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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>History of the Wars</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secret_History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secret_History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>Secret History</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secret_History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>The Buildings</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Texts_of_Procopius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts_of_Procopius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Texts of Procopius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texts_of_Procopius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Secondary material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Procopius</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="بروكوبيوس القيسراني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروكوبيوس القيسراني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="پروکوپیوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پروکوپیوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Пракопій Кесарыйскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пракопій Кесарыйскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Прокопий Кесарийски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прокопий Кесарийски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopije_iz_Cezareje" title="Prokopije iz Cezareje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prokopije iz Cezareje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopios_Caesarea" title="Prokopios Caesarea – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Prokopios Caesarea" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopi_de_Cesarea" title="Procopi de Cesarea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Procopi de Cesarea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D3%97" title="Кесари Прокопийӗ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кесари Прокопийӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopios_z_Kaisareie" title="Prokopios z Kaisareie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prokopios z Kaisareie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Procopius" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopios_von_Caesarea" title="Prokopios von Caesarea – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Prokopios von Caesarea" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82)" title="Προκόπιος (ιστορικός) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προκόπιος (ιστορικός)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopio_de_Cesarea" title="Procopio de Cesarea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Procopio de Cesarea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopio_el_Cezareo" title="Prokopio el Cezareo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prokopio el Cezareo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopio_Zesareakoa" title="Prokopio Zesareakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Prokopio Zesareakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="پروکوپیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروکوپیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procope_de_C%C3%A9sar%C3%A9e" title="Procope de Césarée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Procope de Césarée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopio_de_Cesarea" title="Procopio de Cesarea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Procopio de Cesarea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%BD%94%ED%94%BC%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="프로코피오스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로코피오스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Պրոկոպիոս Կեսարացի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրոկոպիոս Կեսարացի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopije" title="Prokopije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prokopije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopios" title="Prokopios – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Prokopios" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopio_di_Cesarea" title="Procopio di Cesarea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Procopio di Cesarea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="פרוקופיוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוקופיוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="პროკოპი კესარიელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროკოპი კესარიელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Procopius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopijs_no_C%C4%93zarejas" title="Prokopijs no Cēzarejas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Prokopijs no Cēzarejas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopiosz_(t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9net%C3%ADr%C3%B3)" title="Prokopiosz (történetíró) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Prokopiosz (történetíró)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Прокопиј Кесариски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прокопиј Кесариски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="პროკოპი კესარიალი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პროკოპი კესარიალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="بروكوبيوس القيسرانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروكوبيوس القيسرانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Procopius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B3%E3%83%94%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9" title="プロコピオス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロコピオス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopios" title="Prokopios – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Prokopios" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopios" title="Prokopios – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Prokopios" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proc%C3%B2pi_de_Cesar%C3%A8a" title="Procòpi de Cesarèa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Procòpi de Cesarèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopiy_Kesariskiy" title="Prokopiy Kesariskiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Prokopiy Kesariskiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopiusz_z_Cezarei" title="Prokopiusz z Cezarei – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prokopiusz z Cezarei" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proc%C3%B3pio_de_Cesareia" title="Procópio de Cesareia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Procópio de Cesareia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius_din_Cezareea" title="Procopius din Cezareea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Procopius din Cezareea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Прокопий Кесарийскый – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Прокопий Кесарийскый" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Прокопий Кесарийский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прокопий Кесарийский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopi_i_%C3%87ezares%C3%AB" title="Prokopi i Çezaresë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Prokopi i Çezaresë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Procopius" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopios_C%C3%A9zarejsk%C3%BD" title="Prokopios Cézarejský – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prokopios Cézarejský" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopij_iz_Cezareje" title="Prokopij iz Cezareje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prokopij iz Cezareje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Прокопије из Цезареје – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прокопије из Цезареје" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopije" title="Prokopije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prokopije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopios" title="Prokopios – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Prokopios" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopios" title="Prokopios – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Prokopios" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopius" title="Prokopius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Prokopius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Прокопій Кесарійський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прокопій Кесарійський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E7%A7%91%E5%8C%B9%E5%8E%84%E6%96%AF" title="普罗科匹厄斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="普罗科匹厄斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Byzantine historian (c. 500 – 565)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historian and author of the <i>Secret History</i>. For other persons with the given name, see <a href="/wiki/Procopius_(given_name)" title="Procopius (given name)">Procopius (given name)</a>. For the spider genus, see <a href="/wiki/Procopius_(spider)" title="Procopius (spider)">Procopius (spider)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Procopius</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 500</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 565</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Legal adviser, political commentator</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Secular history</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>History of the Wars</i></li> <li><i>Buildings</i></li> <li><i>Secret History</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Procopius of Caesarea</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Προκόπιος ὁ Καισαρεύς</span> <i>Prokópios ho Kaisareús</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Procopius Caesariensis</i>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> – 565) was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antique</a> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Greek</a> scholar and historian from <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accompanying the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Emperor Justinian</a>'s wars, Procopius became the principal Roman historian of the 6th century, writing the <i>History of the Wars</i>, the <i>Buildings</i>, and the <i>Secret History</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from his own writings, the main source for Procopius's life is an entry in the <i><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Suda_On_Line_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suda_On_Line-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Byzantine Greek encyclopaedia written sometime after 975 which discusses his early life. He was a native of <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would have received a conventional upper class education in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek classics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps at the famous <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_School_of_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhetorical School of Gaza">school at Gaza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may have attended law school, possibly at <a href="/wiki/Law_School_of_Berytus" class="mw-redirect" title="Law School of Berytus">Berytus</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became a lawyer (<i>rhetor</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Suda_On_Line_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suda_On_Line-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He evidently knew <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, as was natural for a man with legal training.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 527, the first year of the reign of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian<span class="nowrap"> </span>I</a>, he became the legal adviser (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">adsessor</i></span></i>) for <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a>, a general whom Justinian made his chief military commander in a great attempt to restore control over the lost western provinces of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Procopius was with Belisarius on the eastern front until the latter was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callinicum" title="Battle of Callinicum">Battle of Callinicum</a> in 531<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recalled to Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Procopius witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Nika_riots" title="Nika riots">Nika riots</a> of January, 532, which Belisarius and his fellow general <a href="/wiki/Mundus_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mundus (general)">Mundus</a> repressed with a massacre in the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a> there.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 533, he accompanied Belisarius on his victorious expedition against the <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal kingdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, took part in the capture of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, and remained in Africa with Belisarius's successor <a href="/wiki/Solomon_(magister_militum)" title="Solomon (magister militum)">Solomon the Eunuch</a> when Belisarius returned east to the capital. Procopius recorded a few of the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather_events_of_535%E2%80%93536" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme weather events of 535–536">extreme weather events of 535–536</a>, although these were presented as a backdrop to Byzantine military activities, such as <a href="/wiki/Stotzas" title="Stotzas">a mutiny in and around Carthage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rejoined Belisarius for his campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic kingdom</a> in Italy and experienced the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(537%E2%80%93538)" title="Siege of Rome (537–538)">Gothic siege of Rome</a> that lasted a year and nine days, ending in mid-March 538. He witnessed Belisarius's entry into the Gothic capital, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, in 540. Both the <i>Wars</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>Secret History</i> suggest that his relationship with Belisarius cooled thereafter. When Belisarius was sent back to Italy in 544 to cope with <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">a renewal of the war with the Goths</a>, now led by the able king <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a>, Procopius appears to have no longer been on Belisarius's staff.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magister militum</a></i>, Belisarius was an "illustrious man" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">vir illustris</i>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ἰλλούστριος</span>, <i>illoústrios</i>); being his <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">adsessor</i></span></i>, Procopius must therefore have had at least the rank of a "visible man" (<i>vir spectabilis</i>). He thus belonged to the mid-ranking group of the senatorial order (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ordo senatorius</i></span></i>). However, the <i>Suda</i>, which is usually well-informed in such matters, also describes Procopius himself as one of the <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">illustres</i></span></i>. Should this information be correct, Procopius would have had a seat in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Constantinople's senate</a>, which was restricted to the <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">illustres</i></span></i> under Justinian. He also wrote that under Justinian's reign in 560, a major Christian church dedicated to the Virgin Mary was built <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount#Byzantine_period" title="Temple Mount">on the site of the Temple Mount</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. The source says "Byzantine historian Procopius wrote that the church was built in 560 AD and burned down by the Persians in 614.". But Procopius was dead in 614. (September 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is not certain when Procopius died. Many historians—including <a href="/wiki/James_Howard-Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="James Howard-Johnson">Howard-Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Averil_Cameron" title="Averil Cameron">Cameron</a>, and Geoffrey Greatrex—date his death to 554, but there was an urban prefect of Constantinople (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">praefectus urbi Constantinopolitanae</i></span></i>) who was called Procopius in 562. In that year, Belisarius was implicated in a conspiracy and was brought before this urban prefect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In fact, some scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have argued that Procopius died at least a few years after 565 as he unequivocally states in the beginning of his <i>Secret History</i> that he planned to publish it after the death of Justinian for fear he would be tortured and killed by the emperor (or even by general Belisarius) if the emperor (or the general) learned about what Procopius wrote (his scathing criticism of the emperor, of his wife, of Belisarius, of the general's wife, Antonina: calling the former "demons in human form" and the latter incompetent and treacherous) in this later history. However, most scholars believe that the <i>Secret History</i> was written in 550 and remained unpublished during Procopius' lifetime.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg/200px-Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg/300px-Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg/400px-Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1409" data-file-height="1907" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Justinian</figcaption></figure> <p>The writings of Procopius are the primary source of information for the rule of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian<span class="nowrap"> </span>I</a>. Procopius was the author of a history in eight books on the wars prosecuted by Justinian, a <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a> on the emperor's public works projects throughout the empire, and a book known as the <i>Secret History</i> that claims to report the scandals that Procopius could not include in his officially sanctioned history for fear of angering the emperor, his wife, Belisarius, and the general's wife. Consequently publication was delayed until all of them were dead to avoid retaliation. <span class="anchor" id="History_of_the_Wars"></span><span class="anchor" id="The_Wars_of_Justinian"></span><span class="anchor" id="The_Wars"></span><span class="anchor" id="Procopius's_Wars"></span><span class="anchor" id="Procopius'_Wars"></span><span class="anchor" id="De_Bellis"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_Wars"><i>History of the Wars</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History of the Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Procopius's <i>Wars</i> or <i>History of the Wars</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ὑπὲρ τῶν Πολέμων Λόγοι</span>, <i>Hypèr tōn Polémon Lógoi</i>, "Words on the Wars"; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">De Bellis</i>, "On the Wars") is his most important work, although less well known than the <i>Secret History</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first seven books seem to have been largely completed by 545 and may have been published as a set. They were, however, updated to mid-century before publication, with the latest mentioned event occurring in early 551. The eighth and final book brought the history to 553. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Persian_War"></span><span class="anchor" id="De_Bello_Persico"></span> The first two books—often known as <i>The Persian War</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">De Bello Persico</i>)—deal with the conflict between the Romans and <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Persia">Sassanid Persia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia (region)">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Iberia</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It details the campaigns of the Sassanid shah <a href="/wiki/Kavadh_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavadh I">Kavadh<span class="nowrap"> </span>I</a>, the 532 <a href="/wiki/Nika_riots" title="Nika riots">'Nika' revolt</a>, the war by Kavadh's successor <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau I">Khosrau<span class="nowrap"> </span>I</a> in 540, his destruction of <a href="/wiki/Antioch_on_the_Orontes" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioch on the Orontes">Antioch</a> and deportation of its inhabitants to Mesopotamia, and the <a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">great plague</a> that devastated the empire from 542. The <i>Persian War</i> also covers the early career of Procopius's patron <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> in some detail. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Vandal_War"></span><span class="anchor" id="Vandalic_War"></span><span class="anchor" id="De_Bello_Vandalico"></span> The <i>Wars</i>’ next two books—known as <i>The Vandal War</i> or <i>Vandalic War</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">De Bello Vandalico</i>)—cover Belisarius's <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">successful campaign</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal kingdom</a> that had occupied Rome's provinces in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Africa">northwest Africa</a> for the last century. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Gothic_War"></span><span class="anchor" id="De_Bello_Gothico"></span> The final four books—known as <i>The Gothic War</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">De Bello Gothico</i>)—cover the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Italian campaigns</a> by Belisarius and others against <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">the Ostrogoths</a>. Procopius includes accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naples_(536)" title="Siege of Naples (536)">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naples_(542%E2%80%9343)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Naples (542–43)">2nd sieges of Naples</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(537%E2%80%93538)" title="Siege of Rome (537–538)">1st</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(546)" title="Sack of Rome (546)">2nd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(549%E2%80%93550)" title="Siege of Rome (549–550)">3rd sieges of Rome</a>. He also includes an account of the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Arborychoi" title="Arborychoi">Arborychoi</a></i>). The last book describes the <a href="/wiki/Eunuch_(court_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunuch (court official)">eunuch</a> <a href="/wiki/Narses" title="Narses">Narses</a>'s successful conclusion of the Italian campaign and includes some coverage of campaigns along the empire's eastern borders as well. </p><p>The <i>Wars</i> proved influential on later Byzantine historiography.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 570s <a href="/wiki/Agathias_of_Myrina" class="mw-redirect" title="Agathias of Myrina">Agathias</a> wrote <i>Histories</i>, a continuation of Procopius's work in a similar style. <span class="anchor" id="Secret_History"></span><span class="anchor" id="Historia_Arcana"></span><span class="anchor" id="Anecdota"></span><span class="anchor" id="Anecdotes"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secret_History"><i>Secret History</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Secret History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg/220px-Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg/330px-Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg/440px-Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1888" /></a><figcaption>Belisarius may be this bearded figure on the right of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> in the mosaic in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Church of San Vitale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, which celebrates the reconquest of Italy by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Roman army</a> under the skillful leadership of Belisarius.</figcaption></figure> <p>Procopius's now famous <i>Anecdota</i>, also known as <i>Secret History</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀπόκρυφη Ἱστορία</span>, <i>Apókryphe Historía</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Historia Arcana</i>), was discovered centuries later at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a> in Rome<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and published in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò Alamanni">Niccolò Alamanni</a> in 1623. Its existence was already known from the <i><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a></i>, which referred to it as Procopius's "unpublished works" containing "comedy" and "invective" of Justinian, Theodora, Belisarius and Antonina. The <i>Secret History</i> covers roughly the same years as the first seven books of <i>The History of the Wars</i> and appears to have been written after they were published. Current consensus generally dates it to 550, or less commonly 558. </p><p>In the eyes of many scholars, the <i>Secret History</i> reveals an author who had become deeply disillusioned with Emperor Justinian, his wife <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Justinian_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Justinian I)">Theodora</a>, the general <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a>, and his wife <a href="/wiki/Antonina_(wife_of_Belisarius)" title="Antonina (wife of Belisarius)">Antonina</a>. The work claims to expose the secret springs of their public actions, as well as the private lives of the emperor and his entourage. Justinian is portrayed as cruel, venal, prodigal, and incompetent. In one passage, it is even claimed that he was possessed by demonic spirits or was himself a demon: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And some of those who have been with Justinian at the palace late at night, men who were pure of spirit, have thought they saw a strange demoniac form taking his place. One man said that the Emperor suddenly rose from his throne and walked about, and indeed he was never wont to remain sitting for long, and immediately Justinian's head vanished, while the rest of his body seemed to ebb and flow; whereat the beholder stood aghast and fearful, wondering if his eyes were deceiving him. But presently he perceived the vanished head filling out and joining the body again as strangely as it had left it.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Similarly, the Theodora of the <i>Secret History</i> is a garish portrait of vulgarity and insatiable lust juxtaposed with cold-blooded self-interest, shrewishness, and envious and fearful mean-spiritedness. Among the more titillating (and dubious) revelations in the <i>Secret History</i> is Procopius's account of Theodora's thespian accomplishments: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Often, even in the theatre, in the sight of all the people, she removed her costume and stood nude in their midst, except for a girdle about the groin: not that she was abashed at revealing that, too, to the audience, but because there was a law against appearing altogether naked on the stage, without at least this much of a fig-leaf. Covered thus with a ribbon, she would sink down to the stage floor and recline on her back. Slaves to whom the duty was entrusted would then scatter grains of barley from above into the calyx of this passion flower, whence geese, trained for the purpose, would next pick the grains one by one with their bills and eat.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Furthermore, <i>Secret History</i> portrays Belisarius as a weak man completely emasculated by his wife, Antonina, who is portrayed in very similar terms to Theodora. They are both said to be former actresses and close friends. Procopius claimed Antonina worked as an agent for Theodora against Belisarius, and had an ongoing affair with Belisarius' godson, Theodosius. </p><p>Justinian and Theodora are portrayed as the antithesis of "good" rulers, with each representing the opposite side of emotional spectrum. Justinian was of "approachable and kindly" temperament, even while ordering property confiscations or people's destruction. Conversely, Theodora was described as irrational and driven by her anger, often by minor affronts.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopius&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Procopius is believed to be aligned with many of the senatorial ranks that disagreed with Justinian and Theodora's tax policies and property confiscations (<i>Secret History</i> 12.12-14).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, it has been argued that Procopius prepared the <i>Secret History</i> as an exaggerated document out of fear that a conspiracy might overthrow Justinian's regime, which—as a kind of court historian—might be reckoned to include him. The unpublished manuscript would then have been a kind of insurance, which could be offered to the new ruler as a way to avoid execution or exile after the coup. If this hypothesis were correct, the <i>Secret History</i> would not be proof that Procopius hated Justinian or Theodora.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="anchor" id="The_Buildings"></span><span class="anchor" id="The_Buildings_of_Justinian"></span><span class="anchor" id="Buildings"></span> </p><p>Researcher Anthony Kaldellis suggests that the <i>Secret History</i> is a tale of the dangers of "the rule of women". Procopius's perspective was that women's vices vanquished men's virtuous leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Procopius, it was not that women could not lead an empire, but only women demonstrating masculine virtues were suitable as leaders. Rather than Theodora's true possession of strength, it was Justinian's lack of it that created the impression of strength in her.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to researcher Averil Cameron, the definition of "feminine" behavior in the sixth century would be described as "intriguing" and "interfering". She argues Procopius's intent in including her speech during the Nika riots in the <i>Wars</i> may be to demonstrate that Theodora does not stay in her appropriate role.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At his core, Procopius wanted to preserve the social order of men standing over women.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Averil Cameron's view, Procopius is more aptly described as a reporter rather than a historian, providing a black-and-white description of events, rather than a deeper analysis of the causes and motives.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cameron argues that his intense political focus and exaggeration of the imperial couple's vices prevent a balanced and holistic perspective, resulting in a portrayal of Justinian and Theodora as caricatural villains.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Buildings"><i>The Buildings</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopius&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sangarius_Bridge._Drawing_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sangarius_Bridge._Drawing_01.jpg/280px-Sangarius_Bridge._Drawing_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sangarius_Bridge._Drawing_01.jpg/420px-Sangarius_Bridge._Drawing_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sangarius_Bridge._Drawing_01.jpg/560px-Sangarius_Bridge._Drawing_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1407" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Triumphal arch at the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Sangarius_Bridge" title="Sangarius Bridge">Sangarius Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>The Buildings</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Περὶ Κτισμάτων</span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Perì Ktismáton</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">De Aedificiis</i>, "On Buildings") is a <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a> on Justinian's public works projects throughout the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Downey_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downey-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first book may date to before the collapse of the first dome of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in 557, but some scholars think that it is possible that the work postdates the building of the <a href="/wiki/Sangarius_Bridge" title="Sangarius Bridge">bridge over the Sangarius</a> in the late 550s.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians consider <i>Buildings</i> to be an incomplete work due to evidence of the surviving version being a draft with two possible redactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Downey_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downey-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Buildings</i> was likely written at Justinian's behest, and it is doubtful that its sentiments expressed are sincere. It tells us nothing further about Belisarius, and it takes a sharply different attitude towards Justinian. He is presented as an idealised <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Christian</a> emperor who built churches for the glory of God and defenses for the safety of his subjects. He is depicted showing particular concern for the water supply, building new <a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">aqueducts</a> and restoring those that had fallen into disuse. Theodora, who was dead when this panegyric was written, is mentioned only briefly, but Procopius's praise of her beauty is fulsome. </p><p>Due to the panegyrical nature of Procopius's <i>Buildings</i>, historians have discovered several discrepancies between claims made by Procopius and accounts in other primary sources. A prime example is Procopius's starting the reign of Justinian in 518, which was actually the start of the reign of his uncle and predecessor <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a>.</span> By treating the uncle's reign as part of his nephew's, Procopius was able to credit Justinian with buildings erected or begun under Justin's administration. Such works include renovation of the walls of <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> after its 525 flood and consecration of several churches in the region. Similarly, Procopius falsely credits Justinian for the extensive refortification of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Tomis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Histria_(Sinoe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Histria (Sinoe)">Histria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythia Minor (Roman province)">Scythia Minor</a>. This had actually been carried out under <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasius I (emperor)">Anastasius I</a>,</span> who reigned before Justin.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopius&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Procopius belongs to the school of <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antique</a> historians who continued the traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a>. They wrote in <a href="/wiki/Attic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Attic dialect">Attic Greek</a>. Their models were <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> and in particular <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>. Their subject matter was secular history. They avoided vocabulary unknown to Attic Greek and inserted an explanation when they had to use contemporary words. Thus Procopius includes glosses of monks ("the most temperate of Christians") and churches (as equivalent to a "temple" or "shrine"), since monasticism was unknown to the ancient Athenians and their <i>ekklesía</i> had been <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">a popular assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The secular historians eschewed the history of the Christian church. Ecclesiastical history was left to a separate genre after <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Averil_Cameron" title="Averil Cameron">Cameron</a> has argued convincingly that Procopius's works reflect the tensions between the classical and Christian models of history in 6th-century Constantinople. This is supported by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Whitby" title="Mary Whitby">Whitby</a>'s analysis of Procopius's depiction of the capital and <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">its cathedral</a> in comparison to contemporary pagan panegyrics.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Procopius can be seen as depicting Justinian as essentially God's <a href="/wiki/Vicegerent" title="Vicegerent">vicegerent</a>, making the case for buildings being a primarily religious panegyric.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Procopius indicates that he planned to write an ecclesiastical history himself<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, if he had, he would probably have followed the rules of that genre. As far as known, however, such an ecclesiastical history was never written. </p><p>Some historians have criticized Propocius's description of some barbarians, for example, he dehumanized the unfamiliar Moors as "not even properly human". This was however, inline with Byzantine ethnographic practice in late antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopius&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novels</a> based on Procopius's works (along with other sources) have been written. <i><a href="/wiki/Count_Belisarius" title="Count Belisarius">Count Belisarius</a></i> was written by poet and novelist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a> in 1938. Procopius himself appears as a minor character in <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dahn" title="Felix Dahn">Felix Dahn</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Struggle_for_Rome" title="A Struggle for Rome">A Struggle for Rome</a></i> and in <a href="/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp" title="L. Sprague de Camp">L. Sprague de Camp</a>'s alternate history novel <i><a href="/wiki/Lest_Darkness_Fall" title="Lest Darkness Fall">Lest Darkness Fall</a></i>. The novel's main character, archaeologist Martin Padway, derives most of his knowledge of historical events from the <i>Secret History</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The narrator in <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby-Dick</a></i> cites Procopius's description of a <a href="/wiki/Porphyrios_(whale)" title="Porphyrios (whale)">captured sea monster</a> as evidence of the narrative's feasibility.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_selected_works">List of selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopius&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: List of selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ._Haury1962–1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">J. Haury, ed. (1962–1964) [1905]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=66ECMwEACAAJ"><i>Procopii Caesariensis opera omnia</i></a> (in Greek). Revised by G. Wirth. Leipzig: <a href="/wiki/Teubner" class="mw-redirect" title="Teubner">Teubner</a>. <q>4 volumes</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Procopii+Caesariensis+opera+omnia&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Teubner&rft.date=1962%2F1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D66ECMwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewing1914–1940" class="citation book cs1">Dewing, H. B., ed. (1914–1940). <i>Procopius</i>. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and Hutchinson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Procopius&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+Hutchinson&rft.date=1914%2F1940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span> Seven volumes, Greek text and English translation. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowneyDewing1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glanville_Downey" title="Glanville Downey">Downey, G.</a>; Dewing, Henry B., eds. (1940). <i>Buildings of Justinian</i>. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buildings+of+Justinian&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Procopius: The Secret History</i>. Penguin Classics. Translated by <a href="/wiki/G._A._Williamson" title="G. A. Williamson">Williamson, G. A.</a> Revised by Peter Sarris. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 2007 [1966]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140455281" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140455281"><bdi>978-0140455281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Procopius%3A+The+Secret+History&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.series=Penguin+Classics&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0140455281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span> English translation of the <i>Anecdota</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Prokopios: The Secret History</i>. Translated by Anthony Kaldellis. Indianapolis: Hackett. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1603841801" title="Special:BookSources/978-1603841801"><bdi>978-1603841801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prokopios%3A+The+Secret+History&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1603841801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopius&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopius&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an alternative reading of Procopius as a trained engineer, see Howard-Johnson.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopius uses and translates a number of Latin words in his <i>Wars</i>. Börm suggests a possible acquaintance with Vergil and Sallust.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopius speaks of becoming Belisarius's advisor (<i>symboulos</i>) in that year.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Before modern times, European and Mediterranean historians, as far as weather is concerned, typically recorded only the extreme or major weather events for a year or a multi-year period, preferring to focus on the human activities of policy makers and warriors instead.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, Procopius describes two separate incidents where she uses the judicial system to publicly accuse men of having sexual relations with other men, which was, in Procopius's narrative, considered an inappropriate forum for persons of standing and was unappreciated by the people of Constantinople. When one of the accusations was ruled as unsubstantiated, Procopius writes that the entire city celebrated.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Procopius, Theodora allegedly declared that Justinian did nothing without her consent in a letter to the Persian ambassador, which the Persian king used to mock the Roman empire stating that no "real state could exist that was governed by a woman."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Researcher Henning Börm described this social order as a "social hierarchy: people stood over animals, freemen stood over slaves, men stood over eunuchs, and men stood over women. Whenever Procopius denounces the alleged breach of these rules, he is following the rules of historiography."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While other writers describe the theological battles between the different Christian sects and the government's efforts to manage them, Procopius remains almost silent on these topics.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopius&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorcilloRobertson-von_Trotha2020" class="citation book cs1">Morcillo, Jesús Muñoz; Robertson-von Trotha, Caroline Y. (30 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sFEAAAQBAJ"><i>Genealogy of Popular Science: From Ancient Ecphrasis to Virtual Reality</i></a>. Transcript. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8394-4835-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8394-4835-9"><bdi>978-3-8394-4835-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogy+of+Popular+Science%3A+From+Ancient+Ecphrasis+to+Virtual+Reality&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Transcript&rft.date=2020-11-30&rft.isbn=978-3-8394-4835-9&rft.aulast=Morcillo&rft.aufirst=Jes%C3%BAs+Mu%C3%B1oz&rft.au=Robertson-von+Trotha%2C+Caroline+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du0sFEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2012" class="citation book cs1">Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1214"><i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 1214–1215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8"><bdi>978-0-19-954556-8</bdi></a>. <q>Procopius: Greek historian, born in *Caesarea (2) in Palestine c. AD 500.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.pages=1214-1215&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954556-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbVWcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suda_On_Line-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suda_On_Line_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suda_On_Line_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a> pi.2479. See under 'Procopius' on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/sol/">Suda On Line</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopius, <i>Wars of Justinian</i> I.1.1; <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a> pi.2479. See under 'Procopius' on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/sol/">Suda On Line</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cameron, Averil: <i>Procopius and the Sixth Century</i>, London: Duckworth, 1985, p.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, James A. S.: <i>Procopius</i>. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1972, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cameron, <i>Procopius and the Sixth Century</i>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard-Johnson, James: 'The Education and Expertise of Procopius'; in <i>Antiquité Tardive</i> 10 (2002), 19–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Börm, Henning (2007) <i>Prokop und die Perser</i>, p.46. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-09052-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-09052-0">978-3-515-09052-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopius, <i>Wars</i>, 1.12.24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wars</i>, I.18.1-56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wars</i>, I.21.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wars</i>, I.24.1-58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16765/16765-h/16765-h.htm">1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wars</i>, VIII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolphin2021" class="citation web cs1">Dolphin, Lambert (16 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.templemount.org/visittemp.html">"Visiting the Temple Mount"</a>. Temple Mount<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visiting+the+Temple+Mount&rft.pub=Temple+Mount&rft.date=2021-07-16&rft.aulast=Dolphin&rft.aufirst=Lambert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.templemount.org%2Fvisittemp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProcopius1914" class="citation web cs1">Procopius (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg4029.tlg001.perseus-grc1:1.1">"Procopius, de Bellis. H.B. (Henry Bronson) Dewing, Ed. [First section:] Procop. Pers. 1.1"</a>. <i>Perseus Digital Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>[Opening line in Greek] Προκόπιος Καισαρεὺς τοὺς πολέμους ξυνέγραψεν οὓς Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Ῥωμαίων βασιλεὺς πρὸς βαρβάρους διήνεγκε τούς τε ἑῴους καὶ ἑσπερίους,... Translation: Procopius from Caesarea wrote the history of the wars of Roman Emperor Justinianus against the barbarians of the East and of the West..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Procopius%2C+de+Bellis.+H.B.+%28Henry+Bronson%29+Dewing%2C+Ed.+%5BFirst+section%3A%5D+Procop.+Pers.+1.1&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Procopius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.perseus.org%2Fcitations%2Furn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg4029.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A1.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span>. Greek text edition by Henry Bronson Dewing, 1914.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Börm, Henning. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1012245/Prokop_und_die_Perser_Untersuchungen_zu_den_romisch-sasanidischen_Kontakten_in_der_ausgehenden_Spatantike_OrOcc_16_._Stuttgart_Franz_Steiner_Verlag_2007">Prokop und die Perser</a></i>. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Cresci, Lia Raffaella. "Procopio al confine tra due tradizioni storiografiche". <i>Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica</i> 129.1 (2001) 61–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelsohn2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Mendelsohn, Daniel (26 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/01/03/110103fa_fact_mendelsohn">"God's Librarians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=God%27s+Librarians&rft.date=2010-12-26&rft.aulast=Mendelsohn&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Freporting%2F2011%2F01%2F03%2F110103fa_fact_mendelsohn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopius, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/procop-anec.html">Secret History</a></i> 12.20–22, trans. Atwater.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopius <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/procop-anec.html">Secret History</a></i> 9.20–21, trans. Atwater.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgiou2019" class="citation cs2">Georgiou, Andriani (2019), Constantinou, Stavroula; Meyer, Mati (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-96038-8_5">"Empresses in Byzantine Society: Justifiably Angry or Simply Angry?"</a>, <i>Emotions and Gender in Byzantine Culture</i>, New Approaches to Byzantine History and Culture, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 123–126, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-96038-8_5">10.1007/978-3-319-96038-8_5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-96037-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-96037-1"><bdi>978-3-319-96037-1</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149788509">149788509</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emotions+and+Gender+in+Byzantine+Culture&rft.atitle=Empresses+in+Byzantine+Society%3A+Justifiably+Angry+or+Simply+Angry%3F&rft.pages=123-126&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149788509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-96038-8_5&rft.isbn=978-3-319-96037-1&rft.aulast=Georgiou&rft.aufirst=Andriani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-96038-8_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrauFebrer2020" class="citation journal cs1">Grau, Sergi; Febrer, Oriol (1 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fbz-2020-0034">"Procopius on Theodora: ancient and new biographical patterns"</a>. <i>Byzantinische Zeitschrift</i>. <b>113</b> (3): 779–780. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fbz-2020-0034">10.1515/bz-2020-0034</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1868-9027">1868-9027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222004516">222004516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantinische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=Procopius+on+Theodora%3A+ancient+and+new+biographical+patterns&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=779-780&rft.date=2020-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222004516%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1868-9027&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fbz-2020-0034&rft.aulast=Grau&rft.aufirst=Sergi&rft.au=Febrer%2C+Oriol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fbz-2020-0034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2002" class="citation book cs1">Evans, James Allan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7560/721050"><i>The Empress Theodora</i></a>. University of Texas Press. pp. x. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7560%2F721050">10.7560/721050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-79895-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-79895-3"><bdi>978-0-292-79895-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empress+Theodora&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7560%2F721050&rft.isbn=978-0-292-79895-3&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=James+Allan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.7560%2F721050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Börm (2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaldellis2004" class="citation book cs1">Kaldellis, Anthony (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/956784628"><i>Procopius of Caesarea: Tyranny, History, and Philosophy at the End of Antiquity</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania. pp. 144–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0241-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0241-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-0241-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/956784628">956784628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Procopius+of+Caesarea%3A+Tyranny%2C+History%2C+and+Philosophy+at+the+End+of+Antiquity&rft.pages=144-147&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F956784628&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0241-0&rft.aulast=Kaldellis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F956784628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1996" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Averil (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36048226"><i>Procopius and the sixth century</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14294-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14294-6"><bdi>0-415-14294-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36048226">36048226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Procopius+and+the+sixth+century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=68-69&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36048226&rft.isbn=0-415-14294-6&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Averil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F36048226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2020" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Michael Edward (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1154764213"><i>Masculinity, identity, and power politics in the age of Justinian: a study of Procopius</i></a>. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-485-4025-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-485-4025-9"><bdi>978-90-485-4025-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1154764213">1154764213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masculinity%2C+identity%2C+and+power+politics+in+the+age+of+Justinian%3A+a+study+of+Procopius&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1154764213&rft.isbn=978-90-485-4025-9&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Michael+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1154764213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1996" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Averil (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36048226"><i>Procopius and the sixth century</i></a>. London: Routledge. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14294-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14294-6"><bdi>0-415-14294-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36048226">36048226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Procopius+and+the+sixth+century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36048226&rft.isbn=0-415-14294-6&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Averil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F36048226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1996" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Averil (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36048226"><i>Procopius and the sixth century</i></a>. London: Routledge. pp. 227–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14294-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14294-6"><bdi>0-415-14294-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36048226">36048226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Procopius+and+the+sixth+century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=227-229&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36048226&rft.isbn=0-415-14294-6&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Averil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F36048226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Downey-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Downey_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Downey_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Downey, Glanville: "The Composition of Procopius, De Aedificiis", in <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i> 78: pp. 171–183; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/283492">abstract</a> from JSTOR.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitby, Michael: "Procopian Polemics: a review of A. Kaldellis <i>Procopius of Caesarea. Tyranny, History, and Philosophy at the End of Antiquity</i>", in <i>The Classical Review</i> 55 (2006), pp. 648ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cameron, Averil. <i>Procopius and the Sixth Century</i>. London: Routledge, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Croke, Brian and James Crow: "Procopius and Dara", in <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i> 73 (1983), 143–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wars</i>, 2.9.14 and 1.7.22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Buildings</i>, Book I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitby, Mary: "Procopius' <i>Buildings</i> Book I: A Panegyrical Perspective", in <i>Antiquité Tardive</i> 8 (2000), 45–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Secret History</i>, 26.18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaldellis2013" class="citation book cs1">Kaldellis, Anthony (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/859162344"><i>Ethnography after antiquity : foreign lands and peoples in Byzantine literature</i></a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0840-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0840-5"><bdi>978-0-8122-0840-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/859162344">859162344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnography+after+antiquity+%3A+foreign+lands+and+peoples+in+Byzantine+literature&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F859162344&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0840-5&rft.aulast=Kaldellis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F859162344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Camp1949" class="citation book cs1">de Camp, L. Sprague (1949). <i>Lest Darkness Fall</i>. Ballantine Books. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lest+Darkness+Fall&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=de+Camp&rft.aufirst=L.+Sprague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelville1851" class="citation book cs1">Melville, Herman (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/126294"><i>Moby-Dick, or, the Whale</i></a>. Vol. c.1. London: Harper & Brothers. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.62077">10.5962/bhl.title.62077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moby-Dick%2C+or%2C+the+Whale&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1851&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.62077&rft.aulast=Melville&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F126294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><i>This article is based on an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010822205003/http://www.nupedia.com/article/391/">earlier version</a> by James Allan Evans, originally posted at <a href="/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia">Nupedia</a>.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopius&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adshead, Katherine: <i>Procopius' Poliorcetica: continuities and discontinuities</i>, in: G. Clarke et al. (eds.): <i>Reading the past in late antiquity</i>, Australian National UP, Rushcutters Bay 1990, pp. 93–119</li> <li>Alonso-Núñez, J. M.: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brepols.metapress.com/content/h005k0l43p535213">Jordanes and Procopius on Northern Europe</a></i>, in: <i>Nottingham Medieval Studies</i> 31 (1987), 1–16.</li> <li>Amitay, Ory: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1179971/Procopius_of_Caesarea_and_the_Girgashite_Diaspora">Procopius of Caesarea and the Girgashite Diaspora</a></i>, in: <i>Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha</i> 20 (2011), 257–276.</li> <li>Anagnostakis, Ilias: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5413582/Ilias_Anagnostakis_Procopius_s_dream_before_the_campaign_against_Libya_a_reading_of_Wars_3.12.1-5_in_C._Angelidi_and_G._Calofonos_eds_Dreaming_in_Byzantium_and_Beyond_Ashgate_Publishing_2014_79-94">Procopius's dream before the campaign against Libya: a reading of Wars 3.12.1-5</a></i>, in: C. Angelidi and G. Calofonos (eds.), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781409400554">Dreaming in Byzantium and Beyond</a></i>, Farnham: Ashgate Publishing 2014, 79–94.</li> <li>Bachrach, Bernard S.: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403015217/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7553520">Procopius, Agathias and the Frankish Military</a></i>, in: <i>Speculum</i> 45 (1970), 435–441.</li> <li>Bachrach, Bernard S.: <i>Procopius and the chronology of Clovis's reign</i>, in: <i>Viator</i> 1 (1970), 21–32.</li> <li>Baldwin, Barry: <i>An Aphorism in Procopius</i>, in: <i>Rheinisches Museum für Philologie</i> 125 (1982), 309–311.</li> <li>Baldwin, Barry: <i>Sexual Rhetoric in Procopius</i>, in: <i>Mnemosyne</i> 40 (1987), pp. 150–152</li> <li>Belke, Klaus: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1402492/Prokops_De_aedificiis_Buch_V_zu_Kleinasien._Antiquité_Tardive_8_2000_115_125">Prokops De aedificiis, Buch V, zu Kleinasien</a></i>, in: <i>Antiquité Tardive</i> 8 (2000), 115–125.</li> <li>Börm, Henning: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1012245/Prokop_und_die_Perser_Untersuchungen_zu_den_romisch-sasanidischen_Kontakten_in_der_ausgehenden_Spatantike_OrOcc_16_._Stuttgart_Franz_Steiner_Verlag_2007">Prokop und die Perser</a></i>. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2007. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2008/2008-05-23.html">Review in English by G. Greatrex</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/byzs.2009.101.issue-2/byzs.2008.025b/byzs.2008.025b.xml?format=INT">Review in English by A. Kaldellis</a>)</li> <li>Börm, Henning: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/procopius">Procopius of Caesarea</a></i>, in <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica Online</i>, New York 2013.</li> <li>Börm, Henning: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6966236/Procopius_his_Predecessors_and_the_Genesis_of_the_Anecdota_Antimonarchic_discourse_in_Late_Antique_Historiography_in_H._B%C3%B6rm_ed._Antimonarchic_Discourse_in_Antiquity_Stuttgart_Franz_Steiner_Verlag_2015_pp._305ff">Procopius, his predecessors, and the genesis of the Anecdota: Antimonarchic discourse in late antique historiography</a></i>, in: H. Börm (ed.): <i>Antimonarchic discourse in Antiquity</i>. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag 2015, 305–346.</li> <li>Braund, David: <i>Procopius on the Economy of Lazica</i>, in: <i>The Classical Quarterly</i> 41 (1991), 221–225.</li> <li>Brodka, Dariusz: <i>Die Geschichtsphilosophie in der spätantiken Historiographie. Studien zu Prokopios von Kaisareia, Agathias von Myrina und Theophylaktos Simokattes</i>. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2004.</li> <li>Brodka, Dariusz: <i>Prokop von Caesarea.</i> Hildesheim: Olms 2022.</li> <li>Burn, A. R.: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/557467?sid=21105682255551&uid=4&uid=2">Procopius and the island of ghosts</a></i>, in: <i><a href="/wiki/English_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="English Historical Review">English Historical Review</a></i> 70 (1955), 258–261.</li> <li>Cameron, Averil: <i>Procopius and the Sixth Century</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.</li> <li>Cameron, Averil: <i>The scepticism of Procopius</i>, in: <i>Historia</i> 15 (1966), 466–482.</li> <li>Colvin, Ian: <i>Reporting Battles and Understanding Campaigns in Procopius and Agathias: Classicising Historians' Use of Archived Documents as Sources</i>, in: A. Sarantis (ed.): <i>War and warfare in late antiquity. Current perspectives</i>, Leiden: Brill 2013, 571–598.</li> <li>Cresci, Lia Raffaella: <i>Procopio al confine tra due tradizioni storiografiche</i>, in: <i>Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica</i> 129 (2001), 61–77.</li> <li>Cristini, Marco: <i>Il seguito ostrogoto di Amalafrida: confutazione di Procopio, Bellum Vandalicum 1.8.12</i>, in: <i>Klio</i> 99 (2017), 278–289.</li> <li>Cristini, Marco: <i>Totila and the Lucanian Peasants: Procop. Goth. 3.22.20</i>, in: <i>Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies</i> 61 (2021), 73–84.</li> <li>Croke, Brian and James Crow: <i>Procopius and Dara</i>, in: <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i> 73 (1983), 143–159.</li> <li>Downey, Glanville: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/283492?sid=21105682495671&uid=4&uid=2">The Composition of Procopius, De Aedificiis</a></i>, in: <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i> 78 (1947), 171–183.</li> <li>Evans, James A. S.: <i>Justinian and the Historian Procopius</i>, in: <i>Greece & Rome</i> 17 (1970), 218–223.</li> <li>Evans, James A. S.: <i>Procopius</i>. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1972.</li> <li>Gordon, C. D.: <i>Procopius and Justinian's Financial Policies</i>, in: <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(classics_journal)" title="Phoenix (classics journal)">Phoenix</a> 13 (1959), 23–30.</li> <li>Greatrex, Geoffrey: <i>Procopius and the Persian Wars</i>, D.Phil. thesis, Oxford, 1994.</li> <li>Greatrex, Geoffrey: <i>The dates of Procopius' works</i>, in: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_and_Modern_Greek_Studies" title="Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies">BMGS</a> 18 (1994), 101–114.</li> <li>Greatrex, Geoffrey: <i>The Composition of Procopius' Persian Wars and John the Cappadocian</i>, in: <i>Prudentia</i> 27 (1995), 1–13.</li> <li>Greatrex, Geoffrey: <i>Rome and Persia at War, 502–532</i>. London: Francis Cairns, 1998.</li> <li>Greatrex, Geoffrey: <i>Recent work on Procopius and the composition of Wars VIII</i>, in: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_and_Modern_Greek_Studies" title="Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies">BMGS</a> 27 (2003), 45–67.</li> <li>Greatrex, Geoffrey: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.ncl.ac.uk/histos/documents/2014A03GreatrexPerceptionsofProcopius.pdf">Perceptions of Procopius in Recent Scholarship</a></i>, in: <i>Histos</i> 8 (2014), 76–121 and 121a–e (<i>addenda</i>).</li> <li>Greatrex, Geoffrey: <i>Procopius of Caesarea: The Persian Wars. A Historical Commentary.</i> Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022.</li> <li>Howard-Johnson, James: <i>The Education and Expertise of Procopius</i>, in: <i>Antiquité Tardive</i> 10 (2002), 19–30</li> <li>Kaçar, Turhan: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://histos.org/documents/SV09.19.KacarProcopiusinTurkish.pdf">Procopius in Turkey</a>", <i>Histos</i> Supplement 9 (2019) 19.1–8.</li> <li>Kaegi, Walter: <i>Procopius the military historian,</i> in: <i>Byzantinische Forschungen.</i> 15, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0167-5346">0167-5346</a>, 53–85 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206192341/http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/pdfs/kaegi.pdf">online (PDF; 989 KB)</a>).</li> <li>Kaldellis, Anthony: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14480463/_Classicism_Barbarism_and_Warfare_Prokopios_and_the_Conservative_Reaction_to_Later_Roman_Military_Policy_American_Journal_of_Ancient_History_n.s._3-4_2004-2005_2007_189-218">Classicism, Barbarism, and Warfare: Prokopios and the Conservative Reaction to Later Roman Military Policy</a></i>, <i>American Journal of Ancient History</i>, n.s. 3-4 (2004-2005 [2007]), 189–218.</li> <li>Kaldellis, Anthony: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14480453/_Identifying_Dissident_Circles_in_Sixth-Century_Byzantium_The_Friendship_of_Prokopios_and_Ioannes_Lydos_Florilegium_21_2004_1-17">Identifying Dissident Circles in Sixth-Century Byzantium: The Friendship of Prokopios and Ioannes Lydos</a></i>, <i>Florilegium</i>, Vol. 21 (2004), 1–17.</li> <li>Kaldellis, Anthony: <i>Procopius of Caesarea: Tyranny, History and Philosophy at the End of Antiquity</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.</li> <li>Kaldellis, Anthony: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14481622/_Prokopios_Persian_War_A_Thematic_and_Literary_Analysis_in_R._Macrides_ed._History_as_Literature_in_Byzantium_Aldershot_Ashgate_2010_253-273">Prokopios’ Persian War: A Thematic and Literary Analysis</a></i>, in: R. Macrides, ed., <i>History as Literature in Byzantium</i>, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2010, 253–273.</li> <li>Kaldellis, Anthony: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/21739559/_Prokopios_Vandal_War_Thematic_Trajectories_and_Hidden_Transcripts_in_S._T._Stevens_and_J._Conant_eds._North_Africa_under_Byzantium_and_Early_Islam_Washington_D.C_Dumbarton_Oaks_2016_13-21">Prokopios’ Vandal War: Thematic Trajectories and Hidden Transcripts</a></i>, in: S. T. Stevens & J. Conant, eds., <i>North Africa under Byzantium and Early Islam</i>, Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 2016, 13–21.</li> <li>Kaldellis, Anthony: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14481490/_The_Date_and_Structure_of_Prokopios_Secret_History_and_his_Projected_Work_on_Church_History_Greek_Roman_and_Byzantine_Studies_49_2009_585-616">The Date and Structure of Prokopios’ Secret History and his Projected Work on Church History</a></i>, in: <i>Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies</i>, Vol. 49 (2009), 585–616.</li> <li>Kovács, Tamás: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/141757/1_GraecoLatinaBrunensia_24-2019-2_10.pdf">"Procopius's Sibyl - the fall of Vitigis and the Ostrogoths"</a>, <i>Graeco-Latina Brunensia</i> 24.2 (2019), 113–124.</li> <li>Kruse, Marion: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9067489&fileId=S0009838813000335">The Speech of the Armenians in Procopius: Justinian's Foreign Policy and the Transition between Books 1 and 2 of the Wars</a></i>, in: <a href="/wiki/The_Classical_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Classical Quarterly">The Classical Quarterly</a> 63 (2013), 866–881.</li> <li>Lillington-Martin, Christopher, 2007–2017: <ul><li>2007, "Archaeological and Ancient Literary Evidence for a Battle near Dara Gap, Turkey, AD 530: Topography, Texts and Trenches" in BAR –S1717, 2007 The Late Roman Army in the Near East from Diocletian to the Arab Conquest Proceedings of a colloquium held at Potenza, Acerenza and Matera, Italy edited by Ariel S. Lewin and Pietrina Pellegrini, pp. 299–311;</li> <li>2009, "Procopius, Belisarius and the Goths" in Journal of the Oxford University History Society,(2009) Odd Alliances edited by Heather Ellis and Graciela Iglesias Rogers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1742-917X">1742-917X</a>, pages 1– 17, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sites.google.com/site/jouhsinfo/issue7specialissueforinternetexplorer">https://sites.google.com/site/jouhsinfo/issue7specialissueforinternetexplorer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630215538/https://sites.google.com/site/jouhsinfo/issue7specialissueforinternetexplorer">Archived</a> 2022-06-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>;</li> <li>2011, "Secret Histories", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://classicsconfidential.co.uk/2011/11/19/secret-histories/">http://classicsconfidential.co.uk/2011/11/19/secret-histories/</a>;</li> <li>2012, "Hard and Soft Power on the Eastern Frontier: a Roman Fortlet between Dara and Nisibis, Mesopotamia, Turkey: Prokopios’ Mindouos?" in The Byzantinist, edited by Douglas Whalin, Issue 2 (2012), pp. 4–5, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://oxfordbyzantinesociety.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/obsnews2012final.pdf">http://oxfordbyzantinesociety.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/obsnews2012final.pdf</a>;</li> <li>2013, <i>Procopius on the struggle for Dara and Rome</i>, in A. Sarantis, N. Christie (eds.): <i>War and Warfare in Late Antiquity: Current Perspectives</i> (Late Antique Archaeology 8.1–8.2 2010–11), Leiden: Brill 2013, pp. 599–630, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25257-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25257-8">978-90-04-25257-8</a>;</li> <li>2013 “La defensa de Roma por Belisario” in: <i>Justiniano I el Grande</i> (Desperta Ferro) edited by Alberto Pérez Rubio, no. 18 (July 2013), pages 40–45, ISSN 2171-9276;</li> <li>2017, <i>Procopius of Caesarea: Literary and Historical Interpretations</i> (editor), Routledge (July 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/9781472466044">www.routledge.com/9781472466044</a>;</li> <li>2017, "Introduction" and chapter 10, “Procopius, <i>πάρεδρος / quaestor, Codex Justinianus</i>, I.27 and Belisarius’ strategy in the Mediterranean” in <i>Procopius of Caesarea: Literary and Historical Interpretations</i> above.</li></ul></li> <li>Maas, Michael Robert: <i>Strabo and Procopius: Classical Geography for a Christian Empire</i>, in H. Amirav et al. (eds.): <i>From Rome to Constantinople. Studies in Honour of Averil Cameron</i>, Leuven: Peeters, 2007, 67–84.</li> <li>Martindale, John: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prosopography_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire">The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire</a> III</i>, Cambridge 1992, 1060–1066.</li> <li>Max, Gerald E., "Procopius' Portrait of the (Western Roman) Emperor Majorian: History and Historiography," <i>Byzantinische Zeitschrift</i>, Sonderdruck Aus Band 74/1981, pp. 1-6.</li> <li>Meier, Mischa: <i>Prokop, Agathias, die Pest und das ′Ende′ der antiken Historiographie</i>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Historische_Zeitschrift" title="Historische Zeitschrift">Historische Zeitschrift</a></i> 278 (2004), 281–310.</li> <li>Meier, Mischa and Federico Montinaro (eds.): <i>A Companion to Procopius of Caesarea.</i> Brill, Leiden 2022, ISBN 978-3-89781-215-4.</li> <li>Pazdernik, Charles F.: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1605355/Xenophon_s_Hellenica_in_Procopius_Wars_Pharnabazus_and_Belisarius">Xenophon’s Hellenica in Procopius’ Wars: Pharnabazus and Belisarius</a></i>, in: <i>Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies</i> 46 (2006) 175–206.</li> <li>Rance, Philip: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3677007/_Narses_and_the_Battle_of_Taginae_552_AD_Procopius_and_Sixth-Century_Warfare_Historia._Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Alte_Geschichte_30.4_2005_424-472">Narses and the Battle of Taginae (552 AD): Procopius and Sixth-Century Warfare</a></i>, in: <i>Historia. Zeitschrift für alte Geschichte</i> 30.4 (2005) 424–472.</li> <li>Rubin, Berthold: <i>Prokopios</i>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_Classischen_Altertumswissenschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft">Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft</a></i> 23/1 (1957), 273–599. Earlier published (with index) as <i>Prokopios von Kaisareia</i>, Stuttgart: Druckenmüller, 1954.</li> <li>Stewart, Michael, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejournals.lib.auth.gr/parekbolai/article/view/4253">Contests of Andreia in Procopius’ Gothic Wars</a></i>, <i>Παρεκβολαι</i> 4 (2014), pp. 21–54.</li> <li>Stewart, Michael, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openjournals.arts.uwa.edu.au/index.php/cerae/article/view/44/45">The Andreios Eunuch-Commander Narses: Sign of a Decoupling of martial Virtues and Hegemonic Masculinity in the early Byzantine Empire?</a></i>, Cerae 2 (2015), pp. 1–25.</li> <li>Stewart, Michael, Masculinity, Identity, and Power Politics in the Age of Justinian: A Study of Procopius, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020:<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.aup.nl/en/book/9789462988231/masculinity-identity-and-power-politics-in-the-age-of-justinian">https://www.aup.nl/en/book/9789462988231/masculinity-identity-and-power-politics-in-the-age-of-justinian</a></li> <li>Treadgold, Warren: <i>The Early Byzantine Historians</i>, Basingstoke: Macmillan 2007, 176–226.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022452/http://blogs.artinfo.com/secrethistoryofart/2011/11/16/vatican-mysteries-whats-so-secret-about-procopius-secret-history-2/">The Secret History of Art by Noah Charney on the Vatican Library and Procopius</a>. An article by art historian <a href="/wiki/Noah_Charney" title="Noah Charney">Noah Charney</a> about the Vatican Library and its famous manuscript, <i>Historia Arcana</i> by Procopius.</li> <li>Whately, Conor, <i>Battles and Generals: Combat, Culture, and Didacticism in Procopius' Wars</i>. Leiden, 2016.</li> <li>Whitby, L. M. "Procopius and the Development of Roman Defences in Upper Mesopotamia", in P. Freeman and D. Kennedy (ed.), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Defence_of_the_Roman_and_Byzantine_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East (page does not exist)">The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East</a></i>, Oxford, 1986, 717–35.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopius&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Procopius" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Procopius">Procopius</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texts_of_Procopius">Texts of Procopius</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopius&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Texts of Procopius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/procopius">Works by Procopius in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/4712">Works by Procopius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Procopius%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Procopius%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Procopius%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Procopius%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Procopius</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/14427">Works by Procopius</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_0490-0575-_Procopius_Caesariensis.html">Complete Works</a>, Greek text (Migne <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Graeca" title="Patrologia Graeca">Patrologia Graeca</a>) with analytical indexes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/procop-anec.html">The Secret History</a>, English translation (Atwater, 1927) at the Internet Medieval Sourcebook</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/Anecdota/home.html">The Secret History</a>, English translation (Dewing, 1935) at <a href="/wiki/LacusCurtius" title="LacusCurtius">LacusCurtius</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/Buildings/home.html">The Buildings</a>, English translation (Dewing, 1935) at LacusCurtius</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517032948/http://soltdm.com/sources/mss/proc/proc_0.htm">The Buildings, Book IV</a> Greek text with commentaries, index nominum, etc. at Sorin Olteanu's LTDM Project</li> <li>H. B. Dewing's Loeb edition of the works of Procopius: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Dewing%2C+H.+B.+%28Henry+Bronson%29%2C+1882-+%28Translator%29%22&sort=titleSorter">vols. I–VI at the Internet Archive</a> (<i>History of the Wars</i>, <i>Secret History</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Pilgrims%27_Text_Society" title="Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society">Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society</a> (1888): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028534224">Of the buildings of Justinian</a></i> by Procopius, (ca 560 A.D)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/procopius00maltgoog">Complete Works 1</a>, Greek ed. by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Dindorf" title="Karl Wilhelm Dindorf">K. W. Dindorf</a>, Latin trans. by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Maltret" title="Claude Maltret">Claude Maltret</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Scriptorum_Historiae_Byzantinae" title="Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae">Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae</a> Pars II Vol. 1</i>, 1833. (<i>Persian Wars I–II</i>, <i>Vandal Wars I–II</i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/procopius01dindgoog">Complete Works 2</a>, Greek ed. by K. W. Dindorf, Latin trans. by Claude Maltret in <i>Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae Pars II Vol. 2</i>, 1833. (<i>Gothic Wars I–IV</i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-yEAAAAAYAAJ">Complete Works 3</a>, Greek ed. by K. W. Dindorf, Latin trans. by Claude Maltret in <i>Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae Pars II Vol. 3</i>, 1838. (<i>Secret History</i>, <i>Buildings of Justinian</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_material">Secondary material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopius&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Secondary material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Procopius of Caesarea"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Procopius_of_Caesarea">"Procopius of Caesarea" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Procopius+of+Caesarea&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProcopius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?searchstr=Procopius&field=hw_eng">Entry for Procopius</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_historians" title="Template talk:Byzantine historians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_historians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine historians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Byzantine_historians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Byzantine historians</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">5th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annianus_of_Alexandria" title="Annianus of Alexandria">Annianus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunapius" title="Eunapius">Eunapius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rufus" title="John Rufus">John Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus_(historian)" title="Malchus (historian)">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_of_Thebes" title="Olympiodorus of Thebes">Olympiodorus of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panodorus_of_Alexandria" title="Panodorus of Alexandria">Panodorus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostorgius" title="Philostorgius">Philostorgius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabinus_of_Heraclea" title="Sabinus of Heraclea">Sabinus of Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople" title="Socrates of Constantinople">Socrates of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">6th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agathias" title="Agathias">Agathias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Scythopolis" title="Cyril of Scythopolis">Cyril of Scythopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Epiphania" title="Eustathius of Epiphania">Eustathius of Epiphania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Scholasticus" title="Evagrius Scholasticus">Evagrius Scholasticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Miletus" title="Hesychius of Miletus">Hesychius of Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diakrinomenos" title="John Diakrinomenos">John Diakrinomenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Ephesus" title="John of Ephesus">John of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Epiphania" title="John of Epiphania">John of Epiphania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Joshua_the_Stylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite">Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Zacharias_Rhetor" title="Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor">Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberatus_of_Carthage" title="Liberatus of Carthage">Liberatus of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellinus_Comes" title="Marcellinus Comes">Marcellinus Comes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_Protector" title="Menander Protector">Menander Protector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonnosus_(historian)" title="Nonnosus (historian)">Nonnosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Patrician" title="Peter the Patrician">Peter the Patrician</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_Lector" title="Theodorus Lector">Theodorus Lector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_of_Byzantium" title="Theophanes of Byzantium">Theophanes of Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Rhetor" title="Zacharias Rhetor">Zacharias Rhetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">7th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Antioch_(historian)" title="John of Antioch (historian)">John of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan_the_Patrician" title="Trajan the Patrician">Trajan the Patrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_Simocatta" title="Theophylact Simocatta">Theophylact Simocatta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">8th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Thebes" title="Hippolytus of Thebes">Hippolytus of Thebes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Syncellus" title="George Syncellus">George Syncellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I_of_Constantinople" title="Nikephoros I of Constantinople">Nikephoros I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamartolos" title="George Hamartolos">George Hamartolos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scriptor_Incertus" title="Scriptor Incertus">Scriptor Incertus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Genesius" title="Joseph Genesius">Joseph Genesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kaminiates" title="John Kaminiates">John Kaminiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Deacon" title="Leo the Deacon">Leo the Deacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Simeon" title="Pseudo-Simeon">Pseudo-Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_Logothete" title="Symeon Logothete">Symeon Logothete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_Continuatus" title="Theophanes Continuatus">Theophanes Continuatus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Attaleiates" title="Michael Attaleiates">Michael Attaleiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kedrenos" title="George Kedrenos">George Kedrenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Psellos" title="Michael Psellos">Michael Psellos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Skylitzes" title="John Skylitzes">John Skylitzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Xiphilinus" title="John Xiphilinus">John Xiphilinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_of_Antioch" title="Yahya of Antioch">Yahya of Antioch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Bryennios_the_Younger" title="Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger">Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niketas_Choniates" title="Niketas Choniates">Niketas Choniates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Thessalonica" title="Eustathius of Thessalonica">Eustathius of Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Glykas" title="Michael Glykas">Michael Glykas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene" title="Anna Komnene">Anna Komnene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kinnamos" title="John Kinnamos">John Kinnamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Manasses" title="Constantine Manasses">Constantine Manasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Joannes Zonaras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Akropolites" title="George Akropolites">George Akropolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Skoutariotes" title="Theodore Skoutariotes">Theodore Skoutariotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicephorus_Gregoras" title="Nicephorus Gregoras">Nicephorus Gregoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Kallistos_Xanthopoulos" title="Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos">Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pachymeres" title="George Pachymeres">George Pachymeres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Panaretos" title="Michael Panaretos">Michael Panaretos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Anagnostes" title="John Anagnostes">John Anagnostes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cananus" title="John Cananus">John Cananus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laonikos_Chalkokondyles" title="Laonikos Chalkokondyles">Laonikos Chalkokondyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Critobulus" title="Michael Critobulus">Michael Critobulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukas_(historian)" title="Doukas (historian)">Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sphrantzes" title="George Sphrantzes">George Sphrantzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kodinos" title="George Kodinos">Pseudo-George Kodinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186153#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186153#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186153#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100172302">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/89376420">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100172292">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100172318">4</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/8316/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118741985">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50025184">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121468212">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121468212">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001223646">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Procopius : Caesariensis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/VBAV001791">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup19970000079796&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1380608">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/495176">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069343160">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90741303">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000185887&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000029578&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=28166">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwz0cn35bv36lr">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810569389405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/37127">Vatican</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/37128">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007266758905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14901055">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01455152?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1305632">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118741985.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118741985">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029951992">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66d5zc7">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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