,323</td> <td>171,154</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Manzla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Manzla (page does not exist)">Al Manzla</a></td> <td>511.03.01.</td> <td>Rural commune</td> <td>555</td> <td>3,031</td> <td>0</td> <td>3,031</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquouass_Briech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquouass Briech (page does not exist)">Aquouass Briech</a></td> <td>511.03.03.</td> <td>Rural commune</td> <td>787</td> <td>4,132</td> <td>3</td> <td>4,129</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azzinate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azzinate (page does not exist)">Azzinate</a></td> <td>511.03.05.</td> <td>Rural commune</td> <td>920</td> <td>4,895</td> <td>0</td> <td>4,895</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dar_Chaoui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dar Chaoui (page does not exist)">Dar Chaoui</a></td> <td>511.03.07.</td> <td>Rural commune</td> <td>877</td> <td>4,495</td> <td>0</td> <td>4,495</td> <td>1,424 residents live in the centre, called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dar_Chaoui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dar Chaoui (page does not exist)">Dar Chaoui</a>; 3,071 residents live in rural areas. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lkhaloua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lkhaloua (page does not exist)">Lkhaloua</a></td> <td>511.03.09.</td> <td>Rural commune</td> <td>2,405</td> <td>12,946</td> <td>1</td> <td>12,945</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel_Chamali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sahel Chamali (page does not exist)">Sahel Chamali</a></td> <td>511.03.11.</td> <td>Rural commune</td> <td>1,087</td> <td>5,588</td> <td>2</td> <td>5,586</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidi_Lyamani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidi Lyamani (page does not exist)">Sidi Lyamani</a></td> <td>511.03.13.</td> <td>Rural commune</td> <td>1,883</td> <td>10,895</td> <td>1</td> <td>10,894</td> <td>1,101 residents live in the centre, called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidi_Lyamani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidi Lyamani (page does not exist)">Sidi Lyamani</a>; 9,794 residents live in rural areas. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boukhalef&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boukhalef (page does not exist)">Boukhalef</a></td> <td>511.81.03.</td> <td>Rural commune</td> <td>3,657</td> <td>18,699</td> <td>4</td> <td>18,695</td> <td>3,187 residents live in the centre, called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gueznaia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gueznaia (page does not exist)">Gueznaia</a>; 15,512 residents live in rural areas. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tangier" title="Economy of Tangier">Economy of Tangier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangier_Free_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangier Free Zone">Tangier Free Zone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tanger-Med" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanger-Med">Tanger-Med</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habour_of_Tanger_Morocco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Port of Tangier harbor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Habour_of_Tanger_Morocco.jpg/250px-Habour_of_Tanger_Morocco.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Habour_of_Tanger_Morocco.jpg/375px-Habour_of_Tanger_Morocco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Habour_of_Tanger_Morocco.jpg/500px-Habour_of_Tanger_Morocco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2808" data-file-height="1767" /></a><figcaption>Port of Tangier</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marktst%C3%A4nde_in_der_Medina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Marktst%C3%A4nde_in_der_Medina.jpg/250px-Marktst%C3%A4nde_in_der_Medina.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Marktst%C3%A4nde_in_der_Medina.jpg/375px-Marktst%C3%A4nde_in_der_Medina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Marktst%C3%A4nde_in_der_Medina.jpg/500px-Marktst%C3%A4nde_in_der_Medina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="2860" /></a><figcaption>Street in Tangier's Medina ("Old City")</figcaption></figure> <p>Tangier is Morocco's second most important industrial centre after <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>. The industrial sectors are diversified: <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemical</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mechanical" class="extiw" title="wikt:mechanical">mechanical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallurgical">metallurgical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naval" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval">naval</a>. Currently, the city has four <a href="/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">industrial parks</a> of which two have the status of <a href="/wiki/Free_economic_zone" title="Free economic zone">free economic zone</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Tangier_Free_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangier Free Zone">Tangier Free Zone</a>). </p><p>Tangier's economy relies heavily on <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>. In the 1960s and '70s, Tangier formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Hippie_trail" title="Hippie trail">hippie trail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brad2_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brad2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became less popular and tourist attractions became run-down as cheap flights made central Moroccan cities like <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> more accessible to European tourists; crime rose and a somewhat dangerous reputation drove more tourists away.<sup id="cite_ref-brad2_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brad2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2010, however, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">King Mohammed<span class="nowrap"> </span>VI</a> has made a point of restoring the city's shipping and tourist facilities and improving its industrial base. Among other improvements, the beach was cleaned and lined with new cafes and clubs; the new commercial port means <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ships</a> no longer unload beside cargo containers.<sup id="cite_ref-brad2_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brad2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seaside resorts have been increasing with projects funded by foreign investments. <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">Real estate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> companies have been investing heavily in tourist infrastructures. A bay delimiting the city centre extends for more than 7 km (4 mi). The years 2007 and 2008 were particularly important for the city because of the completion of large construction projects; these include the Tangier-Mediterranean port ("<a href="/wiki/Tanger-Med" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanger-Med">Tanger-Med</a>") and its industrial parks, a 45,000-seat sports stadium, an expanded business district, and renovated tourist infrastructure. </p><p>Tanger-Med, a new port 40 km (25 mi) outside Tangier proper, began construction in 2004 and became functional in 2007. Its site plays a key role in connecting maritime regions, as it is in a very critical position on the Strait of Gibraltar, which passes between Europe and Africa. The makeup of the new port is 85% transhipment 15% for domestic import and export activities.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The port is distinguished by its size, infrastructure, and efficiency in managing the flow of ships. Tanger-Med has linked Morocco to Europe's freight industry. It has also helped connect Morocco to countries in the Mediterranean, Africa, and America. The port has allowed Tangier to become a more globalised city with new international opportunities that will help facilitate economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction and operation of the port aimed to create 120,000 new jobs, 20,000 at the port and 100,000 resulting from growing economic activity. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> in the area of Tangier is tertiary and mainly cereal. The city is chiefly famed for <a href="/wiki/Tangerine" title="Tangerine">tangerines</a>, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_orange" title="Mandarin orange">mandarin orange</a> hybrid first grown in the orchards then once south of the <a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">medina</a>, but it was never commonly exported. As early as 1900, local consumption had already outstripped supply and required imports from <a href="/wiki/Tetuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetuan">Tetuan</a> and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-inthemidnighthour_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inthemidnighthour-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mass farming of tangerines instead began in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where the first tree was introduced at <a href="/wiki/Palatka,_Florida" title="Palatka, Florida">Palatka</a> by a Major Atway sometime before 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1913101_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1913101-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artisanal trade in the medina ("Old City") specialises mainly in <a href="/wiki/Leather_working" class="mw-redirect" title="Leather working">leather working</a>, handicrafts made from wood and silver, traditional clothing, and Moroccan-style shoes. </p><p>The city has grown quickly due to <a href="/wiki/Rural_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural exodus">rural exodus</a> from other smaller cities and villages. The 2014 population is more than three-times larger than 32 years ago (850.000 inhabitants in 2014 vs. 250,000 in 1982).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This phenomenon has resulted in the appearance of peripheral suburban districts, mainly inhabited by poor people, that often lack sufficient infrastructure. </p><p>In 2023 Tangier hosted the <a href="/wiki/Connect_(aviation_forum)" title="Connect (aviation forum)">Connect route development forum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_landmarks">Notable landmarks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medina_de_T%C3%A1nger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Medina_de_T%C3%A1nger.jpg/220px-Medina_de_T%C3%A1nger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Medina_de_T%C3%A1nger.jpg/330px-Medina_de_T%C3%A1nger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Medina_de_T%C3%A1nger.jpg/440px-Medina_de_T%C3%A1nger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Gate of the Kasabah</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Mosque_of_Tangier_street_view_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Grand_Mosque_of_Tangier_street_view_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Grand_Mosque_of_Tangier_street_view_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Grand_Mosque_of_Tangier_street_view_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Grand_Mosque_of_Tangier_street_view_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Grand_Mosque_of_Tangier_street_view_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Grand_Mosque_of_Tangier_street_view_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1778" /></a><figcaption>Portal of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Tangier" title="Grand Mosque of Tangier">Grand Mosque of Tangier</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangier_Medina_(40115237384)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tangier_Medina_%2840115237384%29_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Tangier_Medina_%2840115237384%29_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tangier_Medina_%2840115237384%29_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Tangier_Medina_%2840115237384%29_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tangier_Medina_%2840115237384%29_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Tangier_Medina_%2840115237384%29_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>Fountains of Bab al-Assa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinagoga,_T%C3%A1nger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sinagoga%2C_T%C3%A1nger.jpg/220px-Sinagoga%2C_T%C3%A1nger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sinagoga%2C_T%C3%A1nger.jpg/330px-Sinagoga%2C_T%C3%A1nger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sinagoga%2C_T%C3%A1nger.jpg/440px-Sinagoga%2C_T%C3%A1nger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the Moshe Nahon Synagogue</figcaption></figure> <p>The old town is still surrounded by the remains of what was once more than 1,829 metres (6,000 ft) of stone rampart. Most of it dates to the town's Portuguese occupation, with restoration work later undertaken at different times. Three major bastions were the Irish Tower (<i>Bordj al-Naʿam</i>), York Castle (<i>Bordj dar al-Barud</i>), and the <i>Bordj al-Salam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina</a> (old city) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Palace,_Tangier" title="Kasbah Palace, Tangier">Kasbah Palace</a>, former residence of the governors of Tangier, built on the site of the former English Upper Castle,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now Museum of Mediterranean Cultures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Mosque_(Tangier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasbah Mosque (Tangier)">Kasbah Mosque</a></li> <li>Purported tomb of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Socco" title="Petit Socco">Petit Socco</a>, central square of the lower (southern) section of the medina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Es-Siaghine" title="Rue Es-Siaghine">Rue Es-Siaghine</a> leading to the Petit Socco</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Niaba" title="Dar Niaba">Dar Niaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Tangier)" title="Church of the Immaculate Conception (Tangier)">Church of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Tangier" title="Grand Mosque of Tangier">Grand Mosque of Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Continental_(Tangier)" title="Hotel Continental (Tangier)">Hotel Continental</a></li> <li>Avraham Toledano Synagogue<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yehuda_Synagogue" title="Beit Yehuda Synagogue">Beit Yehuda Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Nahon_Synagogue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moshe Nahon Synagogue (page does not exist)">Moshe Nahon Synagogue</a><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rabbi Mordechai Bengio Synagogue, preserved as <a href="/wiki/Fondation_Lorin" title="Fondation Lorin">Fondation Lorin Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Legation,_Tangier" title="American Legation, Tangier">Former American Legation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Carmen-Macein" title="Musée de Carmen-Macein">Musée de Carmen-Macein</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Extra-muros</i> downtown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lalla_Abla_Mosque" title="Lalla Abla Mosque">Lalla Abla Mosque</a> on the port</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Socco" title="Grand Socco">Grand Socco</a>, former marketplace and central city square outside the old city walls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendoubia" title="Mendoubia">Mendoubia</a> palace, now a museum of Moroccan resistance against colonialism, and its surrounding park on former cemeteries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bou_Abib_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidi Bou Abib Mosque">Sidi Bou Abib Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Tangier" title="St Andrew's Church, Tangier">St Andrew's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_(Tangier)" title="Museum of Contemporary Art (Tangier)">Museum of Contemporary Art</a> in the former British Consulate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Tangier" title="Roman Catholic Cathedral of Tangier">Roman Catholic Cathedral of Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelhafid_Palace" title="Abdelhafid Palace">Abdelhafid Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_Mosque,_Tangier" title="Mohammed V Mosque, Tangier">Mohammed V Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate_General,_Tangier" title="French Consulate General, Tangier">French Consulate General</a> at the start of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Boulevard Pasteur</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Debt_Administration" title="Moroccan Debt Administration">Moroccan Debt Administration</a> building, now tourist office</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Teatro_Cervantes" title="Gran Teatro Cervantes">Gran Teatro Cervantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Church_of_Tangier" title="French Church of Tangier">French Church of Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Palace_of_Arts_and_Cultures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Palace of Arts and Cultures (page does not exist)">New Palace of Arts and Cultures</a>, is an architectural masterpiece that will play a central role in the 2024 International Jazz Day celebration.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Marshan neighbourhood <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mendoub%27s_Residence" title="Mendoub's Residence">Mendoub's Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshan_Palace,_Tangier" title="Marshan Palace, Tangier">Marshan Palace, Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_de_Marchan" title="Stade de Marchan">Stade de Marchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Hafa" title="Café Hafa">Café Hafa</a></li></ul></li> <li>Further outskirts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Malabata" title="Cape Malabata">Cape Malabata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Toros_Tangier" title="Plaza de Toros Tangier">Plaza de Toros</a>, Tangier's <a href="/wiki/Bullring" title="Bullring">bullring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charf_Hill" title="Charf Hill">Charf Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fondation_pour_la_photographie_Tanger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fondation pour la photographie Tanger (page does not exist)">Fondation pour la photographie Tanger</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondation_pour_la_photographie_Tanger" class="extiw" title="fr:Fondation pour la photographie Tanger">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdicaris_Park" title="Perdicaris Park">Perdicaris Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Spartel" title="Cape Spartel">Cape Spartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Hercules" title="Caves of Hercules">Caves of Hercules</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Boraq_RGV2N2_at_Tanger_Ville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Al_Boraq_RGV2N2_at_Tanger_Ville.jpg/220px-Al_Boraq_RGV2N2_at_Tanger_Ville.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Al_Boraq_RGV2N2_at_Tanger_Ville.jpg/330px-Al_Boraq_RGV2N2_at_Tanger_Ville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Al_Boraq_RGV2N2_at_Tanger_Ville.jpg/440px-Al_Boraq_RGV2N2_at_Tanger_Ville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al_Boraq" title="Al Boraq">Al Boraq</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Tanger-Ville_Railway_Terminal" title="Tanger-Ville Railway Terminal">Tanger-Ville Railway Terminal</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Railway</a> lines connect <a href="/wiki/Tanger-Ville_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanger-Ville railway station">Tanger-Ville railway station</a> with <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> in the south, and with <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a> in the east. The service is operated by <a href="/wiki/ONCF" title="ONCF">ONCF</a>. In November 2018 Africa's first high-speed train, the <a href="/wiki/Kenitra%E2%80%93Tangier_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenitra–Tangier high-speed rail line">Kenitra–Tangier high-speed rail line</a>, was inaugurated, linking Tangier to <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> in 2 hours, 10 minutes. By 2020 improvements between Casablanca and <a href="/wiki/Kenitra" title="Kenitra">Kenitra</a> are planned to further reduce the journey to 1 hour and 30 minutes. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rabat%E2%80%93Tangier_expressway" title="Rabat–Tangier expressway">Rabat–Tangier expressway</a> connects Tangier to <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a> via Rabat 250 km (155 mi), and <a href="/wiki/Settat" title="Settat">Settat</a> via Casablanca 330 km (205 mi) and <a href="/wiki/Tanger-Med" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanger-Med">Tanger-Med</a> port. The <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Batouta_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Batouta International Airport">Ibn Batouta International Airport</a> (formerly known as Tangier-Boukhalef) is 15 km (9 mi) south-west of the city centre. </p><p>The new <a href="/wiki/Tanger-Med" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanger-Med">Tanger-Med</a> port is managed by the Danish firm <a href="/wiki/A._P._Moller%E2%80%93Maersk_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="A. P. Moller–Maersk Group">A. P. Moller–Maersk Group</a> and will free up the old port for tourist and recreational development. </p><p>Tangier's <a href="/wiki/Tangier_Ibn_Battouta_Airport" title="Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport">Ibn Batouta International Airport</a> and the rail tunnel will serve as the gateway to the Moroccan Riviera, the littoral area between Tangier and Oujda. Traditionally, the northern coast was a rural stronghold, with some of the best beaches on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. It is slated for rapid urban development. The Ibn Batouta International Airport has been modernised to accommodate more flights. The biggest airline at the airport is <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Maroc" title="Royal Air Maroc">Royal Air Maroc</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tangier offers four types of education systems: Arabic, French, Spanish and English. Each offers classes starting from pre-Kindergarten up to the 12th grade, as for German in the three last years of high school. The <i><a href="/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at" title="Baccalauréat">Baccalauréat</a></i>, or <a href="/wiki/High_school_diploma" title="High school diploma">high school diploma</a> are the diplomas offered after clearing the 12 grades. </p><p>Many universities are inside and outside the city. Universities like the Institut Supérieur International de Tourisme (ISIT), which grants diplomas, offer courses ranging from <a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business administration</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotel</a> <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a>. The institute is one of the most prestigious <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> schools in the country. Other colleges such as the École Nationale de Commerce et de Gestion (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encgt.ma">ENCG-T</a>) is among the biggest <a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">business schools</a> in the country as well as École Nationale des Sciences appliquées (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensat.ac.ma">ENSA-T</a>), a rising <a href="/wiki/Engineering_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering school">engineering school</a> for applied sciences. University known as Abdelmaled Essaadi holding many what they mainly known as faculties; Law, Economics and Social sciences (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fdtanger.ma">FSJEST</a>) and the FST of Technical Sciences. and the most attended Institut of ISTA of the OFPPT. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_education">Primary education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Primary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are more than a hundred Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary schools</a>, dispersed across the city. Private and public schools, they offer education in Arabic, French and some school English until the 5th grade. Mathematics, Arts, Science Activities and nonreligious modules are commonly taught in the primary school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_primary_institutions">International primary institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: International primary institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_of_Tangier" title="American School of Tangier">American School of Tangier</a></li> <li>École Adrien Berchet (French primary school)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_scolaire_Le_D%C3%A9troit" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe scolaire Le Détroit">Groupe scolaire Le Détroit</a> (French school)</li> <li>Colegio Ramón y Cajal (Spanish primary school)</li> <li>English College of Tangier</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_high_schools">International high schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: International high schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_of_Tangier" title="American School of Tangier">American School of Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Regnault_de_Tanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycée Regnault de Tanger">Lycée Regnault de Tanger</a> (French high school)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_scolaire_Le_D%C3%A9troit" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe scolaire Le Détroit">Groupe scolaire Le Détroit</a> (French school)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Espa%C3%B1ol_Severo_Ochoa" title="Instituto Español Severo Ochoa">Instituto Español Severo Ochoa</a> (Spanish high school)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_College_of_Tangier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="English College of Tangier (page does not exist)">English College of Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Fatih_Turkish_School_of_Tangier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Fatih Turkish School of Tangier (page does not exist)">Mohammed Fatih Turkish School of Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangier_Anglo_Moroccan_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangier Anglo Moroccan School">Tangier Anglo Moroccan School</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_The_Fanatics_of_Tangier_-_WGA06195.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_The_Fanatics_of_Tangier_-_WGA06195.jpg/250px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_The_Fanatics_of_Tangier_-_WGA06195.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_The_Fanatics_of_Tangier_-_WGA06195.jpg/375px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_The_Fanatics_of_Tangier_-_WGA06195.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_The_Fanatics_of_Tangier_-_WGA06195.jpg/500px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_The_Fanatics_of_Tangier_-_WGA06195.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6536" data-file-height="4876" /></a><figcaption><i>The Fanatics of Tangier</i> (1830s) by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustins_-_Le_Sultan_du_Maroc_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Augustins_-_Le_Sultan_du_Maroc_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix.jpg/250px-Augustins_-_Le_Sultan_du_Maroc_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Augustins_-_Le_Sultan_du_Maroc_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix.jpg/375px-Augustins_-_Le_Sultan_du_Maroc_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Augustins_-_Le_Sultan_du_Maroc_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix.jpg/500px-Augustins_-_Le_Sultan_du_Maroc_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="5008" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_of_Morocco" title="Abd al-Rahman of Morocco">Muley-Abd-Err-Rahmann</a>, Sultan of Morocco, Leaving <a href="/wiki/Dar_el_Makhzen_(Tangier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar el Makhzen (Tangier)">Mequinez Palace</a></i> (1845) by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_ladies_tangiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ernst_ladies_tangiers.jpg/250px-Ernst_ladies_tangiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ernst_ladies_tangiers.jpg/375px-Ernst_ladies_tangiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ernst_ladies_tangiers.jpg/500px-Ernst_ladies_tangiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2246" data-file-height="1724" /></a><figcaption><i>Young Ladies on a Terrace in Tangiers</i> (1880s) by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ernst" title="Rudolf Ernst">Rudolf Ernst</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrique_Simonet_-_Atardecer_en_Tanger_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Enrique_Simonet_-_Atardecer_en_Tanger_1914.jpg/250px-Enrique_Simonet_-_Atardecer_en_Tanger_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Enrique_Simonet_-_Atardecer_en_Tanger_1914.jpg/375px-Enrique_Simonet_-_Atardecer_en_Tanger_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Enrique_Simonet_-_Atardecer_en_Tanger_1914.jpg/500px-Enrique_Simonet_-_Atardecer_en_Tanger_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3931" data-file-height="2845" /></a><figcaption><i>Dusk at Tangier</i> (1914) by <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Simonet" title="Enrique Simonet">Enrique Simonet</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Never in my life have I observed anything more bizarre than the first sight of Tangier. It is a tale out of the <i><a href="/wiki/Thousand_and_One_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="Thousand and One Nights">Thousand and One Nights</a></i>... A prodigious mix of races and costumes...This whole world moves about with an activity that seems feverish.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Charles-Edgar_de_Mornay" title="Charles-Edgar de Mornay">Count de Mornay</a> traveled to Morocco in 1832 to establish a treaty supportive of the recent <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French annexation of Algeria</a>, he took along the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romantic painter</a> <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>. Delacroix not only reveled in the <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">orientalism</a> of the place; he also took it as a new and living model for his works on <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>: "The Greeks and Romans are here at my door, in the Arabs who wrap themselves in a white blanket and look like Cato or Brutus..."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sketched and painted watercolours continuously, writing at the time "I am like a man in a dream, seeing things he fears will vanish from him." He returned to his sketches and memories of North Africa for the rest of his career, with 80 oil paintings like <i>The Fanatics of Tangier</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Women_of_Algiers" title="Women of Algiers">Women of Algiers</a></i> becoming legendary and influential on artists such as <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a>. They were particularly struck by the quality of the light: to <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a>, "All this luminous colour... seems... that it enters the eye like a glass of wine running into your gullet and it makes you drunk straight away".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tangier subsequently became an obligatory stop for artists seeking to experience the colours and light he spoke of for themselves—with varying results. <a href="/wiki/Matisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Matisse">Matisse</a> made several sojourns in Tangier, always staying at the Grand Hotel Villa de France. "I have found landscapes in Morocco," he claimed, "exactly as they are described in Delacroix's paintings." His students in turn had their own; the Californian artist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Diebenkorn" title="Richard Diebenkorn">Richard Diebenkorn</a> was directly influenced by the haunting colours and rhythmic patterns of Matisse's Morocco paintings. </p><p>The multicultural placement of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> communities and the foreign immigrants attracted writer <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, writer and composer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bowles" title="Paul Bowles">Paul Bowles</a>, playwright <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a>, the beat writers <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a>, the painter <a href="/wiki/Brion_Gysin" title="Brion Gysin">Brion Gysin</a> and the music group the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a>, who all lived in or visited Tangier during different periods of the 20th century. </p><p>In the 1940s and until 1956 when the city was an <a href="/wiki/International_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="International Zone">International Zone</a>, the city served as a playground for eccentric millionaires, a meeting place for <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">secret agents</a> and a variety of crooks and a mecca for speculators and gamblers, an Eldorado for the fun-loving "Haute Volée". During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> operated out of Tangier for various operations in North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the same time, a circle of writers emerged which was to have a profound and lasting literary influence. This included <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bowles" title="Paul Bowles">Paul Bowles</a>, who lived and wrote for over half a century in the city, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Genet" title="Jean Genet">Jean Genet</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Choukri" title="Mohamed Choukri">Mohamed Choukri</a> (one of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>'s most controversial and widely read authors), <a href="/wiki/Abdeslam_Boulaich" title="Abdeslam Boulaich">Abdeslam Boulaich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larbi_Layachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Larbi Layachi">Larbi Layachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Mrabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Mrabet">Mohammed Mrabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yacoubi" title="Ahmed Yacoubi">Ahmed Yacoubi</a>. Among the best known works from this period is Choukri's <i>For Bread Alone</i>. Originally written in Classical Arabic, the English edition was the result of close collaboration with Bowles (who worked with Choukri to provide the translation and supplied the introduction). <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a> described it as "a true document of human desperation, shattering in its impact." Independently, <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a> lived in Tangier for four years and wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Naked_Lunch" title="Naked Lunch">Naked Lunch</a></i>, whose locale of <a href="/wiki/Interzone_(book)" title="Interzone (book)">Interzone</a> is an allusion to the city. </p><p>After several years of gradual disentanglement from Spanish and French colonial control, Morocco reintegrated the city of Tangier at the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Tangier_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangier Protocol">Tangier Protocol</a> on 29 October 1956. Tangier remains a very popular tourist destination for cruise ships and day visitors from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tangier" title="Special:EditPage/Tangier">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most of the inhabitants of Tangier speak a very distinctive variety of <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan Arabic</a> which differs from other Darija counterparts. The difference resides in pronunciation, tempo, grammar and a unique vocabulary. Arabic is used in government documentation and on road signs together with French. French is taught in primary schools and high schools and used in universities and large businesses. Spanish is well understood and spoken fluently, mainly exclusively by Tangierian locals. English, on the other hand, has been and still is used in tourist sectors. </p><p>The autochthonous population of Tangier has been declining drastically since the mid-2000s, as many locals, especially those from the younger generations, have moved to nearby Spain. While the industrial sector is expanding constantly, the internal immigration from the south to north is increasing rapidly. As a consequence, the Tangierian dialect is losing its distinctiveness or is being altered (in a recent study, social media has been depicted as one of these factors). </p><p>Nowadays, the Tangierian dialect is less prominent in public places, with the southern Darija dialect being more common in the area, to the extent that some observers question if Tangier retains its identity as it was before. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattan_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Cattan_1.jpg/220px-Cattan_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Cattan_1.jpg/330px-Cattan_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Cattan_1.jpg/440px-Cattan_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Tangier)" title="Church of the Immaculate Conception (Tangier)">The Catholic Cathedral of Tangier</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Due to its Christian past before the Muslim conquest, it remains a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, the city was part of the larger Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a>, which included much of North Africa. Later the area was subdivided, with the eastern part keeping the former name and the newer part receiving the name of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a>. It is not known exactly at what period there may have been an episcopal see at Tangier in ancient times, but in the Middle Ages Tangier was used as a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a> (i.e., an honorific fiction for the appointment of curial and auxiliary bishops), placing it in Mauretania Tingitana. For the historical reasons given above, one official list of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> places the see in Mauretania Caesarea. </p><p>Towards the end of the 3rd century, Tangier was the scene of the martyrdoms of <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_of_Tangier" title="Marcellus of Tangier">St.<span class="nowrap"> </span>Marcellus</a>, mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Martyrology" title="Roman Martyrology">Roman Martyrology</a> on 30 October, and of <a href="/wiki/Cassian_of_Tangier" title="Cassian of Tangier">St.<span class="nowrap"> </span>Cassian</a>, mentioned on 3 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Portuguese, the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Tanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Tanger">diocese of Tangier</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Suffragan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragan">suffragan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Lisbon" title="Patriarchate of Lisbon">Lisbon</a> but, in 1570, it was united with the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Ceuta">diocese of Ceuta</a>. Six Bishops of Tangier from this period are known, the first—who did not reside in his see—in 1468. During the era of the French and Spanish protectorates over Morocco, Tangier was the residence of the <a href="/wiki/Prefect_Apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefect Apostolic">Prefect Apostolic</a> of Morocco, the mission having been founded on 28 November 1630 and entrusted to the <a href="/wiki/Friars_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Friars Minor">Friars Minor</a>. At the time, it had a Catholic church, several chapels, schools and a hospital. The Prefecture Apostolic was raised to the status of <a href="/wiki/Vicar_Apostolic_of_Marocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar Apostolic of Marocco">Vicariate Apostolic</a> of Morocco on 14 April 1908. On 14 November 1956, it became the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Tangier" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Tangier">Archdiocese of Tangier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moroccan_Christians_from_Tangier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Moroccan_Christians_from_Tangier.jpg/220px-Moroccan_Christians_from_Tangier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Moroccan_Christians_from_Tangier.jpg/330px-Moroccan_Christians_from_Tangier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Moroccan_Christians_from_Tangier.jpg/440px-Moroccan_Christians_from_Tangier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Moroccan Christians from Tangier.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city also has the Anglican <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Andrew,_Tangier" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint Andrew, Tangier">church of Saint Andrew</a>. Since independence in 1956, the European population has decreased substantially. In the years leading up to the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Moroccans" title="European Moroccans">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> formed almost a quarter the population of Tangier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911_56-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city also is still home to a small community of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Morocco" title="Christianity in Morocco">Moroccan Christians</a>, as well as a small group of foreign <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> residents.<sup id="cite_ref-state.gov_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jews have a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Morocco" title="History of the Jews in Morocco">long history</a> in Tangier. In the years leading up to the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Morocco">Jews</a> formed almost a quarter the population of Tangier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911_56-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress" title="World Jewish Congress">World Jewish Congress</a> there were only 150 <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Moroccan Jews</a> remaining in Tangier.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tangierians regard football as the primary entertainment when it comes to sport-material. There are several football fields around the city. Tangier would have been one of the host cities for the <a href="/wiki/2015_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2015 Africa Cup of Nations">2015 Africa Cup of Nations</a> football tournament, which would be played at the new <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Batouta_Stadium" title="Ibn Batouta Stadium">Ibn Batouta Stadium</a> and in other cities across Morocco, until Morocco was banned from participating the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="Africa Cup of Nations">Africa Cup of Nations</a> due to their denial.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead Tangier will host matches for the <a href="/wiki/2025_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2025 Africa Cup of Nations">2025 edition</a> after Guinea withdraw from hosting. It could also host matches for the <a href="/wiki/2030_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2030 FIFA World Cup">2030 FIFA World Cup</a>. </p><p>Basketball comes the second most practised sport in Tangier. The city is known for their local teams IRT, Ajax Tanger, Juventus Tangier and so on. </p><p><a href="/wiki/National_Cricket_Stadium,_Tangier" title="National Cricket Stadium, Tangier">National Cricket Stadium</a> is the only top-class cricket stadium in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. Stadium hosted its first International Tournament from 12 to 21 August 2002. <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan cricket team">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa cricket team">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka cricket team">Sri Lanka</a> competed in a 50-overs one day <a href="/wiki/2002_Morocco_Cup" title="2002 Morocco Cup">triangular series</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Cricket_Council" title="International Cricket Council">International Cricket Council</a> has granted international status to the Tangier Cricket Stadium, official approval that will allow it to become <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>'s first international cricket venue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Legation,_Tangier" title="American Legation, Tangier">Museum of the American Legation</a>, whose building was granted to the United States in 1821 by the Sultan Moulay Suliman served as a consulate of the United States and a later legation, as well as a high traffic post for the intelligence agents of the Second World War and a Peace Corps training facility. Today, its courtyards and narrow corridors serve as an elaborate museum that demonstrates relations between the United States and Morocco and the Moroccan heritage, including a wing dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bowles" title="Paul Bowles">Paul Bowles</a>, where you can see the documents and photographs of the writer donated to the museum by the gallerist and friend of the writer <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Kirby" title="Gloria Kirby">Gloria Kirby</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fondation_Lorin" title="Fondation Lorin">Fondation Lorin</a> (Musée de la Fondation Lorin) opened in 1930 in a former synagogue. In addition to art, there are newspapers, photographs and posters on display.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tangier_in_popular_culture" title="Tangier in popular culture">Tangier in popular culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Espionage">Espionage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Espionage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tangier has been reputed as a <a href="/wiki/Safe_house" title="Safe house">safe house</a> for international <a href="/wiki/Spying" class="mw-redirect" title="Spying">spying</a> activities.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its position during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and during other spying periods of the 19th and 20th centuries is legendary. </p><p>Tangier acquired the reputation of a spying and smuggling centre and attracted foreign capital due to political neutrality and commercial liberty at that time. It was via a British bank in Tangier that the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> in 1943 for the first time obtained samples of the high-quality forged British currency produced by the Nazis in "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Bernhard" title="Operation Bernhard">Operation Bernhard</a>". </p><p>The city has also been a subject for many <a href="/wiki/Spy_fiction" title="Spy fiction">spy fiction</a> books and films. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Tangier" title="List of people from Tangier">List of people from Tangier</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> (1304–1378), Moroccan scholar and traveler who went on a worldwide quest.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Elliott_(governor)" title="Roger Elliott (governor)">Roger Elliott</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1665</span>–1714), first British Governor of Gibraltar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Spotswood" title="Alexander Spotswood">Alexander Spotswood</a> (1676–1740), American Lieutenant-Colonel and Lieutenant Governor of Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Hanford_Perdicaris" title="Ion Hanford Perdicaris">Ion Hanford Perdicaris</a> (1840–1925), Greek-American author, lawyer and painter; he became the unofficial head of Tangier's foreign community</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Rey_Cola%C3%A7o" title="Alexandre Rey Colaço">Alexandre Rey Colaço</a> (1854–1928), Portuguese pianist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burton_Harris" title="Walter Burton Harris">Walter Burton Harris</a> (1866–1933), journalist, writer, traveller and socialite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Tietjen" title="Heinz Tietjen">Heinz Tietjen</a> (1881–1967), German music composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Ghumari" title="Abdullah al-Ghumari">Abdullah al-Ghumari</a> (1910–1993), Muslim cleric, scholar of hadith, jurist and theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bowles" title="Paul Bowles">Paul Bowles</a> (1910–1999), American writer, composer and ethnomusicologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a> (1914–1997), Beat Generation writer, wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Naked_Lunch" title="Naked Lunch">Naked Lunch</a></i> during the 1950s in Tangier.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abderrahmane_Youssoufi" title="Abderrahmane Youssoufi">Abderrahmane Youssoufi</a> (1924–2020), former Prime Minister of Morocco</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yacoubi" title="Ahmed Yacoubi">Ahmed Yacoubi</a> (1928–1985), international painter and storyteller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Toledano" title="Samuel Toledano">Samuel Toledano</a> (1929–1996), Spanish-Jewish prominent leader of the Jewish community in Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Jean_Philippe" title="Claude-Jean Philippe">Claude-Jean Philippe</a> (1933–2016), French film critic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Hocquard" title="Emmanuel Hocquard">Emmanuel Hocquard</a> (1940–2019), French poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Ben-Ami" title="Shlomo Ben-Ami">Shlomo Ben-Ami</a> (born 1943), Israeli diplomat, politician, and historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_M%C3%A9lenchon" title="Jean-Luc Mélenchon">Jean-Luc Mélenchon</a> (born 1951), French politician, currently MEP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Benmergui" title="Ralph Benmergui">Ralph Benmergui</a> (born 1955), Canadian TV and radio host at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Maleno" title="Helena Maleno">Helena Maleno</a> (born 1970), human rights defender, journalist and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karim_Debbagh" title="Karim Debbagh">Karim Debbagh</a> (born 1972), Moroccan film producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Harrak" title="Yasser Harrak">Yasser Harrak</a> (born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1975</span>), writer and human rights activist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa_Hamri" title="Sanaa Hamri">Sanaa Hamri</a> (born 1977), Moroccan music video director.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Boussaboun" title="Ali Boussaboun">Ali Boussaboun</a> (born 1979), former international footballer with 12 caps for <a href="/wiki/Morocco_national_football_team" title="Morocco national football team">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Ramhani" title="Zakaria Ramhani">Zakaria Ramhani</a> (born 1983), visual artist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Morocco" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Morocco">List of twin towns and sister cities in Morocco</a></div> <p>Tangier is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a>, Spain<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Bizerte</a>, Tunisia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>, Spain</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Da Nang</a>, Vietnam<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Faro</a>, Portugal</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, Belgium</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, France</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Puteaux" title="Puteaux">Puteaux</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion"><img alt="Réunion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_R%C3%A9union" title="Saint-Denis, Réunion">Saint-Denis</a>, Réunion, France</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint-Josse-ten-Noode" title="Saint-Josse-ten-Noode">Saint-Josse-ten-Noode</a>, Belgium<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, Chile</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif" title="Sétif">Sétif</a>, Algeria</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Brazil</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangier_(23171358122).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of Tangier"><img alt="Panoramic view of Tangier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tangier_%2823171358122%29.jpg/200px-Tangier_%2823171358122%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tangier_%2823171358122%29.jpg/300px-Tangier_%2823171358122%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tangier_%2823171358122%29.jpg/400px-Tangier_%2823171358122%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4801" data-file-height="3173" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Panoramic view of Tangier</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Justice,_Tangier,_Morocco_-_WDL.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Old tribunal, Kasbah Mosque, Kasbah Palace entrance and Bayt al-mal (treasury), c. 1900"><img alt="Old tribunal, Kasbah Mosque, Kasbah Palace entrance and Bayt al-mal (treasury), c. 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Palace_of_Justice%2C_Tangier%2C_Morocco_-_WDL.png/200px-Palace_of_Justice%2C_Tangier%2C_Morocco_-_WDL.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Palace_of_Justice%2C_Tangier%2C_Morocco_-_WDL.png/300px-Palace_of_Justice%2C_Tangier%2C_Morocco_-_WDL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Palace_of_Justice%2C_Tangier%2C_Morocco_-_WDL.png/400px-Palace_of_Justice%2C_Tangier%2C_Morocco_-_WDL.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old tribunal, <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Mosque_(Tangier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasbah Mosque (Tangier)">Kasbah Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Palace,_Tangier" title="Kasbah Palace, Tangier">Kasbah Palace</a> entrance and <a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Bayt al-mal</a> (treasury), c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasbah,_T%C3%A1nger,_Marruecos,_2015-12-11,_DD_27.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Former palace entrance, treasury and prison, 2015"><img alt="Former palace entrance, treasury and prison, 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kasbah%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_27.JPG/200px-Kasbah%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_27.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kasbah%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_27.JPG/300px-Kasbah%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_27.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kasbah%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_27.JPG/400px-Kasbah%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_27.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6749" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former palace entrance, treasury and prison, 2015</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cementerio_jud%C3%ADo,_T%C3%A1nger,_Marruecos,_2015-12-11,_DD_33-35_PAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jewish Cemetery"><img alt="Jewish Cemetery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cementerio_jud%C3%ADo%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_33-35_PAN.jpg/200px-Cementerio_jud%C3%ADo%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_33-35_PAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cementerio_jud%C3%ADo%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_33-35_PAN.jpg/300px-Cementerio_jud%C3%ADo%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_33-35_PAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cementerio_jud%C3%ADo%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_33-35_PAN.jpg/400px-Cementerio_jud%C3%ADo%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_33-35_PAN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10052" data-file-height="2743" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Jewish Cemetery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Navarro_Llorens_-_El_zoco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Souk"><img alt="Souk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Jos%C3%A9_Navarro_Llorens_-_El_zoco.jpg/200px-Jos%C3%A9_Navarro_Llorens_-_El_zoco.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Jos%C3%A9_Navarro_Llorens_-_El_zoco.jpg/300px-Jos%C3%A9_Navarro_Llorens_-_El_zoco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Jos%C3%A9_Navarro_Llorens_-_El_zoco.jpg/400px-Jos%C3%A9_Navarro_Llorens_-_El_zoco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Souk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muralla,_T%C3%A1nger,_Marruecos,_2015-12-11,_DD_69-71_HDR.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="City walls"><img alt="City walls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Muralla%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_69-71_HDR.JPG/200px-Muralla%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_69-71_HDR.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Muralla%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_69-71_HDR.JPG/300px-Muralla%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_69-71_HDR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Muralla%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_69-71_HDR.JPG/400px-Muralla%2C_T%C3%A1nger%2C_Marruecos%2C_2015-12-11%2C_DD_69-71_HDR.JPG 2x" data-file-width="8648" data-file-height="4293" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> City walls</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">History of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Morocco" title="List of cities in Morocco">List of cities in Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tingis</a> & <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Colonial_Heads_of_Tangier" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Colonial Heads of Tangier">List of Colonial Heads of Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Tangier" title="English Tangier">English Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">Tangier International Zone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-The_Tangier_Commune-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Tangier_Commune_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.tanger.ma/">"The Tangier Commune"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tangier+Commune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.tanger.ma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hcp.ma/Population-legale-du-Royaume-du-Maroc-repartie-par-regions-provinces-et-prefectures-et-communes-selon-les-resultats-du_a3974.html">"Population légale du Royaume du Maroc répartie par régions, provinces et préfectures et communes selon les résultats du Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2024"</a>. <i>Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Site+institutionnel+du+Haut-Commissariat+au+Plan+du+Royaume+du+Maroc&rft.atitle=Population+l%C3%A9gale+du+Royaume+du+Maroc+r%C3%A9partie+par+r%C3%A9gions%2C+provinces+et+pr%C3%A9fectures+et+communes+selon+les+r%C3%A9sultats+du+Recensement+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+la+population+et+de+l%E2%80%99habitat+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcp.ma%2FPopulation-legale-du-Royaume-du-Maroc-repartie-par-regions-provinces-et-prefectures-et-communes-selon-les-resultats-du_a3974.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-citydefn-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-citydefn_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rgph2014.hcp.ma/file/165548/">"Note de présentation des premiers résultats du Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat 2014"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Haut_Commissariat_au_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Haut Commissariat au Plan">High Commission for Planning</a>. 20 March 2015. p. 8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Note+de+pr%C3%A9sentation+des+premiers+r%C3%A9sultats+du+Recensement+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+la+Population+et+de+l%27Habitat+2014&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=High+Commission+for+Planning&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frgph2014.hcp.ma%2Ffile%2F165548%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhaki201567-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhaki201567_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhaki2015">Ghaki (2015)</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHead_et_al.1911-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHead_et_al.1911_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHead_et_al.1911_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHead_et_al.1911">Head et al. (1911)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Cath._Enc.''1913_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCath._Enc.1913"><i>Cath. Enc.</i> (1913)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO1986" class="citation book cs1">UNESCO, ed. (1986). <i>Libya antiqua: report and papers of the symposium organized by Unesco in Paris, 16 to 18 January 1984</i>. The General history of Africa. Paris: Unesco. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102376-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102376-7"><bdi>978-92-3-102376-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libya+antiqua%3A+report+and+papers+of+the+symposium+organized+by+Unesco+in+Paris%2C+16+to+18+January+1984&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=The+General+history+of+Africa&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Unesco&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102376-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruiz-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ruiz_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuiz2012">Ruiz (2012)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y5VbQMltSLcC&pg=PA208">208</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taouf-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taouf_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed_Toufiq2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ahmed Toufiq (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/some_pages/109889101_1666374716855022_7762441311513899932_n.jpg"><i>في تاريخ المغرب</i></a> [<i>On the History of Morocco</i>] (in Arabic).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Ahmed+Toufiq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsome_pages%2F109889101_1666374716855022_7762441311513899932_n.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartley2007345-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartley2007345_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartley2007345_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartley2007345_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartley2007345_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartley2007">Hartley (2007)</a>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brad-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brad_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brad_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2009">Davies (2009)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H4QeOGV_zl4C&pg=PA119">119</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sweethomealabama-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sweethomealabama_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sweethomealabama_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoller2006">Roller (2006)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AFpzZfm7WdYC&pg=PT57">34</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez_Bellard_et_al.2008" class="citation cs2">Gómez Bellard, Carlos; et al. (January 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkwiAQAAIAAJ">"Rural Landscapes of the Punic World"</a>, <i>Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology</i>, London: Equinox, Ch. 5, p. 17</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rural+Landscapes+of+the+Punic+World&rft.btitle=Monographs+in+Mediterranean+Archaeology&rft.place=London&rft.pages=Ch.+5%2C+p.+17&rft.pub=Equinox&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez+Bellard&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft.au=Peter+van+Dommelen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtkwiAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeakin1899[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmoorishempireah02meakgoogpagen40_10]-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeakin1899[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmoorishempireah02meakgoogpagen40_10]_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeakin1899">Meakin (1899)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moorishempireah02meakgoog/page/n40">10</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmitay2011-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmitay2011_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmitay2011">Amitay (2011)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plu-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plu_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plu_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Mestrius_Plutarchus" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">L. Mestrius Plutarchus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Sertorius*.html">"15: Sertorius"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives"><i>Parallel Lives</i></a>, §9</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15%3A+Sertorius&rft.btitle=Parallel+Lives&rft.pages=%C2%A79&rft.au=L.+Mestrius+Plutarchus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPlutarch%2FLives%2FSertorius%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936650_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLévi-Provençal1936">Lévi-Provençal (1936)</a>, p. 650.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1878_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica1878"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (1878)</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica1878 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pro-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pro_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pro_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProcopius" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Wars" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Wars"><i>History of the Wars</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Wars/Book_III" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Wars/Book III">Bk. III</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Wars&rft.pages=%3As%3AHistory+of+the+Wars%2FBook+III%7CBk.+III&rft.au=Procopius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huckleberry-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-huckleberry_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huckleberry_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huckleberry_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huckleberry_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huckleberry_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huckleberry_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huckleberry_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinlayson1992">Finlayson (1992)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z69sBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">26</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeakinMeakin1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Meakin, James Edward Budgett; Meakin, Kate Alberta (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morocco"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Morocco">"Morocco" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 850–861, see page 855, final two lines. <q>In the fifth century A.D. the country became subject to the Vandals and, about 618, to the Goths.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Morocco&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=850-861%2C+see+page+855%2C+final+two+lines&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Meakin&rft.aufirst=James+Edward+Budgett&rft.au=Meakin%2C+Kate+Alberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkram19805-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkram19805_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkram1980">Akram (1980)</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2003-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2003_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2003_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2003">Collins (2003)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkram19809-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkram19809_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkram1980">Akram (1980)</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerli2003-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerli2003_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerli2003_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerli2003">Gerli (2003)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett (2017)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Abd_al-Hakam1922" class="citation cs2">Ibn Abd al-Hakam (1922), Torrey, Charles Cutler (ed.), <i>The History of the Conquest of Egypt, North Africa, and Spain...</i>, New Haven: Yale University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Conquest+of+Egypt%2C+North+Africa%2C+and+Spain...&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.au=Ibn+Abd+al-Hakam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECivantos2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGO0_DwAAQBAJpgPA115_115]-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivantos2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGO0_DwAAQBAJpgPA115_115]_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCivantos2017">Civantos (2017)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GO0_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA115">115</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenabbès2005" class="citation cs2">Benabbès, Ahmed (2005), "Les Premiers Raids Arabes en Numidie Byzantine: Questions Toponymiques", <i>Identités et Cultures dans l'Algérie Antique</i>, Rouen: University of Rouen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+Premiers+Raids+Arabes+en+Numidie+Byzantine%3A+Questions+Toponymiques&rft.btitle=Identit%C3%A9s+et+Cultures+dans+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie+Antique&rft.place=Rouen&rft.pub=University+of+Rouen&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Benabb%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bad-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bad_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bad_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bad_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaedeker1901">Baedeker (1901)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/01710943.5406.emory.edu/01710943_5406#page/n599/mode/2up">426</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brett-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brett_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brett_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brett_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett (2017)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8C1WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA193">193</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIlahiane2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaRYuDgAAQBAJpgPA47_s.v._"Barghwata"]-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIlahiane2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaRYuDgAAQBAJpgPA47_s.v._"Barghwata"]_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIlahiane2010">Ilahiane (2010)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aRYuDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">s.v. "Barghwata"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brettt-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brettt_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett (2017)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8C1WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194">194</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankinship1994208–9-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankinship1994208–9_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlankinship1994">Blankinship (1994)</a>, pp. 208–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936651_36-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLévi-Provençal1936">Lévi-Provençal (1936)</a>, p. 651.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIlahiane2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaRYuDgAAQBAJpgPA99_s.v._"Ibn_Battuta_Muhammad_ibn_ʿAbd_Allah"]-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIlahiane2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaRYuDgAAQBAJpgPA99_s.v._"Ibn_Battuta_Muhammad_ibn_ʿAbd_Allah"]_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIlahiane2010">Ilahiane (2010)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aRYuDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99">s.v. "Ibn Battuta Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allah"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElbl2012-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElbl2012_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElbl2012">Elbl (2012)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. W. Diffie, <i>Prelude to Empire, Portugal Overseas before Henry the Navigator</i>, University of Nebraska Press, Ann Arbor, 1960, pp. 83–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElbl2013">Elbl (2013)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">10</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winston S. Churchill, <i>Marlborough: His Life and Times, Book I</i> (University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1933) p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElbl2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeTBAgAAQBAJpgPA12_12]-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElbl2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeTBAgAAQBAJpgPA12_12]_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElbl2013">Elbl (2013)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12">12</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElbl2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeTBAgAAQBAJpgPA12_12–13]-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElbl2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeTBAgAAQBAJpgPA12_12–13]_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElbl2013">Elbl (2013)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12">12–13</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlayson1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidz69sBQAAQBAJpgPA26_26–27]-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlayson1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidz69sBQAAQBAJpgPA26_26–27]_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinlayson1992">Finlayson (1992)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z69sBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">26–27</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Articles of Peace Concluded and Agreed between His Excellency the Lord Bellasyse, His Majesties Governour of His City and Garrison of Tangier in Affrica, &c. and Cidi Hamlet Hader Ben Ali Gayland, Prince of VVest-Barbary, &c.</i>, London, 2 April 1666</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Articles+of+Peace+Concluded+and+Agreed+between+His+Excellency+the+Lord+Bellasyse%2C+His+Majesties+Governour+of+His+City+and+Garrison+of+Tangier+in+Affrica%2C+%26c.+and+Cidi+Hamlet+Hader+Ben+Ali+Gayland%2C+Prince+of+VVest-Barbary%2C+%26c.&rft.place=London&rft.date=1666-04-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2014" class="citation cs2">Lincoln, Margarette (2014), "Samuel Pepys and Tangier, 1662–1684", <i>Huntington Library Quarterly</i>, vol. 77, pp. 417–434, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fhlq.2014.77.4.417">10.1525/hlq.2014.77.4.417</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samuel+Pepys+and+Tangier%2C+1662%E2%80%931684&rft.btitle=Huntington+Library+Quarterly&rft.pages=417-434&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fhlq.2014.77.4.417&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Margarette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERouth1912-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERouth1912_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRouth1912">Routh (1912)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElbl2009-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElbl2009_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElbl2009">Elbl (2009)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElbl2013Ch._8-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElbl2013Ch._8_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElbl2013">Elbl (2013)</a>, Ch. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBejjit2015" class="citation book cs1">Bejjit, Karim (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W7K1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33"><i>English Colonial Texts on Tangier, 1661–1684: Imperialism and the Politics of Resistance</i></a>. Ashgate. pp. 33–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Colonial+Texts+on+Tangier%2C+1661%E2%80%931684%3A+Imperialism+and+the+Politics+of+Resistance&rft.pages=33-36&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Bejjit&rft.aufirst=Karim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW7K1CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finn-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-finn_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finn_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finn_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinlayson1992">Finlayson (1992)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z69sBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">28</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:15_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987" class="citation book cs1">Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC"><i>A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 232–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521337674" title="Special:BookSources/0521337674"><bdi>0521337674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Maghrib+in+the+Islamic+period&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=232-233&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0521337674&rft.aulast=Abun-Nasr&rft.aufirst=Jamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjdlKbZ46YYkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElbl2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeTBAgAAQBAJpgPA13_13–14]-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElbl2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeTBAgAAQBAJpgPA13_13–14]_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElbl2013">Elbl (2013)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">13–14</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlayson1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidz69sBQAAQBAJpgPA31_31]-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlayson1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidz69sBQAAQBAJpgPA31_31]_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinlayson1992">Finlayson (1992)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z69sBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31">31</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936652-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936652_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELévi-Provençal1936652_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLévi-Provençal1936">Lévi-Provençal (1936)</a>, p. 652.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911_56-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911_56-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911_56-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Encyclopædia_Britannica''1911_56-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica1911"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (1911)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wweek.com/editorial/3314/8560/"><i>Power, Faith and Fantasy: In the beginning, for America, was the Middle East</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403104942/http://www.wweek.com/editorial/3314/8560/">Archived</a> 2007-04-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Matt Buckingham, week, February 14, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeakinMeakin1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Meakin, James Edward Budgett; Meakin, Kate Alberta (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morocco"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Morocco">"Morocco" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 850–861, see page 857, final para. <q>By Sulaiman's direction the imperial umbrella passed to his nephew, Abd-er-Rahman II., on whom he could rely to maintain his policy. Although disposed to promote foreign trade, he made a futile attempt in 1828 to revive piracy, which the Austrians frustrated by reprisals next year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Morocco&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=850-861%2C+see+page+857%2C+final+para&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Meakin&rft.aufirst=James+Edward+Budgett&rft.au=Meakin%2C+Kate+Alberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElbl2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeTBAgAAQBAJpgPA15_15]-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElbl2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeTBAgAAQBAJpgPA15_15]_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElbl2013">Elbl (2013)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15">15</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensoussan2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bensoussan, David (2010). <i>Il Était Une Fois Le Maroc: Témoignages Du Passé Judéo-Marocain</i> (in French). Québec: Éditions Du Lys. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-922505-21-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-922505-21-4"><bdi>978-2-922505-21-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+%C3%89tait+Une+Fois+Le+Maroc%3A+T%C3%A9moignages+Du+Pass%C3%A9+Jud%C3%A9o-Marocain&rft.place=Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Du+Lys&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-922505-21-4&rft.aulast=Bensoussan&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdulrazak1990" class="citation book cs1">Abdulrazak, Fawzi A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/136986020/The-Kingdom-of-the-Book-the-History-of-Printing-as-an-Agency-of-Change-in-Morocco-1865-1912-F-Abdulrazak"><i>The kingdom of the book: The history of printing as an agency of change in Morocco between 1865 and 1912</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Damnation%2C+Dante+and+Decadence%3A+Why+Eug%C3%A8ne+Delacroix+is+making+a+hero%27s+return&rft.date=2016-02-05&rft.aulast=Prodger&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F05%2Fdamned-souls-decadence-eugene-delacroix-hero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legation.org/public_html/relate.htm">The American Legation at Tangier, Morocco</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080124225147/http://www.legation.org/public_html/relate.htm">Archived</a> January 24, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annuario Pontificio</i> 2010, p. 721</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-state.gov-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-state.gov_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/MOROCCO-2018-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf">"MOROCCO 2018 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210402105510/https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/MOROCCO-2018-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MOROCCO+2018+INTERNATIONAL+RELIGIOUS+FREEDOM+REPORT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F05%2FMOROCCO-2018-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlami2019" class="citation news cs1">Alami, Aida (29 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/29/world/africa/pope-francis-morocco-christians.html">"Pope Francis' Visit to Morocco Raises Hopes for Its Christians"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001050723/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/29/world/africa/pope-francis-morocco-christians.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis%27+Visit+to+Morocco+Raises+Hopes+for+Its+Christians&rft.date=2019-03-29&rft.aulast=Alami&rft.aufirst=Aida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F03%2F29%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fpope-francis-morocco-christians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/MA">"Jewish in Morocco"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402004157/http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/MA">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+in+Morocco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldjewishcongress.org%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fcommunities%2FMA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110201184029/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=1373321.html">Morocco then South Africa to host Cups</a>. FIFA.com (2011-01-29). Retrieved on 2011-06-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227150201/http://www.paulbowles.org/paulbowlesmuseum.html">"PAUL BOWLES WING: Tangier American Legation (TALIM)"</a>. <i>www.paulbowles.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulbowles.org/paulbowlesmuseum.html">the original</a> on 2019-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.paulbowles.org&rft.atitle=PAUL+BOWLES+WING%3A+Tangier+American+Legation+%28TALIM%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paulbowles.org%2Fpaulbowlesmuseum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visitafrica.site/destinations/experience-egypt/abu-simbel-temples/">"Visit Africa's Tangier City, Morocco"</a>. <i>visitafrica.site</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visitafrica.site&rft.atitle=Visit+Africa%27s+Tangier+City%2C+Morocco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisitafrica.site%2Fdestinations%2Fexperience-egypt%2Fabu-simbel-temples%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennell1999" class="citation book cs1">Pennell, C. R. (1999). "Wars: The Second World War in Morocco". <i>Morocco since 1830: A History</i>. New York University Press. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-426-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-426-1"><bdi>978-1-85065-426-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wars%3A+The+Second+World+War+in+Morocco&rft.btitle=Morocco+since+1830%3A+A+History&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-426-1&rft.aulast=Pennell&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuleBeazley1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Yule, Henry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Beazley" title="Raymond Beazley">Beazley, Charles Raymond</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ibn Batuta"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ibn_Batuta">"Ibn Batuta" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). pp. 219–220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Batuta&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=219-220&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Beazley%2C+Charles+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Spotswood, Alexander"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Spotswood,_Alexander">"Spotswood, Alexander" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 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La Voz de Cádiz. 2018-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Le Matin. 2019-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lematin.ma&rft.atitle=Tanger+et+Da+Nang+li%C3%A9es+par+un+accord+de+jumelage&rft.date=2019-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flematin.ma%2Fexpress%2F2019%2Ftanger-da-nang-liees-accord-jumelage%2F313253.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.puteaux.fr/Ma-ville/Jumelage-et-Pactes-d-amitie">"Jumelage et Pactes d'amitié"</a>. <i>puteaux.fr</i> (in French). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=saint-josse.irisnet.be&rft.atitle=Decentralized+international+cooperation&rft.date=2019-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaint-josse.irisnet.be%2Fen%2Fmunicipality%2Fsocial-cohesion-solidarity%2Fdecentralized-international-cooperation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: General bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tangier#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Tangier">Bibliography of the history of Tangier</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Tangiers"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Tangiers">"Tangiers" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XXIII (9th ed.). 1888. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tangiers&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=46&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tangier"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tangier">"Tangier" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 397–398.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tangier&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=397-398&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkram1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Agha_Ibrahim_Akram" title="Agha Ibrahim Akram">Akram, Agha Ibrahim</a> (1980), <i>The Muslim Conquest of Spain</i>, Rawalpindi: Army Education Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Conquest+of+Spain&rft.place=Rawalpindi&rft.pub=Army+Education+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Akram&rft.aufirst=Agha+Ibrahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmitay2011" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Amitay, Ory (2011), "Procopius of Caesarea and the Girgashite Diaspora", <i>Journal for the Study of the Pseudoepigrapha</i>, vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 257–276, <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.878.3222">10.1.1.878.3222</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Procopius+of+Caesarea+and+the+Girgashite+Diaspora&rft.btitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Pseudoepigrapha&rft.pages=257-276&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.878.3222%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Amitay&rft.aufirst=Ory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaedeker1901" class="citation cs2">Baedeker, Karl (1901), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/01710943.5406.emory.edu/01710943_5406#page/n595/mode/2up">"Tangier"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/01710943.5406.emory.edu/01710943_5406#page/n599/mode/2up"><i>Spain and Portugal: Handbook for Travellers</i></a> (2nd ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tangier&rft.btitle=Spain+and+Portugal%3A+Handbook+for+Travellers&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Karl+Baedeker&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Baedeker&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2F01710943.5406.emory.edu%2F01710943_5406%23page%2Fn595%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankinship1994" class="citation cs2">Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994), <i>The End of the Jihad State</i>, Albany: SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1827-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1827-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-1827-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Jihad+State&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1827-7&rft.aulast=Blankinship&rft.aufirst=Khalid+Yahya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett2017" class="citation cs2">Brett, Michael (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8C1WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">"Conversion of the Berbers to Islam"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8C1WDwAAQBAJ"><i>Islamisation: Comparative Perspectives from History</i></a>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8C1WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">189–198</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474417136" title="Special:BookSources/9781474417136"><bdi>9781474417136</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conversion+of+the+Berbers+to+Islam&rft.btitle=Islamisation%3A+Comparative+Perspectives+from+History&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=189-198&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781474417136&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8C1WDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCivantos2017" class="citation cs2">Civantos, Christina (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GO0_DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Afterlife of al-Andalus: Muslim Iberia in Contemporary Arab and Hispanic Narratives</i></a>, Albany: State University of New York Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438466712" title="Special:BookSources/9781438466712"><bdi>9781438466712</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Afterlife+of+al-Andalus%3A+Muslim+Iberia+in+Contemporary+Arab+and+Hispanic+Narratives&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781438466712&rft.aulast=Civantos&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGO0_DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2003" class="citation cs2">Collins, Roger (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ra9BtjLRNMsC&pg=PA455"><i>Count Julian</i></a>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415939188" title="Special:BookSources/9780415939188"><bdi>9780415939188</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Count+Julian&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415939188&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dra9BtjLRNMsC%26pg%3DPA455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span> & <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ra9BtjLRNMsC&pg=PA771">"Ṭarīq ibn Ziyād"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ra9BtjLRNMsC"><i>Medieval Iberia</i></a>, New York: Routledge, 2003, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415939188" title="Special:BookSources/9780415939188"><bdi>9780415939188</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B9%ACar%C4%ABq+ibn+Ziy%C4%81d&rft.btitle=Medieval+Iberia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415939188&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dra9BtjLRNMsC%26pg%3DPA771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2009" class="citation cs2">Davies, Ethel (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H4QeOGV_zl4C&pg=PA119">"Tangier"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H4QeOGV_zl4C"><i>North Africa: The Roman Coast</i></a>, Chalfont St Peter: Bradt Travel Guides, pp. 119 ff, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841622873" title="Special:BookSources/9781841622873"><bdi>9781841622873</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tangier&rft.btitle=North+Africa%3A+The+Roman+Coast&rft.place=Chalfont+St+Peter&rft.pages=119+ff&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781841622873&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Ethel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH4QeOGV_zl4C%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElbl2009" class="citation cs2">Elbl, Martin Malcolm (2009), "(Re)claiming Walls: The Fortified Médina of Tangier under Portuguese Rule (1471–1661) and as a Modern Heritage Artefact", <i>Portuguese Studies Review</i>, pp. 103–192</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%28Re%29claiming+Walls%3A+The+Fortified+M%C3%A9dina+of+Tangier+under+Portuguese+Rule+%281471%E2%80%931661%29+and+as+a+Modern+Heritage+Artefact&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Studies+Review&rft.pages=103-192&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Elbl&rft.aufirst=Martin+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElbl2012" class="citation cs2">Elbl, Martin Malcolm (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3658825/_Tangiers_Qasba_Before_the_Trace_Italienne_Citadel_of_1558-1566_A_Virtual_Archaeology_of_Vanished_Maghribi_and_Portuguese_Fortifications_">"Tangier's Qasba Before the Trace Italienne Citadel of 1558–1566: The 'Virtual' Archaeology of a Vanished Islamic and Portuguese Fortress"</a>, <i>Portuguese Studies Review</i>, pp. 1–44</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tangier%27s+Qasba+Before+the+Trace+Italienne+Citadel+of+1558%E2%80%931566%3A+The+%27Virtual%27+Archaeology+of+a+Vanished+Islamic+and+Portuguese+Fortress&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Studies+Review&rft.pages=1-44&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Elbl&rft.aufirst=Martin+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3658825%2F_Tangiers_Qasba_Before_the_Trace_Italienne_Citadel_of_1558-1566_A_Virtual_Archaeology_of_Vanished_Maghribi_and_Portuguese_Fortifications_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElbl2013" class="citation cs2">Elbl, Martin Malcolm (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTBAgAAQBAJ"><i>Portuguese Tangier (1471–1662): Colonial Urban Fabric as Cross-Cultural Skeleton</i></a>, Peterborough: Baywolf Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780921437505" title="Special:BookSources/9780921437505"><bdi>9780921437505</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Tangier+%281471%E2%80%931662%29%3A+Colonial+Urban+Fabric+as+Cross-Cultural+Skeleton&rft.place=Peterborough&rft.pub=Baywolf+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780921437505&rft.aulast=Elbl&rft.aufirst=Martin+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAeTBAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Elbl, Martin Malcolm (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/79480783/_A_Tale_of_Two_Breakwaters_Modelling_Portuguese_and_English_Works_in_the_Port_of_Tangier_Bathymetric_Space_1500s_1683_">"A Tale of Two Breakwaters: Modelling Portuguese and English Works in the Port of Tangier Bathymetric Space — 1500s–1683"</a> <i>Portuguese Studies Review,</i> vol. No. 29, pp. 55–136.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlayson1992" class="citation cs2">Finlayson, Iain (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z69sBQAAQBAJ"><i>Tangier: City of the Dream</i></a>, London: Tauris Parke, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780769264" title="Special:BookSources/9781780769264"><bdi>9781780769264</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tangier%3A+City+of+the+Dream&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tauris+Parke&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781780769264&rft.aulast=Finlayson&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz69sBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerli2003" class="citation cs2">Gerli, E. Michael (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ra9BtjLRNMsC&pg=PA598">"Mūsā ibn Nusayr"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ra9BtjLRNMsC"><i>Medieval Iberia</i></a>, New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415939188" title="Special:BookSources/9780415939188"><bdi>9780415939188</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=M%C5%ABs%C4%81+ibn+Nusayr&rft.btitle=Medieval+Iberia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415939188&rft.aulast=Gerli&rft.aufirst=E.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dra9BtjLRNMsC%26pg%3DPA598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhaki2015" class="citation cs2">Ghaki, Mansour (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428044658/https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/50105050/Toponymie_et_onomastique_Lapport_de_lecriture_punique_neopunique.pdf">"Toponymie et Onomastique Libyques: L'Apport de l'Écriture Punique/Néopunique"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>La Lingua nella Vita e la Vita della Lingua: Itinerari e Percorsi degli Studi Berberi</i>, Studi Africanistici: Quaderni di Studi Berberi e Libico-Berberi, Naples: Unior, pp. 65–71, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6719-125-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6719-125-3"><bdi>978-88-6719-125-3</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2283-5636">2283-5636</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/50105050/Toponymie_et_onomastique_Lapport_de_lecriture_punique_neopunique.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toponymie+et+Onomastique+Libyques%3A+L%27Apport+de+l%27%C3%89criture+Punique%2FN%C3%A9opunique&rft.btitle=La+Lingua+nella+Vita+e+la+Vita+della+Lingua%3A+Itinerari+e+Percorsi+degli+Studi+Berberi&rft.place=Naples&rft.series=Studi+Africanistici%3A+Quaderni+di+Studi+Berberi+e+Libico-Berberi&rft.pages=65-71&rft.pub=Unior&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=2283-5636&rft.isbn=978-88-6719-125-3&rft.aulast=Ghaki&rft.aufirst=Mansour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Facademia.edu.documents%2F50105050%2FToponymie_et_onomastique_Lapport_de_lecriture_punique_neopunique.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li>Haller, Dieter (2021). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transcript-verlag.de/978-3-8376-5649-7/tangier/gibraltar-a-tale-of-one-city/?c=310000081&number=978-3-8394-5649-1">Tangier/Gibraltar: A Tale of One City—An Ethnography</a></i>. Bielefeld: Transcript.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartley2007" class="citation cs2">Hartley, James (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA345">"Tangier"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC"><i>Cities of the Middle East and North Africa</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a>: ABC-CLIO, pp. 345–347, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576079195" title="Special:BookSources/9781576079195"><bdi>9781576079195</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tangier&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=345-347&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781576079195&rft.aulast=Hartley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SapTk5iGDkC%26pg%3DPA345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHead_et_al.1911" class="citation cs2">Head, Barclay; et al. (1911), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snible.org/coins/hn/numidia.html#mauretania">"Mauretania"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snible.org/coins/hn/index.html"><i>Historia Numorum</i></a> (2nd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 887 ff</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mauretania&rft.btitle=Historia+Numorum&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=887+ff&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Barclay&rft.au=G.F.+Hill&rft.au=George+MacDonald&rft.au=W.+Wroth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnible.org%2Fcoins%2Fhn%2Fnumidia.html%23mauretania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1913" class="citation cs2">Hume, H. Harold (1913), <i>Citrus Fruits and Their Culture</i>, New York: O. Judd Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citrus+Fruits+and+Their+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=O.+Judd+Co&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=H.+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlahiane2010" class="citation cs2">Ilahiane, Hsain (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aRYuDgAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Berbers</i></a> (2nd ed.), Lanham: Rowman & Littlefeld, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442281820" title="Special:BookSources/9781442281820"><bdi>9781442281820</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Berbers&rft.place=Lanham&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefeld&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781442281820&rft.aulast=Ilahiane&rft.aufirst=Hsain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaRYuDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLévi-Provençal1936" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Évariste Lévi-Provençal">Lévi-Provençal, Évariste</a> (1936), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMC&pg=PA650">"Tangier"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam"><i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i></a>, vol. IV, Leiden: E.J. Brill, pp. 650–652</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tangier&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=650-652&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al&rft.aufirst=%C3%89variste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dro--tXw_hxMC%26pg%3DPA650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeakin1899" class="citation cs2">Meakin, Budgett (1899), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moorishempireah02meakgoog/page/n10"><i>The Moorish Empire</i></a>, London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moorish+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Swan+Sonnenschein+%26+Co&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Meakin&rft.aufirst=Budgett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoorishempireah02meakgoog%2Fpage%2Fn10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeakin1901" class="citation cs2">Meakin, Budgett (1901), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landofmoorscompr00meak/page/n11"><i>The Land of the Moors: A Comprehensive Description</i></a>, London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+the+Moors%3A+A+Comprehensive+Description&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Swan+Sonnenschein+%26+Co&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Meakin&rft.aufirst=Budgett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flandofmoorscompr00meak%2Fpage%2Fn11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCath._Enc.1913" class="citation cs2">Pétridés, Sophron (1913), "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Tingis" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Tingis">Tingis</a>", <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i></a>, vol. XIV, New York: Encyclopedia Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tingis&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9trid%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Sophron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoller2006" class="citation cs2">Roller, Duane W. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AFpzZfm7WdYC"><i>Through the Pillars of Herakles: Greco-Roman Exploration of the Atlantic</i></a>, Abington: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134192328" title="Special:BookSources/9781134192328"><bdi>9781134192328</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Pillars+of+Herakles%3A+Greco-Roman+Exploration+of+the+Atlantic&rft.place=Abington&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781134192328&rft.aulast=Roller&rft.aufirst=Duane+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAFpzZfm7WdYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouth1912" class="citation cs2">Routh, Enid M.G. (1912), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tangierenglandsl00rout"><i>Tangier: England's Lost Atlantic Outpost</i></a>, London: John Murray</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tangier%3A+England%27s+Lost+Atlantic+Outpost&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Routh&rft.aufirst=Enid+M.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftangierenglandsl00rout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuiz2012" class="citation cs2">Ruiz, Ana (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y5VbQMltSLcC"><i>Medina Mayrit: The Origins of Madrid</i></a>, New York: Algora Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780875869254" title="Special:BookSources/9780875869254"><bdi>9780875869254</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medina+Mayrit%3A+The+Origins+of+Madrid&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780875869254&rft.aulast=Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy5VbQMltSLcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangier&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tangier" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tangier">Tangier</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Tangier" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Tangier">Tangier</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tangier#Q126148" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Tangier">Tangier</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legation.org">Official site of The Tangier American Legation Institute for Moroccan Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316104721/http://archnet.org/sites/8435">History, description, and images of Tangier on Archnet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photos.nomadicnotes.com/morocco/tangier">Tangier photo gallery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/09/03/travel/20100912TANGIER.html?ref=multimedia">Navigating Tangier's Labyrinth</a> – slideshow by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130427083717/http://www.islamicarchitecturedatabase.org/ircica/index2.php?page=Country&id=34">"Tangier"</a>. <i>Islamic Cultural Heritage Database</i>. Istanbul: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicarchitecturedatabase.org/ircica/index2.php?page=Country&id=34">the original</a> on 2013-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Cultural+Heritage+Database&rft.atitle=Tangier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicarchitecturedatabase.org%2Fircica%2Findex2.php%3Fpage%3DCountry%26id%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archnet.org/authorities/3987">Tangier on Archnet</a> – History, sites, photos (historic and contemporary), and media</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/morocco/tanger/tanger.html">Old maps of Tangier</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html">Historic Cities</a> site</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tangier" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tangier" title="Template:Tangier"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tangier" title="Template talk:Tangier"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tangier" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tangier"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tangier" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tangier</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tangier" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tangier">History of Tangier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tangier" title="Timeline of Tangier">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tangier" title="List of governors of Tangier">List of European governors of Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1664)" title="Battle of Tangier (1664)">Battle of Tangier (1664)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Tangier" title="English Tangier">English Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangier_Garrison" title="Tangier Garrison">Tangier Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_Regiment_(West_Surrey)" title="Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)">1st Tangier Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Tangier_Regiment" title="2nd Tangier Regiment">2nd Tangier Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartel" title="Battle of Cape Spartel">Battle of Cape Spartel (1782)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tangiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tangiers">Treaty of Tangiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangier_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangier Protocol">Tangier Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">Tangier International Zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Tangier_International_Zone" title="List of rulers of the Tangier International Zone">Administrators and Mendoubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartel_(1936)" title="Battle of Cape Spartel (1936)">Battle of Cape Spartel (1936)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangier_Medina_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View over the Tangier medina from the roof terrace of Dar Jameel"><img alt="View over the Tangier medina from the roof terrace of Dar Jameel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tangier_Medina_01.jpg/160px-Tangier_Medina_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tangier_Medina_01.jpg/240px-Tangier_Medina_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tangier_Medina_01.jpg/320px-Tangier_Medina_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tangier" title="Economy of Tangier">Economy of Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangier_Exportation_Free_Zone" title="Tangier Exportation Free Zone">Tangier Exportation Free Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanger-med" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanger-med">Tanger-med</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts and streets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tangier_City_Center" title="Tangier City Center">Tangier City Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Socco" title="Grand Socco">Grand Socco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Socco" title="Petit Socco">Petit Socco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartier_du_Marshan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quartier du Marshan (page does not exist)">Quartier du Marshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Es-Siaghine" title="Rue Es-Siaghine">Rue Es-Siaghine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_de_la_Libert%C3%A9_(Tangier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue de la Liberté (Tangier) (page does not exist)">Rue de la Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avenue_Pasteur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avenue Pasteur (page does not exist)">Avenue Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avenue_d%27Espagne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avenue d'Espagne (page does not exist)">Avenue d'Espagne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avenue_Mohammed_VI_(Tangier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avenue Mohammed VI (Tangier) (page does not exist)">Avenue Mohammed VI</a> beach</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Tangier" title="Grand Mosque of Tangier">Grand Mosque of Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Mosque_(Tangier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasbah Mosque (Tangier)">Kasbah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bou_Abib_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidi Bou Abib Mosque">Sidi Bou Abib Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_Mosque,_Tangier" title="Mohammed V Mosque, Tangier">Mohammed V Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalla_Abla_Mosque" title="Lalla Abla Mosque">Lalla Abla Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Tangier)" title="Church of the Immaculate Conception (Tangier)">Church of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Andrew,_Tangier" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint Andrew, Tangier">Anglican Church of St. Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Church_of_Tangier" title="French Church of Tangier">French Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Tangier" title="Roman Catholic Cathedral of Tangier">Roman Catholic Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palaces and museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Palace,_Tangier" title="Kasbah Palace, Tangier">Kasbah Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendoubia" title="Mendoubia">Mendoubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendoub%27s_Residence" title="Mendoub's Residence">Mendoub's Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshan_Palace,_Tangier" title="Marshan Palace, Tangier">Marshan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelhafid_Palace" title="Abdelhafid Palace">Abdelhafid Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Legation,_Tangier" title="American Legation, Tangier">American Legation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_(Tangier)" title="Museum of Contemporary Art (Tangier)">Museum of Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondation_Lorin" title="Fondation Lorin">Fondation Lorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Carmen-Macein" title="Musée de Carmen-Macein">Musée de Carmen-Macein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Toros_Tangier" title="Plaza de Toros Tangier">Plaza de Toros</a> bullring</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borj_en_Naam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borj en Naam (page does not exist)">Borj en Naam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Teatro_Cervantes" title="Gran Teatro Cervantes">Gran Teatro Cervantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Cecil_(Tangier,_Morocco)" title="Hotel Cecil (Tangier, Morocco)">Hotel Cecil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Continental_(Tangier)" title="Hotel Continental (Tangier)">Hotel Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate_General,_Tangier" title="French Consulate General, Tangier">French Consulate General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Hafa" title="Café Hafa">Café Hafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangerinn" title="Tangerinn">Tangerinn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Muniria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa Muniria (page does not exist)">Villa Muniria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools and colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tangier_Anglo-Moroccan_School" title="Tangier Anglo-Moroccan School">Tangier Anglo-Moroccan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_of_Tangier" title="American School of Tangier">American School of Tangier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabat-Tangier_expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabat-Tangier expressway">Rabat-Tangier expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangier_Ibn_Battouta_Airport" title="Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport">Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atletico_Tanger" title="Atletico Tanger">Atletico Tanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IR_Tanger" title="IR Tanger">IR Tanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_de_Tanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Stade de Tanger">Stade de Tanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_de_Marchan" title="Stade de Marchan">Stade de Marchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_Radio_(Morocco)" title="Cap Radio (Morocco)">Cap Radio (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cricket_Stadium,_Tangier" title="National Cricket Stadium, Tangier">National Cricket Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Tangier" title="Bay of Tangier">Bay of Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_la_Mendoubia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parc de la Mendoubia">Parc de la Mendoubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colline_du_Charf" class="mw-redirect" title="Colline du Charf">Colline du Charf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Spartel" title="Cape Spartel">Cape Spartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Malabata" title="Cape Malabata">Cape Malabata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Tanger-Tetouan-Al_Hoceima_region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tanger-Tetouan-Al_Hoceima" title="Template:Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tanger-Tetouan-Al_Hoceima" title="Template talk:Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tanger-Tetouan-Al_Hoceima" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Tanger-Tetouan-Al_Hoceima_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tanger-Tetouan-Al_Hoceima" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima">Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Capital: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tangier</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prefectures<br />and provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hoceima_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Hoceima Province">Al Hoceima Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chefchaouen_Province" title="Chefchaouen Province">Chefchaouen Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahs-Anjra_Province" title="Fahs-Anjra Province">Fahs-Anjra Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larache_Province" title="Larache Province">Larache Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%27diq-Fnideq_Prefecture" title="M'diq-Fnideq Prefecture">M'diq-Fnideq Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouezzane_Province" title="Ouezzane Province">Ouezzane Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangier-Assilah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangier-Assilah">Tangier-Assilah Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetouan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetouan Province">Tetouan Province</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanger_Tetouan_Hoceima_Region_Locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tanger_Tetouan_Hoceima_Region_Locator_map.svg/150px-Tanger_Tetouan_Hoceima_Region_Locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tanger_Tetouan_Hoceima_Region_Locator_map.svg/225px-Tanger_Tetouan_Hoceima_Region_Locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tanger_Tetouan_Hoceima_Region_Locator_map.svg/300px-Tanger_Tetouan_Hoceima_Region_Locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hoceima" title="Al Hoceima">Al Hoceima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asilah" title="Asilah">Asilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Taza" title="Bab Taza">Bab Taza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bni_Bouayach" title="Bni Bouayach">Bni Bouayach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brikcha" title="Brikcha">Brikcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chefchaouen" title="Chefchaouen">Chefchawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fnideq" title="Fnideq">Fnideq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Jebha" title="El Jebha">Jebha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imzouren" title="Imzouren">Imzouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karia_Ba_Mohamed" title="Karia Ba Mohamed">Karia Ba Mohamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khemis_Sahel" title="Khemis Sahel">Khemis Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar_el-Kebir" title="Ksar el-Kebir">Ksar El Kbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Ksar es-Seghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martil" title="Martil">Martil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%27diq" title="M'diq">M'dyaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moqrisset" title="Moqrisset">Moqrisset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oued_Laou" title="Oued Laou">Ouad Laou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouezzane" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouezzane">Ouezzane</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targuist" title="Targuist">Targuist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tétouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoumi" title="Zoumi">Zoumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prefectures_and_provinces_of_Morocco_by_region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prefectures_and_provinces_of_Morocco" title="Template:Prefectures and provinces of Morocco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prefectures_and_provinces_of_Morocco" title="Template talk:Prefectures and provinces of Morocco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectures_and_provinces_of_Morocco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectures and provinces of Morocco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prefectures_and_provinces_of_Morocco_by_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_and_provinces_of_Morocco" title="Prefectures and provinces of Morocco">Prefectures and provinces of Morocco</a> by <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Morocco" title="Regions of Morocco">region</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tanger-Tetouan-Al_Hoceima" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima">Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Prefectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tangier-Assilah_Prefecture" title="Tangier-Assilah Prefecture">Tangier-Assilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%27diq-Fnideq_Prefecture" title="M'diq-Fnideq Prefecture">M'diq-Fnideq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fahs-Anjra_Province" title="Fahs-Anjra Province">Fahs-Anjra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan_Province" title="Tétouan Province">Tétouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hoce%C3%AFma_Province" title="Al Hoceïma Province">Al Hoceïma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larache_Province" title="Larache Province">Larache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chefchaouen_Province" title="Chefchaouen Province">Chefchaouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouezzane_Province" title="Ouezzane Province">Ouezzane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_(Morocco)" title="Oriental (Morocco)">Oriental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Prefecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oujda-Angad_Prefecture" title="Oujda-Angad Prefecture">Oujda-Angad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkane_Province" title="Berkane Province">Berkane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taourirt_Province" title="Taourirt Province">Taourirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerada_Province" title="Jerada Province">Jerada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figuig_Province" title="Figuig Province">Figuig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nador_Province" title="Nador Province">Nador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driouch_Province" title="Driouch Province">Driouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guercif_Province" title="Guercif Province">Guercif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8s-Mekn%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Fès-Meknès">Fès-Meknès</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Prefectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekn%C3%A8s_Prefecture" title="Meknès Prefecture">Meknès</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulemane_Province" title="Boulemane Province">Boulemane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefrou_Province" title="Sefrou Province">Sefrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulay_Yacoub_Province" title="Moulay Yacoub Province">Moulay Yacoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Hajeb_Province" title="El Hajeb Province">El Hajeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifrane_Province" title="Ifrane Province">Ifrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taounate_Province" title="Taounate Province">Taounate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taza_Province" title="Taza Province">Taza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rabat-Sal%C3%A9-K%C3%A9nitra" title="Rabat-Salé-Kénitra">Rabat-Salé-Kénitra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Prefectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabat_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabat Prefecture">Rabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9" title="Salé">Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skhirate-T%C3%A9mara_Prefecture" title="Skhirate-Témara Prefecture">Skhirate-Témara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9nitra_Province" title="Kénitra Province">Kénitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A9misset_Province" title="Khémisset Province">Khémisset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Kacem_Province" title="Sidi Kacem Province">Sidi Kacem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Slimane_Province" title="Sidi Slimane Province">Sidi Slimane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ni_Mellal-Kh%C3%A9nifra" title="Béni Mellal-Khénifra">Béni Mellal-Khénifra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Provinces" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ni-Mellal_Province" title="Béni-Mellal Province">Béni-Mellal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khouribga_Province" title="Khouribga Province">Khouribga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A9nifra_Province" title="Khénifra Province">Khénifra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azilal_Province" title="Azilal Province">Azilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fquih_Ben_Salah_Province" title="Fquih Ben Salah Province">Fquih Ben Salah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Casablanca-Settat" title="Casablanca-Settat">Casablanca-Settat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Prefectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammedia_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammedia Prefecture">Mohammedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Settat_Province" title="Settat Province">Settat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrechid_Province" title="Berrechid Province">Berrechid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benslimane_Province" title="Benslimane Province">Benslimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bennour_Province" title="Sidi Bennour Province">Sidi Bennour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouaceur_Province" title="Nouaceur Province">Nouaceur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9diouna_Province" title="Médiouna Province">Médiouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Jadida_Province" title="El Jadida Province">El Jadida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh-Safi" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakesh-Safi">Marrakesh-Safi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Prefecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Haouz_Province" title="Al Haouz Province">Al Haouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichaoua_Province" title="Chichaoua Province">Chichaoua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Kel%C3%A2a_des_Sraghna_Province" title="El Kelâa des Sraghna Province">El Kelâa des Sraghna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essaouira_Province" title="Essaouira Province">Essaouira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safi_Province" title="Safi Province">Safi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehamna_Province" title="Rehamna Province">Rehamna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssoufia_Province" title="Youssoufia Province">Youssoufia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A2a-Tafilalet" title="Drâa-Tafilalet">Drâa-Tafilalet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Provinces" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Errachidia_Province" title="Errachidia Province">Errachidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagora_Province" title="Zagora Province">Zagora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midelt_Province" title="Midelt Province">Midelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouarzazate_Province" title="Ouarzazate Province">Ouarzazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinghir_Province" title="Tinghir Province">Tinghir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Souss-Massa" title="Souss-Massa">Souss-Massa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Prefectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agadir-Ida_Ou_Tanane_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Agadir-Ida Ou Tanane Prefecture">Agadir-Ida Ou Tanane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inezgane-A%C3%AFt_Melloul_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Inezgane-Aït Melloul Prefecture">Inezgane-Aït Melloul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taroudant_Province" title="Taroudant Province">Taroudant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiznit_Province" title="Tiznit Province">Tiznit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chtouka_A%C3%AFt_Baha_Province" title="Chtouka Aït Baha Province">Chtouka Aït Baha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Province" title="Tata Province">Tata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guelmim-Oued_Noun" title="Guelmim-Oued Noun">Guelmim-Oued Noun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Provinces" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assa-Zag_Province" title="Assa-Zag Province">Assa-Zag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelmim_Province" title="Guelmim Province">Guelmim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan-Tan_Province" title="Tan-Tan Province">Tan-Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Ifni_Province" title="Sidi Ifni Province">Sidi Ifni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/La%C3%A2youne-Sakia_El_Hamra" title="Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra">Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Provinces" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%A2youne_Province" title="Laâyoune Province">Laâyoune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarfaya_Province" title="Tarfaya Province">Tarfaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boujdour_Province" title="Boujdour Province">Boujdour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Es_Semara_Province" title="Es Semara Province">Es Semara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dakhla-Oued_Ed-Dahab" title="Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab">Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Provinces" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aousserd_Province" title="Aousserd Province">Aousserd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oued_Ed-Dahab_Province" title="Oued Ed-Dahab Province">Oued Ed-Dahab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_North_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_Africa" title="Template:Romano-Berber cities in Roman Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_Africa" title="Template talk:Romano-Berber cities in Roman Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romano-Berber cities in Roman Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_North_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Romano-Berber cities in Roman North Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Sorted by contemporary national borders</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anfa" title="Anfa">Anfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Cotta" title="Ancient Cotta">Cotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exilissa" title="Exilissa">Exilissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Constantia_Zilil" title="Iulia Constantia Zilil">Iulia Constantia Zilil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Valentia_Banasa" title="Iulia Valentia Banasa">Iulia Valentia Banasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Campestris_Babba" title="Iulia Campestris Babba">Iulia Campestris Babba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Lixus</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">Mogador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar_el-Kebir" title="Ksar el-Kebir">Oppidum Novum (Tingitana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala Colonia">Sala</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamuda" title="Tamuda">Tamuda</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamusida" title="Thamusida">Thamusida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tingis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_(Timgad),_Algeria_04966r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg/200px-Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg/300px-Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg/400px-Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquae_Calidae,_Algeria" title="Aquae Calidae, Algeria">Aquae Calidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albulae" title="Albulae">Albulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altava" title="Altava">Altava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auzia" title="Auzia">Auzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Calama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_in_Mauretania" title="Caesarea in Mauretania">Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartennas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartennas">Cartennas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castellum_Dimmidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Castellum Dimmidi">Castellum Dimmidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castellum_Tingitii" class="mw-redirect" title="Castellum Tingitii">Castellum Tingitanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castra_Nova_(Mauretania)" title="Castra Nova (Mauretania)">Castra Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Popthensis" title="Civitas Popthensis">Civitas Popthensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collo" title="Collo">Collo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohors_Breucorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohors Breucorum">Cohors Breucorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dj%C3%A9mila" title="Djémila">Cuicul</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Veteranorum" title="Diana Veteranorum">Diana Veteranorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemellae" title="Gemellae">Gemellae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunugus" title="Gunugus">Gunugus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igilgili" title="Igilgili">Igilgili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigzirt" title="Tigzirt">Iomnium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamasba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamasba">Lamasba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambaesis" title="Lambaesis">Lambaesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madauros" title="Madauros">Madauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascula" title="Mascula">Mascula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesarfelta" title="Mesarfelta">Mesarfelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milevum" title="Milevum">Milevum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Defla" title="Aïn Defla">Oppidum Novum (Caesariensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenia_(Mauretania)" title="Parthenia (Mauretania)">Parthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Pomaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portus_Divinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Portus Divinus">Portus Divinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portus_Magnus,_Algeria" title="Portus Magnus, Algeria">Portus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiza_Xenitana" title="Quiza Xenitana">Quiza Xenitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapidum" title="Rapidum">Rapidum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusguniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusguniae">Rusguniae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusucurru" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusucurru">Rusucurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saldae" title="Saldae">Saldae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setifis" title="Setifis">Setifis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siga" title="Siga">Siga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thagaste" title="Thagaste">Thagaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamugadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamugadi">Thamugadi</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theveste" title="Theveste">Theveste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thibilis" title="Thibilis">Thibilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubursicum" title="Thubursicum">Thubursicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiddis" title="Tiddis">Tiddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingartia">Tingartia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipasa" title="Tipasa">Tipasa</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubusuctu" title="Tubusuctu">Tubusuctu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubunae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubunae">Tubunae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unica_Colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Unica Colonia">Unica Colonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzinaza" title="Uzinaza">Uzinaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vescera_(Ad_Piscinam)" title="Vescera (Ad Piscinam)">Vescera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zara%C3%AF" title="Zaraï">Zaraï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuccabar" title="Zuccabar">Zuccabar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunisia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Althiburos" title="Althiburos">Althiburos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsa_(Roman_colonia)" title="Capsa (Roman colonia)">Capsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Carthage#Roman_Carthage" title="History of Carthage">Carthago</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Cillilana" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonia Cillilana">Cillium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougga" title="Dougga">Dougga</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boughrara" title="Boughrara">Gightis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Diarrhytus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippo Diarrhytus">Hippo Diarrhytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelibia" title="Kelibia">Kelibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">Leptis Parva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mactaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Mactaris">Mactaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheradi_Majus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheradi Majus">Pheradi Majus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupput" title="Pupput">Pupput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucuma" title="Rucuma">Rucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruspae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruspae">Ruspae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scillium" title="Scillium">Scillium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicca_Veneria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicca Veneria">Sicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simitthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Simitthus">Simitthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbeitla" title="Sbeitla">Sufetula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacapae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacapae">Tacapae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taparura" title="Taparura">Taparura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufes" title="Sufes">Sufes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabraca" class="mw-redirect" title="Thabraca">Thabraca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanae">Thanae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuburbo_Majus" title="Thuburbo Majus">Thuburbo Majus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuburnica" title="Thuburnica">Thuburnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thysdrus" title="Thysdrus">Thysdrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turris_Tamalleni" title="Turris Tamalleni">Turris Tamalleni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utica,_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthina" title="Uthina">Uthina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja" title="Béja">Vaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zama_Regia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zama Regia">Zama Regia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Oasis" title="Qara Oasis">Qara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farafra,_Egypt" title="Farafra, Egypt">Farafra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septem_(Ceuta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Septem (Ceuta)">Septem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rusadir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms<br />and provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Creta et Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Africa" title="Diocese of Africa">Diocese of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeugitana" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeugitana">Zeugitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Praetorian prefecture of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">North Africa during classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Tripolitanus" title="Limes Tripolitanus">Limes Tripolitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Christianity in the Roman Africa province</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_African_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African Church">Early African Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Carthage">Church of Carthage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_colonies_in_North_Africa" title="Roman colonies in North Africa">Roman colonies in Berber Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> UNESCO World Heritage Sites <sup><small>2</small></sup> Proposed</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template talk:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenician Hippos ship"><img alt="Phoenician Hippos ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/20px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/30px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/40px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="525" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Phoenician_cities" title="List of Phoenician cities">Phoenician cities and colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Camarata_(Mauretania)" title="Camarata (Mauretania)">Camarata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartennae" title="Cartennae">Cartennae</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s" title="Ténès">Tenes</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igilgili" title="Igilgili">Igilgili</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Iol (Cherchell)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iomnium" title="Iomnium">Iomnium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tigzirt" title="Tigzirt">Tigzirt</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Djinet" title="Djinet">Kissi (Djinet)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macomades" title="Macomades">Macomades</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Malaca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rachgoun" title="Rachgoun">Rachgoun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusazus" title="Rusazus">Rusazus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azeffoun" title="Azeffoun">Azeffoun</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Rusguniae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Tamentfoust</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Rusicade (Skikda)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusippisir" title="Rusippisir">Rusippisir (Taksebt)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusubbicari" title="Rusubbicari">Rusubbicari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zemmouri" title="Zemmouri">Zemmouri</a> El Bahri)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dellys" title="Dellys">Rusuccuru (Dellys)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zara%C3%AF" title="Zaraï">Sarai</a> (<a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Oulmene" title="Aïn Oulmene">Aïn Oulmene</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thagora" title="Thagora">Thagora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taoura" title="Taoura">Taoura</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Mauretania" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipasa in Mauretania">Tipasa in Mauretania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Numidia" title="Tipasa in Numidia">Tipasa in Numidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timici" title="Timici">Timici</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dali,_Cyprus" title="Dali, Cyprus">Dhali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lapathus_(Cyprus)" title="Lapathus (Cyprus)">Lapathus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Cyprus" title="Marion, Cyprus">Marion</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Callista (Santorini)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">Achzib</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Akka (Acre)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Dora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Michal" title="Tel Michal">Michal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apollonia-Arsuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia-Arsuf">Reshef</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Shikmona" title="Tel Shikmona">Shikmona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Strato's Tower (Caesarea)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bithia,_Italy" title="Bithia, Italy">Bitan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chia_(Sardinia)" title="Chia (Sardinia)">Chia</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cape Melqart (Cefalù)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drepana" title="Drepana">Drepanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soluntum" title="Soluntum">Kapara (Soluntum)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cagliari" title="History of Cagliari">Karaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Lilybaeum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neapolis,_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolis, Sardinia">Neapolis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nora,_Italy" title="Nora, Italy">Nora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sulci" title="Sulci">Sulci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Ṣiṣ (Palermo)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Ampi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Athar (Tripoli)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Birut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Botrys (Teros)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal (Byblos)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jieh" title="Jieh"> Porphyreon (Jieh)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Sur (Tyre)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ushu" title="Ushu">Ushu (Palaetyrus)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Lebanon" title="Umm al-Amad, Lebanon">Umm al-Amad</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoms,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoms, Libya">Khoms</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oea" title="Oea">Oyat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Tsabratan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>Maleth (<a href="/wiki/Cospicua" title="Cospicua">Cospicua</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melite_(ancient_city)" title="Melite (ancient city)">Ann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gaulos (Gozo)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C4%A7ajn_Qajjet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Għajn Qajjet (page does not exist)">Għajn Qajjet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mtarfa" title="Mtarfa">Mtarfa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ras_il-Wardija" title="Ras il-Wardija">Ras il-Wardija</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1" title="Tas-Silġ">Tas-Silġ</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azama (Azemmour)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Arambys (Mogador)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caricus_Murus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caricus Murus (page does not exist)">Caricus Murus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Likush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Shalat (Chellah)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamusida" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamusida">Tamusida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tinga</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tangier</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anfa" title="Anfa">Anfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">Mogador</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rusadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oualidia" title="Oualidia">Oualidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Constantia_Zilil" title="Iulia Constantia Zilil">Zilil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Gadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Sala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterium" title="Thymiaterium">Thymiaterium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Rusibis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Portim%C3%A3o" title="Portimão">Portus Hannibalis</a></dd> <dd>Portus Magonis (Portimão)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Olissipona (Lisbon)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Ossonoba (Faro)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balsa_(Roman_town)" title="Balsa (Roman town)">Balsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tavira" title="Tavira">Tavira</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Spain" title="Abdera, Spain">Abdera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adra,_Spain" title="Adra, Spain">Adra</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abyla" title="Abyla">Abyla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Gadir (Cadiz)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guardamar_del_Segura" title="Guardamar del Segura">Herna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sa_Caleta_Phoenician_Settlement" title="Sa Caleta Phoenician Settlement">Iboshim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%B3n" title="Mahón">Mahón</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="History of Málaga">Malake</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Onoba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Carthage (Cartagena)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rushadir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saguntum" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguntum">Saguntum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sexi_(Phoenician_colony)" title="Sexi (Phoenician colony)">Sexi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Almunecar" class="mw-redirect" title="Almunecar">Almunecar</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADjola" title="Tíjola">Tagilit (Tíjola)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Los_Toscanos" title="Los Toscanos">Toscanos</a> (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lez-M%C3%A1laga" title="Vélez-Málaga">Velez</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peniscola" title="Peniscola">Tyreche</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Marat (Amrit)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Balanaea (Baniyas)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carne,_Phoenicia" title="Carne, Phoenicia">Carne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paltus" title="Paltus">Paltus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Shuksi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kazel" title="Tell Kazel">Sumur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunisia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kelibia" title="Kelibia">Aspis (Kelibia)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kerkouane" title="Kerkouane">Kerkouane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia" title="Monastir, Tunisia">Monastir</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maqom_Hadesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqom Hadesh">Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meninx_(town)" title="Meninx (town)">Meninx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspe" title="Ruspe">Ruspe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspina" title="Ruspina">Ruspina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Kef" title="El Kef">Sicca (El Kef)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tabarka" title="Tabarka">Tabarka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thenae" title="Thenae">Tayinat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyna" title="Thyna">Thyna</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thysdrus" title="Thysdrus">Thysdrus</a> (<a href="/wiki/El_Djem" title="El Djem">El Djem</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Utica,_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Myriandus" title="Myriandus">Myriandus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Finike" title="Finike">Phoenicus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tahpanhes" title="Tahpanhes">Tahpanhes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126148#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126148#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126148#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4105771-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82094861">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80015571">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12323335k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12323335k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tanger (Maroko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge311528&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450798">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559497505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/8532b68f-24a9-4522-b816-1e5558afe55a">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027264416">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044562">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tangier&oldid=1260057139">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tangier&oldid=1260057139</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tangier" title="Category:Tangier">Tangier</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prefectural_capitals_in_Morocco" 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