CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Religious abuse - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2df32ece-b45a-453a-9493-41175301e3c8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Religious_abuse","wgTitle":"Religious abuse","wgCurRevisionId":1253405804,"wgRevisionId":1253405804,"wgArticleId":15717572,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2023","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from June 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023","Abuse","Child abuse","Criminology","Child murder","Religion and violence","Rituals", "Religion and mental health","Psychology and religious fundamentalism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Religious_abuse","wgRelevantArticleId":15717572,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6492249","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs", "site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Religious abuse - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_abuse"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_abuse"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Religious_abuse rootpage-Religious_abuse skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Religious+abuse" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Religious+abuse" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Religious+abuse" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Religious+abuse" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Psychological</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychological-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Psychological subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Psychological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Against_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Against_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Against children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Against_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Spiritual</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spiritual-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spiritual subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spiritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_and_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Research and examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_and_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Physical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Violence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Violence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Violence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_sacrifice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_sacrifice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Human sacrifice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_sacrifice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initiation_rites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initiation_rites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Initiation rites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initiation_rites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Modern practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Witch-hunts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Witch-hunts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Witch-hunts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Witch-hunts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychohistorical_explanation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychohistorical_explanation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Psychohistorical explanation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychohistorical_explanation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survivors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survivors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Survivors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survivors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Religious abuse</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="اعتداء ديني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اعتداء ديني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ধর্মীয় অপব্যবহার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধর্মীয় অপব্যবহার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuso_religioso" title="Abuso religioso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abuso religioso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سوءاستفاده دینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوءاستفاده دینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90_%ED%95%99%EB%8C%80" title="종교 학대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종교 학대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%93%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התעללות דתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התעללות דתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85" title="宗教虐待 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宗教虐待" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religijsko_zlostavljanje" title="Religijsko zlostavljanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Religijsko zlostavljanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சமயக் கட்டுமீறல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமயக் கட்டுமீறல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85" title="宗教虐待 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="宗教虐待" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6492249#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Religious_abuse" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Religious_abuse" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Religious_abuse" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&oldid=1253405804" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Religious_abuse&id=1253405804&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FReligious_abuse"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FReligious_abuse"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Religious_abuse&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6492249" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Abuse administered through religion</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Religious abuse</b> is <a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">abuse</a> administered through <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">humiliation</a>, spiritual abuse or <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">religious violence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious abuse may also include the misuse of religion for <a href="/wiki/Selfishness" title="Selfishness">selfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> ends, such as the abuse of a clerical position.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious abuse can be perpetuated by religious leaders or other members of a religious community, and it can happen in any religion or faith.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of religious abuse include using religious teachings to justify abuse, enforcing strict religious rules and practices that are harmful, shaming or ostracizing individuals who do not conform to religious norms, using religious authority to manipulate or control others, and denying access to medical care or other basic needs in the name of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious abuse can have serious and long-lasting effects on individuals and communities, including <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">psychological trauma</a>, emotional distress, loss of faith, and even physical harm. It is important for individuals and religious communities to be aware of the signs of religious abuse and to take steps to prevent it from happening.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological">Psychological</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Psychological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One specific meaning of the term <i>religious abuse</i> refers to <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">psychological manipulation</a> and harm inflicted on a person by using the teachings of their religion. This is perpetrated by members of the same or similar faith that includes the use of a position of authority within the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most often directed at children and emotionally vulnerable adults, and the motivations behind such abuse vary, and can be either well-intentioned or malicious.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even well-intentioned religious abuse can have long-term psychological consequences, such as the victim developing <a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">phobias</a> or long-term <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>. They may have a sense of shame that persists even after they leave the religion. A person can also be manipulated into avoiding a beneficial action (such as a medical treatment) or to engage in a harmful behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book <i>Religious Abuse</i>, pastor Keith Wright describes an example of such abuse. When he was a child, his <a href="/wiki/Christian_Scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Scientist">Christian Scientist</a> mother became very ill and eventually was convinced to seek medical treatment at an inpatient facility. Members of her church went to the treatment center to convince her to trust prayer rather than treatment, and to leave. She died shortly thereafter. While the church members may not have had any malicious intent, their use of their religion's teachings to manipulate Wright's mother ultimately resulted in her death.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more recent study among 200 university students has shown that 12.5% of students reported being victimized by at least one form of religious or ritual abuse (RA). The study, which was published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Interpersonal_Violence" title="Journal of Interpersonal Violence">Journal of Interpersonal Violence</a></i>, showed that religious/ritual abuse may result in mental health issues such as <a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissociative disorder">dissociative disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Morality_and_religion" title="Morality and religion">Religious morality</a> can in some cases contribute to <a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">victim blaming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a604_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a604-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Against_children">Against children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Against children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_grooming#Religious_settings" title="Sexual grooming">Sexual grooming § Religious settings</a></div> <p>Religiously-based psychological abuse of children can involve using teachings to subjugate children through fear, or indoctrinating the child in the beliefs of their particular religion whilst suppressing other perspectives. Psychologist Jill Mytton describes this as crushing the child's chance to form a personal morality and belief system; it makes them utterly reliant on their religion or parents, and they never learn to <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">reflect critically</a> on the information they receive. Similarly, the use of fear and a judgmental environment (such as the concept of <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>) to control the child can be traumatic.<sup id="cite_ref-Mytton_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mytton-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spiritual">Spiritual</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spiritual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spiritual abuse includes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emotional_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional abuse">emotional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a> including physical injury (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tatbir" title="Tatbir">tatbir</a>) and deprivation of sustenance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li>Any act by deeds or words that shame or diminish the <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">dignity</a> of a person.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a> and the requirement to submit to a spiritual authority without any right to dissent.</li> <li>Unreasonable control of a person's basic right to exercise <a href="/wiki/Freewill" class="mw-redirect" title="Freewill">freewill</a> in spiritual or natural matters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusations</a> and repeated criticism by labeling a person as, for example, disobedient, rebellious, lacking faith, <a href="/wiki/Demonization" title="Demonization">demonized</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostate">apostate</a>, an enemy of the church or of a deity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolationism</a>, separation, <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement">disenfranchisement</a> or estrangement from family and friends outside the group due to cult-religious or spiritual or indigenous beliefs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a>, hidden agendas and requirements revealed to members only as they successfully advance through various stages of a faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert19965_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert19965-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Enforced practice of <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">spiritualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>, or other ideologies peculiar to members of that religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert19965_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert19965-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Financial exploitation or <a href="/wiki/Enslavement" class="mw-redirect" title="Enslavement">enslavement</a> of adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert19965_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert19965-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>spiritual abuse</i> was purportedly coined in the late twentieth century to refer to alleged abuse of authority by church leaders,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> albeit some scholars and historians would dispute that claim, citing prior literary appearances of the term in literature on religion and psychology. Lambert defines spiritual abuse as "a type of psychological predomination that could be rightly termed—<i>religious enslavement</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1996253_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1996253-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further identifies "religious enslavement" as being a product of what is termed in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> "<a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">sorcery</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key element of the experience of spiritual abuse is the perceived 'divine position' of the abuser which leads to an environment of <a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">infallibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakley_&_Kinmond_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakley_&_Kinmond-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Enroth" title="Ronald Enroth">Ronald Enroth</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Churches_That_Abuse" title="Churches That Abuse">Churches That Abuse</a></i> identifies five categories:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Authority and power</b>: abuse arises when leaders of a group arrogate to themselves power and authority that lacks the dynamics of open accountability and the capacity to question or challenge decisions made by leaders. The shift entails moving from general respect for an office bearer to one where members loyally submit without any right to dissent.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">Manipulation</a> and control</b>: abusive groups are characterized by social dynamics where fear, guilt or threats are routinely used to produce unquestioning obedience, group <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> or stringent tests of loyalty. The leader-disciple relationship may become one in which the leader's decisions control and usurp the disciple's right or capacity to make choices.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://nakedpastor.com/blogs/news/what-is-spiritual-abuse-and-how-to-recognize-when-it-is-happening-to-you">[1]</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> and persecution</b>: abusive groups depict themselves as unique and have a strong organizational tendency to be separate from other bodies and institutions. The social dynamism of the group involves being independent or separate, with diminishing possibilities for internal correction, reflection, or external criticism.</li> <li><b>Life-style and experience</b>: abusive groups foster rigidity in behavior and belief that requires conformity to the group's ideals.</li> <li><b>Dissent and discipline</b>: abusive groups tend to suppress any kind of internal challenge to decisions made by leaders.</li></ol> <p>Agnes and John Lawless argue in <i>The Drift into Deception</i> that there are eight characteristics of spiritual abuse, and some of these clearly overlap with Enroth's criteria. They list the eight marks of spiritual abuse as comprising:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins#Greed" title="Seven deadly sins">Greed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immorality" title="Immorality">Immorality</a></li> <li>Enslaving <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> structure</li> <li>Exclusivity</li> <li>Demanding <a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">loyalty</a> and honor</li> <li>New revelation</li></ol> <p>The author of <i>Charismatic Captivation</i>, Steven Lambert, in a post on the book's website delineates "33 Signs of Spiritual Abuse",<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including: </p> <ol><li>Apotheosis or de facto deification of the leadership.</li> <li>Absolute authority of the leadership.</li> <li>Pervasive abuse and misuse of authority in personal dealings with members to coerce submission.</li> <li>Paranoia, inordinate egotism or narcissism, and insecurity by the leaders.</li> <li>Abuse and inordinate incidence of "church discipline" particularly in matters not expressly considered to be church discipline issues.</li> <li>Inordinate attention to maintaining the public image of the ministry and lambasting of all "critics".</li> <li>Constant indoctrination with a "group" or "family" mentality that impels members to exalt the corporate "life" and goals of the church-group over their personal goals, callings, objectives or relationships.</li> <li>Members are psychologically traumatized, terrorized and indoctrinated with numerous fears aimed at creating an over-dependence or codependence on their leaders and the corporate group.</li> <li>Members may be required to obtain the approval (or <i>witness</i>) of their leader(s) for decisions regarding personal matters.</li> <li>Frequent preaching from the pulpit discouraging leaving the religion or disobeying the leaderships' dictates.</li> <li>Members departing without the blessing of the leadership do so under a cloud of suspicion, shame, or slander.</li> <li>Departing members often suffer from psychological problems and display the symptoms associated with <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_and_examples">Research and examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Research and examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flavil Yeakley's team of researchers conducted field-tests with members of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Church_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Church of Christ">Boston Church of Christ</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Myers-Briggs_Type_Indicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Myers-Briggs Type Indicator">Myers-Briggs Type Indicator</a>. In <i>The Discipling Dilemma</i> Yeakley reports that the members tested "showed a high level of change in psychological type scores", with a "clear pattern of convergence in a single type".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeakley198839_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeakley198839-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same tests were conducted on five mainline <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a> and with six groups that are popularly labeled as <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cults</a> or manipulative <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sects</a>. Yeakley's test results showed that the pattern in the Boston Church "was not found among other churches of Christ or among members of five mainline denominations, but that it was found in studies of six manipulative sects."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeakley198839_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeakley198839-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The research did <i>not</i> show that the Boston Church was "attracting people with a psychological need for high levels of control", but Yeakley concluded that "they are producing conformity in psychological type" which he deemed to be "unnatural, unhealthy and dangerous."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeakley198844,_46–47_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeakley198844,_46–47-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was not a <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_study" title="Longitudinal study">longitudinal study</a> and relied on asking participants to answer the survey three times; once as they imagined they might answer five years prior, once as their present selves and once as they imagined they might answer after five years of influence in the sect. The author insists that despite this, "any significant changes in the pattern of these perceptions would indicate some kind of group pressure. A high degree of change and a convergence in a single type would be convincing proof that the Boston Church of Christ has some kind of group dynamic operating that tends to produce conformity to the group norm." However it could instead indicate a desire on the part of the respondents to change in the direction indicated. To determine actual changes in MBTI results would require a longitudinal study, since the methodology here was inherently suggestive of its conclusion. This is also amply borne out in its instructions: "The instructions stated clearly that no one was telling them that their answers ought to change. The instructions said that the purpose of the study was simply to find out if there were any changes and, if so, what those changes might indicate."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeakley198830–31_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeakley198830–31-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical">Physical</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Physical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physical abuse in a religious context can take the form of beatings, illegal confinement, neglect, near drowning or even murder in the belief that the child is <a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">possessed by evil spirits</a>, practicing sorcery or <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>, or has committed some kind of <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> that warrants punishment. Such extreme cases are, though, rare.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2012, the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Children,_Schools_and_Families" title="Department for Children, Schools and Families">Department for Children, Schools and Families</a> instituted a new action plan to investigate the issue of faith-based abuse after several high-profile murders, such as that of Kristy Bamu.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over a term of 10 years, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Scotland Yard</a> conducted 83 investigations into allegations of abuse with faith-based elements and feared there were even more that were unreported.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Violence">Violence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></div> <p>Religious violence and extremism (also called communal violence<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a term that covers all phenomena where <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> is either the subject or object of violent behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_sacrifice">Human sacrifice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Human sacrifice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">Human sacrifice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_sacrifice" title="Child sacrifice">Child sacrifice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Child_sacrifice_in_pre-Columbian_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Child sacrifice in pre-Columbian cultures">Child sacrifice in pre-Columbian cultures</a></div> <p>Human sacrifice (sometimes called ritual murder), has been practiced on a number of different occasions and in many different cultures. The various rationales behind human sacrifice are the same that motivate religious sacrifice in general. Human sacrifice is typically intended to bring good fortune and to pacify the gods. Fertility was another common theme in ancient religious sacrifices. </p><p>Human sacrifice may be a ritual practiced in a stable society, and may even be conducive to <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">enhance societal unity</a>, both by creating a bond unifying the sacrificing community, and in combining human sacrifice and capital punishment, by removing individuals that have a perceived negative effect on societal stability (criminals, religious heretics, foreign slaves or prisoners of war). However, outside of civil religion, human sacrifice may also result in outbursts of blood frenzy and mass killings that destabilize society. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a> has uncovered physical evidence of <a href="/wiki/Child_sacrifice" title="Child sacrifice">child sacrifice</a> at several locations.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardness_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardness-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the best attested examples are the diverse rites which were part of the religious practices in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychologists <a href="/wiki/Alice_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Alice Miller (psychologist)">Alice Miller</a> and Robert Godwin, psychohistorian <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_deMause" title="Lloyd deMause">Lloyd deMause</a> and other advocates of children's rights have written about pre-Columbian sacrifice within the framework of <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdeMause2002312,_374,_410_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdeMause2002312,_374,_410-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodwin2004168f_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodwin2004168f-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (c.46–120 AD) mentions the <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthaginian</a>'s ritual burning of small children, as do <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Orosius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> do not. The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> also mentions what appears to be child sacrifice practised at a place called the <a href="/wiki/Tophet" title="Tophet">Tophet</a> (<i>roasting place</i>) by the <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a>, and by some Israelites.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children were thrown to the sharks in ancient <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sacrificial victims were often infants. "The slaughtering of newborn babies may be considered a common event in many cultures" including the <a href="/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo">Eskimo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavians</a>, and various indigenous peoples of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">the Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initiation_rites">Initiation rites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Initiation rites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Initiation_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Initiation rite">Initiation rite</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Artificial_deformation_of_the_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial deformation of the skull">Artificial deformation of the skull</a> predates written history and dates back as far as 45,000 BCE, as evidenced by two <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> skulls found in <a href="/wiki/Shanidar_Cave" title="Shanidar Cave">Shanidar Cave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was usually started just after birth and continued until the desired shape was achieved. It may have played a key role in Egyptian and <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayan</a> societies.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> some boys were castrated, with both the penis and scrotum cut.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Ritual#Ritual_actions" title="Ritual">ritual actions</a> have been described by <a href="/wiki/Anthropologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropologists">anthropologists</a>. <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_R%C3%B3heim" title="Géza Róheim">Géza Róheim</a> wrote about initiation rituals performed by Australian natives in which adolescent initiates were forced to drink blood.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_practices">Modern practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the rituals of some tribes in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, an elder "picks out a sharp stick of cane and sticks it deep inside a boy's nostrils until he bleeds profusely into the stream of a pool, an act greeted by loud war cries."<sup id="cite_ref-Sambia_ritual_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sambia_ritual-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, when boys are initiated into puberty and manhood, they are expected to perform <a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">fellatio</a> on the elders. "Not all initiates will participate in this ceremonial homosexual activity but, about five days later, several will have to perform fellatio several times."<sup id="cite_ref-Sambia_ritual_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sambia_ritual-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individual cases of ritual murder have been recorded in Brazil,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Singapore (<a href="/wiki/Toa_Payoh_ritual_murders" title="Toa Payoh ritual murders">Toa Payoh ritual murders</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Witch-hunts">Witch-hunts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Witch-hunts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">Witch-hunt</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_accusations_against_children_in_Africa" title="Witchcraft accusations against children in Africa">Witchcraft accusations against children in Africa</a></div> <p>To this day, witch hunts, trials and accusations are still a real danger in some parts of the world. Trials result in violence against men, women and children, including murder.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>, about 1,000 people accused of being witches were locked in government detention centers in March 2009, being beaten, forced to drink an unknown <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinogenic">hallucinogenic</a> potion, and confess to witchcraft, according to <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tanzania thousands of elderly Tanzanian women have been strangled, knifed to death and burned alive over the last two decades after being denounced as witches.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ritualistic abuse may also involve children accused of, and punished for, being purported witches in some <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central African</a> areas. A child may be blamed for the illness of a relative, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples include <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, where alleged witches were banished to refugee camps,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the beating and isolation of children accused of being witches in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychohistorical_explanation">Psychohistorical explanation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Psychohistorical explanation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psychohistorical_views_on_infanticide" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychohistorical views on infanticide">Psychohistorical views on infanticide</a></div> <p>A small number of academics subscribe to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Psychohistory" title="Psychohistory">psychohistory</a> and attribute the abusive rituals to the <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">psychopathological</a> <a href="/wiki/Projection_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Projection (psychology)">projection</a> of the perpetrators, especially the parents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdeMause2002258–262_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdeMause2002258–262-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodwin2004124–176_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodwin2004124–176-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This <i>psychohistorical</i> model claims that practices of <a href="/wiki/Tribal_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal society">tribal societies</a> sometimes included <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a> and the sacrifice, <a href="/wiki/Mutilation" title="Mutilation">mutilation</a>, rape and torture of children, and that such activities were culturally acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Survivors">Survivors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Survivors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Survivors of religious abuse can develop symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in response to their abusive religious experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Marlene Winell, a psychologist and former <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist">fundamentalist</a>, coined the term <i><a href="/wiki/Religious_trauma_syndrome" title="Religious trauma syndrome">religious trauma syndrome</a></i> (RTS) in a 2011 article she wrote for the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winell describes RTS as "the condition experienced by people who are struggling with leaving an authoritarian, dogmatic religion and coping with the damage of indoctrination."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the article, Winell identifies four categories of dysfunction: cognitive, affective, functional, and social/cultural.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Cognitive</b>: Confusion, difficulty with decision-making and critical thinking, dissociation, identity confusion</li> <li><b>Affective</b>: Anxiety, panic attacks, depression, suicidal ideation, anger, grief, guilt, loneliness, lack of meaning</li> <li><b>Functional</b>: Sleep and eating disorders, nightmares, sexual dysfunction, substance abuse, <a href="/wiki/Somatization" title="Somatization">somatization</a></li> <li><b>Social/cultural</b>: Rupture of family and social network, employment issues, financial stress, problems acculturating into society, interpersonal dysfunction</li></ul> <p>These symptoms can occur for people who have simply participated in dogmatic expressions of religion, such as fundamentalism. Extreme cases of religious abuse such as authoritarian cult membership, clergy sexual abuse, or mind control tactics used to extremes like the mass suicide at <a href="/wiki/Jonestown" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a> may attract public scrutiny. However, individuals can experience chronic religious abuse in the subtle mind-control mechanics of fundamentalism that leads to trauma.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many extreme traumatic experiences associated with religion can cause simple <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a>, scholars are now arguing that chronic abuse through mind control tactics used in fundamentalist settings, whether intentional or not, can induce <a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">C-PTSD</a> or developmental trauma.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">Exposure therapy</a> or staying in religiously abusive settings may not be conducive to healing for survivors of religious abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Healing can come through support groups, therapy, and psychoeducation.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cultures, survivors have opportunities to recover and live vibrant lives after they leave religiously abusive settings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Kr%C3%BCsi" title="Christina Krüsi">Christina Krüsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godly_Response_to_Abuse_in_the_Christian_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Godly Response to Abuse in the Christian Environment">Godly Response to Abuse in the Christian Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">Infanticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satanic_ritual_abuse_allegations" title="List of satanic ritual abuse allegations">List of satanic ritual abuse allegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_trauma_syndrome" title="Religious trauma syndrome">Religious trauma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">Scientology controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_abuse" title="Social abuse">Social abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Pictures_Anthology:_Little_Hope" title="The Dark Pictures Anthology: Little Hope">The Dark Pictures Anthology: Little Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABky%C5%8D_nisei" title="Shūkyō nisei">Shūkyō nisei</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWellmanTokuno,_Kyoko2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wellman, James; Tokuno, Kyoko (2004). "Is Religious Violence Inevitable?". <i>Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-5906.2004.00234.x">10.1111/j.1468-5906.2004.00234.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Is+Religious+Violence+Inevitable%3F&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-5906.2004.00234.x&rft.aulast=Wellman&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Tokuno%2C+Kyoko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2001" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Keith T. (2001). <i>Religious Abuse: A Pastor Explores the Many Ways Religion Can Hurt As Well As Heal</i>. Kelowna, B.C.: Northstone Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781896836478" title="Special:BookSources/9781896836478"><bdi>9781896836478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Abuse%3A+A+Pastor+Explores+the+Many+Ways+Religion+Can+Hurt+As+Well+As+Heal&rft.place=Kelowna%2C+B.C.&rft.pub=Northstone+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781896836478&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Keith+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.kent.ac.uk/airs/">"Abuse in Religious Contexts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">University of Kent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Kent&rft.atitle=Abuse+in+Religious+Contexts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.kent.ac.uk%2Fairs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iicsa.org.uk/reports-recommendations/publications/investigation/cp-religious-organisations-settings/part-c-barriers-reporting-child-sexual-abuse-religious-organisations/c5-abuse-power-religious-leaders.html">"Child protection in religious organisations and settings investigation report: Abuse of power by religious leaders"</a>. <i>Independent Inquiry Child Sexual Abuse</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent+Inquiry+Child+Sexual+Abuse&rft.atitle=Child+protection+in+religious+organisations+and+settings+investigation+report%3A+Abuse+of+power+by+religious+leaders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iicsa.org.uk%2Freports-recommendations%2Fpublications%2Finvestigation%2Fcp-religious-organisations-settings%2Fpart-c-barriers-reporting-child-sexual-abuse-religious-organisations%2Fc5-abuse-power-religious-leaders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/signs-spiritual-abuse">"Signs of Spiritual Abuse"</a>. <i>WebMD</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft.atitle=Signs+of+Spiritual+Abuse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fmental-health%2Fsigns-spiritual-abuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKippert2018" class="citation web cs1">Kippert, Amanda (10 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.domesticshelters.org/articles/identifying-abuse/5-ways-to-recognize-religious-abuse">"5 Ways to Recognize Religious Abuse"</a>. <i>DomesticShelters.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DomesticShelters.org&rft.atitle=5+Ways+to+Recognize+Religious+Abuse&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft.aulast=Kippert&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.domesticshelters.org%2Farticles%2Fidentifying-abuse%2F5-ways-to-recognize-religious-abuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marripedia.org/effects_of_religious_practice_on_society">"Effects of Religious Practice on Society"</a>. <i>Marripedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marripedia&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Religious+Practice+on+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarripedia.org%2Feffects_of_religious_practice_on_society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewsSnow" class="citation web cs1">Matthews, Cyndi; Snow, Kevin C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiritualabuseresources.com/articles/the-dangers-of-spiritual-abuse-clinical-implications-and-best-practices">"Spiritual Abuse Resources - The Dangers of Spiritual Abuse: Clinical Implications and Best Practices"</a>. <i>Spiritual Abuse Resources</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spiritual+Abuse+Resources&rft.atitle=Spiritual+Abuse+Resources+-+The+Dangers+of+Spiritual+Abuse%3A+Clinical+Implications+and+Best+Practices&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Cyndi&rft.au=Snow%2C+Kevin+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiritualabuseresources.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-dangers-of-spiritual-abuse-clinical-implications-and-best-practices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2021" class="citation web cs1">Meyer, Joyce (28 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalsistersreport.org/religious-life/bringing-attention-exploited-obedience-spiritual-abuse-religious-communities">"Bringing attention to exploited obedience, spiritual abuse in religious communities"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Sisters_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Sisters Report">Global Sisters Report</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Sisters+Report&rft.atitle=Bringing+attention+to+exploited+obedience%2C+spiritual+abuse+in+religious+communities&rft.date=2021-04-28&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsistersreport.org%2Freligious-life%2Fbringing-attention-exploited-obedience-spiritual-abuse-religious-communities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobakhtYngvar_Dale2018" class="citation journal cs1">Nobakht, Habib Niyaraq; Yngvar Dale, Karl (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260517723747">"The Importance of Religious/Ritual Abuse as a Traumatic Predictor of Dissociation"</a>. <i>Journal of Interpersonal Violence</i>. <b>33</b> (23): 3575–3588. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0886260517723747">10.1177/0886260517723747</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0886-2605">0886-2605</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29294860">29294860</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44617940">44617940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interpersonal+Violence&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Religious%2FRitual+Abuse+as+a+Traumatic+Predictor+of+Dissociation&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=3575-3588&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0886-2605&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44617940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29294860&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0886260517723747&rft.aulast=Nobakht&rft.aufirst=Habib+Niyaraq&rft.au=Yngvar+Dale%2C+Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0886260517723747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a604-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a604_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergenfeldClarkSandhuYount2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bergenfeld, Irina; Clark, Cari Jo; Sandhu, Seema; Yount, Kathryn M.; Essaid, Aida A.; Sajdi, Jude; Abu Taleb, Rand; Robbin, Zoe; Batayeh, Brian; Zwooqar, Ahad; Spencer, Rachael A. (2022). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"There Is Always an Excuse to Blame the Girl": Perspectives on Sexual Harassment at a Jordanian University". <i>Violence Against Women</i>. <b>28</b> (14): 3457–3481. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10778012221079373">10.1177/10778012221079373</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1077-8012">1077-8012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35200046">35200046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Violence+Against+Women&rft.atitle=%22There+Is+Always+an+Excuse+to+Blame+the+Girl%22%3A+Perspectives+on+Sexual+Harassment+at+a+Jordanian+University&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=3457-3481&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=1077-8012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35200046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F10778012221079373&rft.aulast=Bergenfeld&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft.au=Clark%2C+Cari+Jo&rft.au=Sandhu%2C+Seema&rft.au=Yount%2C+Kathryn+M.&rft.au=Essaid%2C+Aida+A.&rft.au=Sajdi%2C+Jude&rft.au=Abu+Taleb%2C+Rand&rft.au=Robbin%2C+Zoe&rft.au=Batayeh%2C+Brian&rft.au=Zwooqar%2C+Ahad&rft.au=Spencer%2C+Rachael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mytton-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mytton_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXA7GA9yntc">"YouTube - Jill Mytton Interview - Richard Dawkins"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 2 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/GXA7GA9yntc">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=YouTube+-+Jill+Mytton+Interview+-+Richard+Dawkins&rft.date=2009-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGXA7GA9yntc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert19965-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert19965_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert19965_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert19965_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1996">Lambert 1996</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanVonderen" class="citation web cs1">VanVonderen, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110108062011/http://www.spiritualabuse.com/">"Recovery from Spiritual Abuse"</a>. <i>Recovery from Spiritual Abuse</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiritualabuse.com/">the original</a> on 8 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>Spiritual abuse occurs when someone in a position of spiritual authority, the purpose of which is to 'come underneath' and serve, build, equip and make a deity's or a god's people MORE free, misuses that authority placing themselves over a god's people to control, coerce or manipulate them for seemingly godly purposes which are really their own.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recovery+from+Spiritual+Abuse&rft.atitle=Recovery+from+Spiritual+Abuse&rft.aulast=VanVonderen&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiritualabuse.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1996253-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1996253_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1996">Lambert 1996</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2 Chronicles 33:6; Galatians 5:20; Revelation 18:23; et al.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oakley_&_Kinmond-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oakley_&_Kinmond_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuth_OakleySusan_Kinmond2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ruth Oakley, Lisa; Susan Kinmond, Kathryn (1 January 2014). "Developing safeguarding policy and practice for Spiritual Abuse". <i>The Journal of Adult Protection</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 87–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FJAP-07-2013-0033">10.1108/JAP-07-2013-0033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Adult+Protection&rft.atitle=Developing+safeguarding+policy+and+practice+for+Spiritual+Abuse&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=87-95&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FJAP-07-2013-0033&rft.aulast=Ruth+Oakley&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Susan+Kinmond%2C+Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100729174834/http://www.charismatic-captivation.com/?p=5">"The Signs of Spiritual Abuse"</a>. <i>Charismatic Captivation</i>. 15 November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charismatic-captivation.com/?p=5">the original</a> on 29 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charismatic+Captivation&rft.atitle=The+Signs+of+Spiritual+Abuse&rft.date=2008-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charismatic-captivation.com%2F%3Fp%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeakley198839-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeakley198839_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeakley198839_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYeakley1988">Yeakley 1988</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeakley198844,_46–47-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeakley198844,_46–47_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYeakley1988">Yeakley 1988</a>, pp. 44, 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeakley198830–31-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeakley198830–31_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYeakley1988">Yeakley 1988</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nakedpastor.com/blogs/news/10-reasons-why-the-church-is-the-perfect-culture-for-abuse">"10 reasons why the church is the perfect culture for abuse"</a>. <i>NakedPastor</i>. 18 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NakedPastor&rft.atitle=10+reasons+why+the+church+is+the+perfect+culture+for+abuse&rft.date=2023-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnakedpastor.com%2Fblogs%2Fnews%2F10-reasons-why-the-church-is-the-perfect-culture-for-abuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2012" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Jerome (1 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/couple-guilty-of-horrific-witchcraft-murder-7468465.html">"Couple guilty of horrific witchcraft murder"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Couple+guilty+of+horrific+witchcraft+murder&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fcrime%2Fcouple-guilty-of-horrific-witchcraft-murder-7468465.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-19248144">"Witchcraft-based child abuse: Action plan launched"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 14 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Witchcraft-based+child+abuse%3A+Action+plan+launched&rft.date=2012-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation-19248144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz2000" class="citation book cs1">Horowitz, Donald L. (2000). <i>The Deadly Ethnic Riot</i>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520224476" title="Special:BookSources/9780520224476"><bdi>9780520224476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deadly+Ethnic+Riot&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780520224476&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellmanTokuno,_Kyoko2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wellman, James; Tokuno, Kyoko (2004). "Is Religious Violence Inevitable?". <i>Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-5906.2004.00234.x">10.1111/j.1468-5906.2004.00234.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Is+Religious+Violence+Inevitable%3F&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-5906.2004.00234.x&rft.aulast=Wellman&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Tokuno%2C+Kyoko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hardness-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hardness_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilner2000" class="citation book cs1">Milner, Larry S. (2000). <i>Hardness of Heart / Hardness of Life: The Stain of Human Infanticide</i>. Lanham: University Press of America. pp. 16–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761815785" title="Special:BookSources/9780761815785"><bdi>9780761815785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hardness+of+Heart+%2F+Hardness+of+Life%3A+The+Stain+of+Human+Infanticide&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=16-22&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780761815785&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.aufirst=Larry+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhardStenzel1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reinhard, Johan; Stenzel, Maria (November 1999). "A 6,700 metros niños incas sacrificados quedaron congelados en el tiempo". <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i> (in Spanish): 36–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=A+6%2C700+metros+ni%C3%B1os+incas+sacrificados+quedaron+congelados+en+el+tiempo&rft.pages=36-55&rft.date=1999-11&rft.aulast=Reinhard&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft.au=Stenzel%2C+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllingham1999" class="citation web cs1">Allingham, Winnie (14 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306113143/http://exn.ca/mummies/story.asp?id=1999041452">"The mystery of Inca child sacrifice"</a>. <i>EXN</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exn.ca/mummies/story.asp?id=1999041452">the original</a> on 6 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EXN&rft.atitle=The+mystery+of+Inca+child+sacrifice&rft.date=1999-04-14&rft.aulast=Allingham&rft.aufirst=Winnie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exn.ca%2Fmummies%2Fstory.asp%3Fid%3D1999041452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Sahagún1950–1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">de Sahagún, Bernardino</a> (1950–1982). <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex"><i><span></span></i>Florentine Codex: History of the Things of New Spain<i>, 12 books and 2 introductory volumes</i></a>. Translated and edited by Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles Dibble. Utah: University of Utah Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florentine+Codex%3A+History+of+the+Things+of+New+Spain%2C+12+books+and+2+introductory+volumes&rft.place=Utah&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1950%2F1982&rft.aulast=de+Sahag%C3%BAn&rft.aufirst=Bernardino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEdeMause2002312,_374,_410-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdeMause2002312,_374,_410_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFdeMause2002">deMause 2002</a>, p. 312, 374, 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodwin2004168f-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodwin2004168f_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGodwin2004">Godwin 2004</a>, p. 168f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1991" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Alice (1991). <i>Breaking down the walls of silence</i>. New York: Dutton/<a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525933571" title="Special:BookSources/9780525933571"><bdi>9780525933571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+down+the+walls+of+silence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Dutton%2FPenguin+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780525933571&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1991" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Shelby (1991). <i>Late Carthaginian Child Sacrifice and Sacrificial Monuments in their Mediterranean Context</i>. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850752400" title="Special:BookSources/9781850752400"><bdi>9781850752400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Carthaginian+Child+Sacrifice+and+Sacrificial+Monuments+in+their+Mediterranean+Context&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9781850752400&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Shelby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1981" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Nigel (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humansacrificein00davi/page/192"><i>Human Sacrifice in History and Today</i></a></span>. New York: William Morrow & Co. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880292115" title="Special:BookSources/9780880292115"><bdi>9780880292115</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Sacrifice+in+History+and+Today&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=William+Morrow+%26+Co.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780880292115&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumansacrificein00davi%2Fpage%2F192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrotstein2000" class="citation book cs1">Grotstein, James S. (2000). <i>Who is the dreamer who dreams the dream?</i>. Relational Perspectives Book Series. Vol. 19. Hillsdale: The Analytic Press. pp. 247, 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881633054" title="Special:BookSources/9780881633054"><bdi>9780881633054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+is+the+dreamer+who+dreams+the+dream%3F&rft.place=Hillsdale&rft.series=Relational+Perspectives+Book+Series&rft.pages=247%2C+242&rft.pub=The+Analytic+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780881633054&rft.aulast=Grotstein&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrinkaus1982" class="citation journal cs1">Trinkaus, Erik (April 1982). "Artificial Cranial Deformation in the Shanidar 1 and 5 Neandertals". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 198–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F202808">10.1086/202808</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2742361">2742361</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144182791">144182791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Artificial+Cranial+Deformation+in+the+Shanidar+1+and+5+Neandertals&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=198-199&rft.date=1982-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144182791%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2742361%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F202808&rft.aulast=Trinkaus&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRousselle1983" class="citation book cs1">Rousselle, Aline (1983). <i>Porneia: On Desire and the Body in Antiquity</i>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1610975820" title="Special:BookSources/1610975820"><bdi>1610975820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Porneia%3A+On+Desire+and+the+Body+in+Antiquity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=1610975820&rft.aulast=Rousselle&rft.aufirst=Aline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTompkins1963" class="citation book cs1">Tompkins, Peter (1963). <i>The Eunuch and the Virgin: A Study of Curious Customs</i>. NY: Bramhall House. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eunuch+and+the+Virgin%3A+A+Study+of+Curious+Customs&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Bramhall+House&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Tompkins&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRóheim1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_R%C3%B3heim" title="Géza Róheim">Róheim, Géza</a> (1950). <i>Psychoanalysis and Anthropology</i>. New York: International Universities Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/894357265">894357265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychoanalysis+and+Anthropology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=International+Universities+Press&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F894357265&rft.aulast=R%C3%B3heim&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9za&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sambia_ritual-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sambia_ritual_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sambia_ritual_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerdt2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Herdt" title="Gilbert Herdt">Herdt, Gilbert</a> (2005). <i>The Sambia: Ritual, Sexuality, and Change in Papua New Guinea (Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology)</i> (2nd ed.). Longmead: Wadsworth Publishing. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780534643836" title="Special:BookSources/9780534643836"><bdi>9780534643836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sambia%3A+Ritual%2C+Sexuality%2C+and+Change+in+Papua+New+Guinea+%28Case+Studies+in+Cultural+Anthropology%29&rft.place=Longmead&rft.pages=85&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780534643836&rft.aulast=Herdt&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewan1993" class="citation web cs1">Lewan, Todd (17 February 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tulsaworld.com/news/satanic-cult-killings-spread-fear-in-brazil/article_8740ae98-48e8-5773-8fac-6049ed826457.html">"Satanic Cult Killings Spread Fear in Brazil"</a>. <i>Tulsa World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tulsa+World&rft.atitle=Satanic+Cult+Killings+Spread+Fear+in+Brazil&rft.date=1993-02-17&rft.aulast=Lewan&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftulsaworld.com%2Fnews%2Fsatanic-cult-killings-spread-fear-in-brazil%2Farticle_8740ae98-48e8-5773-8fac-6049ed826457.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2013" class="citation news cs1">Hamilton, Matt (18 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2013-jul-17-la-me-satanic-killer-sentencing-20130718-story.html">"Man given 25 years in mother's 'satanic' killing"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035">0458-3035</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Man+given+25+years+in+mother%27s+%27satanic%27+killing&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft.issn=0458-3035&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2013-jul-17-la-me-satanic-killer-sentencing-20130718-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2017" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, Kim (5 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jul/05/witches-feminism-books-kristin-j-sollee">"Are witches the ultimate feminists?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Are+witches+the+ultimate+feminists%3F&rft.date=2017-07-05&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2017%2Fjul%2F05%2Fwitches-feminism-books-kristin-j-sollee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/press-releases/2009/03/gambia-hundreds-accused-e2809cwitchcrafte2809d-and-poisoned-government-campaign-20/">"The Gambia: Hundreds accused of "witchcraft" and poisoned in government campaign"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></i>. 18 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=The+Gambia%3A+Hundreds+accused+of+%22witchcraft%22+and+poisoned+in+government+campaign&rft.date=2009-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fpress-releases%2F2009%2F03%2Fgambia-hundreds-accused-e2809cwitchcrafte2809d-and-poisoned-government-campaign-20%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2009" class="citation news cs1">Rice, Xan (19 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/19/gambia-witchcraft-hallucinogenics">"Gambian state kidnaps 1,000 villagers in mass purge of 'witchcraft'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gambian+state+kidnaps+1%2C000+villagers+in+mass+purge+of+%27witchcraft%27&rft.date=2009-03-19&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Xan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fmar%2F19%2Fgambia-witchcraft-hallucinogenics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMigiro2017" class="citation news cs1">Migiro, Katy (21 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tanzania-women-landrights/despite-murderous-attacks-tanzanias-witches-fight-for-land-idUSKBN16S2HU">"Despite murderous attacks, Tanzania's 'witches' fight for land"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Despite+murderous+attacks%2C+Tanzania%27s+%27witches%27+fight+for+land&rft.date=2017-03-21&rft.aulast=Migiro&rft.aufirst=Katy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-tanzania-women-landrights%2Fdespite-murderous-attacks-tanzanias-witches-fight-for-land-idUSKBN16S2HU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Vejan en África a 'niños brujos'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>" (Press release) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Reforma_(newspaper)" title="Reforma (newspaper)">Reforma</a>. 19 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vejan+en+%C3%81frica+a+%27ni%C3%B1os+brujos%27&rft.pub=Reforma&rft.date=2007-11-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDidymus,_Johnthomas2011" class="citation web cs1">Didymus, Johnthomas (17 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitaljournal.com/article/312940">"Ghana to send 'witches' banished to refugee camps back home"</a>. <i>Digital Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Journal&rft.atitle=Ghana+to+send+%27witches%27+banished+to+refugee+camps+back+home&rft.date=2011-10-17&rft.au=Didymus%2C+Johnthomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitaljournal.com%2Farticle%2F312940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103135340/http://www.irinnews.org/report/62424/angola-witchcraft-an-excuse-for-child-abuse">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Witchcraft" an excuse for child abuse"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IRIN_News" class="mw-redirect" title="IRIN News">IRIN News</a></i>. 12 December 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report/62424/ANGOLA-Witchcraft-an-excuse-for-child-abuse">the original</a> on 3 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IRIN+News&rft.atitle=%22Witchcraft%22+an+excuse+for+child+abuse&rft.date=2006-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2FReport%2F62424%2FANGOLA-Witchcraft-an-excuse-for-child-abuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalopek2004" class="citation news cs1">Salopek, Paul (28 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/chi-0403280349mar28-story.html">"Children in Angola tortured as witches"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Children+in+Angola+tortured+as+witches&rft.date=2004-03-28&rft.aulast=Salopek&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fchi-0403280349mar28-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417074722/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4677969.stm">"Angola witchcraft's child victims"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 13 July 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4677969.stm">the original</a> on 17 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Angola+witchcraft%27s+child+victims&rft.date=2005-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F4677969.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEdeMause2002258–262-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdeMause2002258–262_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFdeMause2002">deMause 2002</a>, pp. 258–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodwin2004124–176-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodwin2004124–176_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGodwin2004">Godwin 2004</a>, p. 124–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdeMause1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_deMause" title="Lloyd deMause">deMause, Lloyd</a> (January 1982). <i>Foundations of Psychohistory</i>. Creative Roots Publishing. pp. 132–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780940508019" title="Special:BookSources/9780940508019"><bdi>9780940508019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Psychohistory&rft.pages=132-146&rft.pub=Creative+Roots+Publishing&rft.date=1982-01&rft.isbn=9780940508019&rft.aulast=deMause&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRascovsky1995" class="citation book cs1">Rascovsky, Arnaldo (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/filicidemurderhu0000rasc/"><i>Filicide: The Murder, Humiliation, Mutilation, Denigration and Abandonment of Children by Parents</i></a>. Northvale: <a href="/wiki/Jason_Aronson" title="Jason Aronson">Aronson</a>. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781568214566" title="Special:BookSources/9781568214566"><bdi>9781568214566</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filicide%3A+The+Murder%2C+Humiliation%2C+Mutilation%2C+Denigration+and+Abandonment+of+Children+by+Parents&rft.place=Northvale&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Aronson&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781568214566&rft.aulast=Rascovsky&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffilicidemurderhu0000rasc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarico2013" class="citation web cs1">Tarico, Valerie (27 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://truthout.org/articles/religious-trauma-syndrome-how-some-organized-religion-leads-to-mental-health-problems/">"Religious Trauma Syndrome: How Some Organized Religion Leads to Mental Health Problems"</a>. <i>Truthout</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Truthout&rft.atitle=Religious+Trauma+Syndrome%3A+How+Some+Organized+Religion+Leads+to+Mental+Health+Problems&rft.date=2013-03-27&rft.aulast=Tarico&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftruthout.org%2Farticles%2Freligious-trauma-syndrome-how-some-organized-religion-leads-to-mental-health-problems%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinell" class="citation web cs1">Winell, Marlene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141002001712/https://www.babcp.com/Review/RTS-Its-Time-to-Recognize-it.aspx">"Religious Trauma Syndrome: It's Time to Recognize it"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_Behavioural_and_Cognitive_Psychotherapies" title="British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies">British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.babcp.com/Review/RTS-Its-Time-to-Recognize-it.aspx">the original</a> on 2 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Association+for+Behavioural+and+Cognitive+Psychotherapies&rft.atitle=Religious+Trauma+Syndrome%3A+It%27s+Time+to+Recognize+it&rft.aulast=Winell&rft.aufirst=Marlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.babcp.com%2FReview%2FRTS-Its-Time-to-Recognize-it.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartzEverett1989" class="citation journal cs1">Hartz, Gary W.; Everett, Henry C. (1989). "Fundamentalist Religion and Its Effect on Mental Health". <i>Journal of Religion and Health</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 207–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00987752">10.1007/BF00987752</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4197">0022-4197</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27506023">27506023</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24276911">24276911</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1095871">1095871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+and+Health&rft.atitle=Fundamentalist+Religion+and+Its+Effect+on+Mental+Health&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=207-217&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1095871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00987752&rft.issn=0022-4197&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27506023%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24276911&rft.aulast=Hartz&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rft.au=Everett%2C+Henry+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinell" class="citation web cs1">Winell, Marlene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.babcp.com/Review/RTS-Trauma-from-Religion.aspx">"Religious Trauma Syndrome: Trauma from Religion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_Behavioural_and_Cognitive_Psychotherapies" title="British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies">British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Association+for+Behavioural+and+Cognitive+Psychotherapies&rft.atitle=Religious+Trauma+Syndrome%3A+Trauma+from+Religion&rft.aulast=Winell&rft.aufirst=Marlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.babcp.com%2FReview%2FRTS-Trauma-from-Religion.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinell" class="citation web cs1">Winell, Marlene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141225203613/http://www.babcp.com/Review/RTS-Trauma-from-Leaving-Religion.aspx">"Religious Trauma Syndrome: Trauma from Leaving Religion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_Behavioural_and_Cognitive_Psychotherapies" title="British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies">British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.babcp.com/Review/RTS-Trauma-from-Leaving-Religion.aspx">the original</a> on 25 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Association+for+Behavioural+and+Cognitive+Psychotherapies&rft.atitle=Religious+Trauma+Syndrome%3A+Trauma+from+Leaving+Religion&rft.aulast=Winell&rft.aufirst=Marlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.babcp.com%2FReview%2FRTS-Trauma-from-Leaving-Religion.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinellTalarico2014" class="citation web cs1">Winell, Marlene; Talarico, Valerie (2 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieet.org/index.php/IEET2/more/tarico20141102">"Psychological Harms of Bible-Believing Christianity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies" title="Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies">Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Ethics+and+Emerging+Technologies&rft.atitle=Psychological+Harms+of+Bible-Believing+Christianity&rft.date=2014-11-02&rft.aulast=Winell&rft.aufirst=Marlene&rft.au=Talarico%2C+Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieet.org%2Findex.php%2FIEET2%2Fmore%2Ftarico20141102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanchuk2018" class="citation journal cs1">Panchuk, Michelle (3 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pdcnet.org/resphilosophica/content/resphilosophica_2018_0095_0003_0505_0530?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=227f39005110792fc0540ff6449194cb94beba7a-1590088895-0-AYxbeZpps_uwn7XK7NJK5mB1s5rE9O_-_QkP9P8etnGo5JypeXzBgI_zp68iLjFfIBjmdE5E8hAOQl_9hgzWQFtVSEgMhfOR_lPi4RcHG56s5yVoIvfJbVU_ma-cvioEmqH3hf5azew_25AGo2QqivUCgytTO-fpZnmAD6PsLZI69ESGkJ8_1w6Z1Uc-aHHQIrgE0Cbp_WDpn3qlqwOkDsxdIPf2rdJZFz3B0WOOmE7HV5WlqHKsrRsx2pdxeq2DXH_xxXJ086KxLNxuCaxTLI6flYeIMZZFW4dldaTqSSspI2032fM6p7sfRZC8Wl5wkZOuDA3vlETN--ut7EwReyURy_WcITQ_YguKTTCmzi6H">"The Shattered Spiritual Self: A Philosophical Exploration of Religious Trauma"</a>. <i>Res Philosophica</i>. <b>95</b> (3): 505–530. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11612%2Fresphil.1684">10.11612/resphil.1684</a> – via Philosophy Documentation Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Res+Philosophica&rft.atitle=The+Shattered+Spiritual+Self%3A+A+Philosophical+Exploration+of+Religious+Trauma&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=505-530&rft.date=2018-07-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11612%2Fresphil.1684&rft.aulast=Panchuk&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdcnet.org%2Fresphilosophica%2Fcontent%2Fresphilosophica_2018_0095_0003_0505_0530%3F__cf_chl_jschl_tk__%3D227f39005110792fc0540ff6449194cb94beba7a-1590088895-0-AYxbeZpps_uwn7XK7NJK5mB1s5rE9O_-_QkP9P8etnGo5JypeXzBgI_zp68iLjFfIBjmdE5E8hAOQl_9hgzWQFtVSEgMhfOR_lPi4RcHG56s5yVoIvfJbVU_ma-cvioEmqH3hf5azew_25AGo2QqivUCgytTO-fpZnmAD6PsLZI69ESGkJ8_1w6Z1Uc-aHHQIrgE0Cbp_WDpn3qlqwOkDsxdIPf2rdJZFz3B0WOOmE7HV5WlqHKsrRsx2pdxeq2DXH_xxXJ086KxLNxuCaxTLI6flYeIMZZFW4dldaTqSSspI2032fM6p7sfRZC8Wl5wkZOuDA3vlETN--ut7EwReyURy_WcITQ_YguKTTCmzi6H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevan-Lee2018" class="citation web cs1">Bevan-Lee, Donna (11 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.donnabevanlee.com/uncategorized/religious-trauma-in-childhood/">"Religious Trauma in Childhood"</a>. <i>Donna J. Bevan-Lee, Ph.D. MSW</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Donna+J.+Bevan-Lee%2C+Ph.D.+MSW&rft.atitle=Religious+Trauma+in+Childhood&rft.date=2018-11-11&rft.aulast=Bevan-Lee&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.donnabevanlee.com%2Funcategorized%2Freligious-trauma-in-childhood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdeMause2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_deMause" title="Lloyd deMause">deMause, Lloyd</a> (2002). <i>The Emotional Life of Nations</i>. NY, London: Karnak. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781892746986" title="Special:BookSources/9781892746986"><bdi>9781892746986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emotional+Life+of+Nations&rft.place=NY%2C+London&rft.pub=Karnak&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781892746986&rft.aulast=deMause&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodwin2004" class="citation book cs1">Godwin, Robert W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onecosmosundergo0000godw"><i>One cosmos under God</i></a>. St. Paul: Paragon House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557788368" title="Special:BookSources/9781557788368"><bdi>9781557788368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+cosmos+under+God&rft.place=St.+Paul&rft.pub=Paragon+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781557788368&rft.aulast=Godwin&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonecosmosundergo0000godw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1996" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Steven (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charismatic-captivation.com/"><i>Charismatic Captivation, Authoritarian Abuse & Psychological Enslavement in Neo-Pentecostal Churches</i></a>. Real Truth Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charismatic+Captivation%2C+Authoritarian+Abuse+%26+Psychological+Enslavement+in+Neo-Pentecostal+Churches&rft.pub=Real+Truth+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.charismatic-captivation.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pasquale" class="citation book cs1">Pasquale, T. (2015). <i>Sacred Wounds: A Path to Healing from Spiritual Trauma</i>. Chalice Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Wounds%3A+A+Path+to+Healing+from+Spiritual+Trauma&rft.pub=Chalice+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Pasquale%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeakley1988" class="citation book cs1">Yeakley, Flavil (1988). <i>The Discipling Dilemma</i> (2nd ed.). Nashville: Gospel Advocate Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89225-311-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89225-311-8"><bdi>0-89225-311-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discipling+Dilemma&rft.place=Nashville&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gospel+Advocate+Company&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-89225-311-8&rft.aulast=Yeakley&rft.aufirst=Flavil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeri_Massi" title="Jeri Massi">Massi, Jeri</a>, <i>The Lambs Workbook: Recovering from Church Abuse, Clergy Abuse, Spiritual Abuse, and the Legalism of Christian Fundamentalism</i> (2008)</li> <li>O'Brien, Rosaleen <i>Church Abuse, Drugs and E.C.T.</i> (2009)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abuse" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abuse" title="Template:Abuse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abuse" title="Template talk:Abuse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abuse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abuse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abuse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability draft">military draft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_financial_abuse" title="Elder financial abuse">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_abuse" title="Social abuse">Social abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpire_abuse" title="Umpire abuse">Referee and umpire abuse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religious abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_abuse" title="Surveillance abuse">Surveillance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">Abuse of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">Complex post-traumatic stress disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie" title="Lie">Lying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">Minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Psychological trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_bonding" title="Traumatic bonding">Traumatic bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&oldid=1253405804">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&oldid=1253405804</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abuse" title="Category:Abuse">Abuse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Child_abuse" title="Category:Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Criminology" title="Category:Criminology">Criminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Child_murder" title="Category:Child murder">Child murder</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_violence" title="Category:Religion and violence">Religion and violence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rituals" title="Category:Rituals">Rituals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_mental_health" title="Category:Religion and mental health">Religion and mental health</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology_and_religious_fundamentalism" title="Category:Psychology and religious fundamentalism">Psychology and religious fundamentalism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2023">Use dmy dates from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from June 2023">Articles with failed verification from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 20:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_abuse&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-2rj2v","wgBackendResponseTime":1182,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.852","walltime":"0.998","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4660,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":126484,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3849,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":217605,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 891.781 1 -total"," 48.25% 430.320 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.61% 139.217 9 Template:Cite_journal"," 13.08% 116.689 23 Template:Cite_web"," 11.46% 102.208 19 Template:Cite_book"," 10.99% 98.032 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.18% 90.740 1 Template:Abuse"," 9.79% 87.307 1 Template:Navbox"," 9.65% 86.048 12 Template:Sfn"," 5.90% 52.621 4 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.566","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7513262,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllingham1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergenfeldClarkSandhuYount2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBevan-Lee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDidymus,_Johnthomas2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodwin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrotstein2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartzEverett1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerdt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKippert2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewan1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthewsSnow\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMigiro2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNobakhtYngvar_Dale2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanchuk2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRascovsky1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinhardStenzel1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRousselle1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuth_OakleySusan_Kinmond2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRóheim1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalopek2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarico2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTompkins1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrinkaus1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanVonderen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellmanTokuno,_Kyoko2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWinell\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWinellTalarico2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeakley1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdeMause1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdeMause2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Sahagún1950–1982\"] = 1,\n [\"Pasquale\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abuse\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 23,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Religious Abuse\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 12,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-2rj2v","timestamp":"20241125095218","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Religious abuse","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Religious_abuse","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6492249","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6492249","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-02-12T08:04:51Z","dateModified":"2024-10-25T20:29:50Z","headline":"mistreatment under the guise of religion to use unfairly or improperly gain benefit"}</script> </body> </html>