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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38783274%2FThe_demise_of_Arab_strongman_Authoritarianism_and_the_future_of_the_Middle_East_in_Akbarzadeh_S_Ed_2019_Routledge_Handbook_of_International_Relations_in_the_Middle_East_Routledge%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":58873215,"identifier":"Attachment_58873215","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":38783274,"created_at":"2019-04-12T02:33:14.714-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-11-30T07:24:57.170-08:00","_data":{"ai_title_tag":"Authoritarianism in the Arab World: The Strongman's Resurgence","grobid_abstract":"The figure of the Arab strongman is often associated with the political culture of the region and has been central to explanations for the resilience of authoritarianism despite processes of democratization taking place across the globe since the mid-1970s. The Arab uprisings have challenged both the paradigm of authoritarian resilience and the grip of the strongmen on political power. The demise of a number of Arab regimes seemed to highlight that ordinary Arab citizens had finally seen the merits of democratic governance and had eschewed their reliance on firm authoritarian leadership. Post-uprising politics, however, did not lead to the democratic promised land, and the figure of the strongman has since reappeared forcefully. In some countries, the strongman never left the scene, in some others it made a comeback following a period of democratic instability, and in others both domestic and international forces still hope for its emergence in order to end civil conflicts. This chapter reflects on the resilience of authoritarianism in the Arab world and how it links with arguments about the necessity of strongmen to rule over complex and divided societies. At the heart of the chapter is the examination of an interesting paradox. On the one hand, surveys and empirical studies suggest that ordinary Arab citizens have a very favorable opinion of democracy and believe that democratic governance is the best system to solve the socio-economic problems facing their countries. On the other hand, the same citizens believe that security concerns can only be dealt with through the strong hand of a ruler. In addition, international pressure also periodically shifts from supporting democracy to buttressing strongmen, complicating the domestic game even further.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"58873215"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The demise of Arab strongman? Authoritarianism and the future of the Middle East, in Akbarzadeh, S. (Ed.). (2019). Routledge Handbook of International Relations in the Middle East. Routledge.","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [57459221,1646736]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":58873215,"attachmentType":"docx"}"><img alt="First page of “The demise of Arab strongman? 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Routledge.</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="57459221" href="https://ulaval.academia.edu/PietroMarzo"><img alt="Profile image of Pietro Marzo" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/57459221/15787434/16412312/s65_pietro.marzo.jpg" />Pietro Marzo</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1646736" href="https://2ulaval.academia.edu/FrancescoCavatorta"><img alt="Profile image of Francesco Cavatorta" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Francesco Cavatorta</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" 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When foreign powers intervened to bolster these regimes, they unwittingly undermined the prospects for long-term survival by discouraging leaders from reaching out to their people and bargaining for mass support—early coalitional decisions that created repressive institutions and planted the seeds for potential unrest. Only when they were secluded from larger geopolitical machinations did Middle Eastern regimes come to grips with their weaknesses and build broader coalitions with society. 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class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="77510568" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77510568/Preserving_Non_Democracies_Leaders_and_State_Institutions_in_the_Middle_East">Preserving Non-Democracies: Leaders and State Institutions in the Middle East</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="209660" href="https://www1-georgetown.academia.edu/MehranKamrava">Mehran Kamrava</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Middle Eastern Studies, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" 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data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/431625/_Preserving_Non_Democracies_Leaders_and_Institutions_in_the_Middle_East_">"Preserving Non-Democracies: Leaders and Institutions in the Middle East"</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="209660" href="https://www1-georgetown.academia.edu/MehranKamrava">Mehran Kamrava</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"Preserving Non-Democracies: Leaders and Institutions in the Middle East\"","attachmentId":1973577,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/431625/_Preserving_Non_Democracies_Leaders_and_Institutions_in_the_Middle_East_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/431625/_Preserving_Non_Democracies_Leaders_and_Institutions_in_the_Middle_East_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="44061157" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44061157/Understanding_the_Durability_of_Authoritarianism_in_the_Middle_East">Understanding the Durability of Authoritarianism in the Middle East</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author 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This analytical review essay combines insights from three recent works to draw tentative conclusions predicated upon careful evaluation of domestic factors and the international context.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Understanding the Durability of Authoritarianism in the Middle East","attachmentId":64409176,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44061157/Understanding_the_Durability_of_Authoritarianism_in_the_Middle_East","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44061157/Understanding_the_Durability_of_Authoritarianism_in_the_Middle_East"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="101411071" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/101411071/Anxious_Dictators_Wavering_Democracies_Global_Freedom_under_Pressure">Anxious Dictators, Wavering Democracies: Global Freedom under Pressure</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="260133885" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JenniferDunham2">Jennifer Dunham</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Anxious Dictators, Wavering Democracies: Global Freedom under Pressure","attachmentId":101960277,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101411071/Anxious_Dictators_Wavering_Democracies_Global_Freedom_under_Pressure","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/101411071/Anxious_Dictators_Wavering_Democracies_Global_Freedom_under_Pressure"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":58873215,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":58873215,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_58873215" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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