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</li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards and Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicolaas Bloembergen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86" title="نيكولاس بلومبرجن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيكولاس بلومبرجن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_Blumberqen" title="Nikolas Blumberqen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nikolas Blumberqen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="نیکولاس بلومبرگر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیکولاس بلومبرگر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="নিকোলাস ব্লোমবের্গেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিকোলাস ব্লোমবের্গেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Нікалас Бломберген – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нікалас Бломберген" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Николас Блумберген – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Николас Блумберген" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="نیکولاس بلومبرگر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکولاس بلومبرگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Bloembergen" title="Nico Bloembergen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nico Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B8%94%EB%A3%B8%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%97%8C" title="니콜라스 블룸베르헌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니콜라스 블룸베르헌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%B2%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Նիկոլաս Բլոմբերգեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկոլաս Բլոմբերգեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="निकोलास ब्लोमबेर्गेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निकोलास ब्लोमबेर्गेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9F" title="ניקולס בלומברגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקולס בלומברגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Николас Бломберген – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Николас Бломберген" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikol%C4%81ss_Bl%C5%ABmbergens" title="Nikolāss Blūmbergens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nikolāss Blūmbergens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Николас Блумберген – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Николас Блумберген" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="निकोलास ब्लूमबर्गेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निकोलास ब्लूमबर्गेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ნიკოლას ბლომბერგენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიკოლას ბლომბერგენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86" title="نيكولاس بلومبرجن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيكولاس بلومبرجن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="نیکولاس بلومبرگر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیکولاس بلومبرگر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Bloembergen" title="Nico Bloembergen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nico Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8" title="निकोलास ब्लोएम्बर्गन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="निकोलास ब्लोएम्बर्गन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3" title="ニコラス・ブルームバーゲン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニコラス・ブルームバーゲン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%86" title="نکولس بلومبرگن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نکولس بلومبرگن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Бломберген, Николас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бломберген, Николас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8" title="निकोलास ब्लोम्बर्गन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="निकोलास ब्लोम्बर्गन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Николас Блумберген – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Николас Блумберген" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Николас Бломберген – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Николас Бломберген" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Николас Бломберген – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Николас Бломберген" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ніколас Бломберген – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ніколас Бломберген" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86" title="نکولس بلومبرن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نکولس بلومبرن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%9A%86%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%B9" title="尼古拉斯·布隆伯根 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼古拉斯·布隆伯根" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Nicolaas Bloembergen" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%9A%86%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%B9" title="尼古拉斯·布隆伯根 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼古拉斯·布隆伯根" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189987#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Dutch-born American physicist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Nicolaas Bloembergen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolaas_Bloembergen_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nicolaas_Bloembergen_1981.jpg/210px-Nicolaas_Bloembergen_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nicolaas_Bloembergen_1981.jpg/315px-Nicolaas_Bloembergen_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nicolaas_Bloembergen_1981.jpg/420px-Nicolaas_Bloembergen_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2564" data-file-height="3465" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bloembergen in 1981</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1920-03-11</span>)</span>March 11, 1920<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">September 5, 2017<span style="display:none">(2017-09-05)</span> (aged 97)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a> <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Non-linear_optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linear optics">Non-linear optics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Motional_narrowing" title="Motional narrowing">Motional narrowing</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Photon_upconversion" title="Photon upconversion">Photon upconversion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Atomic_line_filter" title="Atomic line filter">Atomic line filter</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Second-harmonic_generation" title="Second-harmonic generation">Second-harmonic generation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Relaxation_(NMR)" title="Relaxation (NMR)">BPP theory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Huberta Deliana Brink</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1950)<wbr /></div> (1928-2019)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Buckley_Condensed_Matter_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize">Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Ballantine_Medal" title="Stuart Ballantine Medal">Stuart Ballantine Medal</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_Medal" title="Lorentz Medal">Lorentz Medal</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Applied_physics" title="Applied physics">Applied physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Jacobus_Gorter" title="Cornelis Jacobus Gorter">Cornelis Jacobus Gorter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pershan" title="Peter Pershan">Peter Pershan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yuen-Ron_Shen" title="Yuen-Ron Shen">Yuen-Ron Shen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eli_Yablonovitch" title="Eli Yablonovitch">Eli Yablonovitch</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nicolaas Bloembergen</b> (March 11, 1920 – September 5, 2017) was a <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a>-<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">Nobel laureate</a>, recognized for his work in developing driving principles behind <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_optics" title="Nonlinear optics">nonlinear optics</a> for <a href="/wiki/Laser_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser spectroscopy">laser spectroscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-death_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-death-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his career, he was a professor at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and later at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> and at Leiden University in 1973 (as Lorentz Professor). </p><p>Bloembergen shared the 1981 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Arthur Schawlow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kai_Manne_Boerje_Siegbahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Kai Manne Boerje Siegbahn">Kai Siegbahn</a> because their work "has had a profound effect on our present knowledge of the constitution of matter" through the use of <a href="/wiki/Laser_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser spectroscopy">laser spectroscopy</a>. In particular, Bloembergen was singled out because he "founded a new field of science we now call <a href="/wiki/Non-linear_optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linear optics">non-linear optics</a>" by mixing "two or more beams of laser light... in order to produce laser light of a different wave length" and thus significantly broaden the laser spectroscopy frequency band.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_Bloembergen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bloembergen was born in <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a> on March 11, 1920, where his father was a chemical engineer and executive.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had five siblings, with his brother <a href="/wiki/Auke_Bloembergen" title="Auke Bloembergen">Auke</a> later becoming a legal scholar.<sup id="cite_ref-histor_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, Bloembergen entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Utrecht">University of Utrecht</a> to study physics. However, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German authorities</a> closed the university and Bloembergen spent two years in hiding.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_Bloembergen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graduate_studies">Graduate studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_Bloembergen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Graduate studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Magnetic Resonance">Nuclear Magnetic Resonance</a></div> <p>Bloembergen left the war-ravaged Netherlands in 1945 to pursue graduate studies at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> under Professor <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Mills Purcell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EMP_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through Purcell, Bloembergen was part of the prolific academic lineage tree of <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a>, which includes many other Nobel Laureates, beginning with Thomson himself (Physics Nobel, 1906) and <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> (Physics Nobel, 1904), <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (Chemistry Nobel 1908), <a href="/wiki/Owen_Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Richardson">Owen Richardson</a> (Physics Nobel, 1928), and finally Purcell (Physics, Nobel 1952).<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bloembergen's other influences include <a href="/wiki/John_Van_Vleck" class="mw-redirect" title="John Van Vleck">John Van Vleck</a> (Physics Nobel, 1977) and <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bridgman" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Bridgman">Percy Bridgman</a> (Physics Nobel, 1946).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six weeks before his arrival, Purcell and his graduate students Torrey and Pound discovered <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a> (NMR).<sup id="cite_ref-EMP_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bloembergen was hired to develop the first NMR machine. At Harvard he attended lectures by <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_C._Kemble" title="Edwin C. Kemble">Kemble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bloembergen's NMR systems are the predecessors of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI machines</a>, which are used to examine internal organs and tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-UUS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UUS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bloembergen's research on NMR led to an interest in <a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">masers</a>, which were introduced in 1953 and are the predecessors of lasers.<sup id="cite_ref-Medi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bloembergen returned to the Netherlands in 1947, and submitted his thesis <i>Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation</i> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leiden">University of Leiden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NMR_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMR-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was because he had completed all the preliminary examinations in the Netherlands, and <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Jacobus_Gorter" title="Cornelis Jacobus Gorter">Cor Gorter</a> of Leiden offered him a <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher" title="Postdoctoral researcher">postdoctoral appointment</a> there.<sup id="cite_ref-NMR_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMR-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> degree from Leiden in 1948, and then was a postdoc at Leiden for about a year.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professorship">Professorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_Bloembergen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Professorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1949, he returned to Harvard as a junior fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Society_of_Fellows" title="Harvard Society of Fellows">Society of Fellows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951, he became an associate professor; he then became Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics in 1957; <a href="/wiki/Rumford_Chair_of_Physics" title="Rumford Chair of Physics">Rumford Professor of Physics</a> in 1974; and Gerhard Gade University Professor in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990 he retired from Harvard.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, Bloembergen served as a visiting professor. From 1964 to 1965, Bloembergen was a visiting professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996–1997, he was a visiting scientist at the college of optical sciences of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>; he became a professor at Arizona in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bloembergen was a member of the board of sponsors of the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebulletin.org">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a></i> and honorary editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Nonlinear_Optical_Physics_%26_Materials" title="Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials">Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laser_spectroscopy">Laser spectroscopy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_Bloembergen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Laser spectroscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Laser_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser spectroscopy">Laser spectroscopy</a></div> <p>By 1960 while at Harvard, he experimented with <a href="/wiki/Microwave_spectroscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave spectroscope">microwave spectroscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Medi_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bloembergen had modified the <a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">maser</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townes" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Townes">Charles Townes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Laser_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laser-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1956, Bloembergen developed a crystal maser, which was more powerful than the standard gaseous version.<sup id="cite_ref-NMR_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMR-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the advent of the laser, he participated in the development of the field of <a href="/wiki/Laser_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser spectroscopy">laser spectroscopy</a>, which allows precise observations of atomic structure using lasers. Following the development of <a href="/wiki/Second-harmonic_generation" title="Second-harmonic generation">second-harmonic generation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Franken" title="Peter Franken">Peter Franken</a> and others in 1961, Bloembergen studied how a new structure of matter is revealed, when one bombards <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> with a focused and high-intensity beam of <a href="/wiki/Photons" class="mw-redirect" title="Photons">photons</a>. This he termed the study of <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_optics" title="Nonlinear optics">nonlinear optics</a>. In reflection to his work in a Dutch newspaper in 1990, Bloembergen said: "We took a standard textbook on optics and for each section we asked ourselves what would happen if the intensity was to become very high. We were almost certain that we were bound to encounter an entirely new type of physics within that domain".<sup id="cite_ref-UUS_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UUS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From this theoretical work, Bloembergen found ways to combine two or more laser sources consisting of photons in the <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">visible light frequency range</a> to generate a single laser source with photons of different frequencies in the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> ranges, which extends the amount of atomic detail that can be gathered from laser spectroscopy.<sup id="cite_ref-Medi_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_Bloembergen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bloembergen met Huberta Deliana Brink (Deli) in 1948 while on vacation with his university's Physics Club. She was able to travel with him to the United States in 1949 on a student hospitality exchange program; he proposed to her when they arrived in the States, and were married by 1950 on return to Amsterdam.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_bio_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel_bio-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were both <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a> as citizens of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had three children.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_bio_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel_bio-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bloembergen died on September 5, 2017, at an assisted living facility in his hometown <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a>, of cardiorespiratory failure, at the age of 97.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_Bloembergen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016 a Dutch biography<sup id="cite_ref-biogd_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biogd-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published, and in 2019 an English one.<sup id="cite_ref-engbio_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engbio-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_Honors">Awards and Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_Bloembergen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Awards and Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bloembergen shared the 1981 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Arthur Schawlow</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Kai_Manne_Boerje_Siegbahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Kai Manne Boerje Siegbahn">Kai Siegbahn</a>. The Nobel Foundation awarded Bloembergen and Schawlow "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy".<sup id="cite_ref-Laser_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laser-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nico_2006_Tucson_Wiki_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Nico_2006_Tucson_Wiki_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="152" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="229" /></a><figcaption>Bloembergen in 2006</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Corresponding member, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, Amsterdam, 1956<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_American_Physical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the American Physical Society">Fellow of the American Physical Society</a>, 1955 <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fellow, <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, 1956<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Guggenheim Fellow">Guggenheim Fellow</a>, 1957<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Buckley_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Buckley Prize">Oliver Buckley Prize</a>, American Physical Society, 1958<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Morris_N._Liebmann_Memorial_Award" title="IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award">IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Radio_Engineers" title="Institute of Radio Engineers">Institute of Radio Engineers</a>, 1959<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member, <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, Washington, D.C., 1960<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Ballantine_Medal" title="Stuart Ballantine Medal">Stuart Ballantine Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a>, Philadelphia, 1961<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>, President of the United States of America, 1974<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_Medal" title="Lorentz Medal">Lorentz Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, Amsterdam, 1978<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Foreign Honorary Member, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Indian Academy of Sciences">Indian Academy of Sciences</a>, Bangalore, 1978<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/awards/osaawards/awardsdesc/ivesquinn/">Frederic Ives Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optical_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Society of America">Optical Society of America</a>, 1979<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Von Humboldt Senior Scientist, 1980<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Associé Étranger, <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des Sciences">Académie des Sciences</a>, Paris, 1981<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member, <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, 1982<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member, <a href="/wiki/German_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina" class="mw-redirect" title="German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina">German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina</a>, 1983<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_Medal_(UNSW)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirac Medal (UNSW)">Dirac Medal for the Advancement of Theoretical Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a>, Sydney, 1983<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member Emeritus, <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Engineering">United States National Academy of Engineering</a>, 1984<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Member, The Optical Society, 1984<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Doctor of Science from Harvard University, 2000<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bijvoet Medal of the <a href="/wiki/Bijvoet_Center_for_Biomolecular_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research">Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research</a> of <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht University</a>, 2001<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_Bloembergen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On March 11, 2020, the day of Bloembergen's 100th birthday, a team of researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a> published an article in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>, demonstrating for the first time the successful coherent control of the nucleus of a single atom using only electric fields, an idea first proposed by Bloembergen back in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_Bloembergen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-death-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-death_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/nieuws/2017/09/nobelprijswinnaar-nicolaas-bloembergen-97-overleden">"Nobelprijswinnaar Nicolaas Bloembergen (97) overleden"</a>. <i>Universiteit Leiden</i>. September 6, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170908071727/https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/nieuws/2017/09/nobelprijswinnaar-nicolaas-bloembergen-97-overleden">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universiteit+Leiden&rft.atitle=Nobelprijswinnaar+Nicolaas+Bloembergen+%2897%29+overleden&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universiteitleiden.nl%2Fnieuws%2F2017%2F09%2Fnobelprijswinnaar-nicolaas-bloembergen-97-overleden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nobel Foundation <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1981/ceremony-speech/">1981 Nobel Presentation Speech by Professor Ingvar Lindgren</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011080049/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1981/bloembergen-autobio.html">Archived</a> October 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-histor-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-histor_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRob_Herber" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rob Herber. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historischekringdebilt.nl/wp-content/uploads/DBG-Nico-Bloembergen-fysicus-in-licht.pdf">"Nico Bloembergen, fysicus in licht"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Dutch). Historische Kring De Bilt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012210545/http://historischekringdebilt.nl/wp-content/uploads/DBG-Nico-Bloembergen-fysicus-in-licht.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 12, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nico+Bloembergen%2C+fysicus+in+licht&rft.pub=Historische+Kring+De+Bilt&rft.au=Rob+Herber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorischekringdebilt.nl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FDBG-Nico-Bloembergen-fysicus-in-licht.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMP-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EMP_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMP_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/9977/chapter/12"><i>Edward Mills Purcell</i></a>. NAP.edu. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F9977">10.17226/9977</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-07035-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-07035-5"><bdi>978-0-309-07035-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170907075314/https://www.nap.edu/read/9977/chapter/12">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Mills+Purcell&rft.pub=NAP.edu&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F9977&rft.isbn=978-0-309-07035-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fread%2F9977%2Fchapter%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academie-sciences.fr/fr/Liste-des-membres-de-l-Academie-des-sciences-/-B/nicolaas-bloembergen.html">"Nicolaas Bloembergen"</a>. Académie des Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625144404/http://www.academie-sciences.fr/fr/Liste-des-membres-de-l-Academie-des-sciences-/-B/nicolaas-bloembergen.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicolaas+Bloembergen&rft.pub=Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academie-sciences.fr%2Ffr%2FListe-des-membres-de-l-Academie-des-sciences-%2F-B%2Fnicolaas-bloembergen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_L._Hubber" class="citation web cs1">David L. Hubber. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/units/fhp/newsletters/spring2011/huber.cfm">"John Van Vleck: Quantum Theory and Magnetism"</a>. APS.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170907033522/https://www.aps.org/units/fhp/newsletters/spring2011/huber.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Van+Vleck%3A+Quantum+Theory+and+Magnetism&rft.pub=APS.org&rft.au=David+L.+Hubber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Funits%2Ffhp%2Fnewsletters%2Fspring2011%2Fhuber.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UUS-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UUS_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UUS_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uu.nl/en/research/nicolaas-bloembergen">"Nicolaas Bloembergen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170907033725/https://www.uu.nl/en/research/nicolaas-bloembergen">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicolaas+Bloembergen&rft.pub=Utrecht+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uu.nl%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Fnicolaas-bloembergen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Medi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Medi_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medi_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medi_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/laureates/bloembergen">"Nicolaas Bloembergen"</a>. Mediatheque. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170907040053/http://www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/laureates/bloembergen">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicolaas+Bloembergen&rft.pub=Mediatheque&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org%2Flaureates%2Fbloembergen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NMR-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NMR_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMR_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMR_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolaas_BloembergenEdward_Mills_PurcellRobert_V._Pound1948" class="citation journal cs1">Nicolaas Bloembergen; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Mills Purcell</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pound" title="Robert Pound">Robert V. Pound</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redeye.mmrrcc.upenn.edu/mediawiki/images/8/89/A13.pdf">"Relaxation effects in nuclear magnetic resonance absorption"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>73</b> (7): 679. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948PhRv...73..679B">1948PhRv...73..679B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.73.679">10.1103/PhysRev.73.679</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100624181140/http://redeye.mmrrcc.upenn.edu/mediawiki/images/8/89/A13.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 24, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Relaxation+effects+in+nuclear+magnetic+resonance+absorption&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=679&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.73.679&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1948PhRv...73..679B&rft.au=Nicolaas+Bloembergen&rft.au=Edward+Mills+Purcell&rft.au=Robert+V.+Pound&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fredeye.mmrrcc.upenn.edu%2Fmediawiki%2Fimages%2F8%2F89%2FA13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEEE-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Nicolaas_Bloembergen">"Nicolaas Bloembergen"</a>. <i>IEEE Global History Network</i>. IEEE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120409051228/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Nicolaas_Bloembergen">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network&rft.atitle=Nicolaas+Bloembergen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FNicolaas_Bloembergen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OSC Faculty <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.optics.arizona.edu/research/faculty/profile/nicolaas-bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017120935/http://www.optics.arizona.edu/research/faculty/profile/nicolaas-bloembergen">Archived</a> October 17, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Scientific. <i>Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldscientific.com/page/jnopm/editorial-board"><i>Journal Editorial Board</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laser-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laser_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laser_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pddnet.com/news/2016/03/today-engineering-history-laser-patented">"Today in Engineering History: The Laser Is Patented"</a>. PDDNet. March 22, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170907034554/https://www.pddnet.com/news/2016/03/today-engineering-history-laser-patented">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Today+in+Engineering+History%3A+The+Laser+Is+Patented&rft.pub=PDDNet&rft.date=2016-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pddnet.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F03%2Ftoday-engineering-history-laser-patented&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel_bio-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_bio_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_bio_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloembergen1981" class="citation web cs1">Bloembergen, Nicolaas (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1981/bloembergen-bio.html">"Nicolaas Bloembergen – Biographical"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Nobel_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nobel Foundation">The Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171212002420/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1981/bloembergen-bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicolaas+Bloembergen+%E2%80%93+Biographical&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Bloembergen&rft.aufirst=Nicolaas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1981%2Fbloembergen-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/57614.html">"Nicolaas Bloembergen"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170907214040/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/57614.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Nicolaas+Bloembergen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F57614.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil2017" class="citation web cs1">Weil, Martin (September 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/nicolaas-bloembergen-winner-of-nobel-prize-in-physics-dies-at-97/2017/09/09/2e8af4dc-9335-11e7-8754-d478688d23b4_story.html">"Nicolaas Bloembergen, winner of Nobel Prize in physics, dies at 97"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915111039/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/nicolaas-bloembergen-winner-of-nobel-prize-in-physics-dies-at-97/2017/09/09/2e8af4dc-9335-11e7-8754-d478688d23b4_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2018</span> – via www.washingtonpost.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicolaas+Bloembergen%2C+winner+of+Nobel+Prize+in+physics%2C+dies+at+97&rft.date=2017-09-09&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fnicolaas-bloembergen-winner-of-nobel-prize-in-physics-dies-at-97%2F2017%2F09%2F09%2F2e8af4dc-9335-11e7-8754-d478688d23b4_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleur2017" class="citation news cs1">Fleur, Nicholas St (September 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/11/science/nicolaas-bloembergen-who-shared-nobel-for-studies-on-lasers-dies-at-97.html">"Nicolaas Bloembergen, Who Shared Nobel for Advances With Laser Light, Dies at 97"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921111501/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/11/science/nicolaas-bloembergen-who-shared-nobel-for-studies-on-lasers-dies-at-97.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nicolaas+Bloembergen%2C+Who+Shared+Nobel+for+Advances+With+Laser+Light%2C+Dies+at+97&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft.aulast=Fleur&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+St&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F11%2Fscience%2Fnicolaas-bloembergen-who-shared-nobel-for-studies-on-lasers-dies-at-97.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biogd-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biogd_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerber2016" class="citation book cs1">Herber, Rob (2016). <i>Nico Bloembergen. Meester van het licht</i>. Delft, The Netherlands: Eburon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5972-815-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5972-815-8"><bdi>978-90-5972-815-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nico+Bloembergen.+Meester+van+het+licht.&rft.place=Delft%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Eburon&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-5972-815-8&rft.aulast=Herber&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-engbio-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-engbio_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerber2019" class="citation book cs1">Herber, Rob (2019). <i>Nico Bloembergen. Master of Light</i>. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-25736-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-25736-1"><bdi>978-3-030-25736-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nico+Bloembergen.+Master+of+Light&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-25736-1&rft.aulast=Herber&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1981/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Nobel_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nobel Foundation">The Nobel Foundation</a>. 1981. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113062513/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1981/">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1981&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1981%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721065411/https://www.knaw.nl/en/members/correspondents/3885">"Nico Bloembergen"</a>. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knaw.nl/en/members/correspondents/3885">the original</a> on July 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nico+Bloembergen&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knaw.nl%2Fen%2Fmembers%2Fcorrespondents%2F3885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm?initial=B&year=&unit_id=&institution=">"APS Fellow archive"</a>. APS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APS+Fellow+archive&rft.pub=APS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fprograms%2Fhonors%2Ffellowships%2Farchive-all.cfm%3Finitial%3DB%26year%3D%26unit_id%3D%26institution%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/content/system/search.aspx?s=Bloembergen">"Professor Nicolaas Bloembergen"</a>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Nicolaas+Bloembergen&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fcontent%2Fsystem%2Fsearch.aspx%3Fs%3DBloembergen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/nicolaas-bloembergen/">"Nicolaas Bloembergen"</a>. Guggenheim Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610062545/http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/nicolaas-bloembergen/">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicolaas+Bloembergen&rft.pub=Guggenheim+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gf.org%2Ffellows%2Fall-fellows%2Fnicolaas-bloembergen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?last_nm=Bloembergen&first_nm=Nicolaas&year=1958">"1958 Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Physics Prize Recipient"</a>. American Physical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816175137/http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?last_nm=Bloembergen&first_nm=Nicolaas&year=1958">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1958+Oliver+E.+Buckley+Condensed+Matter+Physics+Prize+Recipient&rft.pub=American+Physical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fprograms%2Fhonors%2Fprizes%2Fprizerecipient.cfm%3Flast_nm%3DBloembergen%26first_nm%3DNicolaas%26year%3D1958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807124057/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/57614.html">"Nicolaas Bloembergen"</a>. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/57614.html">the original</a> on August 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicolaas+Bloembergen&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fmembers%2F57614.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.jsp?recip_id=47">"The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details Nicolaas Bloembergen"</a>. National Science Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807123648/http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.jsp?recip_id=47">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+President%27s+National+Medal+of+Science%3A+Recipient+Details+Nicolaas+Bloembergen&rft.pub=National+Science+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fod%2Fnms%2Frecip_details.jsp%3Frecip_id%3D47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knaw.nl/en/awards/laureates/lorentzmedaille/overzicht">"Laureates Lorentz Medal"</a>. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011712/https://www.knaw.nl/en/awards/laureates/lorentzmedaille/overzicht">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laureates+Lorentz+Medal&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knaw.nl%2Fen%2Fawards%2Flaureates%2Florentzmedaille%2Foverzicht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Bloembergen,_Prof._Nicolaas">"Bloembergen, Prof. Nicolaas"</a>. Indian Academy of Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823091308/http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Bloembergen,_Prof._Nicolaas">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seeker&rft.atitle=How+an+Accident+Sparked+a+Quantum+Computing+Breakthrough&rft.date=2020-05-11&rft.au=Seeker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seeker.com%2Fvideos%2Fspace-innovation%2Fhow-an-accident-sparked-a-quantum-computing-breakthrough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadav2020" class="citation web cs1">Yadav, Rohit (April 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://analyticsindiamag.com/this-accidently-solved-puzzle-can-help-make-powerful-quantum-computers/">"This Accidently [sic] Solved Puzzle Can Help Make Powerful Quantum Computers"</a>. <i>Analytics India Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Analytics+India+Magazine&rft.atitle=This+Accidently+%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+Solved+Puzzle+Can+Help+Make+Powerful+Quantum+Computers&rft.date=2020-04-10&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=Rohit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanalyticsindiamag.com%2Fthis-accidently-solved-puzzle-can-help-make-powerful-quantum-computers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolaas+Bloembergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_Bloembergen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nicolaas_Bloembergen" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/118">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189987#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1981 <i>Nonlinear Optics and Spectroscopy</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/27">Freeview video 'An Interview with Nicolaas Bloembergen' by the Vega Science Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051226205804/http://buzyall.narod.ru/eto/bloembergen-speech.html">their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/32800">Oral history interview transcript with Nicolaas Bloembergen on 22 March 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> - interview conducted by <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Sopka" title="Katherine Sopka">Katherine Sopka</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4511">Oral History interview transcript with Nicolaas Bloembergen on 27 June 1983, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> - interview conducted by Joan Bromberg and Paul L. Kelley at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li> <li>NICOLAAS BLOEMBERGEN (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/videos/31224/from-millisecond-to-attosecond-laser-pulses-2008">From Millisecond to Attosecond Laser Pulses</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1981_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1981 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1981_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1981 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1981_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1981 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Kenichi Fukui</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a> (Poland/United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1981_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1981 Nobel Prize in Literature">1981</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a> (United Kingdom/Bulgaria)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Arthur Leonard Schawlow</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">Kai Siegbahn</a> (Sweden)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Wolcott Sperry</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a> (Sweden)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1976_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1976 Nobel Prize winners">1976</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1977_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1977 Nobel Prize winners">1977</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1978_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1978 Nobel Prize winners">1978</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1979_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1979 Nobel Prize winners">1979</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1980_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1980 Nobel Prize winners">1980</a></dd> <dd><b>1981 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1982_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1982 Nobel Prize winners">1982</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1983_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1983 Nobel Prize winners">1983</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1984_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1984 Nobel Prize winners">1984</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1985_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1985 Nobel Prize winners">1985</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1986_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1986 Nobel Prize winners">1986</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1976–2000"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Template talk:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1976–2000"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1976–2000"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._Earle_Vaughan" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Earle Vaughan">H. Earle Vaughan</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Bellman" title="Richard E. Bellman">Richard Bellman</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Darlington" title="Sidney Darlington">Sidney Darlington</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a> (1982)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Norman Ramsey</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roy_Whinnery" title="John Roy Whinnery">John Roy Whinnery</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Quate" title="Calvin Quate">Calvin Quate</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Kumar_N._Patel" title="C. Kumar N. Patel">C. Kumar Patel</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Gallager" title="Robert G. Gallager">Robert G. Gallager</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_E._Joel,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Amos E. Joel, Jr.">Amos E. Joel, Jr.</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Johan_%C3%85str%C3%B6m" title="Karl Johan Åström">Karl Johan Åström</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Y._Cho" title="Alfred Y. Cho">Alfred Y. Cho</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotfi_A._Zadeh" title="Lotfi A. Zadeh">Lotfi A. Zadeh</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Pederson" title="Donald Pederson">Donald Pederson</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Concordia" title="Charles Concordia">Charles Concordia</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Physical_Society" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Physical_Society" title="Template:Presidents of the American Physical Society"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_American_Physical_Society" title="Template talk:Presidents of the American Physical Society"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Physical_Society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the American Physical Society"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Physical_Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">Presidents of the American Physical Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1899–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Rowland" title="Henry Augustus Rowland">Henry Augustus Rowland</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Gordon_Webster" title="Arthur Gordon Webster">Arthur Gordon Webster</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Barus" title="Carl Barus">Carl Barus</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leamington_Nichols" title="Edward Leamington Nichols">Edward Leamington Nichols</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Crew" title="Henry Crew">Henry Crew</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Magie" title="William Francis Magie">William Francis Magie</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Osgood_Peirce" title="Benjamin Osgood Peirce">Benjamin Osgood Peirce</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Merritt" title="Ernest Merritt">Ernest Merritt</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Bumstead" title="Henry A. Bumstead">Henry A. Bumstead</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sweetman_Ames" title="Joseph Sweetman Ames">Joseph Sweetman Ames</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Lyman_IV" title="Theodore Lyman IV">Theodore Lyman</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin_Mendenhall" title="Thomas Corwin Mendenhall">Thomas Corwin Mendenhall</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Miller" title="Dayton Miller">Dayton Miller</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Taylor_Compton" title="Karl Taylor Compton">Karl Taylor Compton</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gale_(astrophysicist)" title="Henry Gale (astrophysicist)">Henry Gale</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Gray_Swann" title="William Francis Gray Swann">William Francis Gray Swann</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Foote" title="Paul D. Foote">Paul D. Foote</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Wood" title="Robert W. Wood">Robert W. Wood</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_K._Richtmyer" title="Floyd K. Richtmyer">Floyd K. Richtmyer</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_M._Randall" title="Harrison M. Randall">Harrison M. Randall</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_James_Briggs" title="Lyman James Briggs">Lyman James Briggs</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Torrence_Tate_Sr." title="John Torrence Tate Sr.">John Torrence Tate Sr.</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zeleny" title="John Zeleny">John Zeleny</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Pegram" title="George B. Pegram">George B. Pegram</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Stewart" title="George W. Stewart">George Stewart</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Williams Bridgman</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Hull" title="Albert W. Hull">Albert W. Hull</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jeffrey_Dempster" title="Arthur Jeffrey Dempster">Arthur Jeffrey Dempster</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Fletcher" title="Harvey Fletcher">Harvey Fletcher</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Condon" title="Edward Condon">Edward Condon</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Alvin_DuBridge" title="Lee Alvin DuBridge">Lee Alvin DuBridge</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Wheeler_Loomis" title="Francis Wheeler Loomis">Francis Wheeler Loomis</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Christian_Lauritsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Christian Lauritsen">Charles Christian Lauritsen</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">John Hasbrouck Van Vleck</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">H. Bethe</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Thayer_Birge" title="Raymond Thayer Birge">Raymond Thayer Birge</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">E. Wigner</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Beams" title="Jesse Beams">Jesse Beams</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_V._Houston" title="William V. Houston">William V. Houston</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harry_Williams" title="John Harry Williams">John Harry Williams</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Felix Bloch</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Walter Alvarez</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Mills Purcell</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Serber" title="Robert Serber">Robert Serber</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_M._Morse" title="Philip M. Morse">Philip M. Morse</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Mayer" title="Joseph Edward Mayer">Joseph Edward Mayer</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pief_Panofsky" title="Pief Panofsky">Pief Panofsky</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William A. Fowler</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pake" title="George Pake">George Pake</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_M._Branscomb" title="Lewis M. Branscomb">Lewis M. Branscomb</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Arthur Leonard Schawlow</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Marshak" title="Robert Marshak">Robert Marshak</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert R. Wilson</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Drell" title="Sidney Drell">Sidney Drell</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Logsdon Fitch</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Krumhansl" title="James A. Krumhansl">James A. Krumhansl</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Merzbacher" title="Eugen Merzbacher">Eugen Merzbacher</a> (1990)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_M._Henley" title="Ernest M. Henley">Ernest M. Henley</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_N._Langenberg" title="Donald N. Langenberg">Donald N. Langenberg</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Kumar_N._Patel" title="C. Kumar N. Patel">C. Kumar Patel</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">J.R. Schrieffer</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Allan_Bromley" title="D. Allan Bromley">D. Allan Bromley</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sessler" title="Andrew Sessler">Andrew Sessler</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Jerome Isaac Friedman</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Langer" title="James S. Langer">James S. Langer</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Trilling" title="George Trilling">George Trilling</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Brinkman" title="William F. Brinkman">William F. Brinkman</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Sarachik" title="Myriam Sarachik">Myriam Sarachik</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Quinn" title="Helen Quinn">Helen Quinn</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Cohen" title="Marvin L. Cohen">Marvin L. Cohen</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">John Hopfield</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bienenstock" title="Arthur Bienenstock">Arthur Bienenstock</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_A._Murray" title="Cherry A. Murray">Cherry A. Murray</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Callan" title="Curtis Callan">Curtis Callan</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barry Barish</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Byer" title="Robert L. Byer">Robert L. Byer</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Turner" title="Michael S. Turner">Michael S. Turner</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Beasley" title="Malcolm Beasley">Malcolm R. Beasley</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Aronson" title="Sam Aronson">Sam Aronson</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Neal" title="Homer Neal">Homer Neal</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Greene_(physicist)" title="Laura Greene (physicist)">Laura Greene</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Falcone" title="Roger Falcone">Roger Falcone</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">David Gross</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Bucksbaum" title="Philip H. Bucksbaum">Philip H. Bucksbaum</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates" title="Sylvester James Gates">Sylvester James Gates Jr.</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Hellman" title="Frances Hellman">Frances Hellman</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rosner" title="Robert Rosner">Robert Rosner</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobel_Prize_laureates_from_the_Netherlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_laureates_from_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Nobel Prize laureates from the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_laureates_from_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize laureates from the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_laureates_from_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize laureates from the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobel_Prize_laureates_from_the_Netherlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Nobel Prize laureates from the Netherlands</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a> (2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling Koopmans</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> (1911)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Johannes Diderik van der Waals</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Frits Zernike</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Simon van der Meer</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Martinus J. G. Veltman</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">Gerard 't Hooft</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a> (2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a> (1973)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189987#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189987#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189987#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119560445">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83828727">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12359238d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12359238d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bloembergen, Nicolaas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV216034">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002153371&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073752762">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9dnh1h326qqff">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007306584505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02889613?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=14218">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=16462128600">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:bloembergen.nicolaas">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/313958">MathSciNet</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/nicolaas-bloembergen/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/793828">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/071562702">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gw0847">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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