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<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Melvin Schwartz</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 62 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="ملفن شفارتز – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملفن شفارتز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="ملفن شفارتز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ملفن شفارتز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="ملوین شوارتز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ملوین شوارتز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Мелвін Шварц – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мелвін Шварц" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Мелвин Шварц – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мелвин Шварц" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C" title="মেলভিন শোয়ার্জ – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেলভিন শোয়ার্জ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="ملوین شوارتز – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ملوین شوارتز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – hakka kineski" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A5" title="מלווין שוורץ – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלווין שוורץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="मेल्विन श्वार्ट्ज – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेल्विन श्वार्ट्ज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%87%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%81" title="Մելվին Շվարց – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մելվին Շվարց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84" title="メルヴィン・シュワーツ – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メルヴィン・シュワーツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Мелвин Шварц – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мелвин Шварц" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%9C%EB%B9%88_%EC%8A%88%EC%9B%8C%EC%B8%A0" title="멜빈 슈워츠 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="멜빈 슈워츠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Мелвин Шварц – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мелвин Шварц" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Мэлвин Шварц – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мэлвин Шварц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D" title="मेल्व्हिन श्वार्त्झ – marathski" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेल्व्हिन श्वार्त्झ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="ملوین شوارتز – mazanderanski" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ملوین شوارتز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="मेल्भिन श्वार्ट्ज – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मेल्भिन श्वार्ट्ज" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="ملون سچورٹس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ملون سچورٹس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86,_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Шварц, Мелвин – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шварц, Мелвин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="मेल्विन श्वार्ट्ज – sanskrtski" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मेल्विन श्वार्ट्ज" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrtski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Мелвин Шварц – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мелвин Шварц" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Мелвин Шварц – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мелвин Шварц" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Мелвін Шварц – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мелвін Шварц" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%B2" title="ملون سکوارٹز – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ملون سکوارٹز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%93%A6%E8%8C%A8" title="梅尔文·施瓦茨 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="梅尔文·施瓦茨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz – jorupski" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Melvin Schwartz" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorupski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%93%A6%E8%8C%A8" title="梅尔文·施瓦茨 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="梅尔文·施瓦茨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189741#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:25em; font-size:90%; text-align:left;" cellspacing="2"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; background-color:#e8e8ff; color:#000000;"><b>Melvin Schwartz</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Rođenje </th> <td><a href="/wiki/2._studenog" class="mw-redirect" title="2. studenog">2. studenog</a> <a href="/wiki/1932." title="1932.">1932.</a><br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_City,_New_York" title="New York City, New York">New York City, New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAD" class="mw-redirect" title="SAD">SAD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Smrt </th> <td><a href="/wiki/28._kolovoza" title="28. kolovoza">28. kolovoza</a> <a href="/wiki/2006." title="2006.">2006.</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twin_Falls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twin Falls (stranica ne postoji)">Twin Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAD" class="mw-redirect" title="SAD">SAD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Državljanstvo </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Amerikanci" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerikanci">Amerikanac</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Polje </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">Fizika</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Institucija </th> <td>Sveučilište Columbia u <a href="/wiki/New_York" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="New York">New Yorku</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te_Stanford" title="Sveučilište Stanford">Sveučilište Stanford</a> <br /> Nacionalni laboratorij u Brookhavenu, <a href="/wiki/New_York" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="New York">New York</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Alma mater </th> <td>Sveučilište Columbia u <a href="/wiki/New_York" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="New York">New Yorku</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Akademski mentor </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Poznat po </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">Neutrino</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Istaknute nagrade </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">Nobelova nagrada za fiziku</a> (1988.) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e8e8ff; padding-top:3px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%C5%BDivotopis" title="Portal:Životopis">Portal o životopisima</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg/300px-Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="429" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg/450px-Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg/600px-Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Niz_proton-proton" title="Niz proton-proton">Niz proton-proton</a> ili p-p niz prevladava kod <a href="/wiki/Zvijezda" title="Zvijezda">zvijezdi</a> veličine našeg <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Sunca</a> ili manjih.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg/300px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg/450px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg/600px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4044" data-file-height="3860" /></a><figcaption>Znanstvenike je oduvijek zanimalo odakle silna <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_energija" title="Sunčeva energija">Sunčeva energija</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:FirstNeutrinoEventAnnotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/FirstNeutrinoEventAnnotated.jpg/300px-FirstNeutrinoEventAnnotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/FirstNeutrinoEventAnnotated.jpg/450px-FirstNeutrinoEventAnnotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/FirstNeutrinoEventAnnotated.jpg/600px-FirstNeutrinoEventAnnotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Upotrebom <a href="/wiki/Komora_na_mjehuri%C4%87e" title="Komora na mjehuriće">komore na mjehuriće</a> prvi puta je otkriven <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> 13. prosinca 1970. Neutrino je udario <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> u <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodikovom</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sraz" title="Sraz">Sraz</a> se vidi na desnoj strani, gdje se sijeku 3 linije.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Melvin Schwartz</b> (<a href="/wiki/New_York" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="New York">New York</a>, 2. studenog 1932. – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twin_Falls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twin Falls (stranica ne postoji)">Twin Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, 28. kolovoza 2006.), američki <a href="/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dar" title="Fizičar">fizičar</a> i <a href="/wiki/Poduzetnik" title="Poduzetnik">poduzetnik</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doktor" title="Doktor">Doktorirao</a> fiziku (1958.) na Sveučilištu Columbia u <a href="/wiki/New_York" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="New York">New Yorku</a>. Radio na Sveučilištu Columbia (od 1958. do 1966.), potom na <a href="/wiki/Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te_Stanford" title="Sveučilište Stanford">Sveučilištu Stanford</a> (od 1966. do 1983.). Godine 1970. osnovao je tvrtku <i>Digital Pathways, Inc.</i>, za projektiranje zaštite <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunalni_sustav" class="mw-redirect" title="Računalni sustav">računalnih sustava</a>. Bio je ravnatelj (od 1991. do 1994.) odsjeka za visokoenergetsku i nuklearnu fiziku u Nacionalnom laboratoriju u Brookhavenu i profesor na Sveučilištu Columbia (od 1991. do 2000.). Kako bi proučavao svojstva <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrina</a> koji gotovo nikada ne reagiraju na <a href="/wiki/Materija" title="Materija">materiju</a>, Schwartz im je u suradnji s <a href="/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman">L. Ledermanom</a> i <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">J. Steinbergerom</a> (od 1960. do 1962.) povećao brojnost. Za dobivanje neutrinskoga snopa koji se sastojao od nekoliko stotina milijardi neutrina bilo je potrebno metu od <a href="/wiki/Metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal">metalnog</a> <a href="/wiki/Berilij" title="Berilij">berilija</a> pogoditi <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protonima</a> ubrzanima u <a href="/wiki/Ubrziva%C4%8D_%C4%8Destica" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubrzivač čestica">ubrzivaču (akceleratoru) čestica</a>. U sudaru je nastalo mnoštvo različitih <a href="/wiki/Elementarna_%C4%8Destica" title="Elementarna čestica">elementarnih čestica</a>, a jedne od njih, <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">pioni</a>, raspadali su se u <a href="/wiki/Mion" title="Mion">mione</a> i neutrine. Sve čestice, osim neutrina, zaustavljene su <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik">čeličnom</a> barijerom debljine 13,4 <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">metara</a> pa se u <a href="/wiki/Aluminij" title="Aluminij">aluminijski</a> <a href="/wiki/Detektor" title="Detektor">detektor</a> probio samo čisti neutrinski snop. Nekoliko je neutrina međudjelovalo s atomima aluminija. Analizirajući ta međudjelovanja (interakcije), tri su fizičara otkrila <a href="/wiki/Mionski_neutrino" title="Mionski neutrino">mionski neutrino</a>. Za istraživanja u području fizike neutrina, metodu neutrinskih snopova i demonstraciju parne strukture <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">leptona</a> na temelju otkrića mionskog neutrina dobio je 1988. sa svojim suradnicima sa Sveučilišta Columbia Ledermanom i Steinbergerom <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problem_Sunčevih_neutrina"><span id="Problem_Sun.C4.8Devih_neutrina"></span>Problem Sunčevih neutrina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melvin_Schwartz&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Problem Sunčevih neutrina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melvin_Schwartz&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Problem Sunčevih neutrina"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7016135">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Problem_Sun%C4%8Devih_neutrina" title="Problem Sunčevih neutrina">Problem Sunčevih neutrina</a></div></i></div> <p>Znanstvenike je oduvijek zanimalo odakle silna <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_energija" title="Sunčeva energija">Sunčeva energija</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">H. von Helmholtz</a> je prvi pred oko 140 godina pokušao znanstveno protumačiti izvor Sunčeve energije pomoću <a href="/wiki/Gravitacija" title="Gravitacija">gravitacije</a> i došao je do spoznaje da bi time energija Sunca trajala najviše oko 30 milijuna godina. Za <a href="/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dar" title="Fizičar">fizičare</a> 19. stoljeća bilo je to dovoljno, ali ne i za <a href="/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija">biologe</a>, koji su pokušavali vremenski odrediti nastanak života na Zemlji. Danas je poznato da <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Sunce</a> zrači energiju već 5 milijardi godina. Tek šezdesetih godina 20. stoljeća je <a href="/wiki/Hans_Albrecht_Bethe" title="Hans Albrecht Bethe">H. A. Bethe</a> uspio zahvaljujući prijedlogu fizičara <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">von Weizsäckera</a> protumačiti proces energije na Suncu. Neutrino je bitan za taj proces dobivanja energije koja kompenzira gravitacijsku energiju i time sprječava gravitacijsko urušavanje (kolabiranje) Sunca. U središtu Sunca, preko složenih <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_lan%C4%8Dana_reakcija" title="Nuklearna lančana reakcija">lančanih reakcija</a> u takozvanom Sunčevom standardnom modelu (SSM), dolazi do nuklearne fuzije <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protona</a> u <a href="/wiki/Helij" title="Helij">helij</a>. Tim nuklearnim vezanjima <a href="/wiki/Barion" title="Barion">bariona</a> pretvara se <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a> <i>m</i> u energiju <i>E</i> prema poznatoj jednadžbi: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=m\cdot c^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=m\cdot c^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/80617a68b13047e006c36a92dd4f10a8053bf3db" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.655ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=m\cdot c^{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: <i>c</i> - <a href="/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti">brzina svjetlosti</a>. Svake sekunde Sunce kroz taj složeni proces fuzije "izgori" u sekundi gotovo 600 milijuna <a href="/wiki/Tona" title="Tona">tona</a> vodika u teže <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomske jezgre</a>. Pri tome nastaje Sunčevo svjetlo (fotoni) i Sunčevi neutrini. Neutrino neposredno napusti gusti centar Sunca, dok foton treba 100 tisuća godina dok dođe na površinu koju mi opažamo. </p><p>Kroz stalna raspršenja <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a> izgubi svaku informaciju o <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_jezgra" title="Sunčeva jezgra">središtu Sunca</a> za razliku od neutrina. Na površini Zemlje dobivamo danju i noću preko 60 milijardi Sunčevih neutrina po cm<sup>2</sup> u sekundi prema <a href="/wiki/Hans_Albrecht_Bethe" title="Hans Albrecht Bethe">Betheovoj</a> osnovnoj reakciji: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} +\mathrm {p} \rightarrow {}_{1}^{2}\mathrm {H} +\mathrm {e} ^{+}+\mathrm {\nu _{e}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} +\mathrm {p} \rightarrow {}_{1}^{2}\mathrm {H} +\mathrm {e} ^{+}+\mathrm {\nu _{e}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/caea2607a75b194575607996cf8c6595f5ab1086" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:22.172ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} +\mathrm {p} \rightarrow {}_{1}^{2}\mathrm {H} +\mathrm {e} ^{+}+\mathrm {\nu _{e}} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a> <a href="/wiki/Deuterij" title="Deuterij">deuterija</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{1}^{2}\mathrm {H} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{1}^{2}\mathrm {H} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1a73269f1427963e12910ffc14ec3a3834f26f25" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.797ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{1}^{2}\mathrm {H} }"></span> manja od mase dvaju <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protona</a> što odgovara <a href="/wiki/Energija_vezanja" title="Energija vezanja">energiji vezanja</a> protona i <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrona</a> u deuterij (<a href="/wiki/Defekt_mase" title="Defekt mase">defekt mase</a>). </p><p>Zato proučavanje Sunčevih neutrina nije samo test SSM modela, nego dopušta direktno promatranje unutrašnjosti Sunca kod temperature od oko 15 milijuna stupnjeva <a href="/wiki/Celzij" title="Celzij">Celzija</a>. Dnevno svjetlo dolazi s površine Sunca, gdje je temperatura svega 5 505 ºC.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Pontecorvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Pontecorvo (stranica ne postoji)">B. Pontecorvo</a>, učenik <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">E. Fermija</a>, je predložio da <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> može kod <a href="/wiki/Apsorpcija_(razdvojba)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Apsorpcija (razdvojba)">apsorpcije</a> u <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomskoj jezgri</a> pretvoriti <a href="/wiki/Kemijski_element" title="Kemijski element">kemijski element</a> s <a href="/wiki/Atomski_broj" title="Atomski broj">atomskim brojem</a> X u element atomskog broja X+1. Na primjer, <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotop</a> <a href="/wiki/Klor" title="Klor">klora</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{17}^{37}\mathrm {Cl} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>17</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>37</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{17}^{37}\mathrm {Cl} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5cc2979c86195a05fc5fbada7d86a244ec02842c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.201ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{17}^{37}\mathrm {Cl} }"></span>) preko reakcije: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\bar {\nu _{e}}} +\mathrm {n} \rightarrow \mathrm {e} ^{-}+\mathrm {p} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\bar {\nu _{e}}} +\mathrm {n} \rightarrow \mathrm {e} ^{-}+\mathrm {p} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f0fac4f4e9a4d0422708203e8c5f73e051855383" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.534ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\bar {\nu _{e}}} +\mathrm {n} \rightarrow \mathrm {e} ^{-}+\mathrm {p} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>u izotop argona (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{18}^{37}\mathrm {Cl} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>18</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>37</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{18}^{37}\mathrm {Cl} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3f8f7b5149fe26fcb369848f2f99ecab212787b4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.201ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{18}^{37}\mathrm {Cl} }"></span>). U tom slučaju broj atoma <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argona</a> mjeri količinu Sunčevih neutrina. Otkriću Sunčevih neutrina pridonio je i mladi radiokemičar <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis,_ml." title="Raymond Davis, ml.">Ray Davis</a> u novoosnovanoj grupi za kemiju u Brookhaven National laboratoriju. Kako nije dobio neki određeni radni zadatak, u biblioteci je pokušao naći neki interesantni problem za sebe. Tako je našao prijedlog talijanskog fizičara Pontecorva i odmah je razvio radiokemijski pilot projekt kako pronaći mali broj elemenata argona u tekućini klora. Nakon tog pilot projekta sagradio je ogromni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rezervoar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rezervoar (stranica ne postoji)">rezervoar</a> od 380 tisuća <a href="/wiki/Litra" title="Litra">litara</a>, ispunio ga <a href="/wiki/Teku%C4%87ine" title="Tekućine">tekućinom</a> za kemijsko čišćenje perkloroetilenom, koji je bogat s klorom i jakom apsorpcijom neutrina. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Detektor" title="Detektor">Detektor</a> je postavio u rudnik <a href="/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato">zlata</a> 1 500 metara pod zemljom da bi smanjio utjecaj <a href="/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake" title="Kozmičke zrake">kozmičke pozadine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Engleski_jezik" title="Engleski jezik">eng</a>. <i>background</i>). Davis je razvio preciznu tehniku kako količinski (kvantitativno) izvući nekoliko atoma <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivnog</a> argona proizvedenog apsorpcijom neutrina u kloru. Posao je bio vrlo težak, lakše bi bilo naći iglu u plastu sijena. Argon u tekućini klora je bio prvi dokaz Sunčevih neutrina. Svakih mjesec dana je Davis "ulovio" 17 radioaktivnih atoma argona. Nakon 6 mjeseci izmjereni broj atoma nije se podudarao s očekivanim brojem neutrina prema Sunčevom standardnom modelu. Ili je bila kriva SSM teorija ili je Davisov pokus bio pogrešan. Kako su mnogi daljnji pokusi, izvođeni na isti način, pokazali sličan rezultat, došlo se na ideju da su se elektronski neutrini na putu do Zemlje pretvorili u druge vrste neutrina koji ne mogu biti apsorbirani u tim kemijskim pokusima, koji reagiraju samo na ν<sub>e</sub>, a ne na ν<sub>μ</sub> ili ν<sub>τ</sub>. </p><p>To otkriće vodilo je daljnjim <a href="/wiki/Pokus" title="Pokus">pokusima</a>. Tako je jedna japanska grupa pod vodstvom fizičara M. Koshiba blizu grada Kamioka u rudniku <a href="/wiki/Cink" title="Cink">cinka</a>, oko 600 metara ispod zemlje, sagradila rezervoar od 50 tisuća tona izuzetno čiste vode s 11 146 staklenih <a href="/wiki/Fotomultiplikator" title="Fotomultiplikator">fotomultiplikatora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cijev" title="Cijev">cijevi</a> promjera 50 <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">cm</a>. Način detekcije u ovom pokusu je različit od kemijskih detektora. Detektor s vodom može detektirati sve vrste neutrina. Neutrino u sudaru s molekulama vode stvara razne <a href="/wiki/Elementarna_%C4%8Destica" title="Elementarna čestica">elementarne čestice</a> s <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">električnim nabojem</a> koji u vodi imaju <a href="/wiki/Brzina" title="Brzina">brzinu</a> veću od <a href="/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti">brzine svjetlosti</a> u vodi i stvaraju takozvano Čerenkovljevo svjetlo (<a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cerenkovljevo_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Čerenkovljevo zračenje">Čerenkovljevo zračenje</a>) čime otkriju svoj identitet (kod posjeta <a href="/wiki/Nuklearni_reaktor" title="Nuklearni reaktor">nuklearnom reaktoru</a> može se u skladištu <a href="/wiki/Uranij" title="Uranij">uranijevih</a> šipki u vodi vidjeti plavo Čerenkovljevo svjetlo kojeg stvaraju <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektroni</a>). Svjetlo je registrirano s panoramski raspodijeljenim fotomultiplikatora i izračunat je tip reakcije pomoću računala,čime se moglo identificirati neutrino. </p><p>S tim nešto poboljšanim detektorom je jedna japansko-američka grupa objavila 1998. da neutrino mijenja svoj identitet prolazom kroz <a href="/wiki/Svemir" title="Svemir">svemir</a>. Time je otkrivena oscilacija neutrina i pokazano da neutrino ima masu. To je također potvrdila i jedna kanadska grupa. Time je riješen problem manjka Sunčevih neutrina koji dolaze do Zemlje i potvrđen Sunčev standardni model. Davis i Koshiba su za svoja istraživanja Sunčevih neutrina bili nagrađeni <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">Nobelovom nagradom</a> 2002. </p><p>Dana 23. veljače 1987. dogodilo se duboko u svemiru nešto što je prostim okom zadnji vidio <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">J. Kepler</a>: zvjezdana, takozvana eksplozija <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernove</a>. Pred 180 tisuća godina u susjednoj galaksiji jedna je zvijezda iscrpila fuzioni materijal i time je nestala <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energija</a> koja je davala otpor vlastitoj <a href="/wiki/Gravitacija" title="Gravitacija">gravitaciji</a>. U jednom trenu je nastala urušenjem gravitacijska eksplozija i emitirala energiju preko neutrina i svjetlosti veću od 1000 milijardi višu negoli naše Sunce izrači u godinu dana. Signal od 12 neutrina registrirao je Kamiokande detektor. Istodobno su i druga dva slična detektora u SAD-u registrirala neutrine. Tek nakon 2 sata je stigao i svjetlosni signal (neutrino je kroz <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91uzvjezdana_tvar" title="Međuzvjezdana tvar">svemirsku prašinu</a> brži od svjetla). Time se potvrdilo pokusno predviđanje teorijskih modela o razvoju zvijezda i gravitacijskom kolapsu. Tako se može reći da je 1987. započela <a href="/wiki/Neutrinska_astronomija" title="Neutrinska astronomija">neutrinska astronomija</a> izvan naše <a href="/wiki/Galaksija" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaksija">galaksije</a>! </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melvin_Schwartz&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melvin_Schwartz&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>Schwartz, Melvin</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=55024">[1]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, preuzeto 18. siječnja 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Ivo Derado, <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEan_Kozak" title="Dražan Kozak">Dražan Kozak</a>: "Nevidljiva čestica, misteriozni neutrino", <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/18906">[2]</a> "Hrčak", portal hrvatskih znanstvenih i stručnih časopisa, www.hrcak.srce.hr, 9. siječnja 2020.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#d3d3d3;" colspan="2" class="navbox-naslov"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-variant:small-caps; ;background:#d3d3d3;;border:none;;"><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Predložak:Nobelova nagrada za fiziku"><span title="Vidi ovaj predložak." style=";background:#d3d3d3;;border:none;;">v</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/Razgovor_o_predlo%C5%A1ku:Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Razgovor o predlošku:Nobelova nagrada za fiziku"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#d3d3d3;;border:none;;" title="Razgovor o ovom predlošku.">r</span></a> • <a class="external text" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#d3d3d3;;border:none;;" title="Možete urediti ovaj predložak. Prije spremanja provjerite kako će izgledati.">u</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Dobitnici_Nobelove_nagrade_za_fiziku" title="Kategorija:Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku">Dobitnici</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">Nobelove nagrade za fiziku</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1900-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1900-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1901. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a>  <b>·</b> 1902. <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz">Hendrik Antoon Lorentz</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a>  <b>·</b> 1903. <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel" title="Antoine Henri Becquerel">Antoine Henri Becquerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> i <a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie">Marie Curie</a>  <b>·</b> 1904. <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt Rayleigh">John William Strutt Rayleigh</a>  <b>·</b> 1905. <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a>  <b>·</b> 1906. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a>  <b>·</b> 1907. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Abraham Michelson</a>  <b>·</b> 1908. <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a>  <b>·</b> 1909. <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Braun" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Ferdinand Braun">Carl Ferdinand Braun</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1910-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1910-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1910. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Johannes Diderik van der Waals</a>  <b>·</b> 1911. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wilhelm Wien</a>  <b>·</b> 1912. <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Nils Gustaf Dalén</a>  <b>·</b> 1913. <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a>  <b>·</b> 1914. <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a>  <b>·</b> 1915. <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> i <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a>  <b>·</b> 1917. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Charles Glover Barkla</a>  <b>·</b> 1918. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>  <b>·</b> 1919. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Johannes Stark</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1920-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1920-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1920. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edouard_Guillaume" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Edouard Guillaume">Charles Edouard Guillaume</a>  <b>·</b> 1921. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>  <b>·</b> 1922. <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>  <b>·</b> 1923. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a>  <b>·</b> 1924. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Manne_Georg_Siegbahn" title="Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn">Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn</a>  <b>·</b> 1925. <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a> i <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Gustav Ludwig Hertz</a>  <b>·</b> 1926. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Jean Baptiste Perrin</a>  <b>·</b> 1927. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Arthur Holly Compton</a> i <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a>  <b>·</b> 1928. <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Owen Willans Richardson</a>  <b>·</b> 1929. <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1930-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1930-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1930. <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Candrasekara_Venkata_Raman" title="Čandrasekara Venkata Raman">Čandrasekara Venkata Raman</a>  <b>·</b> 1932. <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>  <b>·</b> 1933. <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> i <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac</a>  <b>·</b> 1935. <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a>  <b>·</b> 1936. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Victor Franz Hess</a> i <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Carl David Anderson</a>  <b>·</b> 1937. <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Joseph_Davisson" title="Clinton Joseph Davisson">Clinton Joseph Davisson</a> i <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a>  <b>·</b> 1938. <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>  <b>·</b> 1939. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Orlando_Lawrence" title="Ernest Orlando Lawrence">Ernest Orlando Lawrence</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1940-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1940-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1943. <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Otto Stern</a>  <b>·</b> 1944. <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a>  <b>·</b> 1945. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ernst_Pauli" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang Ernst Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a>  <b>·</b> 1946. <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Williams Bridgman</a>  <b>·</b> 1947. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton">Edward Victor Appleton</a>  <b>·</b> 1948. <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett">Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett</a>  <b>·</b> 1949. <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Jukava" title="Hideki Jukava">Hideki Jukava</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1950-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1950-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1950. <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Frank_Powell" title="Cecil Frank Powell">Cecil Frank Powell</a>  <b>·</b> 1951. <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Douglas Cockcroft</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton</a>  <b>·</b> 1952. <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Felix Bloch</a> i <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Mills Purcell</a>  <b>·</b> 1953. <a href="/wiki/Frits_(Frederik)_Zernike" class="mw-redirect" title="Frits (Frederik) Zernike">Frits (Frederik) Zernike</a>  <b>·</b> 1954. <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> i <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Walther Bothe</a>  <b>·</b> 1955. <a href="/wiki/Willis_Eugene_Lamb" title="Willis Eugene Lamb">Willis Eugene Lamb</a>  <b>·</b> 1956. <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley">William Bradford Shockley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> i <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a>  <b>·</b> 1957. <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cen_Ning_Jang" class="mw-redirect" title="Čen Ning Jang">Čen Ning Jang</a> i <a href="/wiki/Cung-Dao_Li" class="mw-redirect" title="Cung-Dao Li">Cung-Dao Li</a>  <b>·</b> 1958. <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Aleksejevi%C4%8D_%C4%8Cerenkov" title="Pavel Aleksejevič Čerenkov">Pavel Aleksejevič Čerenkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Mihajlovi%C4%8D_Frank" title="Ilja Mihajlovič Frank">Ilja Mihajlovič Frank</a> i <a href="/wiki/Igor_Jevgenijevi%C4%8D_Tamm" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Jevgenijevič Tamm">Igor Jevgenijevič Tamm</a>  <b>·</b> 1959. <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Gino Segre</a> i <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Owen Chamberlain</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1960-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1960-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1960. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Glaser" title="Donald Glaser">Donald Arthur Glaser</a>  <b>·</b> 1961. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Robert Hofstadter</a> i <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ludwig_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer">Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer</a>  <b>·</b> 1962. <a href="/wiki/Lev_Davidovi%C4%8D_Landau" title="Lev Davidovič Landau">Lev Davidovič Landau</a>  <b>·</b> 1963. <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Paul Wigner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Maria Goeppert-Mayer</a> i <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">J. Hans D. Jensen</a>  <b>·</b> 1964. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Charles Hard Townes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Genadijevi%C4%8D_Basov" title="Nikolaj Genadijevič Basov">Nikolaj Genadijevič Basov</a> i <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Prohorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandar Prohorov">Aleksandar Prohorov</a>  <b>·</b> 1965. <a href="/wiki/Sin-Itiro_Tomonaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-Itiro Tomonaga">Sin-Itiro Tomonaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a> i <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman"> Richard P. Feynman</a>  <b>·</b> 1966. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a>  <b>·</b> 1967. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Albrecht_Bethe" title="Hans Albrecht Bethe">Hans Albrecht Bethe</a>  <b>·</b> 1968. <a href="/wiki/Luis_Alvarez" title="Luis Alvarez">Luis Walter Alvarez</a>  <b>·</b> 1969. <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1970-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1970-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1970. <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Olof_G%C3%B6sta_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén">Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén</a> i <a href="/wiki/Louis_Eugene_F%C3%A9lix_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Eugene Félix Néel">Louis Eugene Félix Néel</a>  <b>·</b> 1971. <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a>  <b>·</b> 1972. <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper">Leon Neil Cooper</a> i <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">John Robert Schrieffer</a>  <b>·</b> 1973. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Ivar Giaever</a> i <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian David Josephson">Brian David Josephson</a>  <b>·</b> 1974. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a> i <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a>  <b>·</b> 1975. <a href="/wiki/Aage_Niels_Bohr" title="Aage Niels Bohr">Aage Niels Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Ben Roy Mottelson</a> i <a href="/wiki/Leo_James_Rainwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo James Rainwater">Leo James Rainwater</a>  <b>·</b> 1976. <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a> i <a href="/wiki/Samuel_%C4%8Cao_%C4%8Cung_Ting" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Čao Čung Ting">Samuel Čao Čung Ting</a>  <b>·</b> 1977. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip Warren Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a> i <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_van_Vleck" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hasbrouck van Vleck">John Hasbrouck van Vleck</a>  <b>·</b> 1978. <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Leonidovi%C4%8D_Kapica" title="Pjotr Leonidovič Kapica">Pjotr Leonidovič Kapica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Penzias" class="mw-redirect" title="Arno Penzias">Arno Penzias</a> i <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Robert Woodrow Wilson</a>  <b>·</b> 1979. <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Sheldon Lee Glashow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> i <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1980-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1980-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1980. <a href="/wiki/James_Watson_Cronin" class="mw-redirect" title="James Watson Cronin">James Watson Cronin</a> i <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Logsdon Fitch</a>  <b>·</b> 1981. <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Schawlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur L. Schawlow">Arthur L. Schawlow</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kai_Manne_Siegbahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Kai Manne Siegbahn">Kai Manne Siegbahn</a>  <b>·</b> 1982. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Kenneth G. Wilson</a>  <b>·</b> 1983. <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanjan Čandrasehar</a> i <a href="/wiki/William_A._Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="William A. Fowler">William A. Fowler</a>  <b>·</b> 1984. <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Carlo Rubbia</a> i <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Simon van der Meer</a>  <b>·</b> 1985. <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">Klaus von Klitzing</a>  <b>·</b> 1986. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Gerd Binnig</a> i <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Heinrich Rohrer</a>  <b>·</b> 1987. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Georg_Bednorz" title="Johannes Georg Bednorz">Johannes Georg Bednorz</a> i <a href="/wiki/Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Alexander Müller">Karl Alexander Müller</a>  <b>·</b> 1988. <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon Max Lederman</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Melvin Schwartz</a> i <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a>  <b>·</b> 1989. <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey" title="Norman Foster Ramsey">Norman Foster Ramsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Hans Georg Dehmelt</a> i <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Wolfgang Paul</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1990-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1990-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1990. <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Jerome Isaac Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a> i <a href="/wiki/Richard_Edward_Taylor" title="Richard Edward Taylor">Richard Edward Taylor</a>  <b>·</b> 1991. <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a>  <b>·</b> 1992. <a href="/wiki/Georgij_Harpak" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgij Harpak">Georgij Harpak</a>  <b>·</b> 1993. <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Russell Alan Hulse</a> i <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.</a>  <b>·</b> 1994. <a href="/wiki/Bertram_N._Brockhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertram N. Brockhouse">Bertram N. Brockhouse</a> i <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" class="mw-redirect" title="Clifford Shull">Clifford Shull</a>  <b>·</b> 1995. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Martin Lewis Perl</a> i <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a>  <b>·</b> 1996. <a href="/wiki/David_Morris_Lee" title="David Morris Lee">David Morris Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_D._Osheroff" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas D. Osheroff">Douglas Dean Osheroff</a> i <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">Robert Coleman Richardson</a>  <b>·</b> 1997. <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a> i <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">William Daniel Phillips</a>  <b>·</b> 1998. <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Robert B. Laughlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Horst Ludwig Störmer</a> i <a href="/wiki/Daniel_%C4%8Ci_Cui" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Či Cui">Daniel Či Cui</a>  <b>·</b> 1999. <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerardus 't Hooft">Gerardus 't Hooft</a> i <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J.G._Veltman" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus J.G. Veltman">Martinus J.G. Veltman</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#2000-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">2000-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">2000. <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDores_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Alfjorov" title="Žores Ivanovič Alfjorov">Žores Ivanovič Alfjorov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a> i <a href="/wiki/Jack_S._Kilby" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack S. Kilby">Jack S. Kilby</a>  <b>·</b> 2001. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Eric Allin Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Wolfgang Ketterle</a> i <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Carl Edwin Wieman</a>  <b>·</b> 2002. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masato%C5%A1i_Ko%C5%A1iba" class="mw-redirect" title="Masatoši Košiba">Masatoši Košiba</a> i <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a>  <b>·</b> 2003. <a href="/wiki/Aleksej_Aleksejevi%C4%8D_Abrikosov" title="Aleksej Aleksejevič Abrikosov">Aleksej Aleksejevič Abrikosov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitalij_Lazarevi%C4%8D_Ginzburg" title="Vitalij Lazarevič Ginzburg">Vitalij Lazarevič Ginzburg</a> i <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Anthony James Leggett</a>  <b>·</b> 2004. <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" class="mw-redirect" title="David Gross">David J. Gross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">H. David Politzer</a> i <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a>  <b>·</b> 2005. <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Hänsch">Theodor Hänsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Hall">John Hall</a> i <a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Glauber">Roy Glauber</a>  <b>·</b> 2006. <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Mather">John C. Mather</a> i <a href="/wiki/George_F._Smoot" class="mw-redirect" title="George F. Smoot">George F. Smoot</a>  <b>·</b> 2007. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a> i <a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Andreas Grünberg">Peter A. Grünberg</a>  <b>·</b> 2008. <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Makoto Kobayashi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Toshihide Maskawa</a>  <b>·</b> 2009. <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard Boyle</a> i <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#2010-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">2010-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">2010. <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a> i <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Konstantin Novoselov</a>  <b>·</b> 2011. <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Saul Perlmutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Adam Riess</a> i <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Brian Schmidt</a>  <b>·</b> 2012. <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Wineland">David J. Wineland</a> i <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Serge Haroche</a>  <b>·</b> 2013. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a> i <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a>  <b>·</b> 2014. <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Isamu Akasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Hiroshi Amano</a> i <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a>  <b>·</b> 2015. <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Takaaki Kajita</a> i <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald_(znanstvenik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur B. McDonald (znanstvenik)">Arthur B. McDonald</a>  <b>·</b> 2016. <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Thouless">David J. Thouless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Duncan Haldane</a> i <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">J. Michael Kosterlitz</a>  <b>·</b> 2017. <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" class="mw-redirect" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a> i <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Barish">Barry Barish</a>  <b>·</b> 2018. <a href="/wiki/Artur_Ashkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Artur Ashkin">Artur Ashkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Gérard Mourou</a> i <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Donna Strickland</a>  <b>·</b> 2019. <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">James Peebles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a> i <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#2020-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">2020-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">2020. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Penrose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Penrose (stranica ne postoji)">Roger Penrose</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Genzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhard Genzel (stranica ne postoji)">Reinhard Genzel</a> i <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Andrea Ghez</a>  <b>·</b> 2021. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syukuro_Manabe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syukuro Manabe (stranica ne postoji)">Syukuro Manabe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Hasselmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Hasselmann (stranica ne postoji)">Klaus Hasselmann</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Parisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Parisi (stranica ne postoji)">Giorgio Parisi</a>  <b>·</b> 2022. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_Aspect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain Aspect (stranica ne postoji)">Alain Aspect</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Clauser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Clauser (stranica ne postoji)">John Clauser</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Zeilinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Zeilinger (stranica ne postoji)">Anton Zeilinger</a>  <b>·</b> 2023. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Agostini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Agostini (stranica ne postoji)">Pierre Agostini</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferenc_Krausz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferenc Krausz (stranica ne postoji)">Ferenc Krausz</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_L%27Huillier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne L'Huillier (stranica ne postoji)">Anne L'Huillier</a>  • 2024. <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hopfield (stranica ne postoji)">John Hopfield</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Hinton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Hinton (stranica ne postoji)">Geoffrey Hinton</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melvin_Schwartz&oldid=6224120">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melvin_Schwartz&oldid=6224120</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Ameri%C4%8Dki_fizi%C4%8Dari" title="Kategorija:Američki fizičari">Američki fizičari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Dobitnici_Nobelove_nagrade_za_fiziku" title="Kategorija:Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku">Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 31. prosinca 2021. u 18:06.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencijom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons: Imenuj autora/Dijeli pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primjenjivati i dodatni uvjeti. 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