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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses_and_substitutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses_and_substitutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other uses and substitutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses_and_substitutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="سبيوليت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سبيوليت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiolita" title="Sepiolita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sepiolita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiolit" title="Sepiolit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sepiolit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiolit" title="Sepiolit – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sepiolit" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiolith" title="Sepiolith – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sepiolith" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepioliit" title="Sepioliit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sepioliit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiolita" title="Sepiolita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sepiolita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiolito" title="Sepiolito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sepiolito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiolita" title="Sepiolita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sepiolita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="سپیولیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سپیولیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9piolite" title="Sépiolite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sépiolite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%ED%8F%AC%EC%84%9D" title="해포석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해포석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiolite" title="Sepiolite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sepiolite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98" title="ספיוליט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספיוליט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishamu" title="Mishamu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mishamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepioliet" title="Sepioliet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sepioliet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B3%A1%E7%9F%B3" title="海泡石 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海泡石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiolitt" title="Sepiolitt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sepiolitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiolit" title="Sepiolit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sepiolit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiolit" title="Sepiolit – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sepiolit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiolite" title="Sepiolite – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sepiolite" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Сепиолит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сепиолит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9piolit" title="Sépiolit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sépiolit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merenvaha" title="Merenvaha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Merenvaha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCleta%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Lületaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lületaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82" title="Сепіоліт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сепіоліт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soft and porous white magnesium silicate clay mineral</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Sepiolite</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mineraly.sk_-_sepiolit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mineraly.sk_-_sepiolit.jpg/260px-Mineraly.sk_-_sepiolit.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Mineraly.sk_-_sepiolit.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phyllosilicates" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllosilicates">Phyllosilicates</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(repeating unit)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Mg<sub>4</sub>Si<sub>6</sub>O<sub>15</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mineral_symbols" title="List of mineral symbols">IMA symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sep<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93Strunz_classification" title="Nickel–Strunz classification">Strunz classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9.EE.25</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dana_Classification_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Dana Classification System">Dana classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">74.03.01b.01 <br />Palygorskite-sepiolite group</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthorhombic">Orthorhombic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal class">Crystal class</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dipyramidal (mmm) <br /><a href="/wiki/H-M_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="H-M symbol">H-M symbol</a>: (2/m 2/m 2/m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Pnna</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure#Unit_cell" title="Crystal structure">Unit cell</a></th><td class="infobox-data">a = 5.21 <a href="/wiki/Angstrom_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Angstrom unit">Å</a>, b = 26.73 Å <br />c = 13.5 Å; Z = 4</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Grayish white, white, white with a yellowish or reddish tinge; bluish green</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">Crystal habit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Compact nodular, earthy, clayey, massive; rarely fine fibrous along [001]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">hardness</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dull, earthy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)" title="Streak (mineralogy)">Streak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">White</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Diaphaneity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Opaque</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2; dry porous masses float on water</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Optical properties</th><td class="infobox-data">Biaxial (-)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a></th><td class="infobox-data">n<sub>α</sub> = 1.520 n<sub>β</sub> = 1.520 n<sub>γ</sub> = 1.530</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">Birefringence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">δ = 0.010</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/2V_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="2V angle">2V angle</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Measured: 20° to 70°, Calculated: 18°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mindat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mindat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Webmin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webmin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sepiolite</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> by the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> name <b>meerschaum</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MEER</span>-shawm</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">-⁠shəm</i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈmeːɐ̯ʃaʊm]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0a\/De-Meerschaum.ogg\/De-Meerschaum.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Meerschaum.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/De-Meerschaum.ogg/De-Meerschaum.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Meerschaum.ogg" title="File:De-Meerschaum.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; meaning "<a href="/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">sea foam</a>"), is a soft white <a href="/wiki/Clay_mineral" title="Clay mineral">clay mineral</a>, often used to make <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_pipe" title="Tobacco pipe">tobacco pipes</a> (known as <a href="/wiki/Meerschaum_pipe" title="Meerschaum pipe">meerschaum pipes</a>). A complex <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a>, a typical <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> for which is Mg<sub>4</sub>Si<sub>6</sub>O<sub>15</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O, it can be present in fibrous, fine-particulate, and solid forms. </p><p>The fibrous clay minerals have recently been shown to exist as a continuous polysomatic series where the endmembers are sepiolite and palygorskite. There is a continuous variation in chemical composition from sepiolite, the most magnesic and trioctahedral endmember, to palygorskite, the least magnesic, most Al- Fe- bearing, dioctahedral endmember.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally named <i>meerschaum</i> by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Gottlob_Werner" title="Abraham Gottlob Werner">Abraham Gottlob Werner</a> in 1788, it was named <i>sepiolite</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich_Glocker" title="Ernst Friedrich Glocker">Ernst Friedrich Glocker</a> in 1847 for an occurrence in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bettolino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bettolino (page does not exist)">Bettolino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baldissero_Canavese" title="Baldissero Canavese">Baldissero Canavese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torino_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Torino Province">Torino Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. The name comes from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <i>sepion</i> (σήπιον), meaning "<a href="/wiki/Cuttlebone" title="Cuttlebone">cuttlebone</a>" (the porous internal shell of the <a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">cuttlefish</a>), + <i>lithos</i> (λίθος), meaning <i>stone</i>, after a perceived resemblance of this mineral to cuttlebone.<sup id="cite_ref-Mindat_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mindat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its low <a href="/wiki/Relative_density" title="Relative density">relative density</a> and its high porosity, it may float upon water, hence its German name. It is sometimes found floating on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and rather suggestive of sea-foam,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hence the German origin of the name as well as the French name for the same substance, <i>écume de mer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sepiolite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sepiolite is opaque and off-white, grey or cream colour, breaking with a conchoidal or fine earthy fracture, and occasionally fibrous in texture.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the fact it can be readily scratched with the finger nail, its <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hardness</a> is ranked at about 2 on the <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale" title="Mohs scale">Mohs scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a> varies from 0.988 to 1.279, but the porosity of the mineral may lead to error. Sepiolite is a hydrous <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_silicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium silicate">magnesium silicate</a><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having the chemical formula Mg<sub>4</sub>Si<sub>6</sub>O<sub>15</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O. </p><p>Sepiolite can be identified in hand specimen by applying a drop of a saturated solution of <a href="/wiki/Methyl_orange" title="Methyl orange">methyl orange</a> on the sample. A positive test result for sepiolite turns purple.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can distinguish calcite from sepiolite in the field: sepiolite reacts to change the methyl orange to a shade of purple where calcite remains orange.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When first extracted, sepiolite is soft. However, it hardens on exposure to sun heat or when dried in a warm room.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sepiolite can be distinguished from silica or calcite-cemented material by slaking: calcite-cemented material slakes in acid, and silica-cemented material slakes in alkali or alternating acid/alkali.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sepiolite-cemented material has been termed "sepiocrete"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as calcrete, silcrete or ferricrete is used to refer to materials cemented by calcite, silica or iron . Soils that contain significant quantities of sepiolite may be more appropriately termed "sepiolitic" or "petrosepiolitic" depending on the degree of cementation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stabilization of nanosepiolite suspensions was improved using mechanical dispersion and bio-based and synthetic polyelectrolytes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surface energy and nanoroughness were studied in two sepiolite samples.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sepiolite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the perspective of its use as an absorbent, the main producing country is <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. The Spanish deposits represent about half of the world's reserves of this mineral. The most important deposits, currently being exploited, are located in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best-known deposits of the material used in the manufacture of pipes and decorative objects (meerschaum) is obtained chiefly from the plain of <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>. It occurs there in irregular nodular masses, in alluvial deposits, which are extensively worked for its extraction. It is said that in this district, there are 4000 shafts leading to horizontal galleries for extraction of the sepiolite.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal workings are at Sepetçi Ocağı and Kemikçi Ocağı, about 20 miles southeast of <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mineral is associated with <a href="/wiki/Magnesite" title="Magnesite">magnesite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magnesium_carbonate" title="Magnesium carbonate">magnesium carbonate</a>), the primitive source of both minerals being a <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentine group">serpentine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sepiolite is also found, though less abundantly, in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, as at <a href="/wiki/Thebes_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebes (Greece)">Thebes</a>, and in the islands of <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It occurs also in <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentine group">serpentine</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrubschitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hrubschitz (page does not exist)">Hrubschitz</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kromau" class="mw-redirect" title="Kromau">Kromau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>. Additionally, sepiolite is found to a limited extent at certain localities in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and is known in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, it occurs in serpentine in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (as at Nottingham, Chester County) and in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> it is mined in the <a href="/wiki/El_Buur" title="El Buur">El Buur</a> district.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sepiolite occurs as a secondary mineral associated with <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentine group">serpentine</a>. It can occur as a precipitate in arid environments. It may be associated with <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Webmin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webmin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owing to its fibrous mineral nature, sepiolite veins may contain the hazardous material <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>; however, this is true of only a very rare form of sepiolite, as the two are formed in very different environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Mittal2010_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mittal2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even where asbestos is not present, sepiolite is often mistaken for it. Careful analytical techniques such as <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a> (XRD) are able to easily distinguish the two.<sup id="cite_ref-Mittal2010_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mittal2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carved Turkish meerschaum products traditionally were made in manufacturing centers such as <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. Since the 1970s, though, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> has banned the exportation of meerschaum nodules, trying to set up a local meerschaum industry. The once famous manufacturers have therefore disappeared and European pipe producers turned to other sources for their pipes. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region, large deposits of meerschaum were found in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania_Mainland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzania Mainland">Tanganyika</a>. The main deposit comes from the <a href="/wiki/Amboseli_National_Park" title="Amboseli National Park">Amboseli</a> basin surrounding the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Amboseli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Amboseli (page does not exist)">Lake Amboseli</a>. Tanganyika Meerschaum is normally stained in shades of brown, black and yellow, and is considered to be somewhat inferior to Meerschaum from Turkey. The raw material was primarily mined by the Tanganyika Meerschaum Corporation and uncounted pipemakers throughout the world were supplied with Amboseli Meerschaum. </p><p>Significant quantities of sepiolite occur in soils of the arid west of South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a geographic variation from the sepiolite-containing soils at the coast to palygorskite-containing soils inland that mirrors the sepiolite-palygorskite compositional continuum from sepiolite, the most magnesic and trioctahedral endmember at the coast, to palygorskite, the least magnesic endmember farthest inland.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many instances of cemented sepiolite layers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The positive environment effect in the arid region is that sepiolite increases plant available water in the sandy soils.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A negative effect is that the cemented sepiolite causes considerable geotechnical and geometallurgical difficulty for extracting the heavy minerals from the sepiolite-rich sands.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sepiolite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meerschaumpfeife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Meerschaumpfeife.jpg/220px-Meerschaumpfeife.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Meerschaumpfeife.jpg/330px-Meerschaumpfeife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Meerschaumpfeife.jpg/440px-Meerschaumpfeife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Smoking_pipe_(tobacco)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking pipe (tobacco)">smoking pipe</a> carved from meerschaum</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carved_pipes">Carved pipes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sepiolite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Carved pipes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meerschaum_pipe" title="Meerschaum pipe">Meerschaum pipe</a></div> <p>Meerschaum has occasionally been used as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">soapstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuller%27s_earth" title="Fuller's earth">fuller's earth</a>, and as a building material; but its chief use is for <a href="/wiki/Smoking_pipe_(tobacco)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking pipe (tobacco)">smoking pipes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_holder" title="Cigarette holder">cigarette holders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recorded use of meerschaum for making pipes was around 1723 and quickly became prized as the perfect material for providing a cool, dry, flavourful smoke. The <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porous</a> nature of meerschaum draws moisture and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">tobacco tar</a> into the stone. Meerschaum became a premium substitute for the clay pipes of the day and remains prized to this day, though since the mid-1800s <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_pipe#Briar" title="Tobacco pipe">briar pipes</a> have become the most common pipes for <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a>. </p><p>When smoked, meerschaum pipes gradually change colour, and old meerschaums will turn incremental shades of yellow, orange, red, and amber from the base up. When prepared for use as a pipe, the natural <a href="/wiki/Nodule_(geology)" title="Nodule (geology)">nodules</a> are first scraped to remove the red earthy matrix, then dried, again scraped and polished with <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crudely shaped masses thus prepared are <a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">turned</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carving" title="Carving">carved</a>, smoothed with <a href="/wiki/Glass-paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass-paper">glass-paper</a>, heated in wax or <a href="/wiki/Stearine" class="mw-redirect" title="Stearine">stearine</a>, and finally polished with <a href="/wiki/Bone_ash" title="Bone ash">bone ash</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses_and_substitutes">Other uses and substitutes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sepiolite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other uses and substitutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sepiolite is renowned industrially for its water-holding and sorptive capacities. It is a common ingredient in cat litter and in agricultural applications such as seed coatings.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sepiolite increases plant available water in sandy soil.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, sepiolite is used to make the <a href="/wiki/Dabqaad" title="Dabqaad">dabqaad</a>, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> burner. The mineral is mined in the town of <a href="/wiki/El_Buur" title="El Buur">El Buur</a>, the latter of which serves as a center for <a href="/wiki/Quarrying" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarrying">quarrying</a>. El Buur is also the place of origin of the local pipe-making industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdullahi_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imitations are made in <a href="/wiki/Plaster_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaster of Paris">plaster of Paris</a> treated with paraffin and dyed with two types of coloured tree resins; Gamborge and Dragon's blood.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other methods of imitation are said to employ potatoes in the process. </p><p>The soft, white, earthy mineral from <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A5ngbanshyttan" class="mw-redirect" title="Långbanshyttan">Långbanshyttan</a>, in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rmland" title="Värmland">Värmland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphrodite_(mineral)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aphrodite (mineral) (page does not exist)">aphrodite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <i lang="el">sea foam</i>), is closely related to sepiolite.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In construction, sepiolite can be used in <a href="/wiki/Lime_mortar" title="Lime mortar">lime mortars</a> as water reservoir.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Processes for bacterial transformation based on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshida_Effect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoshida Effect (page does not exist)">Yoshida Effect</a> can utilize sepiolite as an acicular <a href="/wiki/Nanofiber" title="Nanofiber">nanofiber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yoshida effect is the transfer of DNA to a bacterial cell using a mineral fibre that is a few billionths of a meter thick, essentially using the fibre as a tool to physically transfer the genetic material.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sepiolite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attapulgite" class="mw-redirect" title="Attapulgite">Attapulgite</a> – A magnesium aluminium phyllosilicate mineral</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palygorskite" title="Palygorskite">Palygorskite</a> – Magnesium aluminium phyllosilicate mineral</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talc</a> – Hydrated magnesium phyllosilicate mineral</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Minerals">List of Minerals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sepiolite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWarr2021" class="citation journal cs1">Warr, L.N. 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href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130400577">130400577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clay+Minerals&rft.atitle=Fine+sepiolite+addition+to+air+lime-metakaolin+mortars&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=621-635&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fclaymin.2011.046.4.621&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130400577%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0009-8558&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011ClMin..46..621A&rft.aulast=Andrejkovi%C4%8Dov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Ferraz%2C+E.&rft.au=Velosa%2C+A.+L.&rft.au=Silva%2C+A.+S.&rft.au=Rocha%2C+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.lnec.pt%3A8080%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F1003033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASepiolite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanFuSeno2010" class="citation journal cs1">Tan, Haidong; Fu, Li; Seno, Masaharu (2010-12-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100829">"Optimization of Bacterial Plasmid Transformation Using Nanomaterials Based on the Yoshida Effect"</a>. <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>. <b>11</b> (12): 4962–4972. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms11124962">10.3390/ijms11124962</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100829">3100829</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21614185">21614185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Molecular+Sciences&rft.atitle=Optimization+of+Bacterial+Plasmid+Transformation+Using+Nanomaterials+Based+on+the+Yoshida+Effect&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4962-4972&rft.date=2010-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3100829%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21614185&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms11124962&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Haidong&rft.au=Fu%2C+Li&rft.au=Seno%2C+Masaharu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3100829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASepiolite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sepiolite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phyllosilicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllosilicate">Phyllosilicates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">Micas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminoceladonite" title="Aluminoceladonite">Aluminoceladonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandite" title="Anandite">Anandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annite" title="Annite">Annite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspidolite" title="Aspidolite">Aspidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balestraite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balestraite (page does not exist)">Balestraite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bityite" title="Bityite">Bityite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">Biotite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boromuscovite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boromuscovite (page does not exist)">Boromuscovite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bramallite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bramallite (page does not exist)">Bramallite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celadonite" title="Celadonite">Celadonite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chernykhite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chernykhite (page does not exist)">Chernykhite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromphyllite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromphyllite (page does not exist)">Chromphyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clintonite" title="Clintonite">Clintonite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastonite (page does not exist)">Eastonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesite" title="Ephesite">Ephesite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferroaluminoceladonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferroaluminoceladonite (page does not exist)">Ferroaluminoceladonite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferroceladonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferroceladonite (page does not exist)">Ferroceladonite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorannite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorannite (page does not exist)">Fluorannite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorokinoshitalite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorokinoshitalite (page does not exist)">Fluorokinoshitalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mica#Substitutes" title="Mica">Fluorophlogopite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorotetraferriphlogopite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorotetraferriphlogopite (page does not exist)">Fluorotetraferriphlogopite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garmite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garmite (page does not exist)">Garmite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glauconite" title="Glauconite">Glauconite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorbunovite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorbunovite (page does not exist)">Gorbunovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendricksite" title="Hendricksite">Hendricksite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illite" title="Illite">Illite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinoshitalite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinoshitalite (page does not exist)">Kinoshitalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidolite" title="Lepidolite">Lepidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luanshiweiite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luanshiweiite (page does not exist)">Luanshiweiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganiceladonite" title="Manganiceladonite">Manganiceladonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarite" title="Margarite">Margarite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masutomilite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masutomilite (page does not exist)">Masutomilite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montdorite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montdorite (page does not exist)">Montdorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite" title="Muscovite">Muscovite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanpingite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanpingite (page does not exist)">Nanpingite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrishite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norrishite (page does not exist)">Norrishite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlovite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orlovite (page does not exist)">Orlovite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxyphlogopite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxyphlogopite (page does not exist)">Oxyphlogopite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragonite" title="Paragonite">Paragonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phengite" title="Phengite">Phengite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlogopite" title="Phlogopite">Phlogopite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polylithionite" class="mw-redirect" title="Polylithionite">Polylithionite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preiswerkite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preiswerkite (page does not exist)">Preiswerkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoelite" title="Roscoelite">Roscoelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderophyllite" title="Siderophyllite">Siderophyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suhailite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suhailite (page does not exist)">Suhailite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tainiolite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tainiolite (page does not exist)">Tainiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraferriannite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraferriannite (page does not exist)">Tetraferriannite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilithionite" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilithionite">Trilithionite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voloshinite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voloshinite (page does not exist)">Voloshinite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wonesite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wonesite (page does not exist)">Wonesite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangzhumingite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yangzhumingite (page does not exist)">Yangzhumingite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talcs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesotaite" title="Minnesotaite">Minnesotaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willemseite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willemseite (page does not exist)">Willemseite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrophyllite" title="Pyrophyllite">Pyrophyllite</a> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferripyrophyllite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferripyrophyllite (page does not exist)">Ferripyrophyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrophyllite" title="Pyrophyllite">Pyrophyllite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">Kaolinites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismutoferrite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bismutoferrite (page does not exist)">Bismutoferrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickite" title="Dickite">Dickite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloysite" title="Halloysite">Halloysite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisingerite" title="Hisingerite">Hisingerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">Kaolinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacrite" title="Nacrite">Nacrite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serpentine_subgroup" title="Serpentine subgroup">Serpentines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amesite" title="Amesite">Amesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigorite" title="Antigorite">Antigorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthierine" class="mw-redirect" title="Berthierine">Berthierine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brindleyite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brindleyite (page does not exist)">Brindleyite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryopilite" title="Caryopilite">Caryopilite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysotile" title="Chrysotile">Chrysotile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronstedtite" title="Cronstedtite">Cronstedtite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraipontite" title="Fraipontite">Fraipontite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenalite" title="Greenalite">Greenalite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guidottiite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guidottiite (page does not exist)">Guidottiite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kellyite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kellyite (page does not exist)">Kellyite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizardite" title="Lizardite">Lizardite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manandonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manandonite (page does not exist)">Manandonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9pouite" title="Népouite">Népouite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinite" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinite">Odinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecoraite" title="Pecoraite">Pecoraite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrensite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corrensite (page does not exist)">Corrensites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliettite" title="Aliettite">Aliettite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brinrobertsite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brinrobertsite (page does not exist)">Brinrobertsite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrensite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corrensite (page does not exist)">Corrensite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dozyite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dozyite (page does not exist)">Dozyite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrobiotite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrobiotite (page does not exist)">Hydrobiotite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karpinskite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karpinskite (page does not exist)">Karpinskite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulkeite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulkeite (page does not exist)">Kulkeite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunijianlaite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lunijianlaite (page does not exist)">Lunijianlaite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectorite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rectorite (page does not exist)">Rectorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliotite" title="Saliotite">Saliotite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tosudite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tosudite (page does not exist)">Tosudite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smectite" title="Smectite">Smectites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite">vermiculite</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beidellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beidellite (page does not exist)">Beidellite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrosaponite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferrosaponite (page does not exist)">Ferrosaponite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montmorillonite" title="Montmorillonite">Montmorillonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontronite" title="Nontronite">Nontronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saponite" title="Saponite">Saponite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauconite" title="Sauconite">Sauconite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swinefordite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swinefordite (page does not exist)">Swinefordite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite">Vermiculite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkonskoite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volkonskoite (page does not exist)">Volkonskoite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakhontovite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yakhontovite (page does not exist)">Yakhontovite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">Chlorites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baileychlore" class="mw-redirect" title="Baileychlore">Baileychlore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borocookeite" class="mw-redirect" title="Borocookeite">Borocookeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamosite" title="Chamosite">Chamosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinochlore" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinochlore">Clinochlore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookeite" title="Cookeite">Cookeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbassite" class="mw-redirect" title="Donbassite">Donbassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonyerite" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonyerite">Gonyerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimite" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimite">Nimite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennantite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennantite">Pennantite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudoite" title="Sudoite">Sudoite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allophane" title="Allophane">Allophanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophane" title="Allophane">Allophane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imogolite" title="Imogolite">Imogolite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neotocite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neotocite (page does not exist)">Neotocite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sepiolites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcondoite" title="Falcondoite">Falcondoite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrisepiolite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferrisepiolite (page does not exist)">Ferrisepiolite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sepiolite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrosmalite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrosmalite (page does not exist)">Pyrosmalites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedelite" title="Friedelite">Friedelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mcgillite" title="Mcgillite">Mcgillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelenite" title="Nelenite">Nelenite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrosmalite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrosmalite (page does not exist)">Pyrosmalite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schallerite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schallerite (page does not exist)">Schallerite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stilpnomelane" title="Stilpnomelane">Stilpnomelanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bannisterite" title="Bannisterite">Bannisterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklinphilite" title="Franklinphilite">Franklinphilite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lennilenapeite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lennilenapeite (page does not exist)">Lennilenapeite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsettensite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parsettensite (page does not exist)">Parsettensite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilpnomelane" title="Stilpnomelane">Stilpnomelane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Structural groups mainly; based on rruff.info/ima, modified</li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/23px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/34px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/46px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="3552" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Minerals" title="Portal:Minerals">Minerals portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Clay_minerals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clay_minerals" title="Template:Clay minerals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clay_minerals" title="Template talk:Clay minerals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clay_minerals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clay minerals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Clay_minerals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Clay_mineral" title="Clay mineral">Clay minerals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophane" title="Allophane">Allophane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">Chlorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickite" title="Dickite">Dickite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloysite" title="Halloysite">Halloysite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hectorite" title="Hectorite">Hectorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illite" title="Illite">Illite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imogolite" title="Imogolite">Imogolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">Kaolinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montmorillonite" title="Montmorillonite">Montmorillonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacrite" title="Nacrite">Nacrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontronite" title="Nontronite">Nontronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palygorskite" title="Palygorskite">Palygorskite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saponite" title="Saponite">Saponite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sepiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smectite" title="Smectite">Smectite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/23px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/34px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/46px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="3552" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Minerals" title="Portal:Minerals">Minerals portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q414096#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4169260-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Meerschaum"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85083264">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562926905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sepiolite&oldid=1252847865">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sepiolite&oldid=1252847865</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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