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class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diboruro_de_circonio" title="Diboruro de circonio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diboruro de circonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="دی‌برید زیرکونیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دی‌برید زیرکونیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diborure_de_zirconium" title="Diborure de zirconium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diborure de zirconium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diboruro_di_zirconio" title="Diboruro di zirconio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diboruro di zirconio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Диборид циркония – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диборид циркония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Zirconium diboride </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png/220px-Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png/330px-Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png/440px-Magnesium-diboride-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="793" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ZrB2_STM_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/ZrB2_STM_crop.png/220px-ZrB2_STM_crop.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/ZrB2_STM_crop.png/330px-ZrB2_STM_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/ZrB2_STM_crop.png/440px-ZrB2_STM_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="382" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">STM</a> image of the <a href="/wiki/Surface_reconstruction" title="Surface reconstruction">(2×2)-reconstructed</a> ZrB<sub>2</sub> (0001) surface<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Zirconium diboride</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">ZrB<sub>2</sub></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=12045-64-6">12045-64-6</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.031.772">100.031.772</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4161107#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/15787711">15787711</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5065223">DTXSID5065223</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4161107#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/B2.Zr/c1-2;</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: NXBOAJHBGIROOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>ZrB<sub>2</sub>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>112.85 g/mol    </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>grey-black powder </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>6.085 g/cm<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>~3246 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>Insoluble </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Structure </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></div> </td> <td>Hexagonal, <a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hP3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></div> </td> <td>P6/mmm, No. 191 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><b><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></b> (OHS/OSH): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main hazards</div> </td> <td>Uninvestigated </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=377887222&page2=Zirconium+diboride">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Zirconium diboride</b> (ZrB<sub>2</sub>) is a highly covalent refractory ceramic material with a hexagonal crystal structure. ZrB<sub>2</sub> is an <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high_temperature_ceramic" title="Ultra-high temperature ceramic">ultra-high temperature ceramic</a> (UHTC) with a melting point of 3246 °C. This along with its relatively low density of ~6.09 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (measured density may be higher due to <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a> impurities) and good high temperature strength makes it a candidate for high temperature aerospace applications such as hypersonic flight or rocket propulsion systems. It is an unusual ceramic, having relatively high thermal and electrical conductivities, properties it shares with <a href="/wiki/Isostructural" title="Isostructural">isostructural</a> <a href="/wiki/Titanium_diboride" title="Titanium diboride">titanium diboride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hafnium_diboride" title="Hafnium diboride">hafnium diboride</a>. </p><p>ZrB<sub>2</sub> parts are usually <a href="/wiki/Hot_pressing" title="Hot pressing">hot pressed</a> (pressure applied to the heated powder) and then machined to shape. Sintering of ZrB<sub>2</sub> is hindered by the material's <a href="/wiki/Covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent">covalent</a> nature and presence of surface oxides which increase <a href="/wiki/Grain_growth" title="Grain growth">grain coarsening</a> before <a href="/wiki/Sintering#Densification,_vitrification_and_grain_growth" title="Sintering">densification</a> during <a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">sintering</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pressureless_sintering" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressureless sintering">Pressureless sintering</a> of ZrB<sub>2</sub> is possible with sintering additives such as <a href="/wiki/Boron_carbide" title="Boron carbide">boron carbide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> which react with the surface oxides to increase the driving force for sintering but mechanical properties are degraded compared to hot pressed ZrB<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additions of ~30 vol% SiC to ZrB<sub>2</sub> is often added to ZrB<sub>2</sub> to improve <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> resistance through SiC creating a protective oxide layer - similar to aluminium's protective alumina layer.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ZrB<sub>2</sub> is used in <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high_temperature_ceramic_matrix_composite" title="Ultra-high temperature ceramic matrix composite">ultra-high temperature ceramic matrix composites</a> (UHTCMCs).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon fiber</a> reinforced zirconium diboride composites show high toughness while <a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide_fibers" title="Silicon carbide fibers">silicon carbide fiber</a> reinforced zirconium diboride composites are brittle and show a <a href="/wiki/Catastrophic_failure" title="Catastrophic failure">catastrophic failure</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium_diboride&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ZrB<sub>2</sub> can be synthesized by stoichiometric reaction between constituent elements, in this case <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a>. This reaction provides for precise stoichiometric control of the materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Reference36_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reference36-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 2000 K, the formation of ZrB<sub>2</sub> via stoichiometric reaction is thermodynamically favorable (ΔG=−279.6 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>) and therefore, this route can be used to produce ZrB<sub>2</sub> by <a href="/wiki/Self-propagating_high-temperature_synthesis" title="Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis">self-propagating high-temperature synthesis</a> (SHS). This technique takes advantage of the high exothermic energy of the reaction to cause high temperature, fast combustion reactions. Advantages of SHS include higher purity of ceramic products, increased sinterability, and shorter processing times. However, the extremely rapid heating rates can result in incomplete reactions between Zr and B, the formation of stable oxides of Zr, and the retention of <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a>. Stoichiometric reactions have also been carried out by reaction of attrition milled (wearing materials by grinding) Zr and B powder (and then hot pressing at 600 °C for 6 h), and nanoscale particles have been obtained by reacting attrition milled Zr and B <a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">precursor</a> <a href="/wiki/Crystallite" title="Crystallite">crystallites</a> (10 nm in size).<sup id="cite_ref-Reference37_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reference37-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reduction of ZrO<sub>2</sub> and HfO<sub>2</sub> to their respective diborides can also be achieved via metallothermic reduction. Inexpensive precursor materials are used and reacted according to the reaction below: </p> <dl><dd>ZrO<sub>2</sub> + B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 5Mg → ZrB<sub>2</sub> + 5MgO</dd></dl> <p>Mg is used as a reactant to allow for acid leaching of unwanted oxide products. Stoichiometric excesses of Mg and B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> are often required during metallothermic reductions to consume all available ZrO<sub>2</sub>. These reactions are <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a> and can be used to produce the diborides by SHS. Production of ZrB<sub>2</sub> from <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">ZrO<sub>2</sub></a> via SHS often leads to incomplete conversion of reactants, and therefore double SHS (DSHS) has been employed by some researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-Reference38_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reference38-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second SHS reaction with Mg and <a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub></a> as reactants along with the ZrB<sub>2</sub>/ZrO<sub>2</sub> mixture yields increased conversion to the diboride, and particle sizes of 25–40 nm at 800 °C. After metallothermic reduction and DSHS reactions, MgO can be separated from ZrB<sub>2</sub> by mild <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(metallurgy)" title="Leaching (metallurgy)">acid leaching</a>. </p><p>Synthesis of UHTCs by <a href="/wiki/Boron_carbide" title="Boron carbide">boron carbide</a> reduction is one of the most popular methods for UHTC synthesis. The precursor materials for this reaction (ZrO<sub>2</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>/HfO<sub>2</sub> and <a href="/wiki/Boron_carbide" title="Boron carbide">B<sub>4</sub>C)</a> are less expensive than those required by the <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoichiometric">stoichiometric</a> and borothermic reactions. ZrB<sub>2</sub> is prepared at greater than 1600 °C for at least 1 hour by the following reaction: </p> <dl><dd>2ZrO<sub>2</sub> + B<sub>4</sub>C + 3C → 2ZrB<sub>2</sub> + 4CO</dd></dl> <p>This method requires a slight excess of boron, as some boron is oxidized during boron carbide reduction. <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_carbide" title="Zirconium carbide">ZrC</a> has also been observed as a product from the reaction, but if the reaction is carried out with 20–25% excess B<sub>4</sub>C, the ZrC phase disappears, and only ZrB<sub>2</sub> remains. Lower synthesis temperatures (~1600 °C) produce UHTCs that exhibit finer <a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">grain sizes</a> and better sinterability. Boron carbide must be subjected to grinding prior to the boron carbide reduction to promote oxide reduction and diffusion processes. </p><p>Boron carbide reductions can also be carried out via reactive <a href="/wiki/Plasma_spraying" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma spraying">plasma spraying</a> if a UHTC coating is desired. Precursor or powder particles react with plasma at high temperatures (6000–15000 °C) which greatly reduces the reaction time.<sup id="cite_ref-Reference40_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reference40-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ZrB<sub>2</sub> and ZrO<sub>2</sub> phases have been formed using a plasma voltage and current of 50 V and 500 A, respectively. These coating materials exhibit uniform distribution of fine particles and porous microstructures, which increased hydrogen <a href="/wiki/Flow_measurement" title="Flow measurement">flow rates</a>. </p><p>Another method for the synthesis of UHTCs is the borothermic reduction of ZrO<sub>2</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub>, or HfO<sub>2</sub> with B.<sup id="cite_ref-Reference41_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reference41-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At temperatures higher than 1600 °C, pure diborides can be obtained from this method. Due to the loss of some boron as boron oxide, excess boron is needed during borothermic reduction. Mechanical milling can lower the reaction temperature required during borothermic reduction. This is due to the increased particle mixing and <a href="/wiki/Lattice_defect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lattice defect">lattice defects</a> that result from decreased <a href="/wiki/Particle_size" title="Particle size">particle sizes</a> of ZnO<sub>2</sub> and B after milling. This method is also not very useful for industrial applications due to the loss of expensive boron as <a href="/wiki/Boron_oxide" title="Boron oxide">boron oxide</a> during the reaction. </p><p>Nanocrystals of ZrB<sub>2</sub>were successfully synthesized by Zoli's reaction, a reduction of ZrO<sub>2</sub> with NaBH<sub>4</sub> using a molar ratio M:B of 1:4 at 700 °C for 30 min under argon flow.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>ZrO<sub>2</sub> + 3NaBH<sub>4</sub> → ZrB<sub>2</sub> + 2Na(g,l) + NaBO<sub>2</sub> + 6H<sub>2</sub>(g)</dd></dl> <p>ZrB<sub>2</sub> can be prepared from solution-based synthesis methods as well, although few substantial studies have been conducted. Solution-based methods allow for low temperature synthesis of ultrafine UHTC powders. Yan et al. have synthesized ZrB<sub>2</sub> powders using the inorganic-organic precursors ZrOC<sub>l2</sub>•8H<sub>2</sub>O, <a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">boric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenolic resin">phenolic resin</a> at 1500 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-Reference42_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reference42-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The synthesized powders exhibit 200 nm crystallite size and low oxygen content (~ 1.0 wt%). ZrB<sub>2</sub> preparation from polymeric precursors has also been recently investigated. ZrO<sub>2</sub> and HfO<sub>2</sub> can be dispersed in boron carbide polymeric precursors prior to reaction. Heating the reaction mixture to 1500 °C results in the in situ generation of boron carbide and carbon, and the reduction of ZrO<sub>2</sub> to ZrB<sub>2</sub> soon follows.<sup id="cite_ref-reference43_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reference43-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The polymer must be stable, processable, and contain boron and carbon to be useful for the reaction. Dinitrile polymers formed from the condensation of dinitrile with decaborane satisfy these criteria. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">Chemical vapor deposition</a> can be used to prepare zirconium diboride. <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> gas is used to reduce vapors of <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_tetrachloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium tetrachloride">zirconium tetrachloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boron_trichloride" title="Boron trichloride">boron trichloride</a> at substrate temperatures greater than 800 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, high-quality thin films of ZrB<sub>2</sub> can also be prepared by physical vapor deposition.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defects_and_secondary_phases_in_zirconium_diboride">Defects and secondary phases in zirconium diboride</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium_diboride&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Defects and secondary phases in zirconium diboride"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zirconium diboride gains its high-temperature mechanical stability from the high <a href="/wiki/Point_defect" class="mw-redirect" title="Point defect">atomic defect</a> energies (i.e. the atoms do not deviate easily from their lattice sites).<sup id="cite_ref-defects_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defects-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that the concentration of defects will remain low, even at high temperatures, preventing <a href="/wiki/Material_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Material failure">failure</a> of the material. </p><p>The layered bonding between each layer is also very strong but means that the ceramic is highly anisotropic, having different thermal expansions in the 'z' <001> direction. Although the material has excellent high temperature properties, the ceramic has to be produced extremely carefully as any excess of either zirconium or boron will not be accommodated in the ZrB<sub>2</sub> lattice (i.e. the material does not deviate from <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometry</a>). Instead it will form extra <a href="/wiki/Eutectic_system" title="Eutectic system">lower melting point phases</a> which may initiate failure under extreme conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-defects_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defects-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diffusion_and_transmutation_in_zirconium_diboride">Diffusion and transmutation in zirconium diboride</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium_diboride&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diffusion and transmutation in zirconium diboride"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zirconium diboride is also investigated as a possible material for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> <a href="/wiki/Control_rod" title="Control rod">control rods</a> due to the presence of boron. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dd><sup>10</sup>B + n<sub>th</sub> → [<sup>11</sup>B] → α + <sup>7</sup>Li + 2.31 MeV.</dd></dl> <p>The layered structure provides a plane for helium <a href="/wiki/Atomic_diffusion" title="Atomic diffusion">diffusion</a> to occur. He is formed as a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">transmutation product</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boron-10" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron-10">boron-10</a>—it is the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particle</a> in the above reaction—and will rapidly migrate through the lattice between the layers of zirconium and boron, however not in the 'z' direction. Of interest, the other transmutation product, <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, is likely to be trapped in the boron vacancies that are produced by the boron-10 transmutation and not be released from the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">lattice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-defects_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defects-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium_diboride&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFleurenceFriedleinOzakiKawai2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fleurence, A.; Friedlein, R.; Ozaki, T.; Kawai, H.; Wang, Y.; Yamada-Takamura, Y. 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compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zr(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ZrB<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dibromide" title="Zirconium dibromide"><span class="chemf nowrap">ZrBr<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dichloride" title="Zirconium dichloride"><span class="chemf nowrap">ZrCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_difluoride" title="Zirconium difluoride"><span class="chemf nowrap">ZrF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(II)_hydride" title="Zirconium(II) hydride">ZrH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_disilicide" title="Zirconium disilicide">ZrSi<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(II)_iodide" title="Zirconium(II) iodide"><span class="chemf nowrap">ZrI<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(II)_iodide" title="Zirconium(II) iodide"><span class="chemf nowrap">ZrI<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium monoxide">ZrO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zr(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_nitride" title="Zirconium nitride">ZrN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(III)_chloride" title="Zirconium(III) chloride">ZrCl<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(III)_bromide" title="Zirconium(III) bromide">ZrBr<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_trifluoride" title="Zirconium trifluoride"><span class="chemf nowrap">ZrF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(III)_iodide" title="Zirconium(III) iodide">ZrI<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_phosphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium phosphide">ZrP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zr(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_acetate" title="Zirconium(IV) acetate">Zr<sub>6</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub>(O<sub>2</sub>CCH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_bromide" title="Zirconium(IV) bromide">ZrBr<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_carbide" title="Zirconium carbide">ZrC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_chloride" title="Zirconium(IV) chloride">ZrCl<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_iodate" title="Zirconium iodate">Zr(IO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_iodide" title="Zirconium(IV) iodide">ZrI<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium(IV) nitrate">Zr(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconyl_chloride" title="Zirconyl chloride">ZrOCl<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_perchlorate" title="Zirconium perchlorate">Zr(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_hydroxide" title="Zirconium(IV) hydroxide">Zr(OH)<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_diphosphide" title="Zirconium diphosphide"><span class="chemf nowrap">ZrP<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_phosphate" title="Zirconium phosphate">Zr(HPO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium(IV) sulfide">ZrS<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_sulfate" title="Zirconium(IV) sulfate">Zr(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_selenate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium(IV) selenate">Zr(SeO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_silicate" title="Zirconium(IV) silicate">ZrSiO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_tungstate" title="Zirconium tungstate">Zr(WO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acids and complexes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium(IV) fluoride">ZrF<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_hexafluorozirconate" title="Lithium hexafluorozirconate"><span class="chemf nowrap">Li<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>ZrF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexafluorozirconate" title="Potassium hexafluorozirconate"><span class="chemf nowrap">K<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>ZrF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexafluorozirconate" title="Ammonium hexafluorozirconate"><span class="chemf nowrap">(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>ZrF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">ZrO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesium_zirconate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium zirconate"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cs<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>ZrO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organozirconium(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_acetylacetonate" title="Zirconium acetylacetonate">Zr(acac)<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(Cyclopentadienyl)zirconium_trichloride" title="(Cyclopentadienyl)zirconium trichloride">(C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)ZrCl<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconocene_dichloride" title="Zirconocene dichloride">Cp<sub>2</sub>ZrCl<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_stearate" title="Zirconium stearate"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">72</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">140</sub></span></span>ZrO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sub></span></span></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Borides_Bxy-" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;table-layout:fixed;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Borides" title="Template:Borides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Borides" title="Template talk:Borides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Borides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Borides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Borides_Bxy-" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Borides" class="mw-redirect" title="Borides">Borides</a> B<sub><i>x</i></sub><sup><i>y-</i></sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="overflow-x:auto"> <table class="center"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Boranes" title="Boranes">B<sub>x</sub>H<sub>y</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="11" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="5"> </td> <td>He </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td>Li </td> <td>Be </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boride" title="Boride">B</a> </td> <td>C </td> <td>N </td> <td>O </td> <td>F </td> <td>Ne </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td>Na </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_diboride" title="Magnesium diboride">MgB<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_diboride" title="Aluminium diboride">AlB<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_dodecaboride" title="Aluminium dodecaboride">AlB<sub>12</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_boride" title="Silicon boride">SiB<sub>x</sub></a> </td> <td>P </td> <td>S </td> <td>Cl </td> <td>Ar </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td>K </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcium_tetraboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcium tetraboride (page does not exist)">CaB<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Calcium_hexaboride" title="Calcium hexaboride">CaB<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandium_dodecaboride" title="Scandium dodecaboride">ScB<sub>12</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium_diboride" title="Titanium diboride">TiB<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>V </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_boride" title="Chromium(III) boride">CrB</a> </td> <td>Mn </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron_tetraboride" title="Iron tetraboride">FeB<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_borides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron borides (page does not exist)">Fe<sub>x</sub>B<sub>y</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_boride" title="Cobalt boride">Co<sub>x</sub>B<sub>y</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trinickel_boride" title="Trinickel boride">Ni<sub>3</sub>B</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dinickel_boride" title="Dinickel boride">Ni<sub>2</sub>B</a> </td> <td>Cu </td> <td>Zn </td> <td>Ga </td> <td>Ge </td> <td>As </td> <td>Se </td> <td>Br </td> <td>Kr </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td>Rb </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium_hexaboride" title="Strontium hexaboride">SrB<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yttrium_borides" title="Yttrium borides">YB<sub>x</sub></a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ZrB<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niobium_diboride" title="Niobium diboride">NbB<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>Mo </td> <td>Tc </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_boride" title="Ruthenium boride">RuB<sub>x</sub></a> </td> <td>Rh </td> <td>Pd </td> <td>Ag </td> <td>Cd </td> <td>In </td> <td>Sn </td> <td>Sb </td> <td>Te </td> <td>I </td> <td>Xe </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td>Cs </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium_hexaboride" title="Barium hexaboride">BaB<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_tetraboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium tetraboride (page does not exist)">LuB<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_hexaboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium hexaboride (page does not exist)">LuB<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafnium_diboride" title="Hafnium diboride">HfB<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tantalum_boride" title="Tantalum boride">TaB<sub>x</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_borides" title="Tungsten borides">W<sub>x</sub>B<sub>y</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhenium_diboride" title="Rhenium diboride">ReB<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmium_borides" title="Osmium borides">OsB<sub>x</sub></a> </td> <td>Ir </td> <td>Pt </td> <td>Au </td> <td>Hg </td> <td>Tl </td> <td>Pb </td> <td>Bi </td> <td>Po </td> <td>At </td> <td>Rn </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td>Fr </td> <td>Ra </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td>Lr </td> <td>Rf </td> <td>Db </td> <td>Sg </td> <td>Bh </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>Rg </td> <td>Cn </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanum_tetraboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanum tetraboride (page does not exist)">LaB<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_hexaboride" title="Lanthanum hexaboride">LaB<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium_tetraboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium tetraboride (page does not exist)">CeB<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cerium_hexaboride" title="Cerium hexaboride">CeB<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium_tetraboride" title="Praseodymium tetraboride">PrB<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium_hexaboride" title="Praseodymium hexaboride">PrB<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neodymium_tetraboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neodymium tetraboride (page does not exist)">NdB<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neodymium_hexaboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neodymium hexaboride (page does not exist)">NdB<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td>Pm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarium_tetraboride" title="Samarium tetraboride">SmB<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Samarium_hexaboride" title="Samarium hexaboride">SmB<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europium_hexaboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europium hexaboride (page does not exist)">EuB<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium_tetraboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium tetraboride (page does not exist)">GdB<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium_hexaboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium hexaboride (page does not exist)">GdB<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terbium_tetraboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terbium tetraboride (page does not exist)">TbB<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terbium_hexaboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terbium hexaboride (page does not exist)">TbB<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysprosium_tetraboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysprosium tetraboride (page does not exist)">DyB<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysprosium_hexaboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysprosium hexaboride (page does not exist)">DyB<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holmium_tetraboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holmium tetraboride (page does not exist)">HoB<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holmium_hexaboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holmium hexaboride (page does not exist)">HoB<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbium_tetraboride" title="Erbium tetraboride">ErB<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Erbium_hexaboride" title="Erbium hexaboride">ErB<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium_tetraboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium tetraboride (page does not exist)">TmB<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium_hexaboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium hexaboride (page does not exist)">TmB<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium_tetraboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ytterbium tetraboride (page does not exist)">YbB<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium_hexaboride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ytterbium hexaboride (page does not exist)">YbB<sub>6</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td>Ac </td> <td>Th </td> <td>Pa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium_diboride" title="Uranium diboride">UB<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>Np </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_borides" title="Plutonium borides">PuB<sub>x</sub></a> </td> <td>Am </td> <td>Cm </td> <td>Bk </td> <td>Cf </td> <td>Es </td> <td>Fm </td> <td>Md </td> <td>No </td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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