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id="toc-Philosophical_pessimism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_cultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_cultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Political and cultural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_cultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technological_and_environmental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technological_and_environmental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Technological and environmental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technological_and_environmental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entropy_pessimism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entropy_pessimism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Entropy pessimism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entropy_pessimism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Legal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pessimism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%85" title="تشاؤم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشاؤم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesimismu" title="Pesimismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pesimismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimizm" title="Pessimizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pessimizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="নৈরাশ্যবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নৈরাশ্যবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesimisme" title="Pesimisme – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pesimisme" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Пэсымізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэсымізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Песимизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Песимизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimisme" title="Pessimisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pessimisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesimismus" title="Pesimismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pesimismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimismus" title="Pessimismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pessimismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pessimism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Απαισιοδοξία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απαισιοδοξία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesimismo" title="Pesimismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pesimismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesimismo" title="Pesimismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pesimismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezkortasun" title="Ezkortasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ezkortasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بدبینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بدبینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimisme" title="Pessimisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pessimisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesimismo" title="Pesimismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pesimismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%BC%EC%84%B8%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="염세주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="염세주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Պեսիմիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պեսիմիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="निराशावाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निराशावाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesimizam" title="Pesimizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pesimizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesimismo" title="Pesimismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pesimismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesimisme" title="Pesimisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pesimisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimismo" title="Pessimismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pessimismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פסימיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסימיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6" title="ನಿರಾಶಾವಾದ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿರಾಶಾವಾದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პესიმიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პესიმიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Пессимизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пессимизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimismus" title="Pessimismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pessimismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesimizmas" title="Pesimizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pesimizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesimisme" title="Pesimisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pesimisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesszimizmus" title="Pesszimizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pesszimizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Песимизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Песимизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="നൈരാശ്യവാദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നൈരാശ്യവാദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პესიმიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პესიმიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesimisme" title="Pesimisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pesimisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimisme" title="Pessimisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pessimisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%82%B2%E8%A6%B3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="悲観主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="悲観主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimisme" title="Pessimisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pessimisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimizm" title="Pessimizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pessimizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਨਿਰਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਰਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesymizm" title="Pesymizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pesymizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimismo" title="Pessimismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pessimismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesimism" title="Pesimism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pesimism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Песімізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Песімізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Пессимизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пессимизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesimizmi" title="Pesimizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pesimizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pessimism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="ياسيت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ياسيت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesimizmus" title="Pesimizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pesimizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ڕەشبینی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەشبینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Песимизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Песимизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesimizam" title="Pesimizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pesimizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimismi" title="Pessimismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pessimismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pessimism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="இழநம்பிக்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இழநம்பிக்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Бадбинӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бадбинӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6t%C3%BCmserlik" title="Kötümserlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kötümserlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Песимізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Песимізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="قنوطیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قنوطیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi_quan" title="Bi quan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bi quan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%82%B2%E8%A7%82%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="悲观主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="悲观主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%82%B2%E8%A7%80%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="悲觀主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="悲觀主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesim%C4%97zmos" title="Pesimėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pesimėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%82%B2%E8%A7%82%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="悲观主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="悲观主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesimisme" title="Pesimisme – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Pesimisme" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q484954#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pessimism%22">"Pessimism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pessimism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pessimism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pessimism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pessimism%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pessimism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82.jpg/220px-%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82.jpg/330px-%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82.jpg/440px-%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption><i>An optimist and a pessimist</i>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Makovsky" title="Vladimir Makovsky">Vladimir Makovsky</a>, 1893</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pessimism</b> is a mental attitude in which an undesirable outcome is anticipated from a given situation. Pessimists tend to focus on the negatives of life in general. A common question asked to test for pessimism is "<a href="/wiki/Is_the_glass_half_empty_or_half_full%3F" title="Is the glass half empty or half full?">Is the glass half empty or half full?</a>"; in this situation, a pessimist is said to see the glass as half empty, or in extreme cases completely empty, while an <a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">optimist</a> is said to see the glass as half full. Throughout history, the pessimistic disposition has had effects on all major areas of thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-ben_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ben-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pessimism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term pessimism derives from the Latin word <i>pessimus</i>, meaning 'the worst'. It was first used by <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> critics of <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s 1759 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Candide,_ou_l%27Optimisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Candide, ou l'Optimisme">Candide, ou l'Optimisme</a></i>. Voltaire was satirizing the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Leibniz">Leibniz</a> who maintained that this was the 'best (optimum) of all possible worlds'. In their attacks on Voltaire, the Jesuits of the <i>Revue de Trévoux</i> accused him of <i>pessimisme</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dienstag_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dienstag-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_psychological_disposition">As a psychological disposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pessimism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: As a psychological disposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient world">ancient world</a>, psychological pessimism was associated with <a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a>, and was believed to be caused by an excess of <a href="/wiki/Black_bile" class="mw-redirect" title="Black bile">black bile</a> in the body. The study of pessimism has parallels with the study of <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>. Psychologists trace pessimistic attitudes to emotional pain or even biology. <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Beck" title="Aaron Beck">Aaron Beck</a> argues that depression is due to unrealistic negative views about the world. Beck starts treatment by engaging in conversation with clients about their unhelpful thoughts. Pessimists, however, are often able to provide arguments that suggest that their understanding of reality is justified; as in <a href="/wiki/Depressive_realism" title="Depressive realism">Depressive realism</a> or (<a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">pessimistic realism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ben_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ben-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deflection is a common method used by those who are depressed. They let people assume they are revealing everything which proves to be an effective way of hiding.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pessimism item on the <a href="/wiki/Beck_Depression_Inventory" title="Beck Depression Inventory">Beck Depression Inventory</a> has been judged useful in predicting <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Beck_Hopelessness_Scale" title="Beck Hopelessness Scale">Beck Hopelessness Scale</a> has also been described as a measurement of pessimism.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wender and Klein point out that pessimism can be useful in some circumstances: "If one is subject to a series of defeats, it pays to adopt a conservative game plan of sitting back and waiting and letting others take the risks. Such waiting would be fostered by a pessimistic outlook. Similarly if one is raking in the chips of life, it pays to adopt an expansive risk-taking approach, and thus maximize access to scarce resources."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leading causes of pessimism are <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, past experience, and social and environmental factors. One study of 5,187 teenage twins and their siblings suggests that genetics may account for one-third of the variance in whether someone leans toward pessimism vs. <a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">optimism</a>, with the remaining variance due to their environment, and <a href="/wiki/Twin_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin studies">twin studies</a> suggest that, when it comes to personality, about half the differences between us are because of genetic factors. But Spector points out that throughout our lives, in response to environmental factors, our genes are constantly being dialled up and down as with a dimmer switch, a process known as <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pessimism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pragmatic_criticism">Pragmatic criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pessimism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pragmatic criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through history, some have concluded that a pessimistic attitude, although justified, must be avoided to endure. Optimistic attitudes are favored and of emotional consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> rejected their pessimism after suffering <a href="/wiki/Psychological_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological illness">psychological</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Psychosomatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychosomatic">psychosomatic</a> illness. Criticisms of this sort however assume that pessimism leads inevitably to a mood of darkness and utter depression. Many philosophers would disagree, claiming that the term "pessimism" is being abused. The link between pessimism and <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a> is present, but the former does not necessarily lead to the latter, as philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> believed. Happiness is not inextricably linked to <a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">optimism</a>, nor is pessimism inextricably linked to unhappiness. One could easily imagine an unhappy optimist, and a happy pessimist. Accusations of pessimism may be used to silence legitimate criticism. </p><p>The economist <a href="/wiki/Nouriel_Roubini" title="Nouriel Roubini">Nouriel Roubini</a> (who introduces himself as Dr. Doom) was largely dismissed as a pessimist, for his dire but to some extent accurate predictions of a coming global financial crisis, in 2006. However, financial journalist <a href="/wiki/Justin_Fox" title="Justin Fox">Justin Fox</a> observed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a></i> in 2010 that "In fact, Roubini didn't exactly predict the crisis that began in mid-2007... Roubini spent several years predicting a very different sort of crisis—one in which foreign central banks diversifying their holdings out of Treasuries sparked a run on the dollar—only to turn in late 2006 to warning of a U.S. housing bust and a global 'hard landing'. He still didn't give a perfectly clear or (in retrospect) accurate vision of how exactly this would play out... I'm more than a little weirded out by the status of prophet that he has been accorded since."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others noted that "The problem is that even though he was spectacularly right on this one, he went on to predict time and time again, as the markets and the economy recovered in the years following the collapse, that there would be a follow-up crisis and that more extreme crashes were inevitable. His calls, after his initial pronouncement, were consistently wrong. Indeed, if you had listened to him, and many investors did, you would have missed the longest bull market run in US market history."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another observed: "For a prophet, he's wrong an awful lot of the time."<sup id="cite_ref-listen_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-listen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Robbins" title="Tony Robbins">Tony Robbins</a> wrote: "Roubini warned of a recession in 2004 (wrongly), 2005 (wrongly), 2006 (wrongly), and 2007 (wrongly)" ... and he "predicted (wrongly) that there'd be a 'significant' stock market correction in 2013."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking about Roubini, economist <a href="/wiki/Anirvan_Banerji" class="mw-redirect" title="Anirvan Banerji">Anirvan Banerji</a> told <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>: "Even a stopped clock is right twice a day."<sup id="cite_ref-Emma_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emma-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economist <a href="/wiki/Nariman_Behravesh" title="Nariman Behravesh">Nariman Behravesh</a> said: "Nouriel Roubini has been singing the doom-and-gloom story for 10 years. Eventually something was going to be right."<sup id="cite_ref-Hel_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hel-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Personality_Plus_(Littauer_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality Plus (Littauer book)">Personality Plus</a></i> opines that pessimistic temperaments (<i>e.g.</i>, <a href="/wiki/Melancholy_temperament" class="mw-redirect" title="Melancholy temperament">melancholy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phlegmatic_temperament" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlegmatic temperament">phlegmatic</a>) can be useful inasmuch as pessimists' focus on the negative helps them spot problems that people with more optimistic temperaments (<i>e.g.</i>, <a href="/wiki/Choleric_temperament" class="mw-redirect" title="Choleric temperament">choleric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanguine_temperament" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanguine temperament">sanguine</a>) miss.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_forms_of_pessimism">Other forms of pessimism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pessimism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other forms of pessimism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_pessimism">Philosophical pessimism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pessimism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philosophical pessimism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">Philosophical pessimism</a></div> <p>Philosophical pessimism is not a state of mind or a psychological disposition, but rather it is a <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a> or philosophical position that assigns a negative value to life or existence. Philosophical pessimists commonly argue that the world contains an <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empirical</a> prevalence of pains over pleasures, that existence is <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontologically</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysically</a> adverse to living beings, and that life is fundamentally meaningless or without <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">purpose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_cultural">Political and cultural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pessimism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political and cultural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></div> <p>Philosophical pessimism stands opposed to the optimism or even <a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">utopianism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hegelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian">Hegelian</a> philosophies. <a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Emil Cioran</a> claimed "Hegel is chiefly responsible for modern optimism. How could he have failed to see that consciousness changes only its forms and modalities, but never progresses?"<sup id="cite_ref-Cioran_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cioran-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosophical pessimism is differentiated from other <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophies" class="mw-redirect" title="Political philosophies">political philosophies</a> by having no ideal governmental structure or political project, rather pessimism generally tends to be an anti-<a href="/wiki/System" title="System">systematic</a> philosophy of individual action.<sup id="cite_ref-Dienstag_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dienstag-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> This is because philosophical pessimists tend to be skeptical that any politics of <a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">social progress</a> can actually improve the human condition. As Cioran states, "every step forward is followed by a step back: this is the unfruitful oscillation of history".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cioran also attacks political optimism because it creates an "idolatry of tomorrow" which can be used to authorize anything in its name. This does not mean however, that the pessimist cannot be politically involved, as Camus argued in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rebel_(book)" title="The Rebel (book)">The Rebel</a></i> (1951). Pessimism about the human condition was also expressed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> (1588–1679).<sup id="cite_ref-Walton_Johnson_2012_p._64_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walton_Johnson_2012_p._64-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rothman_2017_p._219_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothman_2017_p._219-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is another strain of thought generally associated with a pessimistic worldview, this is the pessimism of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural criticism">cultural criticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_decline" class="mw-redirect" title="Social decline">social decline</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Trollope" title="Anthony Trollope">Anthony Trollope</a> summarised the attitude with gentle mockery in 1880: "Everything is going wrong. [...] Farmers are generally on the verge of ruin. Trade is always bad. The Church is in danger. The House of Lords isn't worth a dozen years' purchase. The throne totters."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a></i> (1918–1922) popularised pessimism. Spengler promoted a <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic history">cyclic model of history</a> similar to the theories of <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a> (1668–1744). Spengler believed that modern <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">western civilization</a> was in a "winter" age of decline (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Untergang</i>). Spenglerian theory was immensely influential in interwar Europe, especially in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar Germany</a>. Similarly, traditionalist <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a> (1898–1974) thought that the world was in the <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a>, a Dark Age of moral decline. </p><p>Intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Oliver_James_(psychologist)" title="Oliver James (psychologist)">Oliver James</a> correlate economic progress with <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>, the stimulation of artificial needs, and <a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">affluenza</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-consumerist">Anti-consumerists</a> identify rising trends of <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">conspicuous consumption</a> and self-interested, image-conscious behavior in culture. Post-modernists like <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a> (1929–2007) have even argued that culture (and therefore our lives) now has no basis in reality whatsoever.<sup id="cite_ref-ben_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ben-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">Conservative</a> thinkers, especially <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Social conservatives">social conservatives</a>, often perceive politics in a generally pessimistic way. <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Buckley">William F. Buckley</a> famously remarked that he was "standing athwart history yelling 'stop!<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", and <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a> (1901-1961) was convinced that capitalism was bound to fall to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, though he himself became staunchly <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a>. Social conservatives often see <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">the West</a> as a decadent and nihilistic civilization which has abandoned its roots in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> philosophy, leaving it doomed to fall into moral and political decay. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a>'s <i>Slouching Toward Gomorrah</i> and <a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Allan Bloom</a>'s <i>The Closing of the American Mind</i> are famous expressions of this point of view. </p><p>Many economic conservatives and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarians</a> believe that the expansion of <a href="/wiki/The_state" class="mw-redirect" title="The state">the state</a> and the role of government in society is inevitable, and that they are at best fighting a holding action against it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They hold that the natural tendency of people is to be ruled and that freedom is an exceptional state of affairs which is now being abandoned in favor of social and economic security provided by the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Political pessimism has sometimes found expression in <a href="/wiki/Dystopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian">dystopian</a> novels such as <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political pessimism about one's country often correlates with a desire to <a href="/wiki/Emigrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Emigrate">emigrate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">financial crisis of 2007–08</a> in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> "<a href="/wiki/Pessimism_porn" title="Pessimism porn">pessimism porn</a>" came to describe the alleged <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Survivalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Survivalist">survivalist</a> thrill some people derive from predicting, reading, and fantasizing about the collapse of civil society through the destruction of the world's economic system.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindgren_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindgren-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABC_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mary_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schott_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schott-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Puolanka" title="Puolanka">Puolanka</a>, a municipality located in the <a href="/wiki/Kainuu" title="Kainuu">Kainuu region</a> in the northern <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, has been called the "most pessimistic municipality in Finland",<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2019, the municipality gained worldwide publicity when the <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i> published a video about Puolanka, describing it as the "most pessimistic town in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pessimism has a long tradition in the Kainuu region, mostly because Kainuu was a poor region that had often suffered from <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</a> in the late 19th century and early 20th century, which is why the region is also called a "hunger land".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technological_and_environmental">Technological and environmental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pessimism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Technological and environmental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Technological pessimism is the belief that advances in science and technology do not lead to an improvement in the human condition. Technological pessimism can be said to have originated during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Luddite" title="Luddite">Luddite</a> movement. Luddites blamed the rise of industrial mills and advanced factory machinery for the loss of their jobs and set out to destroy them. The <a href="/wiki/Romantic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic movement">Romantic movement</a> was also pessimistic towards the rise of technology and longed for simpler and more natural times. Poets like <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> believed that industrialization was polluting the purity of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-romanticism_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanticism-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some social critics and environmentalists believe that <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</a> and the economic practices of modern <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> states over-stress the planet's <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_nature" title="Balance of nature">ecological equilibrium</a>. They warn that unless something is done to slow this, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> will worsen eventually leading to some form of social and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">ecological collapse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Lovelock" title="James Lovelock">James Lovelock</a> believes that the <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> of the Earth has already been irretrievably damaged, and even an unrealistic shift in politics would not be enough to save it. According to Lovelock, the Earth's climate regulation system is being overwhelmed by pollution and the Earth will soon jump from its current state into a dramatically hotter climate.<sup id="cite_ref-nybooks.com_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nybooks.com-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lovelock blames this state of affairs on what he calls "polyanthroponemia", which is when: "humans overpopulate until they do more harm than good." Lovelock states: </p> <blockquote><p>The presence of 7 billion people aiming for first-world comforts…is clearly incompatible with the homeostasis of climate but also with chemistry, biological diversity and the economy of the system.<sup id="cite_ref-nybooks.com_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nybooks.com-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">radical environmentalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization">anti-globalization</a> activists, and <a href="/wiki/Neo-luddism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-luddism">Neo-luddites</a> can be said to hold to this type of pessimism about the effects of modern "progress". A more radical form of environmental pessimism is <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">anarcho-primitivism</a> which faults the <a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">agricultural revolution</a> with giving rise to social stratification, coercion, and alienation. Some anarcho-primitivists promote <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a>, abandonment of modern technology and <a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">rewilding</a>. </p><p> An infamous anarcho-primitivist is <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Kaczynski" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Kaczynski">Theodore Kaczynski</a>, also known as the Unabomber, who engaged in a nationwide mail bombing campaign. In his 1995 <a href="/wiki/Unabomber_manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Unabomber manifesto">Unabomber manifesto</a>, he called attention to the erosion of human freedom by the rise of the modern "industrial-technological system".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manifesto begins thus: </p><blockquote><p>The Industrial Revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for the human race. They have greatly increased the life-expectancy of those of us who live in "advanced" countries, but they have destabilized society, have made life unfulfilling, have subjected human beings to indignities, have led to widespread psychological suffering (in the Third World to physical suffering as well) and have inflicted severe damage on the natural world. The continued development of technology will worsen the situation. It will certainly subject human beings to greater indignities and inflict greater damage on the natural world, it will probably lead to greater social disruption and psychological suffering, and it may lead to increased physical suffering even in "advanced" countries.</p></blockquote> <p>One of the most radical pessimist organizations is the <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_human_extinction_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Voluntary human extinction movement">voluntary human extinction movement</a>, which argues for the extinction of the human race through <a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">antinatalism</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>' controversial <a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">2015 encyclical on ecological issues</a> is rife with <a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27#Technology" title="Laudato si'">pessimistic assessments of the role of technology in the modern world</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entropy_pessimism">Entropy pessimism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pessimism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Entropy pessimism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Georgescu-Roegen#The_relevance_of_thermodynamics_to_economics" title="Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen">Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen § The relevance of thermodynamics to economics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics#Methodology" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics § Methodology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_natural_resource_flows-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Diagram_of_natural_resource_flows-en.svg/260px-Diagram_of_natural_resource_flows-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Diagram_of_natural_resource_flows-en.svg/390px-Diagram_of_natural_resource_flows-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Diagram_of_natural_resource_flows-en.svg/520px-Diagram_of_natural_resource_flows-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>Natural resources flow through the economy and end up as waste and pollution.</figcaption></figure> <p>"Entropy pessimism" represents a special case of technological and environmental pessimism, based on <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamic principles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ra01_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ra01-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics#First_law" title="Laws of thermodynamics">first law of thermodynamics</a>, matter and energy is neither created nor destroyed in the economy. According to the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics#Second_law" title="Laws of thermodynamics">second law of thermodynamics</a>—also known as <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">the entropy law</a>—what happens in the economy is that all matter and energy is transformed from states available for human purposes (valuable <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a>) to states unavailable for human purposes (valueless <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>). In effect, all of man's technologies and activities are only speeding up the general march against a future planetary "heat death" of degraded energy, exhausted natural resources and a deteriorated environment—a state of maximum entropy locally on earth; "locally" on earth, that is, when compared to the <a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">heat death of the universe</a>, taken as a whole. </p><p>The term "entropy pessimism" was coined to describe the work of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian American">Romanian American</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Georgescu-Roegen" title="Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen">Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_scientific_field" title="List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field">progenitor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift#Kuhnian_paradigm_shifts" title="Paradigm shift">paradigm founder</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ra01_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ra01-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup> Georgescu-Roegen made extensive use of the entropy concept in his <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Georgescu-Roegen#Magnum_opus_on_The_Entropy_Law_and_the_Economic_Process" title="Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen">magnum opus on <i>The Entropy Law and the Economic Process</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ngr01_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngr01-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1990s, leading ecological economist and <a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy#Herman_Daly's_concept_of_a_steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">steady-state theorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Herman_Daly" title="Herman Daly">Herman Daly</a>—a student of Georgescu-Roegen—has been the economic profession's most influential proponent of entropy pessimism.<sup id="cite_ref-hd02_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hd02-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ck01_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ck01-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 545">: 545 </span></sup> </p><p>Among other matters, the entropy pessimism position is concerned with the existential impossibility of allocating Earth's finite stock of mineral resources evenly among an unknown number of present and future generations. This number of generations is likely to remain unknown to us, as there is no way—or only little way—of knowing in advance if or when <a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">mankind will ultimately face extinction</a>. In effect, <i>any</i> conceivable intertemporal allocation of the stock will inevitably end up with universal economic decline at some future point.<sup id="cite_ref-hd01_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hd01-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 369–371">: 369–371 </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-jr01_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jr01-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 253–256">: 253–256 </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-kb01_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kb01-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165">: 165 </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-jm01_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jm01-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 168–171">: 168–171 </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-jg01_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jg01-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 150–153">: 150–153 </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-js01_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-js01-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 106–109">: 106–109 </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-ck01_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ck01-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 546–549">: 546–549 </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-ap01_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap01-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 142–145">: 142–145 </span></sup> </p><p>Entropy pessimism is a widespread view in <a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological economics</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">degrowth movement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal">Legal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pessimism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bibas writes that some <a href="/wiki/Criminal_defense_attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal defense attorney">criminal defense attorneys</a> prefer to err on the side of pessimism: "Optimistic forecasts risk being proven disastrously wrong at trial, an embarrassing result that makes clients angry. On the other hand, if clients plead based on their lawyers' overly pessimistic advice, the cases do not go to trial and the clients are none the wiser."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pessimism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declinism" title="Declinism">Declinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_pessimism" title="Defensive pessimism">Defensive pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depressive_realism" title="Depressive realism">Depressive realism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Dictionary" title="The Devil's Dictionary">The Devil's Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression (mood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Doomerism">Doomerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy%27s_law" title="Murphy's law">Murphy's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroticism" title="Neuroticism">Neuroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism_bias" title="Optimism bias">Optimism bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">Paranoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_positivity" title="Toxic positivity">Toxic positivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pessimism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ben-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ben_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ben_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ben_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBennett2001" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Oliver (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GqDKwAEACAAJ"><i>Cultural Pessimism: Narratives of Decline in the Postmodern World</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0936-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0936-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-0936-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Pessimism%3A+Narratives+of+Decline+in+the+Postmodern+World&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0936-9&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGqDKwAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dienstag-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dienstag_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dienstag_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDienstag2009" class="citation book cs1">Dienstag, Joshua Foa (2009). <i>Pessimism: Philosophy, Ethic, Spirit</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6911-4112-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6911-4112-1"><bdi>978-0-6911-4112-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pessimism%3A+Philosophy%2C+Ethic%2C+Spirit&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-6911-4112-1&rft.aulast=Dienstag&rft.aufirst=Joshua+Foa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirszner2012" class="citation book cs1">Kirszner, Laurie (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patternsforcolle0000unse/page/477"><i>Patterns for College Writing</i></a>. United States: Bedford/St.Martins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patternsforcolle0000unse/page/477">477</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-67684-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-67684-1"><bdi>978-0-312-67684-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+for+College+Writing&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=477&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.Martins&rft.date=2012-01&rft.isbn=978-0-312-67684-1&rft.aulast=Kirszner&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpatternsforcolle0000unse%2Fpage%2F477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckSteerKovacs1985" class="citation cs2">Beck, AT; Steer, RA; Kovacs, M (1985), "Hopelessness and eventual suicide: a 10-year prospective study of patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation", <i>American Journal of Psychiatry</i>, <b>142</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">559–</span>563, <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.462.6328">10.1.1.462.6328</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.142.5.559">10.1176/ajp.142.5.559</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3985195">3985195</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Hopelessness+and+eventual+suicide%3A+a+10-year+prospective+study+of+patients+hospitalized+with+suicidal+ideation&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E559-%3C%2Fspan%3E563&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.462.6328%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3985195&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fajp.142.5.559&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=AT&rft.au=Steer%2C+RA&rft.au=Kovacs%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckWeissmanLesterTrexler1974" class="citation cs2">Beck, AT; Weissman, A; Lester, D; Trexler, L (1974), "The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale", <i>Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology</i>, <b>42</b> (6), Journal of Consulting and Clinical: <span class="nowrap">861–</span>5, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0037562">10.1037/h0037562</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4436473">4436473</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consulting+and+Clinical+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+measurement+of+pessimism%3A+the+hopelessness+scale&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E861-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0037562&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4436473&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=AT&rft.au=Weissman%2C+A&rft.au=Lester%2C+D&rft.au=Trexler%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenderKlein1982" class="citation cs2">Wender, PH; Klein, DF (1982), <i>Mind, Mood and Medicine</i>, New American Library</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind%2C+Mood+and+Medicine&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Wender&rft.aufirst=PH&rft.au=Klein%2C+DF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMavioğluBoomsmaBartels2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mavioğlu, Rezan Nehir; Boomsma, Dorret I.; Bartels, Meike (2015-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4628618">"Causes of individual differences in adolescent optimism: a study in Dutch twins and their siblings"</a>. <i>European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry</i>. <b>24</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1381–</span>1388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00787-015-0680-x">10.1007/s00787-015-0680-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1435-165X">1435-165X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4628618">4628618</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25638288">25638288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Child+%26+Adolescent+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Causes+of+individual+differences+in+adolescent+optimism%3A+a+study+in+Dutch+twins+and+their+siblings&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1381-%3C%2Fspan%3E1388&rft.date=2015-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4628618%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1435-165X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25638288&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00787-015-0680-x&rft.aulast=Mavio%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Rezan+Nehir&rft.au=Boomsma%2C+Dorret+I.&rft.au=Bartels%2C+Meike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4628618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23229014">"Can science explain why I'm a pessimist?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2013-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Can+science+explain+why+I%27m+a+pessimist%3F&rft.date=2013-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-23229014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichau" class="citation web cs1">Michau, Michael R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226082217/https://web.ics.purdue.edu/~mmichau/james-and-depression.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Doing, Suffering, and Creating": William James and Depression"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>web.ics.purdue.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.ics.purdue.edu/~mmichau/james-and-depression.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.ics.purdue.edu&rft.atitle=%22Doing%2C+Suffering%2C+and+Creating%22%3A+William+James+and+Depression&rft.aulast=Michau&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.ics.purdue.edu%2F~mmichau%2Fjames-and-depression.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Fox" title="Justin Fox">Justin Fox</a> (May 26, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2010/05/what-exactly-is-nouriel-roubini">"What Exactly is Nouriel Roubini Good For?"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David H. Freedman (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YmLkUrazAsoC&dq=%22nouriel+roubini%22+%22wrong%22&pg=PT95">Wrong: <i>Why experts* keep failing us--and how to know when not to trust them,</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Little, Brown">Little, Brown</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Palley" title="Thomas Palley">Thomas I. Palley</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BoqX7rZx-DQC&dq=%22nouriel+roubini%22+%22wrong%22&pg=PA196"><i>From Financial Crisis to Stagnation; The Destruction of Shared Prosperity and the Role of Economics</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Lawrence (February 4, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northbaybusinessjournal.com/article/industrynews/why-year-ahead-stock-predictions-are-usually-wrong/">"Why year-ahead stock predictions are usually wrong,"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/North_Bay_Business_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bay Business Journal">North Bay Business Journal</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jayson MacLean (May 6, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cantechletter.com/2020/05/nouriel-roubini-warns-of-great-depression-just-like-he-did-last-year-and-the-year-before-that/#">"Nouriel Roubini warns of Great Depression just like he did last year (and the year before that),"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cantech_Letter" title="Cantech Letter">Cantech Letter</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moneylife.in/article/market-gurusoverrated-dr-roubini-flopsagain/15015.html">"Market gurus:Overrated Dr Roubini flops—again,"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Moneylife" title="Moneylife">Moneylife</a></i>, March 10, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azcentral.com/story/money/business/abg/2014/05/08/much-trust-economists-predictions/8844953/">"How much should you trust economists' predictions?"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/AZ_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="AZ Central">AZ Central</a></i>, May 8, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-listen-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-listen_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joe Keohane (January 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2011/01/09/that_guy_who_called_the_big_one_dont_listen_to_him/?page=full">"That guy who called the big one? Don’t listen to him."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Robbins" title="Tony Robbins">Tony Robbins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creative_Planning" title="Creative Planning">Peter Mallouk</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k0_jDAAAQBAJ&dq=%22nouriel+roubini%22+%22wrong%22&pg=PA32"><i>Unshakeable; Your Financial Freedom Playbook</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emma-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emma_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emma Brockes (January 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/jan/24/nouriel-roubini-credit-crunch">"He told us so,"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hel-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hel_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Helaine_Olen" title="Helaine Olen">Helaine Olen</a> (March 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.entrepreneur.com/business-news/the-prime-of-mr-nouriel-roubini/200990">"The Prime of Mr. Nouriel Roubini"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur_(magazine)" title="Entrepreneur (magazine)">Entrepreneur</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For discussions around the views and arguments of philosophical pessimism see: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer, Arthur</a> (2010) [1818]. Welchman, Alistair; Janaway, Christopher; Norman, Judith (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=77quzQEACAAJ"><i>The World as Will and Representation</i></a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511780943">10.1017/CBO9780511780943</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87184-6"><bdi>978-0-521-87184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+as+Will+and+Representation&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511780943&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87184-6&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D77quzQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer, Arthur</a> (2018) [1844]. Welchman, Alistair; Janaway, Christopher; Norman, Judith (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYM0swEACAAJ"><i>The World as Will and Representation</i></a>. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9780511843112">10.1017/9780511843112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87034-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87034-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87034-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+as+Will+and+Representation&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9780511843112&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87034-4&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYM0swEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenatar2017" class="citation book cs1">Benatar, David (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-s6dDgAAQBAJ"><i>The Human Predicament: A Candid Guide to Life's Biggest Questions</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063381-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063381-3"><bdi>978-0-19-063381-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Human+Predicament%3A+A+Candid+Guide+to+Life%27s+Biggest+Questions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-063381-3&rft.aulast=Benatar&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-s6dDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLigotti2011" class="citation book cs1">Ligotti, Thomas (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1HbXYgEACAAJ"><i>The Conspiracy Against the Human Race: A Contrivance of Horror</i></a>. New York: Hippocampus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9844802-7-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9844802-7-2"><bdi>978-0-9844802-7-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/805656473">805656473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conspiracy+Against+the+Human+Race%3A+A+Contrivance+of+Horror&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hippocampus+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F805656473&rft.isbn=978-0-9844802-7-2&rft.aulast=Ligotti&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1HbXYgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaltus2012" class="citation book cs1">Saltus, Edgar (2012) [1885]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/40079"><i>The Philosophy of Disenchantment</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>. <q>[Those] more sympathetic to libertarian views on the role of government have been in the position of fighting a holding action against the growth of government [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Government%3A+Essentials+%26+Perspectives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780070297678&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Jack+E.&rft.au=Engelhardt%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Elder%2C+Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DULNm2ykDuScC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowenthal1969" class="citation cs2">Lowenthal, D (1969), "Orwell's Political Pessimism in '1984'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", <i>Polity</i>, <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">160–</span>175, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3234097">10.2307/3234097</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3234097">3234097</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156005171">156005171</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polity&rft.atitle=Orwell%27s+Political+Pessimism+in+%271984%27&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156005171%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3234097%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3234097&rft.aulast=Lowenthal&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrym1992" class="citation cs2">Brym, RJ (1992), "The emigration potential of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland and Russia: recent survey results", <i>International Sociology</i>, <b>7</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">387–</span>95, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026858092007004001">10.1177/026858092007004001</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12179890">12179890</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5989051">5989051</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+emigration+potential+of+Czechoslovakia%2C+Hungary%2C+Lithuania%2C+Poland+and+Russia%3A+recent+survey+results&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E387-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5989051%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12179890&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026858092007004001&rft.aulast=Brym&rft.aufirst=RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindgren-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lindgren_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nymag.com/news/intelligencer/53858/">Pessimism Porn: A soft spot for hard times</a>, Hugo Lindgren, <i>New York</i>, February 9, 2009; accessed July 8, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABC_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=7299825&page=1">Pessimism Porn? Economic Forecasts Get Lurid</a>, Dan Harris, ABC News, April 9, 2009; accessed July 8, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mary-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mary_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Apocalypse and Post-Politics: The Romance of the End</i>, Mary Manjikian, Lexington Books, March 15, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0739166220" title="Special:BookSources/0739166220">0739166220</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schott-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schott_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://schott.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/23/pessimism-porn/">Pessimism Porn: Titillatingly bleak media reports</a>, Ben Schott, <i>New York Times</i>, February 23, 2009; accessed July 8, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2020/01/03/pessimistinen-puolanka">"Pessimistinen Puolanka"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yle" title="Yle">Yle</a></i> (in Finnish). 3 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+most+pessimistic+town&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Freel%2Fvideo%2Fp07srvm2%2Fthe-most-pessimistic-town-in-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Väisänen, Heino (1998). <i>Kainuun kansan waiheita vv. 1500 – 1900</i>, p. 213. Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/952-91-0373-5" title="Special:BookSources/952-91-0373-5">952-91-0373-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-romanticism-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-romanticism_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080718052334/http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/romanticism.html">"Romanticism"</a>. Wsu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/romanticism.html">the original</a> on 2008-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romanticism&rft.pub=Wsu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsu.edu%2F~brians%2Fhum_303%2Fromanticism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray" class="citation magazine cs1">Gray, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2006/apr/27/the-global-delusion/">"The Global Delusion, John Gray"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Global+Delusion%2C+John+Gray&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F2006%2Fapr%2F27%2Fthe-global-delusion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite magazine requires <code class="cs1-code">|magazine=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nybooks.com-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nybooks.com_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nybooks.com_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlannery" class="citation magazine cs1">Flannery, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2009/nov/19/a-great-jump-to-disaster/">"A Great Jump to Disaster?, Tim Flannery"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Great+Jump+to+Disaster%3F%2C+Tim+Flannery&rft.aulast=Flannery&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F2009%2Fnov%2F19%2Fa-great-jump-to-disaster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite magazine requires <code class="cs1-code">|magazine=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>: Unabomber Special Report: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.text.htm">INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY AND ITS FUTURE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ra01-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ra01_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ra01_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyres2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ayres_(scientist)" title="Robert Ayres (scientist)">Ayres, Robert U.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/7800/1/IR-05-036.pdf">"On the practical limits to substitution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Economics_(journal)" title="Ecological Economics (journal)">Ecological Economics</a></i>. <b>61</b>: <span class="nowrap">115–</span>128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2006.02.011">10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.02.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154728333">154728333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Economics&rft.atitle=On+the+practical+limits+to+substitution&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2006.02.011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154728333%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ayres&rft.aufirst=Robert+U.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F7800%2F1%2FIR-05-036.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ngr01-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ngr01_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgescu-Roegen1971" class="citation book cs1">Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/entropylawe00nich"><i>The Entropy Law and the Economic Process</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Full book accessible at Scribd)</span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674257801" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674257801"><bdi>978-0674257801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Entropy+Law+and+the+Economic+Process.&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0674257801&rft.aulast=Georgescu-Roegen&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fentropylawe00nich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hd02-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hd02_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly,_Herman_E.2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Daly" title="Herman Daly">Daly, Herman E.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greattransition.org/publication/economics-for-a-full-world">"Economics for a Full World"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>293</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">100–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0905-100">10.1038/scientificamerican0905-100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16121860">16121860</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13441670">13441670</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Economics+for+a+Full+World&rft.volume=293&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13441670%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16121860&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0905-100&rft.au=Daly%2C+Herman+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greattransition.org%2Fpublication%2Feconomics-for-a-full-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ck01-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ck01_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ck01_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerschner2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kerschner, Christian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://degrowth.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Kerschner-2010.pdf">"Economic de-growth vs. steady-state economy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cleaner_Production" title="Journal of Cleaner Production">Journal of Cleaner Production</a></i>. <b>18</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">544–</span>551. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JCPro..18..544K">2010JCPro..18..544K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2009.10.019">10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.10.019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Economic+de-growth+vs.+steady-state+economy&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E544-%3C%2Fspan%3E551&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2009.10.019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JCPro..18..544K&rft.aulast=Kerschner&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdegrowth.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F11%2FKerschner-2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hd01-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hd01_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly1980" class="citation book cs1">Daly, Herman E., ed. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uvm.edu/~jdericks/EE/Daly_Ends_n_Means.pdf"><i>Economics, Ecology, Ethics. Essays Towards a Steady-State Economy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF contains only the introductory chapter of the book)</span> (2nd ed.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0716711780" title="Special:BookSources/978-0716711780"><bdi>978-0716711780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics%2C+Ecology%2C+Ethics.+Essays+Towards+a+Steady-State+Economy.&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0716711780&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uvm.edu%2F~jdericks%2FEE%2FDaly_Ends_n_Means.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jr01-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jr01_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRifkin1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Rifkin" title="Jeremy Rifkin">Rifkin, Jeremy</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018045326/http://www.foet.org/books/Entropy-toc.pdf"><i>Entropy: A New World View</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: The Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670297177" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670297177"><bdi>978-0670297177</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foet.org/books/Entropy-toc.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF contains only the title and contents pages of the book)</span> on 2016-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entropy%3A+A+New+World+View.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Viking+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0670297177&rft.aulast=Rifkin&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foet.org%2Fbooks%2FEntropy-toc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kb01-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kb01_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulding1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Boulding, Kenneth E.</a> (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionaryecon0000boul"><i>Evolutionary Economics</i></a></span>. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803916487" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803916487"><bdi>978-0803916487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Economics&rft.place=Beverly+Hills&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0803916487&rft.aulast=Boulding&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionaryecon0000boul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jm01-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jm01_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez-Alier1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Martinez_Alier" title="Joan Martinez Alier">Martínez-Alier, Juan</a> (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecologicaleconom0000mart"><i>Ecological Economics: Energy, Environment and Society</i></a></span>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0631171461" title="Special:BookSources/978-0631171461"><bdi>978-0631171461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecological+Economics%3A+Energy%2C+Environment+and+Society.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0631171461&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez-Alier&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fecologicaleconom0000mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jg01-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jg01_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowdyMesner1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gowdy, John M.; Mesner, Susan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eurekamag.com/pdf/003/003304967.pdf">"The Evolution of Georgescu-Roegen's Bioeconomics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Review of Social Economy</i>. <b>56</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">136–</span>156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00346769800000016">10.1080/00346769800000016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Social+Economy&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Georgescu-Roegen%27s+Bioeconomics&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00346769800000016&rft.aulast=Gowdy&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.au=Mesner%2C+Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurekamag.com%2Fpdf%2F003%2F003304967.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-js01-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-js01_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz2007" class="citation book cs1">Schmitz, John E.J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secondlawoflife.wordpress.com/contents"><i>The Second Law of Life: Energy, Technology, and the Future of Earth As We Know It</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Author's science blog, based on his textbook)</span>. Norwich: William Andrew Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815515371" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815515371"><bdi>978-0815515371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Law+of+Life%3A+Energy%2C+Technology%2C+and+the+Future+of+Earth+As+We+Know+It.&rft.place=Norwich&rft.pub=William+Andrew+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0815515371&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=John+E.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecondlawoflife.wordpress.com%2Fcontents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ap01-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ap01_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerez-Carmona2013" class="citation book cs1">Perez-Carmona, Alexander (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/lucieevers1/growth-in-margin-of-ecological-thought-by-perez">"Growth: A Discussion of the Margins of Economic and Ecological Thought"</a>. In Meuleman, Louis (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-28009-2_3"><i>Transgovernance. Advancing Sustainability Governance</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Article accessible at SlideShare)</span>. Heidelberg: Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">83–</span>161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-28009-2_3">10.1007/978-3-642-28009-2_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642280085" title="Special:BookSources/9783642280085"><bdi>9783642280085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Growth%3A+A+Discussion+of+the+Margins+of+Economic+and+Ecological+Thought&rft.btitle=Transgovernance.+Advancing+Sustainability+Governance&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-28009-2_3&rft.isbn=9783642280085&rft.aulast=Perez-Carmona&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Flucieevers1%2Fgrowth-in-margin-of-ecological-thought-by-perez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBibas2004" class="citation cs2">Bibas, Stephanos (Jun 2004), <i>Plea Bargaining outside the Shadow of Trial</i>, vol. 117, Harvard Law Review, pp. <span class="nowrap">2463–</span>2547</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plea+Bargaining+outside+the+Shadow+of+Trial&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2463-%3C%2Fspan%3E2547&rft.pub=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.date=2004-06&rft.aulast=Bibas&rft.aufirst=Stephanos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pessimism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Schmitt, Mark, <i>Spectres of Pessimism: A Cultural Logic of the Worst</i>, Palgrave, 2023, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-25351-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-25351-5">978-3-031-25351-5</a></li> <li>Slaboch, Matthew W., <i>A Road to Nowhere: The Idea of Progress and Its Critics</i>, The University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-812-24980-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-812-24980-1">0-812-24980-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pessimism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pessimism" class="extiw" title="q:Pessimism">Pessimism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pessimism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pessimism">"Pessimism" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pessimism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContestabile2016" class="citation journal cs1">Contestabile, Bruno (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/w2bQ5j5xVahrmnPUrjqQ/full">"The Denial of the World from an Impartial View"</a>. <i>Contemporary Buddhism</i>. <b>17</b>: <span class="nowrap">49–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14639947.2015.1104003">10.1080/14639947.2015.1104003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148168698">148168698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Buddhism&rft.atitle=The+Denial+of+the+World+from+an+Impartial+View&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14639947.2015.1104003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148168698%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Contestabile&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Feprint%2Fw2bQ5j5xVahrmnPUrjqQ%2Ffull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APessimism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thephilosopher1923.org/post/pessimism">Pessimism by Mara Van der Lugt</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Philosopher" title="The Philosopher">The Philosopher</a>.</li></ul> <div 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classification">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration" title="Adoration">Adoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Agony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty" title="Cruelty">Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_embarrassment" title="Vicarious embarrassment">vicarious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">Emotion work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emptiness" title="Emptiness">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Enthrallment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulation" title="Stimulation">Excitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" title="Flow (psychology)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Joie_de_vivre" title="Joie de vivre">Joie de vivre</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li> <li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Hiraeth" title="Hiraeth">Hiraeth</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homesickness" title="Homesickness">Homesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="/wiki/Hygge" title="Hygge">Hygge</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">Hysteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikigai" title="Ikigai"><i>Ikigai</i> (sense of purpose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Indulgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infatuation" title="Infatuation">Infatuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecurity_(emotion)" title="Insecurity (emotion)">Insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">Irritation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(psychology)" title="Isolation (psychology)">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">at first sight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mono_no_aware" title="Mono no aware">Mono no aware</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">self-pity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanity" title="Vanity">vanity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sehnsucht" title="Sehnsucht">Sehnsucht</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimentality" title="Sentimentality">Sentimentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spite_(sentiment)" title="Spite (sentiment)">Spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">chronic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">sense of wonder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/90px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/135px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/180px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Affect <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_consciousness" title="Affect consciousness">consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(education)" title="Affect (education)">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_measures" title="Affect measures">measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">in psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affective <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_spectrum" title="Affective spectrum">spectrum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affectivity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positive_affectivity" title="Positive affectivity">positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">negative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala_hijack" title="Amygdala hijack">Amygdala hijack</a></li> <li>Emotion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_emotion" title="Art and emotion">and art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_and_memory" title="Emotion and memory">and memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_emotions" title="Sleep and emotions">and sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressed_emotion" title="Expressed emotion">expressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_accounts_of_emotion" title="Functional accounts of emotion">functional accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostatic_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeostatic emotion">homeostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_perception" title="Emotion perception">perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">in conversation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">interpersonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">work</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_aperture" title="Emotional aperture">aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_competence" title="Emotional competence">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_conflict" title="Emotional conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">dysregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_eating" title="Emotional eating">eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_exhaustion" title="Emotional exhaustion">exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_expression" title="Emotional expression">expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_emotional_expression" title="Gender and emotional expression">and gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">and bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy_quotient" title="Empathy quotient">Empathy quotient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intimacy" title="Emotional intimacy">intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lability" title="Emotional lability">lability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lateralization" title="Emotional lateralization">lateralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_literacy" title="Emotional literacy">literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_reasoning" title="Emotional reasoning">reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_responsivity" title="Emotional responsivity">responsivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional security">security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_symbiosis" title="Emotional symbiosis">symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_thought_method" title="Emotional thought method">thought method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional well-being">well-being</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotionality" title="Emotionality">Emotionality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_emotionality" title="Bounded emotionality">bounded</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_emotions" title="History of emotions">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making" title="Emotions in decision-making">in decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace" title="Emotions in the workplace">in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_virtual_communication" title="Emotions in virtual communication">in virtual communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_emotions" title="Moral emotions">moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-conscious_emotions" title="Self-conscious emotions">self-conscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions" title="Social sharing of emotions">social sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_affective_tone" title="Group affective tone">Group affective tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactions_between_the_emotional_and_executive_brain_systems" title="Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems">Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy_in_art" title="Jealousy in art">Jealousy in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-emotion" title="Meta-emotion">Meta-emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathognomy" title="Pathognomy">Pathognomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoic_passions" title="Stoic passions">Stoic passions</a></li> <li>Theory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_theory" title="Affect theory">affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appraisal_theory" title="Appraisal theory">appraisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constructed_emotion" title="Theory of constructed emotion">constructed emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_emotion_theory" title="Discrete emotion theory">discrete emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_marker_hypothesis" title="Somatic marker hypothesis">somatic marker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate emotion names in foreign languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1588" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484954#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4045324-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pessimism"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85100264">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pessimisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976137c">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pessimisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976137c">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="pesimismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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