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title="Perlator – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Perlator" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strahlregler" title="Strahlregler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Strahlregler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rompigetto" title="Rompigetto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rompigetto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%9D" title="חסכם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חסכם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlator" title="Perlator – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perlator" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spareperlator" title="Spareperlator – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spareperlator" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlator" title="Perlator – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Perlator" 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id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Water conservation device</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faucet2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Faucet2.JPG/220px-Faucet2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Faucet2.JPG/330px-Faucet2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Faucet2.JPG/440px-Faucet2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="2744" /></a><figcaption>An aerator attached to a sink <a href="/wiki/Tap_(valve)" title="Tap (valve)">tap</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>faucet aerator</b> (or <b>tap aerator</b>) is often found at the tip of modern indoor water <a href="/wiki/Faucets" class="mw-redirect" title="Faucets">faucets</a>. Aerators can simply be screwed onto the faucet head, creating a non-splashing stream and often delivering a mixture of water and air. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faucet_aerator&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aerator was invented by Greek engineer <a href="/wiki/Elie_Aghnides" title="Elie Aghnides">Elie Aghnides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faucet_aerator&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An aerator can:<sup id="cite_ref-ruhnke_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruhnke-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Prevent splashing</li> <li>Shape the water stream coming out of the faucet spout, to produce a straight and evenly pressured stream</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation"> Conserve water</a> and reduce energy costs</li> <li>Reduce faucet noise</li> <li>Increase perceived water pressure (often used in homes with low water pressure); sometimes described as a <a href="/wiki/Pressure_regulator" title="Pressure regulator">pressure regulator</a> or flow regulator</li> <li>Provide slight filtration of debris due to a small sieve plate</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Splash_prevention">Splash prevention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faucet_aerator&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Splash prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a single stream of water hits a surface the water must go somewhere, and because the stream is uniform the water will tend to go mostly in the same direction. If a single stream hits a surface which is curved, then the stream will conform to the shape and be easily redirected with the force of the volume of water falling. Adding the aerator does two things: it reduces the volume of falling water which reduces the splash distance, and it creates multiple "mini-streams" within the main stream. Each mini-stream, if it were falling by itself, would splash or flow in a unique and different way when it hit the surface, as compared to the other mini-streams. Because they are all falling at the same time, the streams will splash in their own way but end up hitting other splash streams. The resulting interference cancels out the majority of the splashing effect.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation_and_energy_reduction">Conservation and energy reduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faucet_aerator&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conservation and energy reduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the aerator limits the water flow through the faucet, water usage is reduced compared to the same duration of flow without an aerator. In the case of hot water, because less water is used, less heat energy is used.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perceived_water_pressure">Perceived water pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faucet_aerator&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Perceived water pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The perception of water pressure is actually the speed of the water as it hits a surface (the hands, in the case of hand washing). When an aerator is added to the faucet (or fluid stream), there is a region of high pressure created behind the aerator. Because of the higher pressure behind the aerator and the low pressure in front of it (outside the faucet), due to <a href="/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_principle" title="Bernoulli's principle">Bernoulli's principle</a> there is an increase in velocity of the fluid flow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faucet_aerator&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AeratorAssembly.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/AeratorAssembly.png/110px-AeratorAssembly.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/AeratorAssembly.png/165px-AeratorAssembly.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/AeratorAssembly.png/220px-AeratorAssembly.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption>Aerator assembly diagram</figcaption></figure> <p>Aeration occurs in two basic steps:<sup id="cite_ref-ruhnke_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruhnke-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-herman_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Air is drawn into the water stream, breaking the stream into a flow of tiny droplets mixed with air.</li> <li>The mixture of air and water passes through a screen, further mixing the air and water and evenly spreading out the resulting stream.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_features">Design and features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faucet_aerator&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Design and features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three major components of an aerator are: housing, insert and rubber washer. </p><p>A faucet aerator can be classified on the basis of its <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">flow rate</a> and the type of water stream (aerated, non-aerated, spray) it produces. In general, standard-sized aerators are available with female (M22x1) or male threading (M24x1). Bathtub spouts often have a bigger diameter with a male M28x1 thread. The United States uses different thread sizes: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">15</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>"-27 for standard-sized male and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">55</span>⁄<span class="den">64</span></span>"-27 for standard-sized female threads. </p><p>Using faucet aerators may help meet local regulations and construction standards such as <a href="/wiki/ASME" class="mw-redirect" title="ASME">ASME A112.18.1</a>, U.S. <a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design</a> (LEED) certifications<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (September 2015)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> or <a href="/wiki/WELS_rating" title="WELS rating">WELS</a> (Australia/New Zealand). In Europe, European standard EN246 "Sanitary tapware — General specifications for flow rate regulators" defines the flow rate and noise reduction requirements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faucet_aerator&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3UwEAAAAMBAJ&dq=elie+aghnides&pg=PA71">"Waterfall Faucet: Miniature Aerating Plant Makes Tap Water Foamy and Splashless"</a>. <i>Life</i>. 5 Aug 1946.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Waterfall+Faucet%3A+Miniature+Aerating+Plant+Makes+Tap+Water+Foamy+and+Splashless&rft.date=1946-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3UwEAAAAMBAJ%26dq%3Delie%2Baghnides%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaucet+aerator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruhnke-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ruhnke_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruhnke_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="harv"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4789103">A US patent 4789103 A</a>, Gottfried Ruhnke, "Faucet aerator"</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=4789103 A&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Faucet+aerator&rft.inventor=Gottfried+Ruhnke"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thelethamaim.com/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94/">שירות חברת Grohe</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndira" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Indira, Khan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kokendwaterkranen.com/quooker/page/2/">"Quooker kranen kopen doet u hier"</a>. <i>Kokendwaterkranen.com</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kokendwaterkranen.com&rft.atitle=Quooker+kranen+kopen+doet+u+hier&rft.aulast=Indira&rft.aufirst=Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkokendwaterkranen.com%2Fquooker%2Fpage%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaucet+aerator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herman-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-herman_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="harv"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2541854">A US patent 2541854 A</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2541854">Water aerating device</a>"</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=2541854 A&rft.cc=US&rft.title=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS2541854+Water+aerating+device%5D"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207030758/https://www.usgbc.org/Docs/Archive/General/Docs3638.pdf#expand">"LEED for Homes Rating System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S.Green Building Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/Archive/General/Docs3638.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LEED+for+Homes+Rating+System&rft.pub=U.S.Green+Building+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgbc.org%2FDocs%2FArchive%2FGeneral%2FDocs3638.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaucet+aerator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faucet_aerator&oldid=1241494722">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faucet_aerator&oldid=1241494722</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plumbing" title="Category:Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valves" title="Category:Valves">Valves</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_September_2015" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from September 2015">Articles with failed verification from September 2015</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 August 2024, at 13:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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