CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: water quantity</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: water quantity"> <meta name="keywords" content="water quantity"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="water quantity" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="water quantity"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 9409</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: water quantity</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9409</span> Biochemical Evaluation of Air Conditioning West Water in Jeddah City: Concept of Sustainable Water Resources</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Alromi">D. Alromi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Alansari"> A. Alansari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Alghamdi"> S. Alghamdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Jambi"> E. Jambi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As the need for water is increasing globally, and the available water resources are barely meeting the current quality of life and economy. Air conditioning (AC) condensate water could be explored as an alternative water source, which could be considered within the global calculations of the water supply. The objective of this study is to better understand the potential for recovery of condensate water from air conditioning systems. The results generated so far showed that the AC produces a high quantity of water, and data analysis revealed that the amount of water is positively and significantly correlated with the humidity (P <= 0.05). In the meantime, the amount of heavy metals has been measuring using ICP-OES. The results, in terms of quantity, clearly show that the AC can be used as an alternative source of water, especially in the regions characterized by high humidity. The results also showed that the amount of produced water depends on the type of AC. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20conditioning%20systems" title="air conditioning systems">air conditioning systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quantity" title=" water quantity"> water quantity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%0D%0Aresources" title=" water resources"> water resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater" title=" wastewater"> wastewater</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114549/biochemical-evaluation-of-air-conditioning-west-water-in-jeddah-city-concept-of-sustainable-water-resources" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114549.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">213</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9408</span> Approach to Study the Workability of Concrete with the Fractal Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Achouri%20Fatima">Achouri Fatima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chouicha%20Kaddour"> Chouicha Kaddour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main parameters affecting the workability are the water content, particle size, and the total surface of the grains, as long as the mixing water begins by wetting the surface of the grains and then fills the voids between the grains to form entrapped water, the quantity of water remaining is called free water. The aim is to undertake a fractal approach through the relationship between the concrete formulation parameters and workability, to develop this approach a series of concrete taken from the literature was investigated by varying formulation parameters such as G / S, the quantity of cement C and the quantity of mixing water E. We also call on other model as the model for the thickness of the water layer and model of the thickness of the paste layer to judge their relevance, hence the following results : the relevance of the model of the thickness of the water layer is considered relevant when there is a variation in the water quantity, the model of the thickness of the layer of the paste is only applicable if we consider that the paste is made with the grain value Dmax = 2.85: value from which we see a stable model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title="concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractal%20method" title=" fractal method"> fractal method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paste%20thickness" title=" paste thickness"> paste thickness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20thickness" title=" water thickness"> water thickness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=workability" title=" workability"> workability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29521/approach-to-study-the-workability-of-concrete-with-the-fractal-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29521.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">379</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9407</span> Quantity, Quality and Water Productivity of Mulberry Leaf Influenced by Different Methods, Levels of Irrigation and Mulching in Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chengalappa%20Seenappa">Chengalappa Seenappa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Narayanappa%20Devkumar"> Narayanappa Devkumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Narayanappa%20Nagaraja"> Narayanappa Nagaraja</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mulberry leaf is the major economic component in sericulture and quality of leaf produced per unit area has a direct effect on quality of cocoon. Among all the agronomical inputs, irrigation water has highest impact on mulberry leaf quantity and quality. The water productivity in sericulture in the country is inadequate and inefficient though India has the largest irrigated area. There is a need of proper irrigation methods and conservation practices to ensure efficiency and economy in water use. Hence, this field experiment was conducted at College of Sericulture, Chintamani, Chickaballapur district, Karnataka, India during 2013 and 2014 to know the quantity, quality and water productivity of mulberry influenced by different methods, levels of irrigation and mulching in Eastern Dry Zone (EDZ) of Karnataka, India. The results revealed that the mulberry leaf quantity, quality and water productivity were significantly influenced by different methods, levels of irrigation and mulching. Subsurface drip irrigation at 0.8 CPE (Cumulative Pan Evaporation) recorded higher leaf yield, chlorophyll, relative water, protein content and water productivity (42857 kg ha-1 yr-1, 8.54, 65.80%, 22.27% and 364.41 kg hacm-1, respectively) than surface drip at 1.0 CPE (38809 kg ha-1 yr-1, 7.34, 62.76%, 17.75% and 264 10 kg hacm-1, respectively) and micro spray jet at 1.0 CPE (39931 kg ha-1 yr-1, 7.96, 63.50%, 19.00%, 35617 kg ha-1 yr-1 and 271.83 kg hacm-1, respectively). Mulching treatment recorded maximum leaf yield, chlorophyll, relative water, protein content and water productivity (38035 kg ha-1 yr-1, 7.12, 62.11%, 16.14% and 330 kg hacm-1, respectively) compared to without mulching. These results clearly indicated that subsurface drip irrigation at lower level of irrigation (0.8 CPE) and mulching increased the quantity, quality and water productivity of mulberry leaf than surface drip and micro spray jet irrigation at higher level of irrigation (1.0 CPE) by saving 20 per cent of water. Therefore, in the coming days subsurface drip irrigation in mulberry cultivation may be more appropriate to realise higher yield, quality and water productivity in EDZ of Karnataka, India. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subsurface%20drip%20irrigation" title="subsurface drip irrigation">subsurface drip irrigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mulching" title=" mulching"> mulching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20productivity" title=" water productivity"> water productivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mulberry" title=" mulberry"> mulberry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56518/quantity-quality-and-water-productivity-of-mulberry-leaf-influenced-by-different-methods-levels-of-irrigation-and-mulching-in-eastern-dry-zone-of-karnataka-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56518.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">269</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9406</span> Rainwater Harvesting for Household Consumption in Rural Demonstration Sites of Nong Khai Province, Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shotiros%20Protong">Shotiros Protong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, Thailand has been affected by climate change phenomenon, which is clearly seen from the season change for different times. The occurrence of violent storms, heavy rains, floods, and drought were found in several areas. In a long dry period, the water supply is not adequate in drought areas. Nowadays, it is renowned that there is a significant decrease of rainwater use for household consumption in rural area of Thailand. Rainwater harvesting is the practice of collection and storage of rainwater in storage tanks before it is lost as surface run-off. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is used to provide drinking water, domestic water, and water for livestock. Rainwater harvesting in households is an alternative for people to readily prepare water resources for their own consumptions during the drought season, can help mitigate flooding of flooded plains, and also may reduce demand on the basin and well. It also helps in the availability of potable water, as rainwater is substantially free of salts. Application of rainwater harvesting in rural water system provide a substantial benefit for both water supply and wastewater subsystems by reducing the need for clean water in water distribution systems, less generated storm water in sewer systems, and a reduction in storm water runoff polluting freshwater bodies. The combination of rainwater quality and rainfall quantity is used to determine proper rainwater harvesting for household consumption to be safe and adequate for survivals. Rainwater quality analysis is compared with the drinking water standard. In terms of rainfall quantity, the observed rainfall data are interpolated by GIS 10.5 and showed by map during 1980 to 2020, used to assess the annual yield for household consumptions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainwater%20harvesting" title="rainwater harvesting">rainwater harvesting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drinking%20water%20standard" title=" drinking water standard"> drinking water standard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=annual%20yield" title=" annual yield"> annual yield</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainfall%20quantity" title=" rainfall quantity"> rainfall quantity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140597/rainwater-harvesting-for-household-consumption-in-rural-demonstration-sites-of-nong-khai-province-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140597.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9405</span> Contrasting The Water Consumption Estimation Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Etienne%20Alain%20Feukeu">Etienne Alain Feukeu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20W.%20Snyman"> L. W. Snyman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Water scarcity is becoming a real issue nowadays. Most countries in the world are facing it in their own way based on their own geographical coordinate and condition. Many countries are facing a challenge of a growing water demand as a result of not only an increased population, economic growth, but also as a pressure of the population dynamic and urbanization. In view to mitigate some of this related problem, an accurate method of water estimation and future prediction, forecast is essential to guarantee not only the sufficient quantity, but also a good water distribution and management system. Beside the fact that several works have been undertaken to address this concern, there is still a considerable disparity between different methods and standard used for water prediction and estimation. Hence this work contrast and compare two well-defined and established methods from two countries (USA and South Africa) to demonstrate the inconsistency when different method and standards are used interchangeably. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20scarcity" title="water scarcity">water scarcity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20estimation" title=" water estimation"> water estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20prediction" title=" water prediction"> water prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20forecast." title=" water forecast."> water forecast.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142268/contrasting-the-water-consumption-estimation-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142268.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">201</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9404</span> Accessing the 'No-Harm' Principle of Protection of the Mekong River’s Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hang%20Thuy%20Tran">Hang Thuy Tran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanh%20Hong%20Pham"> Hanh Hong Pham</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ha%20Thanh%20Hoa"> Ha Thanh Hoa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> From 2009 up to now, the water quantity and water quality of the Mekong River, located in the South of Vietnam, have been significantly reduced. The phenomenon happened as a result of climate change and human activities. The Mekong River is an international source of water, flowing across the borders of 6 countries, with Vietnam downstream. Activities to block the flow or build dams to construct hydroelectricity or diversion in upstream countries are either the direct cause or the risk of further deterioration of the water quality and quantity of the Mekong River, as evidenced by two phenomena which are a saline intrusion and transboundary water pollution. The protection of the crucial source of water is done through bilateral and multilateral cooperation mechanisms, notably the Mekong River Commission, established by members of the Agreement on the Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin 1995. In this document, under Article 7, the 'no-harm' principle requires member states to take appropriate measures to prevent causing substantial damage to other member states. This principle has been practiced through the work of a number of committees established by the commission. However, the content of the rules is undetailed, lacks an implementation monitoring mechanism, and has an unreasonable dispute solution. With such difficulties, the provisions in the principle of no-harm are not adequate to protect the Mekong River's water resources in the current context. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=no-harm%20principle" title="no-harm principle">no-harm principle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transboundary%20water%20pollution" title=" transboundary water pollution"> transboundary water pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mekong%20Commission" title=" Mekong Commission"> Mekong Commission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20source%20of%20water" title=" international source of water"> international source of water</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134235/accessing-the-no-harm-principle-of-protection-of-the-mekong-rivers-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134235.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">191</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9403</span> The Relationship of Building Information Modeling (BIM) Capability in Quantity Surveying Practice and Project Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20F.%20Wong">P. F. Wong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Salleh"> H. Salleh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20A.%20Rahim"> F. A. Rahim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The adoption of building information modeling (BIM) is increasing in the construction industry. However, quantity surveyors are slow in adoption compared to other professions due to lack of awareness of the BIM’s potential in their profession. It is still unclear on how BIM application can enhance quantity surveyors’ work performance and project performance. The aim of this research is to identify the capabilities of BIM in quantity surveying practices and examine the relationship between BIM capabilities and project performance. Questionnaire survey and interviews were adopted for data collection. Literature reviews identified there are eleven BIM capabilities in quantity surveying practice. Questionnaire results showed that there are several BIM capabilities significantly correlated with project performance in time, cost and quality aspects and the results were validated through interviews. These findings show that BIM has the capabilities to enhance quantity surveyors’ performances and subsequently improved project performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Building%20Information%20Modeling%20%28BIM%29" title="Building Information Modeling (BIM)">Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantity%20surveyors" title=" quantity surveyors"> quantity surveyors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capability" title=" capability"> capability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=project%20performance" title=" project performance"> project performance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12273/the-relationship-of-building-information-modeling-bim-capability-in-quantity-surveying-practice-and-project-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12273.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">367</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9402</span> Rural Households' Sources of Water and Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Services in South-West, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alaba%20M.%20Dare">Alaba M. Dare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Idris%20A.%20Ayinde"> Idris A. Ayinde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adebayo%20M.%20Shittu"> Adebayo M. Shittu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sam%20O.%20Sam-Wobo"> Sam O. Sam-Wobo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Households' source of water is one of the core development indicators recently gaining pre-eminence in Nigeria. This study examined rural households' sources of water, Willingness to Pay (WTP) and factors influencing mean WTP. A cross-sectional survey which involved the use of questionnaire was used. A dichotomous choice (DC) with follow up was used as elicitation method. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 437 rural households. Descriptive statistics and Tobit model were used for data estimation. The result revealed that about 70% fetched from unimproved water sources. Most (74.4%) respondents showed WTP for improved water sources. Age (p < 0.01), sex (p < 0.01), education (p < 0.01), occupation (p < 0.01), income (p < 0.01), price of water (P < 0.01), quantity of water (p < 0.01), household size (p < 0.01) and distance (p < 0.01) to existing water sources significantly influenced rural households' WTP for these services. The inference from this study showed that rural dweller sources of water is highly primitive and deplorable. Governments and stakeholders should prioritize the provision of rural water at an affordable price by rural dwellers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=households" title="households">households</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=source%20of%20water" title=" source of water"> source of water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=willingness%20to%20pay%20%28WTP%29" title=" willingness to pay (WTP)"> willingness to pay (WTP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tobit%20model" title=" tobit model"> tobit model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35488/rural-households-sources-of-water-and-willingness-to-pay-for-improved-water-services-in-south-west-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35488.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">382</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9401</span> Determination of the Quantity of Water Absorbed by the Plant When Irrigating by Infiltration in Arid Regions (Case of Ouargla in Algeria)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Benlarbi">Mehdi Benlarbi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dalila%20Oulhaci"> Dalila Oulhaci</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Several physical, human and economic factors come into play in the choice of an irrigation system for developing arid and semi-arid regions. Since it is impossible to define or weight quantitatively all the relevant factors in each case, the choice of the system is often based on subjective preferences rather than explicit analysis. Over the past decade, irrational irrigation in the Ouargla region has evolved to a certain extent based largely on water wastage and which may pose risks to the environment both off-site and at the site. In the whole region, the environment is damaged by excess water because the water tables that tend to be high form swamps that pollute nature on the surface. The purpose of our work is a comparison between sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation using bottles. By irrigating with the aid of the bottle and giving a volume of 4 liters with a flow rate of one (1) liter per hour, the watering dose received varies between 6 and 7 mm without infiltration losses. And for the case of sprinkler irrigation, the dose received may not exceed 2.5mm. E in some cases, we have a quantity of water lost by infiltration. This shows that irrigation using the bottle is much more efficient than sprinkling. Because, on the one hand, a large amount of water is absorbed by the plant and on the other hand, there is no loss by infiltration. The results obtained are very significant because, on the one hand, we reuse local products, and on the other hand, as the bottles are buried, we avoid water losses by evaporation, especially in dry periods and salinization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resources" title="resources">resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title=" water"> water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arid" title=" arid"> arid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evaporation" title=" evaporation"> evaporation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infiltration" title=" infiltration"> infiltration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169669/determination-of-the-quantity-of-water-absorbed-by-the-plant-when-irrigating-by-infiltration-in-arid-regions-case-of-ouargla-in-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169669.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">76</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9400</span> The Effect of Shading on Cooling Tower Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eitidal%20Albassam">Eitidal Albassam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cooling towers (CTs) in arid zone countries, used for heat rejection in water-cooled (WC) systems, consume a large quantity of water. Universally, water conservation is an issue because of the scarcity of fresh water and natural resources. Therefore, many studies have aimed to conserve fresh water and limit the water wasted. Nonetheless, all these methods are not related to improving the weather conditions around the entering air to CT. In Kuwait and other arid-zone countries, the dry bulb temperature (DBT) during the summer season is significantly greater than the incoming hot water temperature, and the air undergoes sensible cooling. This high DBT leads to extra heat transfer from air to water, demanding high water vaporization to achieve the required cooling of water. Thus, any reduction in ambient air temperature around the CT will minimize water consumption. This paper aims to discuss theoretically the effect of reducing the DBT around the cooling tower when considering the sun-shading barrier. The theoretical simulation model results show that if the DBT reduces by 2.8 °C approximately, the percentage of water evaporation savings in gallon per minute (GPM) starts from 6.48% when DBT reaches 51.67 °C till 9.80% for 37.78 °C. Moreover, the performance of the cooling tower will be improved when considering the appropriate shading barriers, which will not affect the existing wet-bulb temperature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dry-bulb%20temperature" title="dry-bulb temperature">dry-bulb temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entering%20air" title=" entering air"> entering air</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20consumption" title=" water consumption"> water consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20vaporization" title=" water vaporization"> water vaporization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145541/the-effect-of-shading-on-cooling-tower-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145541.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9399</span> Reliability of the Estimate of Earthwork Quantity Based on 3D-BIM</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaechoul%20Shin">Jaechoul Shin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juhwan%20Hwang"> Juhwan Hwang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In case of applying the BIM method to the civil engineering in the area of free formed structure, we can expect comparatively high rate of construction productivity as it is in the building engineering area. In this research, we developed quantity calculation error applying it to earthwork and bridge construction (e.g. PSC-I type segmental girder bridge amd integrated bridge of steel I-girders and inverted-Tee bent cap), NATM (New Austrian Tunneling Method) tunnel construction, retaining wall construction, culvert construction and implemented BIM based 3D modeling quantity survey. we confirmed high reliability of the BIM-based method in structure work in which errors occurred in range between -6% ~ +5%. Especially, understanding of the problem and improvement of the existing 2D-CAD based of quantity calculation through rock type quantity calculation error in range of -14% ~ +13% of earthwork quantity calculation. It is benefit and applicability of BIM method in civil engineering. In addition, routine method for quantity of earthwork has the same error tolerance negligible for that of structure work. But, rock type's quantity calculated as the error appears significantly to the reliability of 2D-based volume calculation shows that the problem could be. Through the estimating quantity of earthwork based 3D-BIM, proposed method has better reliability than routine method. BIM, as well as the design, construction, maintenance levels of information when you consider the benefits of integration, the introduction of BIM design in civil engineering and the possibility of applying for the effectiveness was confirmed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BIM" title="BIM">BIM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20modeling" title=" 3D modeling"> 3D modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D-BIM" title=" 3D-BIM"> 3D-BIM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantity%20of%20earthwork" title=" quantity of earthwork"> quantity of earthwork</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6325/reliability-of-the-estimate-of-earthwork-quantity-based-on-3d-bim" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6325.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">442</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9398</span> Typical Characteristics and Compositions of Solvent System in Application of Maceration Technology to Isolate Antioxidative Activated Extract of Natural Products</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yohanes%20Buang">Yohanes Buang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suwari"> Suwari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Increasing interest of society in use and creation of herbal medicines has encouraged scientists/researchers to establish an ideal method to produce the best quality and quantity of pharmaceutical extracts. To have highest the antioxidative extracts, the method used must be at optimum conditions. Hence, the best method is not only able to provide highest quantity and quality of the isolated pharmaceutical extracts but also it has to be easy to do, simple, fast, and cheap. The characterization of solvents in maceration technique, in present study, involved various variables influencing quantity and quality of the pharmaceutical extracts, such as solvent’s optimum acidity-alkalinity (pH), temperature, concentration, and contact time. The shifting polarity of the solvent by combinations of water with ethanol (70:30) and (50:50) were also performed to completely record the best solvent system in application of maceration technology. Among those three solvents threated within Myrmecodia pendens, as a model of natural product, the results showed that water solvent system with conditions of alkalinity pH, optimum temperature, concentration, and contact time, is the best system to perform the maceration in order to have the highest isolated antioxidative activated extracts. The optimum conditions of the water solvent are at the alkalinity pH 9 up, 30 mg/mL of concentration, 40 min of contact time, 100 °C of temperature, and no ethanol used to replace parts of the water solvent. The present study strongly recommended the best conditions of solvent system to isolate the pharmaceutical extracts of natural products in application of the maceration technology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extracts" title="extracts">extracts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20medicine" title=" herbal medicine"> herbal medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20product" title=" natural product"> natural product</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maceration%20technique" title=" maceration technique"> maceration technique</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48651/typical-characteristics-and-compositions-of-solvent-system-in-application-of-maceration-technology-to-isolate-antioxidative-activated-extract-of-natural-products" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48651.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9397</span> Drought Resilient Water Supply for Livelihood: Establishment of Groundwater Treatment Plant at Construction Sites in Taichung City</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shang-Hsin%20Ou">Shang-Hsin Ou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yang-Chun%20Lin"> Yang-Chun Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ke-Hao%20Cheng"> Ke-Hao Cheng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The year 2021 marked a historic drought in Taiwan, posing unprecedented challenges due to record-low rainfall and inadequate reservoir storage. The central region experienced water scarcity, leading to the implementation of "Groundwater Utilization at Construction Sites" for drought-resilient livelihood water supply. This study focuses on the establishment process of temporary groundwater treatment plants at construction sites in Taichung City, serving as a reference for future emergency response and the utilization of construction site groundwater. To identify suitable sites for groundwater reuse projects, site selection operations were carried out based on relevant water quality regulations and assessment principles. Subsequently, the planning and design of temporary water treatment plants were conducted, considering the water quality, quantity, and on-site conditions of groundwater wells associated with construction projects. The study consolidates the major water treatment facilities at each site and addresses encountered challenges during the establishment process. Practical insights gained from operating temporary groundwater treatment plants are presented, including improvements related to stable water quality, water quantity, equipment operation, and hydraulic control. In light of possible future droughts, this study provides an outlook and recommendations to expedite and improve the setup of groundwater treatment plants at construction sites. This includes considering on-site water abstraction, treatment, and distribution conditions. The study's results aim to offer practical guidelines for effectively establishing and managing such treatment plants, while offering experiences and recommendations for other regions facing similar emergencies, water shortages, and drought situations. These endeavors contribute to ensuring sustainable water supply for drought-resilient livelihoods and maintaining societal stability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drought%20resilience" title="drought resilience">drought resilience</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater%20treatment" title=" groundwater treatment"> groundwater treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20site" title=" construction site"> construction site</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20supply" title=" water supply"> water supply</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167631/drought-resilient-water-supply-for-livelihood-establishment-of-groundwater-treatment-plant-at-construction-sites-in-taichung-city" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167631.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9396</span> Hydraulic Design of Proposed Ranney Well for Water Supply Scheme in Kurukshetra</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gaurav%20Kumar">Gaurav Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baldev%20Setia"> Baldev Setia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Water is essential for sustenance of life and the ecosystem. Among the various uses of water, the water required for drinking and domestics has the priority over other needs. Water that is required for human consumption must be available in sufficient quantity and should be of good quality. Keeping in view the futuristic needs of water of Kurukshetra town, a durable and cost-effective water supply system with the help of Ranney well has been proposed. This has been proposed on the premise that Brahmsarovar, the largest static water body in the state of Haryana provides sufficient recharge to the groundwater aquifer. In the study, a 30 year design period has been adopted and the water demand up to the year 2050 has been computed. The proposed Ranney well to be constructed in the vicinity of the Brahmsarovar will have a caisson of diameter of 12 m and will be laid at a depth of 30 m below MSL. The laterals, 20 in number, 300 mm in diameter and 15 m in length will be located in two layer separated by 1.5 m. the impact on environment because of the construction and working of the Ranney well is also studied and it has been found that there are no adverse impacts of the proposed scheme. However, the present study is limited to the hydraulics design of the scheme and does not address the structural design of components of Ranney well and the cost involved. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drawdown" title="drawdown">drawdown</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ranney%20well" title=" Ranney well"> Ranney well</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LPCD" title=" LPCD"> LPCD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MSL" title=" MSL"> MSL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmissibility" title=" transmissibility"> transmissibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=storativity" title=" storativity"> storativity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13310/hydraulic-design-of-proposed-ranney-well-for-water-supply-scheme-in-kurukshetra" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13310.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9395</span> Assessment of Water Availability and Quality in the Climate Change Context in Urban Areas</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rose-Michelle%20Smith">Rose-Michelle Smith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Musandji%20Fuamba"> Musandji Fuamba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salomon%20Salumu"> Salomon Salumu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Water is vital for life. Access to drinking water and sanitation for humans is one of the Sustainable Development Goals (specifically the sixth) approved by United Nations Member States in September 2015. There are various problems identified relating to water: insufficient fresh water, inequitable distribution of water resources, poor water management in certain places on the planet, detection of water-borne diseases due to poor water quality, and the negative impacts of climate change on water. One of the major challenges in the world is finding ways to ensure that people and the environment have enough water resources to sustain and support their existence. Thus, this research project aims to develop a tool to assess the availability, quality and needs of water in current and future situations with regard to climate change. This tool was tested using threshold values for three regions in three countries: the Metropolitan Community of Montreal (Canada), Normandie Region (France) and North Department (Haiti). The WEAP software was used to evaluate the available quantity of water resources. For water quality, two models were performed: the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) and the Malaysian Water Quality Index (WQI). Preliminary results showed that the ratio of the needs could be estimated at 155, 308 and 644 m3/capita in 2023 for Normandie, Cap-Haitian and CMM, respectively. Then, the Water Quality Index (WQI) varied from one country to another. Other simulations regarding the water availability and quality are still in progress. This tool will be very useful in decision-making on projects relating to water use in the future; it will make it possible to estimate whether the available resources will be able to satisfy the needs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title="climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20needs" title=" water needs"> water needs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=balance%20sheet" title=" balance sheet"> balance sheet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality" title=" water quality"> water quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177854/assessment-of-water-availability-and-quality-in-the-climate-change-context-in-urban-areas" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177854.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9394</span> Barriers to the Uptake of Technology in the Quantity Surveying Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mnisi%20Blessing">Mnisi Blessing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20Amoah"> Christopher Amoah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: The usage of modern technology is widespread in industrialised nations. The issue still pertains to developing countries since they struggle to use technology in the building sector. The study aims to identify the barriers to technology usage in quantity surveying firms. Methodology: Quantity Surveyors were interviewed via Microsoft teams due to the dispersed nature of the participants. However, where the interview was not possible, the interview guide was emailed to the participants to fill in. In all, 12 participants were interviewed out of the 25 participants contacted. The data received were analysed using the content analysis process. Findings: The study's findings demonstrate that quantity surveyors have access to a wide range of technology that significantly enhances their project activities. However, quantity surveying companies are hesitant to use technology for several reasons, including the cost and maintenance associated with it. Other obstacles include a lack of knowledge, poor market acceptance, legal obstacles, and budgetary constraints. Implication: Despite the advantages associated with modern technology applications, quantity surveying firms are not using them, which may ultimately affect their work output. Therefore, firms need to re-examine these obstacles, inhibiting their adoption of technology in the work process to enhance their production. Value of the Paper: The study reveals the main hindrances to technology usage, which may help firms institute measures to address them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barriers" title="barriers">barriers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=implementation" title=" implementation"> implementation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technology" title=" technology"> technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantity%20surveying" title=" quantity surveying"> quantity surveying</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158795/barriers-to-the-uptake-of-technology-in-the-quantity-surveying-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158795.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9393</span> The Impact of Water Reservoirs on Biodiversity and Food Security and the Creation of Adaptation Mechanisms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inom%20S.%20Normatov">Inom S. Normatov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abulqosim%20Muminov"> Abulqosim Muminov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parviz%20I.%20Normatov"> Parviz I. Normatov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Problems of food security and the preservation of reserved zones in the region of Central Asia under the conditions of the climate change induced by the placement and construction of large reservoirs are considered. The criteria for the optimum placement and construction of reservoirs that entail the minimum impact on the environment are established. The need for the accounting of climatic parameters is shown by the calculation of the water quantity required for the irrigation of agricultural lands. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptation" title="adaptation">adaptation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiversity" title=" biodiversity"> biodiversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20security" title=" food security"> food security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20reservoir" title=" water reservoir"> water reservoir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk" title=" risk"> risk</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43917/the-impact-of-water-reservoirs-on-biodiversity-and-food-security-and-the-creation-of-adaptation-mechanisms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43917.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9392</span> Performance Evaluation and Economic Analysis of Minimum Quantity Lubrication with Pressurized/Non-Pressurized Air and Nanofluid Mixture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Amrita">M. Amrita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20R.%20Srikant"> R. R. Srikant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20V.%20Sita%20Rama%20Raju"> A. V. Sita Rama Raju</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Water miscible cutting fluids are conventionally used to lubricate and cool the machining zone. But issues related to health hazards, maintenance and disposal costs have limited their usage, leading to application of Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL). To increase the effectiveness of MQL, nanocutting fluids are proposed. In the present work, water miscible nanographite cutting fluids of varying concentration are applied at cutting zone by two systems A and B. System A utilizes high pressure air and supplies cutting fluid at a flow rate of 1ml/min. System B uses low pressure air and supplies cutting fluid at a flow rate of 5ml/min. Their performance in machining is evaluated by measuring cutting temperatures, tool wear, cutting forces and surface roughness and compared with dry machining and flood machining. Application of nano cutting fluid using both systems showed better performance than dry machining. Cutting temperatures and cutting forces obtained by both techniques are more than flood machining. But tool wear and surface roughness showed improvement compared to flood machining. Economic analysis has been carried out in all the cases to decide the applicability of the techniques. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20analysis" title="economic analysis">economic analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machining" title=" machining"> machining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20quantity%20lubrication" title=" minimum quantity lubrication"> minimum quantity lubrication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanofluid" title=" nanofluid"> nanofluid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22926/performance-evaluation-and-economic-analysis-of-minimum-quantity-lubrication-with-pressurizednon-pressurized-air-and-nanofluid-mixture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22926.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">380</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9391</span> A Case Study on Management of Coal Seam Gas by-Product Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mojibul%20Sajjad">Mojibul Sajjad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20G.%20Rasul"> Mohammad G. Rasul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Md.%20Sharif%20Imam%20Ibne%20Amir"> Md. Sharif Imam Ibne Amir </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rate of natural gas dissociation from the Coal Matrix depends on depressurization of reservoir through removing of the cleat water from the coal seam. These waters are similar to brine and aged of long years. For improving the connectivity through fracking /fracturing, high pressure liquids are pumped off inside the coal body. A significant quantity of accumulated water, a combined mixture of cleat water and fracking fluids (back flow water) is pumped out through gas well. In Queensland Coal Seam Gas industry is in booming state and estimated of 30,000 wells would be active for CSG production forecasting life span of 30 years. Integrated water management along with water softening programs is practiced for subsequent treatment and later on discharge to nearby surface water catchment. Water treatment is an important part of the CSG industry. A case study on a CSG site and review on the test results are discussed for assessing the Standards & Practices for management of CSG by-product water and their subsequent disposal activities. This study was directed toward (i) water management and softening process in Spring Gully Mine field, (ii) Comparative analysis on experimental study and standards and (iii) Disposal of the treated water. This study also aimed for alternative usages and their impact on vegetation, living species as well as long term effects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal%20seam%20gas%20%28CSG%29" title="coal seam gas (CSG)">coal seam gas (CSG)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cleat%20water" title=" cleat water"> cleat water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydro-fracking" title=" hydro-fracking"> hydro-fracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=product%20water" title=" product water"> product water</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20512/a-case-study-on-management-of-coal-seam-gas-by-product-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20512.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">420</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9390</span> Investigating Willingness to Pay for Water Services in a Newly Established Municipality in Malamulele, Vhembe District Municipality, South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20T.%20Chabalala">D. T. Chabalala</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Currently South Africa is facing a triple challenge of poverty, unemployment and inequality. As such, communities have limited access to basic municipal services such as water, sanitation and electricity. Citizens such as those residing at Malamulele Township will be responsible to pay for the cost of water services that they consume instead of having the costs subsidised by the newly formed Municipality. The question on whether Malamulele residents would be willing to pay for water services provided for them need to be investigated. This study was conducted in Malamulele Township and surrounding villages. The article is based on a survey of 500 randomly selected households from township and villages surrounding Malamulele. The study uses the contingent valuation method to determine households’ willingness to pay for water services as well as the consequences they possibly will encounter in case their response is negative. The obtained results can be used by the Municipality and other Government Departments in order to better identify the affordable rates and the quantity of water service to be provided. Thus, it will make Municipality water supply services stable and sustainable. It will also be used as a tool to provide inform decisions about a range of infrastructure to enhance water supply systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=willingness%20to%20pay" title="willingness to pay">willingness to pay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contingent%20valuation%20method" title=" contingent valuation method"> contingent valuation method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20supply%20systems" title=" water supply systems"> water supply systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malamulele" title=" Malamulele"> Malamulele</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60715/investigating-willingness-to-pay-for-water-services-in-a-newly-established-municipality-in-malamulele-vhembe-district-municipality-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60715.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9389</span> Agriculture Water Quality Evaluation in Minig Basin </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ben%20Salah%20Nahla">Ben Salah Nahla </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The problem of water in Tunisia affects the quality and quantity. Tunisia is in a situation of water shortage. It was estimated that 4.6 Mm3/an. Moreover, the quality of water in Tunisia is also mediocre. In fact, 50% of the water has a high salinity (> 1.5g/l). There are several parameters which affect water quality such as sodium, fluoride. An excess of this parameter may induce some human health. Furthermore, the mining basin area has a problem of industrial waste. This problem may affect the water quality of the groundwater. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to assess the water quality in Basin Mining and the impact of fluorine. For this research, some water samples were done in the field and specific water analysis was implemented in the laboratory. Sampling is carried out on eight drilling in the area of the mining region. In the following, we will look at water view composition, physical and chemical quality. A physical-chemical analysis of water from a survey of the Mining area of Tunisia was performed and showed an excess for the following items: fluorine, sodium, sulfate. So many chemicals may be present in water. However, only a small number of them immediately concern in terms of health in all circumstances. Fluorine (F) is one particular chemical that is considered both necessary for the human body, but an excess of the rate of this chemical causes serious diseases. Sodium fluoride and sodium silicofluoride are more soluble and may spread in animals and plants where their toxicity largest organizations. The more complex particles such as cryolite and fluorite, almost insoluble, are more stable and less toxic. Thereafter, we will study the problem of excess fluorine in the water. The latter intended for human consumption must always comply with the limits for microbiological quality parameters and physical-chemical parameters defined by European standards (1.5 mg/l) and Tunisian (2 mg/l). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title="water">water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minier%20basin" title=" minier basin"> minier basin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluorine" title=" fluorine"> fluorine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silicofluoride" title=" silicofluoride"> silicofluoride</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19833/agriculture-water-quality-evaluation-in-minig-basin" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19833.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">582</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9388</span> A Soft System Methodology Approach to Stakeholder Engagement in Water Sensitive Urban Design</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lina%20Lukusa">Lina Lukusa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ulrike%20Rivett"> Ulrike Rivett</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Poor water management can increase the extreme pressure already faced by water scarcity. Unless water management is addressed holistically, water quality and quantity will continue to degrade. A holistic approach to water management named Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) has thus been created to facilitate the effective management of water. Traditionally, water management has employed a linear design approach, while WSUD requires a systematic, cyclical approach. In simple terms, WSUD assumes that everything is connected. Hence, it is critical for different stakeholders involved in WSUD to engage and reach a consensus on a solution. However, many stakeholders in WSUD have conflicting interests. Using the soft system methodology (SSM), developed by Peter Checkland, as a problem-solving method, decision-makers can understand this problematic situation from different world views. The SSM addresses ill and complex challenging situations involving human activities in a complex structured scenario. This paper demonstrates how SSM can be applied to understand the complexity of stakeholder engagement in WSUD. The paper concludes that SSM is an adequate solution to understand a complex problem better and then propose efficient solutions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-design" title="co-design">co-design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICT%20platform" title=" ICT platform"> ICT platform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20systems%20methodology" title=" soft systems methodology"> soft systems methodology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20sensitive%20urban%20design" title=" water sensitive urban design"> water sensitive urban design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151507/a-soft-system-methodology-approach-to-stakeholder-engagement-in-water-sensitive-urban-design" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151507.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9387</span> Water Accessibility at Household Levels in Zambia: A Case Study of Fitobaula Settlement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emmanuel%20Sachikumba">Emmanuel Sachikumba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Micheal%20Msoni"> Micheal Msoni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Westone%20Mafuleka"> Westone Mafuleka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Zambia has a good climate with favourable rainfall pattern; this provides sufficient recharge for the surface and groundwater resources. In spite of the sufficient surface and ground water resources, accessibility to water at household levels is problematic both in quality and quantity. The study examined water accessibility as well as water quality at the household level. The research looked at the sources of water for the households and considered the complications of accessibility to water and the available opportunities therein. The investigation involved fifty households and the data was collected by the use of questionnaires (to assess accessibility) and laboratory tests (for ascertaining water quality). In addition to this, government departments such as the health, agriculture, forestry and education as well as the municipal council were interviewed on the topic under study. The study was descriptive in nature where clustered sampling procedures using simple random methods were utilised to select the households which were to participate in the study. The key findings were that; accessibility to water household levels is still a challenge in the settlement as most of the point sources (shallow wells, the stream and the river) were found to be contaminated. In addition to this, it was found that there was no direct relationship between the economic performance of a household and the accessibility to water. The study also observed that there were opportunities for the people in the settlement as they were increasingly getting into the education system, and adult literacy was being encouraged in the settlement. Furthermore, the settlement has groundwater resources which indicate that there can be sufficient water provision for the settlers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accessibility" title="accessibility">accessibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=household" title=" household"> household</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title=" water"> water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=settlement" title=" settlement"> settlement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19667/water-accessibility-at-household-levels-in-zambia-a-case-study-of-fitobaula-settlement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19667.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">450</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9386</span> The Characteristics of Quantity Operation for 2nd and 3rd Grade Mathematics Slow Learners</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pi-Hsia%20Hung">Pi-Hsia Hung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of mathematical competency has individual benefits as well as benefits to the wider society. Children who begin school behind their peers in their understanding of number, counting, and simple arithmetic are at high risk of staying behind throughout their schooling. The development of effective strategies for improving the educational trajectory of these individuals will be contingent on identifying areas of early quantitative knowledge that influence later mathematics achievement. A computer-based quantity assessment was developed in this study to investigate the characteristics of 2nd and 3rd grade slow learners in quantity. The concept of quantification involves understanding measurements, counts, magnitudes, units, indicators, relative size, and numerical trends and patterns. Fifty-five tasks of quantitative reasoning—such as number sense, mental calculation, estimation and assessment of reasonableness of results—are included as quantity problem solving. Thus, quantity is defined in this study as applying knowledge of number and number operations in a wide variety of authentic settings. Around 1000 students were tested and categorized into 4 different performance levels. Students’ quantity ability correlated higher with their school math grade than other subjects. Around 20% students are below basic level. The intervention design implications of the preliminary item map constructed are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mathematics%20assessment" title="mathematics assessment">mathematics assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mathematical%20cognition" title=" mathematical cognition"> mathematical cognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantity" title=" quantity"> quantity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=number%20sense" title=" number sense"> number sense</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=validity" title=" validity"> validity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63138/the-characteristics-of-quantity-operation-for-2nd-and-3rd-grade-mathematics-slow-learners" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63138.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">247</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9385</span> Experimental Study on the Molecular Spring Isolator</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muchun%20Yu">Muchun Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xue%20Gao"> Xue Gao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qian%20Chen"> Qian Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As a novel passive vibration isolation technology, molecular spring isolator (MSI) is investigated in this paper. An MSI consists of water and hydrophobic zeolites as working medium. Under periodic excitation, water molecules intrude into hydrophobic pores of zeolites when the pressure rises and water molecules extrude from hydrophobic pores when pressure drops. At the same time, energy is stored, released and dissipated. An MSI of piston-cylinder structure was designed in this work. Experiments were conducted to investigate the stiffness properties of MSI. The results show that MSI exhibits high-static-low dynamic (HSLD) stiffness. Furthermore, factors such as the quantity of zeolites, temperature, and ions in water are proved to have an influence on the stiffness properties of MSI. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrophobic%20zeolites" title="hydrophobic zeolites">hydrophobic zeolites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20spring" title=" molecular spring"> molecular spring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stiffness" title=" stiffness"> stiffness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vibration%20isolation" title=" vibration isolation"> vibration isolation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29568/experimental-study-on-the-molecular-spring-isolator" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29568.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">476</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9384</span> Study on Horizontal Ecological Compensation Mechanism in Yangtze River Economic Belt Basin: Based on Evolutionary Game Analysis and Water Quality and Quantity Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tingyu%20Zhang">Tingyu Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The horizontal ecological compensation (HEC) mechanism is the key to stimulating the active participation of the whole basin in ecological protection. In this paper, we construct an evolutionary model for HEC in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) basin with the introduction of the central government constraint and incentive mechanism (CGCIM) and explore the conditions for the realization of a (Protection and compensation) strategy that meets the social expectations. Further, the water quality-water quantity model is utilized to measure the HEC amount with the characteristic factual data of the YREB in 2020-2022. The results show that the stability of the evolutionary game model of upstream and downstream governments in the YREB is closely related to the CGCIM. If (Protection Compensation) is to be realized as the only evolutionary stable strategy of the evolutionary game system composed of upstream and downstream governments, it is necessary for the CGCIM to satisfy that the sum of the incentives for the protection side and its unilateral or bilateral constraints is greater than twice the input cost of the active strategy, and the sum of the incentives for the compensation side and its unilateral or bilateral constraints is greater than the amount of ecological compensation that needs to be paid by it when it adopts the active strategy. At this point, the total amount of HEC that the downstream government should give to the upstream government of the YREB is 2856.7 million yuan in 2020, 5782.1 million yuan in 2021, and 23166.7 million yuan in 2022. The results of the study can provide a reference for promoting the improvement and refinement of the HEC mechanism in the YREB. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horizontal%20ecological%20compensation" title="horizontal ecological compensation">horizontal ecological compensation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yangtze%20river%20economic%20belt" title=" Yangtze river economic belt"> Yangtze river economic belt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evolutionary%20game%20analysis" title=" evolutionary game analysis"> evolutionary game analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality%20and%20quantity%20model%20research%20on%20territorial%20ecological%20restoration%20in%20Mianzhu%20city" title=" water quality and quantity model research on territorial ecological restoration in Mianzhu city"> water quality and quantity model research on territorial ecological restoration in Mianzhu city</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sichuan" title=" Sichuan"> Sichuan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=under%20the%20dual%20evaluation%20framework" title=" under the dual evaluation framework"> under the dual evaluation framework</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185516/study-on-horizontal-ecological-compensation-mechanism-in-yangtze-river-economic-belt-basin-based-on-evolutionary-game-analysis-and-water-quality-and-quantity-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185516.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">48</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9383</span> Pros and Cons of Different Types of Irrigation Systems for Date Palm Production in Sebha, Libya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Aridah">Ahmad Aridah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Fay%20Rola-Rubzen"> Maria Fay Rola-Rubzen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zora%20Singh"> Zora Singh </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigated the effectiveness of various types of irrigation systems in regards to the impact that these have on the productivity of date palms in the semi-arid and arid region of Sebha, Southwest Libya. The date palm is an economically important crop in Libya and contributes to the agriculture industry, foreign exchange earnings, farmers’ income, and employment in the country. The date palm industry relies on large amounts of water for growing the crop. Farmers in Southwest Libya use a variety of irrigation systems, but the quality and quantity of water varies between systems and this affects the productivity and income of farmers. Using survey data from 210 farmers, this study estimated and assessed the pros and cons of different types of irrigation systems for date palm production under various irrigation systems currently used in Sebha, Libya. The number of years farmers have used irrigation, the area, irrigation water consumption, time of irrigation, number of farm workers (including family labour) and inputs used were measured for surface, sprinkler and drip irrigation methods. Findings from this research provide new insights into the advantages and disadvantages of the various irrigation systems, problems encountered by farmers and the factors that affect the quality and quantity of the irrigation system. The paper discussed proposed solutions to deal with the problems including timing of irrigation, canal maintenance, repair of wells and water control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factors" title=" factors"> factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irrigation%20method" title=" irrigation method"> irrigation method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=date%20palm" title=" date palm"> date palm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33653/pros-and-cons-of-different-types-of-irrigation-systems-for-date-palm-production-in-sebha-libya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33653.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">350</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9382</span> Variations in Water Supply and Quality in Selected Groundwater Sources in a Part of Southwest Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samuel%20Olajide%20Babawale">Samuel Olajide Babawale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20O.%20Ogunkoya"> O. O. Ogunkoya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study mapped selected wells in Inisa town, Osun state, in the guinea savanna region of southwest Nigeria, and determined the water quality considering certain elements. It also assessed the variation in the elevation of the water table surface to depth of the wells in the months of August and November. This is with a view to determine the level of contamination of the water with respect to land use and anthropogenic activities, and also to determine the variation that occurs in the quantity of well water in the rainy season and the start of the dry season. Results show a random pattern of the distribution of the mapped wells and shows that there is a shallow water table in the study area. The temporal changes in the elevation show that there are no significant variations in the depth of the water table surface over the period of study implying that there is a sufficient amount of water available to the town all year round. It also shows a high concentration of sodium in the water sample analyzed compared to other elements that were considered, which include iron, copper, calcium, and lead. This is attributed majorly to anthropogenic activities through the disposal of waste in landfill sites. There is a low concentration of lead which is a good indication of a reduced level of pollution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anthropogenic%20activities" title="anthropogenic activities">anthropogenic activities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=land%20use" title=" land use"> land use</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temporal%20changes" title=" temporal changes"> temporal changes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality" title=" water quality"> water quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93032/variations-in-water-supply-and-quality-in-selected-groundwater-sources-in-a-part-of-southwest-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93032.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9381</span> Commitment Based Revenue Sharing Contract </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Shafiq">Muhammad Shafiq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huynh%20Trung%20Luong"> Huynh Trung Luong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we proposed a commitment based revenue sharing contract for a supply chain comprising one manufacturer and one retailer facing highly uncertain demand of a short life span fashionable product. In our model, the retailer reserves a commitment level with the manufacturer prior to the selling season. In response, the manufacturer allocates and produces a specific quantity which is the maximum available quantity for the retailer. The retailer is motivated to commit more by offering higher revenue sharing percentage for reserved capacity than non-reserved capacity. Due to asymmetric information, it is found that the manufacturer can optimize quantity allocation decision while the commitment level decision of the retailer may not be optimal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supply%20chain%20coordination" title="supply chain coordination">supply chain coordination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=revenue%20sharing%20contract" title=" revenue sharing contract"> revenue sharing contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=commitment%20based%20revenue%20sharing" title=" commitment based revenue sharing"> commitment based revenue sharing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantity%20allocation" title=" quantity allocation"> quantity allocation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26711/commitment-based-revenue-sharing-contract" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26711.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">487</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9380</span> Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of Water Quality in Drinking Water Distribution Systems with DBPs Objetives</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mingyu%20Xie">Mingyu Xie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mietek%20Brdys"> Mietek Brdys</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper develops a non-linear model predictive control (NMPC) of water quality in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) based on the advanced non-linear quality dynamics model including disinfections by-products (DBPs). A special attention is paid to the analysis of an impact of the flow trajectories prescribed by an upper control level of the recently developed two-time scale architecture of an integrated quality and quantity control in DWDS. The new quality controller is to operate within this architecture in the fast time scale as the lower level quality controller. The controller performance is validated by a comprehensive simulation study based on an example case study DWDS. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20predictive%20control" title="model predictive control">model predictive control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hierarchical%20control%20structure" title=" hierarchical control structure"> hierarchical control structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20algorithm" title=" genetic algorithm"> genetic algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality%20with%20DBPs%20objectives" title=" water quality with DBPs objectives"> water quality with DBPs objectives</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32624/nonlinear-model-predictive-control-of-water-quality-in-drinking-water-distribution-systems-with-dbps-objetives" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32624.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">317</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quantity&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quantity&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quantity&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quantity&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quantity&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quantity&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quantity&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quantity&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quantity&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quantity&page=313">313</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quantity&page=314">314</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quantity&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>