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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American anthropologist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ray Birdwhistell</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1918-09-29</span>)</span>September 29, 1918<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 19, 1994<span style="display:none">(1994-10-19)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Brigantine,_New_Jersey" title="Brigantine, New Jersey">Brigantine, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Miami_University" title="Miami University">Miami University</a> (BA)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a> (MA)<br /> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (Phd)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ray L. Birdwhistell</b> (September 29, 1918 – October 19, 1994) was an American <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> who founded <a href="/wiki/Kinesics" title="Kinesics">kinesics</a> as a field of <a href="/wiki/Inquiry" title="Inquiry">inquiry</a> and research.<sup id="cite_ref-danesi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danesi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birdwhistell coined the <a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">term</a> <i>kinesics</i>, meaning "facial expression, gestures, posture and gait, and visible arm and body movements".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He estimated that "no more than 30 to 35 percent of the social meaning of a conversation or an interaction is carried by the words."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stated more broadly, he argued that "words are not the only containers of social knowledge."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposed other technical terms, including <a href="/wiki/Kineme" class="mw-redirect" title="Kineme">kineme</a>, and many others less frequently used today.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birdwhistell had at least as much impact on the study of language and social interaction generally as just nonverbal communication because he was interested in the study of communication more broadly than is often recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birdwhistell understood body movements to be culturally patterned rather than universal.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His students were required to read widely, sources not only in communication but also anthropology and linguistics.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Birdwhistell himself was deeply disappointed that his general communicative interests and goals were not appropriately understood."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collaborations with others, including initially <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a>, and later, <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Erving Goffman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dell_Hymes" title="Dell Hymes">Dell Hymes</a> had huge influence on his work. For example, the book he is best known for, <i>Kinesics and Context</i>, "would not have appeared if it had not been envisaged by Erving Goffman" <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he explicitly stated "the paramount and sustaining influence upon my work has been that of anthropological linguistics",<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a tradition most directly represented at the University of Pennsylvania by Hymes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_work">Life and work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Birdwhistell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birdwhistell was born in Cincinnati on September 29, 1918, and died October 19, 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Kendon,_A._1996_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendon,_A._1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was raised and went to school in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>. He graduated from <a href="/wiki/Fostoria_High_School" title="Fostoria High School">Fostoria High School</a> in 1936, and was involved in the history club, debate team, journalism, and school plays.<sup id="cite_ref-kirby_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirby-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birdwhistell received his BA in sociology in 1940 from <a href="/wiki/Miami_University" title="Miami University">Miami University</a>, his MA in anthropology in 1941 from <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>, and his PhD in anthropology in 1951 from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, where he studied with <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd Warner">Lloyd Warner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Eggan" title="Fred Eggan">Fred Eggan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1944 to 1946 he conducted dissertation fieldwork among the <a href="/wiki/Kutenai" title="Kutenai">Kutenai</a> Indians of British Columbia<sup id="cite_ref-culturalequity.org_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culturalequity.org-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which he first realized that tribal members moved differently depending on whether they were speaking English or Kutenai, which sparked his interest in nonverbal behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Philadelphia_Inquirer_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Philadelphia_Inquirer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While completing his dissertation, he taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> (Ontario), where Erving Goffman was one of his students.<sup id="cite_ref-Winkin_2013_14_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winkin_2013_14-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1944 to 1946 he was lecturer in anthropology at the University of Toronto, working with G. Gordon Brown and Edmund S. Carpenter, who were in the same department.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1946 he took a position at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisville" title="University of Louisville">University of Louisville</a>, Kentucky, where he taught for 10 years,<sup id="cite_ref-culturalequity.org_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culturalequity.org-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and helped in <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a> of the university.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Philadelphia_Inquirer_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Philadelphia_Inquirer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there he established the Interdisciplinary Committee on Culture and Communication,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and organized a series of annual seminars on Culture and Communication,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in the publication of <i>Explorations in Communication</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Snow_Carpenter" title="Edmund Snow Carpenter">Edmund Snow Carpenter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a>, and Birdwhistell, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_K._Frank" title="Lawrence K. Frank">Lawrence K. Frank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_D._Lee" title="Dorothy D. Lee">Dorothy D. Lee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Riesman" title="David Riesman">David Riesman</a> contributed. </p><p>Through the 1950s he participated in multiple interdisciplinary collaborations: at the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Institute" title="Foreign Service Institute">Foreign Service Institute</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, where he first outlined his ideas about the study of nonverbal behavior, working with <a href="/wiki/Edward_T._Hall" title="Edward T. Hall">Edward T. Hall</a>, Henry Lee Smith, <a href="/wiki/George_L._Trager" title="George L. Trager">George L. Trager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Hockett" title="Charles F. Hockett">Charles F. Hockett</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/Macy_Conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Macy Conferences">Macy Conferences</a> on Group Processes, with <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a>, and many others;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Study_in_the_Behavioral_Sciences" title="Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences">Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences</a>, where he participated in the <i>Natural History of an Interview</i> project with <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frieda_Fromm-Reichmann" title="Frieda Fromm-Reichmann">Frieda Fromm-Reichmann</a>, Norman A. McQuown, Henry W. Brosin, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birdwhistell taught at the <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York at Buffalo">State University of New York at Buffalo</a> from 1956 to 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-culturalequity.org_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culturalequity.org-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959 he was appointed senior research scientist at the Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute, and simultaneously Professor of Research in Anthropology at <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. At EPPI he managed a lab that included a fully equipped 16mm film studio, a resident cinematographer (Jacques van Vlack), an artist who illustrated research findings, and numerous graduate students and visitors who conferred with him and his colleague, psychiatrist Albert E. Scheflen.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis,_M._2001_p._39_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis,_M._2001_p._39-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Birdwhistell was at the hub of an informal, interdisciplinary network of scholars in anthropology, ethology, linguistics, and psychiatry that "made up in vitality what it lacked in organization and professional identity."<sup id="cite_ref-Davis,_M._2001_p._39_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis,_M._2001_p._39-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birdwhistell argued strongly for the use of film as an essential tool in the study of nonverbal behavior as a way to permit "observation and analysis of human social behavior which has hitherto been hidden from comparative analysis".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with Jacques van Vlack (the filmmaker), he prepared a series of films that were commercially available, although, as with his teaching, they were intended mostly for a technically trained audience.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1. <i>Microcultural Incidents in Ten Zoos</i>, an edited version of a Birdwhistell and van Vlack presentation from an American Anthropological Association convention, compares family interactions while feeding elephants at 10 zoos based in 7 countries (England, France, Italy, India, Japan, Hong Kong, and the United States). Filming was viewed as a second step, following observation to discover recurrent patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birdwhistell himself and Mead often showed this film to their students.<sup id="cite_ref-culturalequity.org_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culturalequity.org-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2. <i>TDR- 009</i>, an eighty-minute 16 mm black-and-white sound film of an English pub scene in a middle class London hotel. Birdwhistell and van Vlack observed <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a> of listeners in relationship to speakers during the film.<sup id="cite_ref-kirby_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirby-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>3. <i>Lecture on Kinesics by Ray L. Birdwhistell at the Second Linguistic-Kinesic Conference Nov. 4–7, 1964</i>, is simply a documentary record of two lectures Birdwhistell presented to a seminar group assembled for a few days to learn from his research team at EPPI in 1964. Seminar participants were primarily senior research scientists, including linguists, psychiatrists, anthropologists, and psychologists; McQuown and Scheflen, working with Birdwhistell on the <i>Natural History of an Interview</i> project, were among the participants.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the work at EPPI was a continuation of the <i>Natural History of an Interview</i> project, working mostly with Scheflen, while Brosin continued different parts of the same project from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Psychiatric_Institute_%26_Clinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Psychiatric Institute & Clinic">Western Psychiatric Institute & Clinic</a> in Pennsylvania with <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kendon" title="Adam Kendon">Adam Kendon</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_S._Condon" title="William S. Condon">William S. Condon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kai_Erikson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kai Erikson">Kai Erikson</a>, Harvey Sarles, and occasional visits from Bateson. The two teams kept in touch, meeting several days per month between 1960 and 1964 to complete their analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeds-Hurwitz,_W._1987_p._12_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeds-Hurwitz,_W._1987_p._12-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third team, under McQuown's direction at the University of Chicago, included Starkey Duncan Jr., William M. Austin, Raven McDavid Jr., and William Offenkrantz. The Chicago team focused on <a href="/wiki/Paralanguage" title="Paralanguage">paralanguage</a> (non-lexical aspects of voice, including intonation), while the Pennsylvania teams attended to kinesics (body motion communication).<sup id="cite_ref-Leeds-Hurwitz,_W._1987_p._12_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeds-Hurwitz,_W._1987_p._12-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final report was completed in 1968, but proved unpublishable due to its length (5 volumes), and the complexity of the transcriptions (taking up 3 of the 5 volumes), so it was circulated via the microfilm series of the University of Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1969 until he retired in 1988, Birdwhistell held the position of professor at the <a href="/wiki/Annenberg_School_for_Communication_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania">Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he worked closely with <a href="/wiki/Dell_Hymes" title="Dell Hymes">Dell Hymes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Erving Goffman</a>, brought <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a> in as a guest speaker,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and influenced a new generation of students. It was commonly understood that "no serious doctoral student at the University of Pennsylvania who was interested in culture and human conduct" could avoid his courses.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birdwhistell reputedly came to the attention of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a> when he attended a showing of one of their ethnographic films (they were pioneers of the use of film as an ethnographic tool). "Legend has it that Birdwhistell was a younger anthropologist listening to Mead and others comment on a Balinese film when he interjected something like, 'But did you see what the mother did with the baby after she took him out of the bath?' He then brought to their attention a fascinating medley of actions that occurred in a few seconds".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Mead and Bateson became lifelong supporters and influences. He was also influenced by David Efron's earlier work, the first major study of the influence of culture on gesture <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prepared under <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a>, noted American anthropologist, and Eliot D. Chapple's work on rhythms of dialogue (Chapple is the one who introduced the term interaction to the study of behavior, knocked down a wall at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> so he could establish a one-way screen for observing conversations in the 1930s, and was an early adopter of computer analysis of interaction patterns in the 1960s).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birdwhistell died of liver cancer on October 19, 1994, at his home in <a href="/wiki/Brigantine,_New_Jersey" title="Brigantine, New Jersey">Brigantine, New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Birdwhistell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through his involvement in the multidisciplinary projects at the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Institute" title="Foreign Service Institute">Foreign Service Institute</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Macy_Conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Macy Conferences">Macy Conferences</a>, and most especially through the <i>Natural History of an Interview</i> project, Birdwhistell helped to establish the study of nonverbal behavior as a central part of communication, as well as influencing critical members of the next generation of nonverbal scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the major early books discussing nonverbal communication that owe a substantial debt to Birdwhistell and his research were Sebeok, Hayes and Bateson (1964),<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davis (1973),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scheflen (1973),<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kendon, Harris and Key (1975),<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kendon (1977),<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarles (1977),<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolfgang (1979),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Davis (1982).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birdwhistell's students include: </p> <ul><li>University of Toronto: <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Erving Goffman</a><sup id="cite_ref-Winkin_2013_14_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winkin_2013_14-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute: Paul Byers,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Alan Lomax</a><sup id="cite_ref-culturalequity.org_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culturalequity.org-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>University of Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_C%C3%A1tedra" title="María Cátedra">María Cátedra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yves_Winkin" title="Yves Winkin">Yves Winkin</a></li></ul> <p>Goffman became one of the best-known sociologists with an international reputation, and nearly all of his publications became best sellers. Birdwhistell influenced Lomax's development of cantometrics and choreometrics.<sup id="cite_ref-culturalequity.org_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culturalequity.org-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byers was quite important in the study of visual communication. Winkin went on to develop the anthropology of communication in Europe. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Birdwhistell pointed out that "human <a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">gestures</a> differ from those of other animals in that they are polysemic, that they can be interpreted to have many different meanings depending on the communicative <a href="/wiki/Context_(language_use)" class="mw-redirect" title="Context (language use)">context</a> in which they are produced". And, he "resisted the idea that "<a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">body language</a>" could be deciphered in some absolute fashion". He also indicated that "every body movement must be interpreted broadly and in conjunction with every other element in communication"<sup id="cite_ref-barfield_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barfield-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Birdwhistell's first book <i>Introduction to Kinesics</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published in 1952, but as this was essentially an internal publication for the Department of State, his second book, <i>Kinesics and Context</i><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been cited far more often, and, along with a brief encyclopedia article on kinesics,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has had far greater influence on the study of communication behavior. Many of Birdwhistell's publications were short pieces, gathered together to make up <i>Kinesics and Context</i>. </p><p>Birdwhistell viewed communication as a continuous, multichannel (today, the more common term is multimodal) process through which and in which social interaction occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Kendon,_A._1996_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendon,_A._1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he is best known for inventing kinesics, his influence was much larger: he helped establish the logical underpinnings of language and social interaction research generally,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and such approaches as the coordinated management of meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Birdwhistell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li>Birdwhistell, R. L. (1952). <i>Introduction to Kinesics: An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture</i>. Washington, DC: Department of State, Foreign Service Institute.</li> <li>Birdwhistell, R. L. (1970). <i>Kinesics and Context: Essays on Body Motion Communication</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Shorter publications (partial)</dt></dl> <ul><li>Birdwhistell, R. L. (1956). Kinesic analysis of filmed behavior of children. In B. Schaffner (Ed.), <i>Group Processes: Transactions of the second conference</i> (pp. 141–144). New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation.</li> <li>Birdwhistell, R. L. (1959). Contribution of Linguistic-Kinesic Studies for the Understanding of Schizophrenia. In A. Auerback (Ed.), <i>Schizophrenia</i> (pp. 99–123). New York: Ronald Press.</li> <li>Birdwhistell, R, L. (1960). Implications of Recent Developments in Communication Research for Evolutionary Theory. In W. M. Austin (Ed.), <i>Report of the Ninth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Study</i> (pp. 149–155). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.</li> <li>Birdwhistell, R. L. (1961). Paralanguage 25 Years After Sapir. In H. W. Brosin (Ed.), <i>Lectures on Experimental Psychiatry</i> (pp. 43–63). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirdwhistell1961" class="citation journal cs1">Birdwhistell, R. L. (1961). "[Review of The <i>First Five Minutes</i>.]". <i>Archives of General Psychiatry</i>. <b>5</b>: 106–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1961.01710130108016">10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710130108016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+General+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=%5BReview+of+The+First+Five+Minutes.%5D&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=106-108&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1961.01710130108016&rft.aulast=Birdwhistell&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARay+Birdwhistell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Birdwhistell, R. L. (1962). Critical Moments in the Psychiatric Interview. In T. T. Tourlentes (Ed.), <i>Research Approaches to a Psychiatric Problem</i> (pp. 179–188). New York: Grune and Stratton.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdwhistell1968" class="citation journal cs1">Birdwhistell, R. L. (1968). "Communication". <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences</i>. <b>8</b>: 24–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Communication&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=24-29&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Birdwhistell&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARay+Birdwhistell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdwhistell1968" class="citation journal cs1">Birdwhistell, R. L. (1968). "Kinesics". <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences</i>. <b>8</b>: 379–385.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Kinesics&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=379-385&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Birdwhistell&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARay+Birdwhistell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdwhistell1968" class="citation journal cs1">Birdwhistell, R. L. (1968). "[Comments on Edward Hall's Proxemics.]". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>9</b> (2–3): 95–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F200975">10.1086/200975</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147398417">147398417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=%5BComments+on+Edward+Hall%27s+Proxemics.%5D&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=95-96&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F200975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147398417%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Birdwhistell&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARay+Birdwhistell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Birdwhistell, R. L. (1971). Kinesics: Inter- and Intra-channel communication research. In J. Kristeva, J. Rey-Debove & D. J. Umiker (Eds.), <i>Essays in semiotics/Essais de semiotique</i> (pp. 527–546). The Hague: Mouton.</li> <li>Birdwhistell, R. L. (1971). Chapter 3: Body Motion, In N. A. McQuown (Ed.), <i>The Natural History of an Interview</i> (pp. 1–93). Microfilm Collection of Manuscripts on Cultural Anthropology, Fifteenth Series, Chicago: University of Chicago, Joseph Regenstein Library, Department of Photoduplication.</li> <li>Birdwhistell, R. L. (1971). Appendix 6: Sample Kinesic Transcription. In N. A. McQuown (Ed.), <i>The Natural History of an Interview</i> (pp. 1–29). Microfilm Collection of Manuscripts on Cultural Anthropology, Fifteenth Series. Chicago: University of Chicago, Joseph Regenstein Library, Department of Photoduplication.</li> <li>Birdwhistell, R. L. (1974). The language of the body: The natural environment of words. In A. Silverstein (Ed.), <i>Human communication</i> (pp. 203–220). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.</li> <li>Birdwhistell, R. L. (1975). Background considerations of the study of the body as a medium of 'expression.' In J. Benthall & T. Polhemus (Eds.), <i>The body as a medium of expression</i> (pp. 34–58). New York: E. P. Dutton.</li> <li>Birdwhistell, R. L. (1977). Some Discussion of Ethnography, Theory, and Method, In J. Brockman (Ed.), <i>About Bateson</i> (pp. 101–141). New York: E. P. Dunon.</li> <li>Birdwhistell, R. L., C. F. Hockett, & N. A. McQuown. (1971). Chapter 6: Transcript, Transcription and Commentary. In N. A. McQuown (Ed,), <i>The Natural History of an Interview</i> [n,p,]. Microfilm Collection of Manuscripts on Cultural Anthropology, Fifteenth Series, Chicago: University of Chicago, Joseph Regenstein Library. Department of Photoduplication.</li></ul> <p><b>Interviews and lectures</b> </p> <ul><li>Gross, T. (1979) Dr. Birdwhistell's Body Language. <i>Fresh Air with Terry Gross</i>, WHYY, Philadelphia, 29 June 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://freshairarchive.org/segments/dr-birdwhistells-body-language">https://freshairarchive.org/segments/dr-birdwhistells-body-language</a></li> <li>McDermott, R. (1980). Profile: Ray L. Birdwhistell. <i>The Kinesis Report</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 1–4, 14–16.</li> <li>Talese, G. (2010.) Dr. Birdwhistell and the Athletes. In Michael Rosenwald (Ed.), <i>The Silent Season of a Hero: The Sports Writing of Gay Talese</i> (pp. 186–200). New York: Walker & Co.</li> <li>Watter, S. B. (2021). Ray L. Birdwhistell, “Lecture at American Museum of Natural History, October 4, 1980." In J. McElvenny & A. Ploder (Eds.), <i>Holisms of Communication: The Early History of Audio-Visual Sequence Analysis</i> (pp. 249–263). Berlin: Language Science Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/311">doi:10.5281/zenodo.5142265</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Birdwhistell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macy_Conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Macy Conferences">Macy Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinesics" title="Kinesics">Kinesics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Birdwhistell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-danesi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-danesi_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danesi, M (2006). Kinesics. <i>Encyclopedia of language & linguistics</i>. 207-213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padula, A. (2009). Kinesics. In S. Littlejohn, & K. Foss (Eds.), <i>Encyclopedia of communication theory</i>. (pp. 582-584). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412959384.n217">10.4135/9781412959384.n217</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott1980" class="citation journal cs1">McDermott, R (1980). "Profile: Ray L. Birdwhistell". <i>The Kinesics Report</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 1–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kinesics+Report&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Ray+L.+Birdwhistell&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARay+Birdwhistell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInKendonSigman1996" class="citation journal cs1">In; Kendon, A.; Sigman, S. J. (1996). "Ray L. 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Leeds-Hurwitz (Ed.), <i>The social history of language and social interaction research: People, places, ideas</i> (pp. 3-60). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendonSigman1996" class="citation journal cs1">Kendon, A.; Sigman, S. J. (1996). "Ray L. Birdwhistell (1918-1994)". <i>Semiotica</i>. <b>112</b> (1–2): 231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fsemi.1996.112.3-4.231">10.1515/semi.1996.112.3-4.231</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171890064">171890064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Semiotica&rft.atitle=Ray+L.+Birdwhistell+%281918-1994%29&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=231&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fsemi.1996.112.3-4.231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171890064%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kendon&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Sigman%2C+S.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARay+Birdwhistell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leeds-Hurwitz, W., & Sigman, S. J. (2010). The Penn tradition. In W. Leeds-Hurwitz (Ed.), <i>The social history of language and social interaction research: People, places, ideas</i>. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paterno, David. (2022). Rebooting Raymond Birdwhistell. <i>Communication Research and Practice</i> 8(3), 229-242, DOI: 10.1080/22041451.2022.2067098 p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birdwhistell, R. L. (1970). Kinesics and context: Essays in body motion communication. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, p. xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birdwhistell, R. L. (1970). Kinesics and context: Essays in body motion communication. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leeds-Hurwitz, W., & Sigman, S. J. (2010). The Penn tradition. In W. Leeds-Hurwitz (Ed.), The social history of language and social interaction research: People, places, ideas. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kendon,_A._1996-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kendon,_A._1996_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kendon,_A._1996_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendonSigman1996" class="citation journal cs1">Kendon, A.; Sigman, S. J. (1996). "Ray L. 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Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, p. 8</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90572244">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007417382705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/080239641">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67090h4">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template talk:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="Discuss this 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blushing" title="Blushing">Blushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">Body language</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kinesics" title="Kinesics">Kinesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body-to-body_communication" title="Body-to-body communication">Body-to-body communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_Action_Coding_System" title="Facial Action Coding System">Facial Action Coding System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtle_expression" title="Subtle expression">Subtle expression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">Gesture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gestures" title="List of gestures">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-independent_gestures" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech-independent gestures">Speech-independent gestures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_communication" title="Haptic communication">Haptic communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation" title="Imitation">Imitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization#Human_movement" title="Synchronization">Interpersonal synchrony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">Laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculesics" title="Oculesics">Oculesics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_contact" title="Eye contact">Eye contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupillary_response" title="Pupillary response">Pupil dilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactic_communication" title="Olfactic communication">Olfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posture_(psychology)" title="Posture (psychology)">Posture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxemics" title="Proxemics">Proxemics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">Emotional prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralanguage" title="Paralanguage">Paralanguage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">Intonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">Loudness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">Prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">Rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Voice quality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social context</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-context_and_low-context_cultures" title="High-context and low-context cultures">High-context and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-bit_message" title="One-bit message">One-bit message</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missed_call" title="Missed call">Missed call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_service_code" title="Silent service code">Silent service code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_communication" title="Unconscious communication">Unconscious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage" title="Non-verbal leakage">Non-verbal leakage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-faceted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">Affect display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">Emotion recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impression_(psychology)" title="First impression (psychology)">First impression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Broader_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Broader concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_interpersonal_communicative_skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic interpersonal communicative skills">Basic interpersonal communicative skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunchi" title="Nunchi">Nunchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_skills" title="People skills">People skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">Social behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cue" title="Social cue">Social cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_competence" title="Social competence">Social competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_skills" title="Social skills">Social skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsaid" title="Unsaid">Unsaid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_information" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further information</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aprosodia" title="Aprosodia">Aprosodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorder" title="Childhood disintegrative disorder">Childhood disintegrative disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssemia" title="Dyssemia">Dyssemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_learning_disorder" title="Nonverbal learning disorder">Nonverbal learning disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_(pragmatic)_communication_disorder" title="Social (pragmatic) communication disorder">Social (pragmatic) communication disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">Limbic system</a> / <a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">Limbic lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_neuron" title="Mirror neuron">Mirror neuron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_detection" title="Lie detection">Lie detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudian_slip" title="Freudian slip">Freudian slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(poker)" title="Tell (poker)">Poker tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(advertising)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention (advertising)">Targeted advertising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_processing_of_body_language" title="Computer processing of body language">Computer processing of body language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">Emotion recognition in conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">Gesture recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_facial_expression_databases" title="List of facial expression databases">List of facial expression databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ray Birdwhistell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_communication" title="Behavioral communication">Behavioral communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assertiveness" title="Assertiveness">Assertive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deference" title="Deference">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive-aggressive_behavior" title="Passive-aggressive behavior">Passive-aggressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_management" title="Impression management">Impression management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic sign lexicons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Verbal communication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-verbal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_signing" title="Tactile signing">Tactile signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadoma" title="Tadoma">Tadoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">Mime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimoplastic_art" title="Mimoplastic art">Mimoplastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtext" title="Subtext">Subtext</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Birdwhistell&oldid=1254645101">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Birdwhistell&oldid=1254645101</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1918_births" title="Category:1918 births">1918 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1994_deaths" title="Category:1994 deaths">1994 deaths</a></li><li><a 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