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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Ensaluti</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Pliaj agordoj" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personaj iloj" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personaj iloj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menuo de uzanto" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eo.wikipedia.org&uselang=eo"><span>Donaci</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:Krei_konton&returnto=Apabhransa" title="Ni rekomendas ke vi kreu uzantokonton kaj ensalutu, kvankam tio ne estas deviga"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Krei konton</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:Ensaluti&returnto=Apabhransa" title="Ni rekomendas ke vi ensalutu, kvankam tio ne estas devige. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ensaluti</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Paĝoj por elsalutitaj redaktistoj <a href="/wiki/Helpo:Enkonduko" aria-label="Lernu pli pri redaktado"><span>Lernu pli</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Miaj_kontribuoj" title="Listo de redaktoj faritaj el ĉi tiu IPa adreso [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribuoj</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Mia_diskutpa%C4%9Do" title="Diskuto pri redaktoj sub tiu ĉi IP adreso [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskuto</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Retejo"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Enhavo" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Enhavo</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">movigi al flanka panelo</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">kaŝi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Komenco</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Referencoj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencoj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Referencoj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencoj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bibliografio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Enhavo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ŝaltu la enhavtabelon" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ŝaltu la enhavtabelon</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Apabhransa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Iru al artikolo en alia lingvo. Havebla en 25 lingvo" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 lingvoj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="অপভ্ৰংশ — asama" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অপভ্ৰংশ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="অপভ্রংশ — bengala" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অপভ্রংশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhramsha" title="Apabhramsha — kataluna" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apabhramsha" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataluna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhramsha" title="Apabhramsha — germana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Apabhramsha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa — angla" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Apabhraṃśa" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%87" title="اپبرمشه — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اپبرمشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhramsha" title="Apabhramsha — franca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apabhramsha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%AD%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B6" title="અપભ્રંશ — guĝarata" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અપભ્રંશ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="guĝarata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="अपभ्रंश — hinda" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपभ्रंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hinda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa — itala" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apabhraṃśa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%91%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3" title="アパブランシャ — japana" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アパブランシャ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6" title="ಅಪಭ್ರಂಶ — kanara" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಪಭ್ರಂಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhram%C5%A1a" title="Apabhramša — litova" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apabhramša" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="അപഭ്രംശം — malajalama" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അപഭ്രംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="अपभ्रंश — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अपभ्रंश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="अपभ्रंश — nepala" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अपभ्रंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhramsha" title="Apabhramsha — dannorvega" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Apabhramsha" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="dannorvega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਅਪਭ੍ਰੰਸ਼ — panĝaba" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਪਭ੍ਰੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panĝaba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="اپبھرمشا — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اپبھرمشا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Апабхранша — rusa" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Апабхранша" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="अपभ्रंशः — sanskrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अपभ्रंशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%DA%80%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B4" title="اپڀرنش — sinda" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اپڀرنش" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sinda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அபபிரம்சம் — tamila" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அபபிரம்சம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamila" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Апабхранша — ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Апабхранша" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B4" title="اپ بھرنش — urduo" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اپ بھرنش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urduo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q616419#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redakti interlingvajn ligilojn" class="wbc-editpage">Redakti ligilojn</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nomspacoj"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Apabhransa" title="Vidi la artikolon [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikolo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskuto:Apabhransa" rel="discussion" title="Diskuto pri la artikolo [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskuto</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ŝanĝi lingvan varianton" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Esperanto</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vidoj"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Apabhransa"><span>Legi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apabhransa&veaction=edit" title="Redakti ĉi tiun paĝon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redakti</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apabhransa&action=edit" title="Redakti fontan kodon de tiu ĉi paĝo [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redakti fonton</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apabhransa&action=history" title="Antaŭaj versioj de ĉi tiu paĝo. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vidi historion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paĝaj iloj"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Iloj" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Iloj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header 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align="center" style="background-color:; color:black;" colspan="2" class="kaplinio komikso"><b>Apabhransa</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:; color:black;"><b>chronolect • <a href="/wiki/Dialekta_kontinua%C4%B5o" title="Dialekta kontinuaĵo">dialekta kontinuaĵo</a> • historia lingvo</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:; color:black;"><b>late Middle Indo Aryan</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center" style="background-color:; color:black;" colspan="2">Lingvaj kodoj </th></tr> <tr> <td>  <b>Glottolog</b> </td> <td>apab1234 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Angla_lingvo" title="Angla lingvo">Angla</a> nomo</b> </td> <td>Apabhraṃśa </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Franca_lingvo" title="Franca lingvo">Franca</a> nomo</b> </td> <td>Apabhramsha </td></tr> <tr><td class="shangu-shablonon infoboximage" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:0 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em"><div class="noprint toccolours" style="border:2px solid #a2a9b1;padding:5px;background-color:#ecf9ed;color:black;font-size:xx-small;font-weight:normal"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q616419" title="d:Q616419"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/15px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/23px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedio:Informkestoj" title="Vikipedio:Informkestoj"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/15px-Information_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/23px-Information_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><span class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Cablono:Informkesto_lingvo" title="Ŝablono:Informkesto lingvo">v</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Cablono-Diskuto:Informkesto_lingvo" title="Ŝablono-Diskuto:Informkesto lingvo">d</a> • <a class="external text" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Cablono%3AInformkesto_lingvo&action=edit">r</a></span></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Apabhransa</b>, aŭ <i>Apabhraṃśa</i> (en <a href="/wiki/Sanskrito" title="Sanskrito">Sanskrito</a>: अपभ्रंश, IPA: [ɐpɐbʱrɐ̃ˈɕɐ], en <a href="/wiki/Prakrito" title="Prakrito">Prakrito</a>: Avahansa) estas <a href="/wiki/Termino" class="mw-disambig" title="Termino">termino</a> uzita de <i>vaiyākaraṇāḥ</i> (indiĝenaj gramatikistoj) ekde <a href="/wiki/Patan%C4%9Dali" title="Patanĝali">Patanĝali</a> por referenci <a href="/wiki/Lingvo" title="Lingvo">lingvojn</a> parolatajn en <a href="/wiki/Norda_Hindio" class="mw-redirect" title="Norda Hindio">Norda Hindio</a> antaŭ la apero de modernaj lingvojn. En <a href="/wiki/Hindologio" title="Hindologio">Hindologio</a>, ĝin oni uzas kiel <a href="/wiki/Terminego" title="Terminego">terminego</a> por la <a href="/wiki/Dialekto" title="Dialekto">dialektoj</a> kiuj formas la transiron<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inter la fino de la mezaj kaj fruaj modernaj <a href="/wiki/Hindarja_lingvaro" title="Hindarja lingvaro">Hindarjaj lingvoj</a>, laŭ la periodo inter la 6a kaj la 13a jarcentoj n.e. Tamen, tiuj dialektoj estas konvencie inkluditaj en la Meza Hindarja periodo.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: p.42 Apabhraṃśa en Sanskrito laŭvorte signifas "korupta" aŭ "ne-gramatika lingvo", kio devojiĝas el la normo de la Sanskrita gramatiko. </p><p>La Apabhraṃśa literaturo estas valora fonto por la historio de Norda Hindio por la periodo el la 12a ĝis la 16a jarcentoj.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencoj">Referencoj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apabhransa&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redakti sekcion: Referencoj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apabhransa&action=edit&section=1" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Referencoj"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist references-small" style="padding-right: 6px;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> Shapiro, Michael C. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan&pg=PA250&redir_esc=y">"Hindi",</a> en Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eld.), <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Citoj_el_libroj/9780415772945" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> Shastri, Dr Devendra Kumar (1996). <i>Apabhramsha Bhasha Sahitya Ki Shodh Pravritiyan</i>. New Delhi: Bhartiya Jnanpith. Bhartiya Jnanpith Bhartiya Jnanpith. p. 388. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> Apabhramsha Sahitya, Devendra Kumar Jain, Mahavir Jain Vidyalay Suvarna Mahotsav Granth, 2003. </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografio">Bibliografio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apabhransa&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redakti sekcion: Bibliografio" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apabhransa&action=edit&section=2" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Bibliografio"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Shapiro, Michael C. Hindi. <i>Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and presen</i>t. Eld. Jane Garry, kaj Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates, 2001.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><i>En tiu ĉi artikolo estas uzita traduko de teksto el la artikolo <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba&oldid=1183179521">Apabhraṃśa</a> en la angla Vikipedio. </i></span></li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="clear:both; margin-top:0px; border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); padding: 0px; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Norma_datumaro" title="Norma datumaro">Bibliotekoj</a> </td> <td class="plainlinks hlist" style="font-size: 80%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helpo:Bibliotekoj" title="Helpo:Bibliotekoj">PeEnEo</a>: <a class="external text" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/?curid=855968">855968</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kontrolnumero_de_la_Kongresa_Biblioteko_de_Usono" title="Kontrolnumero de la Kongresa Biblioteko de Usono">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/sh85005879">sh85005879</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nacia_Biblioteko_de_Francio" title="Nacia Biblioteko de Francio">BNF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119569940">119569940</a></span></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Elŝutita el "<a dir="ltr" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apabhransa&oldid=8640623">https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apabhransa&oldid=8640623</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Kategorioj" title="Specialaĵo:Kategorioj">Kategorioj</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorio:Hindarja_lingvaro" title="Kategorio:Hindarja lingvaro">Hindarja lingvaro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorio:Lingvoj_de_Barato" title="Kategorio:Lingvoj de Barato">Lingvoj de Barato</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorio:Mezepokaj_lingvoj" title="Kategorio:Mezepokaj lingvoj">Mezepokaj lingvoj</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kaŝita kategorio: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorio:Pa%C4%9Doj_kiuj_uzas_ISBNajn_magiajn_ligilojn" title="Kategorio:Paĝoj kiuj uzas ISBNajn magiajn ligilojn">Paĝoj kiuj uzas ISBNajn magiajn ligilojn</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ĉi tiu paĝo estis lastafoje redaktita je 12:26, 23 feb. 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">La teksto disponeblas laŭ la permesilo <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.eo">Krea Komunaĵo Atribuite-Samkondiĉe 4.0 Neadaptita</a>; eble aldonaj kondiĉoj aplikeblas. 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