CINXE.COM

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<strong>enzyme</strong> is a biological molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction or causes a chemical change in another substance. The molecules transformed by enzymes are called substrates. Some enzymes act independently but others require the assistance of coenzymes in order to function correctly. Enzymes are generally globular proteins and range from just 62 amino acid residues in size. A small number of RNA-based biological catalysts exist, with the most common being the ribosome; these are referred to as either RNA-enzymes or ribozymes.</p> <div class="pharm_sub_cats"><h3>Products for Enzymes</h3><ul class="tile_column_1"><li><a href="/pharmacology/atpases" title="Browse products for ATPases">ATPases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/cyclases" title="Browse products for Cyclases">Cyclases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/cytochrome-p450" title="Browse products for Cytochrome P450">Cytochrome P450</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/deaminases" title="Browse products for Deaminases">Deaminases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/decarboxylases" title="Browse products for Decarboxylases">Decarboxylases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/dehydrogenases" title="Browse products for Dehydrogenases">Dehydrogenases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/demethylases" title="Browse products for Demethylases">Demethylases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/esterases" title="Browse products for Esterases">Esterases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/glycosylases" title="Browse products for Glycosylases">Glycosylases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/gtpases" title="Browse products for GTPases">GTPases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/histone-deacetylases" title="Browse products for Histone Deacetylases">Histone Deacetylases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/hydrolases" title="Browse products for Hydrolases">Hydrolases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/hydroxylases" title="Browse products for Hydroxylases">Hydroxylases</a></li></ul><ul class="tile_column_2"><li><a href="/pharmacology/isomerases" title="Browse products for Isomerases">Isomerases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/kinases" title="Browse products for Kinases">Kinases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/ligases" title="Browse products for Ligases">Ligases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/lyases" title="Browse products for Lyases">Lyases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/oxygenases-and-oxidases" title="Browse products for Oxygenases/Oxidases">Oxygenases/Oxidases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/phosphatases" title="Browse products for Phosphatases">Phosphatases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/phosphodiesterases" title="Browse products for Phosphodiesterases">Phosphodiesterases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/polymerases" title="Browse products for Polymerases">Polymerases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/proteases" title="Browse products for Proteases">Proteases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/reductases" title="Browse products for Reductases">Reductases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/synthases-and-synthetases" title="Browse products for Synthases/Synthetases">Synthases/Synthetases</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/transferases" title="Browse products for Transferases">Transferases</a></li></ul></div> <div class="pharm_rel_cats"><h3>Related Targets</h3><ul class="tile_column_1"><li><a href="/product-type/enzyme-substrates-and-activators" title="Browse products for Enzyme Substrates / Activators">Enzyme Substrates / Activators</a></li></ul><ul class="tile_column_2"></ul></div> <div class="pharm_long_desc"><h5>Enzyme Classification</h5> <p>An enzyme's name is often derived from its substrate or the chemical reaction it catalyzes. The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology have developed a nomenclature for enzymes based broadly on the mechanism of action. Each enzyme is described by a sequence of four numbers preceded by "EC".</p> <ul> <li>EC 1 Oxidoreductases: catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions</li> <li>EC 2 Transferases: transfer a functional group (e.g. a methyl or phosphate group)</li> <li>EC 3 Hydrolases: catalyze the hydrolysis of various bonds</li> <li>EC 4 Lyases: cleave various bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation</li> <li>EC 5 Isomerases: catalyze isomerization changes within a single molecule</li> <li>EC 6 Ligases: join two molecules with covalent bonds</li> </ul> <h5>Regulation and Disease</h5> <p>Enzymes are usually very selective as to which reactions they catalyze and the substrates that are involved in these reactions. This selectivity is extremely important as enzymes serve a wide variety of key functions inside living organisms. They are essential for metabolic function and <a href='/cell-biology/signal-transduction' title='Browse products for Signal Transduction'>signal transduction</a> pathways. Tight control of enzyme activity is essential for homeostasis. Malfunction of a single enzyme by mutation, overproduction, underproduction or deletion, can lead to a genetic disease. For example, mutations in genes coding for DNA repair enzymes cause hereditary <a href='/research-area/cancer-research' title='Browse products for Cancer'>cancer</a> syndromes such as Xeroderma Pigmentosum. Enzyme inhibitors, substrates and activators are commonly used in the treatment of many diseases, for example, cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the treatment of <a href='/research-area/pain-and-inflammation-research' title='Browse products for Inflammation'>inflammation</a>.</p></div> </div> <div id="sidebar" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-lg-3 col-xl-3"> <div class="resources_sidebar_container"> <div class="fp_four_box"> <div class="fp_box_wrapper"><h3>Featured New Products</h3> <div class="fp_featured_product"><a href="/products/vu-0542270_8151">8151 | VU 0542270</a><br /> Selective inhibitor of K<sub>ir</sub>6.1 K<sub>ATP</sub> channels</div> <div class="fp_featured_product"><a href="/products/rna-imaging-probe-1c_8813">8813 | RNA Imaging Probe 1c</a><br /> Fluorogenic RNA imaging probe</div> <div class="fp_featured_product"><a href="/products/lsn-3318839_7959">7959 | LSN 3318839</a><br /> Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor <br />(GLP1-R) positive allosteric modulator</div> <div 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