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decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"43\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/60px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/80px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"555\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\"\u003EOd 1. do 30. novembra 2024. učestvujte u projektu \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Azijski_mjesec/2024.\" title=\"Wikipedia:Azijski mjesec/2024.\"\u003E\"Azijski mjesec\"\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sajt"> <div 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id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terminologija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Porijeklo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Porijeklo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Porijeklo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Porijeklo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mješoviti_ebdžed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mješoviti_ebdžed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mješoviti ebdžed</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mješoviti_ebdžed-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Mješoviti ebdžed</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mješoviti_ebdžed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dodavanje_samoglasnika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dodavanje_samoglasnika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Dodavanje samoglasnika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dodavanje_samoglasnika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ebdžedi_i_struktura_semitskih_jezika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ebdžedi_i_struktura_semitskih_jezika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ebdžedi i struktura semitskih jezika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ebdžedi_i_struktura_semitskih_jezika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ebdžed_u_Bosni_i_Hercegovini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ebdžed_u_Bosni_i_Hercegovini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ebdžed u Bosni i Hercegovini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ebdžed_u_Bosni_i_Hercegovini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uporedni_grafikon_izumrlih_i_postojećih_Ebdžeda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uporedni_grafikon_izumrlih_i_postojećih_Ebdžeda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uporedni grafikon izumrlih i postojećih Ebdžeda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uporedni_grafikon_izumrlih_i_postojećih_Ebdžeda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Također_pogledajte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Također_pogledajte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Također pogledajte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Također_pogledajte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjski_linkovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Vanjski linkovi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uključi/isključi sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uključi/isključi sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ebdžed</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na članak na drugom jeziku. Dostupno na 71 jeziku" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 jezik</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – afrikans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أبجدية – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyad" title="Abyad – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Abyad" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B1%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%B4_%D1%8F%D2%99%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Әбжәд яҙма – baškirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әбжәд яҙма" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Абджад – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Абджад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6" title="अब्जद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अब्जद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="আবজাদ – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আবজাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyad" title="Abyad – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Abyad" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%AF" title="ئەبجەد – centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەبجەد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souhl%C3%A1skov%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Souhláskové písmo – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Souhláskové písmo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonantalfabet" title="Konsonantalfabet – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konsonantalfabet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonantenschrift" title="Konsonantenschrift – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konsonantenschrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebced" title="Ebced – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ebced" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonanta_skribsistemo" title="Konsonanta skribsistemo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konsonanta skribsistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_conson%C3%A1ntico" title="Alfabeto consonántico – španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto consonántico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="ابجد – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابجد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_consonantique" title="Alphabet consonantique – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabet consonantique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonanteskrift" title="Konsonanteskrift – zapadni frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Konsonanteskrift" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zapadni frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – manks" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%92%27%D7%93" title="אבג'ד – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבג'ד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6" title="अब्जद – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अब्जद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdzsad" title="Abdzsad – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Abdzsad" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%89" title="アブジャド – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アブジャド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="კონსონანტური დამწერლობა – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონსონანტური დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%B4" title="Абджәд – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Абджәд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%9E%90%EB%93%9C" title="아브자드 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아브자드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afab%C9%9B%CC%81_ya_milelisi" title="Afabɛ́ ya milelisi – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Afabɛ́ ya milelisi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C5%BEads" title="Abdžads – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Abdžads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Абџад – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Абџад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_tulisan_abjad" title="Sistem tulisan abjad – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem tulisan abjad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="अब्जाद – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अब्जाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – norveški (Bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški (Bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A6" title="ਅਬਜਦ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਬਜਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C5%BCad" title="Abdżad – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abdżad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="ابجد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابجد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="ابجد – paštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ابجد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Консонантное письмо – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Консонантное письмо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="ابجد – sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ابجد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoluhl%C3%A1skov%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Spoluhláskové písmo – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spoluhláskové písmo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C5%BEad" title="Abdžad – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Abdžad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – sundanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjadi" title="Abjadi – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Abjadi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0" title="อักษรไร้สระ – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรไร้สระ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyad" title="Abyad – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Abyad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cns%C3%BCz_alfabesi" title="Ünsüz alfabesi – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ünsüz alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Консонантна писемність – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Консонантна писемність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="ابجد – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابجد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdjade" title="Abdjade – valun" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Abdjade" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="辅音音素文字 – Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="辅音音素文字" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="辅音音素文字 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="辅音音素文字" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" 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class="noprint">S Wikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bs" dir="ltr"><p><b>Ebdžed</b> ( <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:IPA_za_engleski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:IPA za engleski (stranica ne postoji)">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/ slijedi primarni naglasak">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/ kratko 'a' u riječi 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'b' u riječi 'buy'">b</span><span title="/dʒ/ 'j' u riječi 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/æ/ kratko 'a' u riječi 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'d' u riječi 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> أبجد)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vrsta je <a href="/wiki/Pismo_(jezik)" title="Pismo (jezik)">pisanja</a> u kojem (za razliku od alfabeta) svaki simbol ili <a href="/wiki/Glif" title="Glif">glif</a> predstavlja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suglasnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suglasnik (stranica ne postoji)">suglasnik</a>, a na čitaocima je da zaključe koji <a href="/wiki/Samoglasnik" title="Samoglasnik">samoglasnik</a> treba upotrijebiti. Takozvani <b>mješoviti ebdžedi</b> sadrže <a href="/wiki/Samoglasnik" title="Samoglasnik">samoglasnike</a>, bilo izborne dijakritičke, bilo određeni broj jasnih samoglasnika ili oboje. Ime <i>ebdžed</i> se temelji na prva (u svom izvornom redu) četiri slova <a href="/wiki/Arapski_jezik" title="Arapski jezik">arapskog</a> alfabeta (elif, ba, džim, dal) i češće se koristi umjesto termina <b>"suglasnički"</b> i <b>"suglasnički alfabet",</b> pri opisu "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zapadno-semitski_jezici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zapadno-semitski jezici (stranica ne postoji)">Zapadno-semitske</a>" porodice pisama. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologija">Etimologija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak "Etimologija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ime "ebdžed" (<a href="/wiki/Arapski_jezik" title="Arapski jezik">arapski</a>: <span dir="rtl" lang="ar">أبجد</span>) izvedeno je iz izgovora prvih slova <a href="/wiki/Arapski_alfabet" title="Arapski alfabet">arapske abecede</a> u svom <a href="/wiki/Arapski_alfabet" title="Arapski alfabet">izvornom redoslijedu</a> <i>elif, ba, džim, dal</i>, što se podudara sa starijim <a href="/wiki/Feni%C4%8Dko_pismo" title="Feničko pismo">feničkim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrejsko_pismo" title="Hebrejsko pismo">hebrejskim</a> i semitskim proto-alfabetima: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleph (stranica ne postoji)">alef</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opklada_(pismo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opklada (pismo) (stranica ne postoji)">bet</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gimel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gimel (stranica ne postoji)">gimel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalet (stranica ne postoji)">dalet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminologija">Terminologija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak "Terminologija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Terminologija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prema <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_T._Daniels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter T. Daniels (stranica ne postoji)">Peteru T. Danielsu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright1996_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright1996-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ebdžed se razlikuje od <a href="/wiki/Abeceda" title="Abeceda">abecede</a> po tome što su samo suglasnici, a ne samoglasnici, predstavljeni među osnovnim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grapheme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grapheme (stranica ne postoji)">grafemima</a> . Ebdžedi se razlikuju od abugida, druge kategorije koju je definirao Daniels, po tome što se u ebdžedima zvuk samoglasnika <i>podrazumijeva</i> <a href="/wiki/Fonologija" title="Fonologija">fonologijom</a>, a u sistemima gdje postoje znakovi za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dijakriti%C4%8Dki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dijakritički (stranica ne postoji)">samoglasnike</a>, kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niqqud (stranica ne postoji)">nikkud</a> za <a href="/wiki/Hebrejski_jezik" title="Hebrejski jezik">hebrejski</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harakat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harakat (stranica ne postoji)">ḥereketa</a> za <a href="/wiki/Arapski_jezik" title="Arapski jezik">arapski</a>, njihova upotreba nije obvezna niti je široko zastupljena u svakodnevnoj upotrebi. Abugidi označavaju sve samoglasnike (osim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inherentni_samoglasnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inherentni samoglasnik (stranica ne postoji)">„urođenog“ samoglasnika</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dijakriti%C4%8Dki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dijakritički (stranica ne postoji)">dijakritičkim</a>, manjim prilogom uz pismo ili samostalnim <a href="/wiki/Glif" title="Glif">glifom</a>. Neki abugidi koriste poseban simbol za <i>potiskivanje</i> urođenog samoglasnika kako bi samo suglasnik mogao biti pravilno predstavljen. U slogovnim pismima grafem označava kompletan slog; ili usamljeni samoglasnik ili kombinaciju samoglasnika sa jednim ili više suglasnika. </p><p>Suprotstavljanje ebdžeda i abecede, kako je formulirao Daniels, odbacili su i neki drugi naučnici jer se ebdžed kao termin koristi ne samo za arapski brojčani sistem, već i kao pojam za abecedni alat (tj. redoslijed slova) drevnih sjeverozapadnih semitskih skripti nasuprot 'južnoarabijskom' redoslijedu, što je daleko važnije u smislu povijesne gramatike. To je uzrokovalo fatalne efekte na terminologiju uopšte, a posebno na drevnu semitsku filologiju. Također, ovo sugeriše da konsonantska abeceda za razliku od grčke abecede, na primjer, još nije bila istinska abeceda i još uvijek nije cjelovita, nedostaje joj nešto važno da bi bila funkcionalan sistem pisanja u potpunosti. Primjetno je i to da abeceda kao skup slova sa fonološkog stanovišta, nije ogledalo onoga što bi trebala biti u jeziku, prije je skup podataka ono što pruža maksimalnu efikasnost uz najmanje napora sa semantičkog stanovišta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Porijeklo">Porijeklo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak "Porijeklo"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Porijeklo"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Ba%60alat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ba%60alat.jpg/220px-Ba%60alat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ba%60alat.jpg/330px-Ba%60alat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ba%60alat.jpg/440px-Ba%60alat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption> Uzorak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protosinaitski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protosinaitski (stranica ne postoji)">proto-sinajskog</a> pisma koji sadrži frazu koja može značiti "(posvećeno) Ba'alati". Linija koja ide od gornje lijeve strane prema dolje desno glasi <i>mt l b<sup>'</sup>lt</i> . </figcaption></figure> <p>Prvi ebdžed koji je stekao široku upotrebu bio je <a href="/wiki/Feni%C4%8Dko_pismo" title="Feničko pismo">fenički</a>. Za razliku od drugih onovremenih pisama, poput <a href="/wiki/Klinasto_pismo" title="Klinasto pismo">klinastog</a> i <a href="/wiki/Hijeroglifi" title="Hijeroglifi">egipatskih hijeroglifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feni%C4%8Dansko_pismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feničansko pismo">feničko pismo</a> sastojalo se od svega nekoliko desetaka znakova, što je olakšavalo njegovo učenje, a fenički moreplovci proširili su to pismo širom tada poznatog svijeta. </p><p>Fenički ebdžed bio je radikalno pojednostavljivanje fonetskog pisanja, budući da je pisanje <a href="/wiki/Hijeroglifi" title="Hijeroglifi">hijeroglifa</a> zahtijevalo da se odabere <a href="/wiki/Hijeroglifi" title="Hijeroglifi">hijeroglif</a> koji počinje istim zvukom koji je pisac želio napisati da bi napisao fonetski, kao što je <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man%27y%C5%8Dgana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Man'yōgana (stranica ne postoji)">man'yōgana</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Kinesko_pismo" title="Kinesko pismo">kineski znakovi</a> korišteni isključivo za fonetsku upotrebu) korišten je za fonetsko predstavljanje <a href="/wiki/Japanski_jezik" title="Japanski jezik">japanskog</a> prije izuma <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a> . </p><p>Brojna nova pisama su se razvila iz <a href="/wiki/Feni%C4%8Dko_pismo" title="Feničko pismo">feničkog</a>, uključujući <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dko_pismo" title="Grčko pismo">grčki</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aramejska_abeceda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aramejska abeceda (stranica ne postoji)">aramejski</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dko_pismo" title="Grčko pismo">Grčka abeceda</a> evoluirala je u moderne zapadne abecede, poput <a href="/wiki/Latinsko_pismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinsko pismo">latinične</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C4%86irilica" title="Ćirilica">ćirilice</a>, dok je aramejski postao predak mnogih modernih ebdžeda i abugida. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mješoviti_ebdžed"><span id="Mje.C5.A1oviti_ebd.C5.BEed"></span>Mješoviti ebdžed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak "Mješoviti ebdžed"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Mješoviti ebdžed"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg/220px-Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg/330px-Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg/440px-Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="151" /></a><figcaption><i>El-ʻArabijje</i>, što znači "arapski": primjer arapskog pisma (mješoviti ebdžed).</figcaption></figure> <p>Mješoviti ebdžedi sadrže znakove za neke samoglasnike, izborne dijakritike samoglasnika ili oboje. Izraz čisti ebdžed odnosi se na pisma koja su u potpunosti bez samoglasnika.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Većina modernih ebdžeda, kao što su <a href="/wiki/Arapski_alfabet" title="Arapski alfabet">arapski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrejsko_pismo" title="Hebrejsko pismo">hebrejski</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aramejska_abeceda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aramejska abeceda (stranica ne postoji)">aramejski</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_abeceda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pahlavi abeceda (stranica ne postoji)">pahlavi</a>, su "mješoviti" jer sadrže simbole za neke foneme samoglasnika, iako se spomenuta nediakritička samoglasnička slova koriste i za pisanje određenih konsonanata, posebno <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pribli%C5%BEan_suglasnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Približan suglasnik (stranica ne postoji)">aproksimanata</a> koji zvuče slično kao dugački samoglasnici. "Čisti" ebdžed možda je najbolje predstavljen u vrlo ranim oblicima drevnog <a href="/wiki/Feni%C4%8Dko_pismo" title="Feničko pismo">feničkog</a> koji se u nekom trenutku (barem u 9. stoljeću prije nove ere) kao i većina suvremenih semitskih ebdžeda počeo nadopunjavati sa nekoliko suglasničkih simbola u sekundarnoj funkciji znakova za samoglasnik, zvanoj <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mater_lectionis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mater lectionis (stranica ne postoji)">matres lectionis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1994_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1994-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ova praksa u početku je bila rijetka i u ograničenoj mjeri, ali je postala sve češća i razvijenija u kasnijim vremenima. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dodavanje_samoglasnika">Dodavanje samoglasnika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak "Dodavanje samoglasnika"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Dodavanje samoglasnika"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U 9. stoljeću p.n.e. Grci su prilagodili feničansko pismo za korištenje u njihovom jeziku. Fonetska struktura grčkog jezika stvorala je previše nejasnoća kada samoglasnici nisu bili napisani, što je zahtjevalo prilagođavanje pisama. Slova za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guttural_konsonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guttural konsonant (stranica ne postoji)">guturalne</a> glasove poput <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleph (stranica ne postoji)">alef</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_(pismo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On (pismo) (stranica ne postoji)">he</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heth_(pismo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heth (pismo) (stranica ne postoji)">het</a></i> ili <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayin (stranica ne postoji)">ain</a></i>, nisu bila potrebna pa su tim simbolima dodijeljene vokalne vrijednosti. Slova <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waw_(pismo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waw (pismo) (stranica ne postoji)">waw</a></i> i <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yodh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yodh (stranica ne postoji)">yod</a></i> također su prilagođena samoglasnicima pa su zajedno sa <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_(pismo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On (pismo) (stranica ne postoji)">he</a></i> upotrebljavana kao <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mater_lectionis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mater lectionis (stranica ne postoji)">matres lectionis</a></i> u feničanskom jeziku. Glavna grčka inovacija bila je posvećivanje ovih simbola isključivo i nedvosmisleno samoglasničkim zvukovima koji se mogu proizvoljno kombinirati sa suglasnicima (za razliku od slogova kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linearni_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linearni B (stranica ne postoji)">Linearni B</a> koji obično imaju samoglasne simbole, ali ih ne mogu kombinirati s suglasnicima kako bi tvorili proizvoljne slogove). </p><p>Abugida se razvio nešto drugačijim putem. Smatralo se da je osnovni konsonantski simbol ima svojstveni "a" samoglasnik. Kratke linije povezane na različite dijelove osnovnog slova mijenjaju samoglasnik. Na ovaj način, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ju%C5%BEno_arapska_abeceda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Južno arapska abeceda (stranica ne postoji)">abeceda Južne Arabije</a> evoluirala je u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%27ez_abeceda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge'ez abeceda (stranica ne postoji)">abecedu Ge'ez</a> između 5. vijeka p.n.e. i 5. vijeka nove ere. Slično tome, oko 3. vijeka prije nove ere, razvilo se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_skripta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brāhmī skripta (stranica ne postoji)">Braāhmi pismo</a> (pretpostavlja se iz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aramejska_abeceda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aramejska abeceda (stranica ne postoji)">aramejskog ebdžeda</a>). </p><p>Druga veća porodica abugida, kanadski domorodački , prvobitno je razvijena 1840-ih od strane misionara i lingviste <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Evans_(lingvista)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Evans (lingvista) (stranica ne postoji)">Džejmsa Evansa</a> za jezike <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kri (stranica ne postoji)">Kri</a></i> i <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Od%C5%BEibve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odžibve (stranica ne postoji)">Odžibve</a></i>. Evans je koristio karakteristike <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">pisma Devanagari</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitman_stena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pitman stena (stranica ne postoji)">Pitmanove</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stenografija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stenografija (stranica ne postoji)">stenografije</a> da konstruiše svoju prvobitnu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abugida (stranica ne postoji)">abugidu</a>, da bi u 19. stoljeću, drugi misionari prilagodili Evansov sistem drugim jezicima kanadskih domorodaca. Ovaj sistem se razlikuje od ostalih abugida po tome što je samoglasnik označen rotacijom konsonantskog simbola, pri čemu svaki samoglasnik ima konzistentnu orijentaciju. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ebdžedi_i_struktura_semitskih_jezika"><span id="Ebd.C5.BEedi_i_struktura_semitskih_jezika"></span>Ebdžedi i struktura semitskih jezika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak "Ebdžedi i struktura semitskih jezika"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Ebdžedi i struktura semitskih jezika"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ebdžedni oblik pisanja dobro je prilagođen <a href="/wiki/Morfologija_(lingvistika)" title="Morfologija (lingvistika)">morfološkoj</a> strukturi semitskih jezika, zbog toga što se riječi na semitskim jezicima formiraju od <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triliteral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triliteral (stranica ne postoji)">korijena koji se sastoji od (obično) tri suglasnika</a>, a samoglasnici se koriste za označavanje inflekcijskih ili izvedenih oblika. Na primjer, prema <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasi%C4%8Dni_arapski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasični arapski (stranica ne postoji)">klasičnom arapskom</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moderni_standardni_arapski_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moderni standardni arapski jezik (stranica ne postoji)">modernom standardnom arapskom</a>, iz korijena <span lang="ar">ح ب ب‎</span> <i>H-B-B</i> (ljubav) se može izvesti oblik <span lang="ar">يَحِبُّ‎‎</span> yaḥibbu (voli), <span lang="ar">يَحُبُّ‎‎</span> yaḥubbu (biti voljen) , <span lang="ar">أَحْبَاب‎</span> ʾaḥbāb (dragi, najdraži).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U većini slučajeva, nedostatak punih <a href="/wiki/Glif" title="Glif">glifova</a> za samoglasnike čini zajednički korijen jasnijim, omogućavajući čitateljima da pogode značenje nepoznatih riječi iz poznatih korijena (posebno u vezi sa kontekstnim tragovima) i poboljšava prepoznavanje. </p><p>Nasuprot tome, arapska i hebrejska pisma ponekad igraju ulogu <a href="/wiki/Abeceda" title="Abeceda">pravih abeceda</a> umjesto ebdžeda kada se koriste za pisanje određenih <a href="/wiki/Indoevropski_jezici" title="Indoevropski jezici">indoevropskih jezika</a>, uključujući <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdski_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurdski jezik (stranica ne postoji)">kurdski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">bosanski</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jidi%C5%A1_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jidiš jezik (stranica ne postoji)">jidiš</a> . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ebdžed_u_Bosni_i_Hercegovini"><span id="Ebd.C5.BEed_u_Bosni_i_Hercegovini"></span>Ebdžed u Bosni i Hercegovini</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak "Ebdžed u Bosni i Hercegovini"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Ebdžed u Bosni i Hercegovini"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Turbe_Gazi_Husrev-beg_epitaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Turbe_Gazi_Husrev-beg_epitaf.jpg/220px-Turbe_Gazi_Husrev-beg_epitaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Turbe_Gazi_Husrev-beg_epitaf.jpg/330px-Turbe_Gazi_Husrev-beg_epitaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Turbe_Gazi_Husrev-beg_epitaf.jpg/440px-Turbe_Gazi_Husrev-beg_epitaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Epitaf nad ulazom u Gazi Husrev-begovo turbe</figcaption></figure> <p>Korištenje ebdžeda nije zaobišlo ni Bosnu i Hercegovinu u periodu Osmanlijske vladavine. Brojni su epitafi u kojima je kroz stihove izrečena godina smrti i ime pisca epitafa korištenjem ebdžeda. To je slučaj sa epitafom iznad Gazi Husrev-begovog turbeta u Sarajevu. </p><p>Iznad ulaza u Gazi Husrev-begovo turbe nalazi se kamena ploča dimenzija 45 X 85 cm na kojoj je ugraviran natpis na arapskom jeziku. Natpis je uklesan u šest eliptičnih prostora obrubljenih debelim linijama. Godina Gazi Husrev-begove smrti  izražena je u ebdžedu (izračunato pomoću numeričke vrijednosti arapskih slova) u posljednjem polustihu. Dodavanjem numeričkih vrijednosti slova u posljednjem polustihu dobijena je 948. godina poHidžri, što odgovara godini 1541.-42.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uporedni_grafikon_izumrlih_i_postojećih_Ebdžeda"><span id="Uporedni_grafikon_izumrlih_i_postoje.C4.87ih_Ebd.C5.BEeda"></span>Uporedni grafikon izumrlih i postojećih Ebdžeda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak "Uporedni grafikon izumrlih i postojećih Ebdžeda"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Uporedni grafikon izumrlih i postojećih Ebdžeda"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="20">Ime </th> <th scope="col" width="20">U upotrebi </th> <th scope="col" width="20">Kurziv </th> <th scope="col" width="20">Smijer </th> <th scope="col" width="20"># slova </th> <th scope="col" width="20">Matres lectionis </th> <th scope="col" width="20">Porijeklo (područje) </th> <th scope="col" width="20">Primjena </th> <th scope="col" width="150">Jezici </th> <th scope="col" width="20">Period </th> <th scope="col" width="20">Pod uticajem </th> <th scope="col" width="150">Uticao na (sistem pisanja) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Sirjački </td> <td>da </td> <td>da </td> <td>desno-lijevo </td> <td>22 konsonana </td> <td>3 </td> <td>Bliski istok </td> <td>Nestorijanska crkva, Siračka crkva </td> <td>aramejski, sirjački, asirski neo-aramejski </td> <td>~ 100 p.n.e.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>aramejski </td> <td>nabatejski, palmirski, mandejski, parćanski, pahlavi, sogdianski, avestanski i manihejski<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebrejsko_pismo" title="Hebrejsko pismo">Hebrejski</a> </td> <td>da </td> <td>kao drugo pismo </td> <td>desno-lijevo </td> <td>22 konsonana + 5 završnih slova </td> <td>4 </td> <td>Bliski istok </td> <td>Izraelićani, Jevrejska dijaspora, Judeja u periodu Drugog Hrama </td> <td>hebrejski, judeo-arapski, judeo-aramejski </td> <td>2. vijek p.n.e. </td> <td>paleo-hebrejski, rani aramejski </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arapski_alfabet" title="Arapski alfabet">Arapski</a> </td> <td>da </td> <td>da </td> <td>desno-lijevo </td> <td>28 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>Bliski istok i Sjeverna Afrika </td> <td>preko 400 milliona osoba </td> <td>arapski, <a href="/wiki/Bosanski_jezik" title="Bosanski jezik">bosanski</a>, kašmirski, <a href="/wiki/Malajski_jezik" title="Malajski jezik">malajski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perzijski_jezik" title="Perzijski jezik">perzijski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%A1tu_jezik" class="mw-redirect" title="Paštu jezik">paštunski</a>, ujgurski, kurdiski, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arapsko_pismo" title="Arapsko pismo">mnogi drugi</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>512 n.e.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEkhtiar2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkhtiar2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>nabatejski, aramejski </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aramejski (Imperijalni) </td> <td>ne </td> <td>ne </td> <td>desno-lijevo </td> <td>22 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>Bliski istok </td> <td>Ahamenidsko, Perzijsko, Babilonsko, i Asirsko carstvo </td> <td>imperijalni aramejski, hebrejski </td> <td>~ 500 p.n.e.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>fenički </td> <td>kasni hebrejski, nabatajski, sirjački </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aramejski (rani) </td> <td>ne </td> <td>ne </td> <td>desno-lijevo </td> <td>22 </td> <td>ne </td> <td>Bliski istok </td> <td>Razni semitski narodi </td> <td> </td> <td>~ 1000-900 p.n.e.   </td> <td>fenički </td> <td>hebrejski, imperijalni aramejski.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nabatejski </td> <td>ne </td> <td>ne </td> <td>desno-lijevo </td> <td>22 </td> <td>ne </td> <td>Bliski istok </td> <td>Nabatejsko kraljevstvo<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>nabatejski </td> <td>200 p.n.e.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>aramejski </td> <td>arabic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Srednjepersijski, (Pahlavi) </td> <td>ne </td> <td>ne </td> <td>desno-lijevo </td> <td>22 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>Bliski istok </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sasanidsko_Carstvo" title="Sasanidsko Carstvo">Sasanidsko carstvo</a> </td> <td>pahlavi, srednjeperzijski </td> <td> </td> <td>aramejski </td> <td>psalter, avestanski<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Molitveni Pahlavi </td> <td>ne </td> <td>da </td> <td>desno-lijevo </td> <td>21 </td> <td>da </td> <td>Sjeverozapadna Kina <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Perzijsko pismo za pisanje na papiru<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>~ 400 n.e<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Iranica_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Iranica-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>sirjački </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Feni%C4%8Dko_pismo" title="Feničko pismo">Fenički</a> </td> <td>ne </td> <td>ne </td> <td>desno-lijevo, boustrophedon </td> <td>22 </td> <td>ne </td> <td>Biblos <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Kananiti </td> <td>fenički, punski, hebrejski </td> <td>~ 1000-1500 p.n.e.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>proto-kananitski alfabet<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>punski (varijanta), grčki, etrušćanski, latinski, arapski i hebrejski </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parćanski </td> <td>ne </td> <td>ne </td> <td>desno-lijevo </td> <td>22 </td> <td>da </td> <td>Partia (sjeveroistočni Iran, Južni Turkmenistan i Sjeverozapadni Afganistan)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Parćanski i Sasanidski periodi Perzijskog carstva<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>parćanski </td> <td>~ 200 p.n.e.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>aramejski </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sabejski </td> <td>ne </td> <td>ne </td> <td>desno-lijevo, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bustrofidon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bustrofidon (stranica ne postoji)">bustrofidon</a> </td> <td>29 </td> <td>ne </td> <td>Južna Arabia (Saba) </td> <td>Južnoarapski period </td> <td>sabejski </td> <td>~ 500 p.n.e.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Biblos<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>etiopski (Eritreja i Etiopija)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Punski </td> <td>ne </td> <td>ne </td> <td>desno-lijevo </td> <td>22 </td> <td>ne </td> <td>Kartaga (Tunis), Sjeverna Afrika, Mediteran<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Puska kultura </td> <td>punski, neo-punski </td> <td> </td> <td>fenički </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Protosinajski, Protokananski </td> <td>ne </td> <td>ne </td> <td>lijevo-desno </td> <td>24 </td> <td>ne </td> <td>Egipat, Sinaj, Kanan </td> <td>Kananci </td> <td>kananski </td> <td>~ 1900-1700 p.n.e. </td> <td>u vezi sa egipatskim hijeroglifima </td> <td>fenički, hebrejski </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ugaritski </td> <td>ne </td> <td>da </td> <td>lijevo-desno </td> <td>30 </td> <td>ne, 3 znaka za for gs + samoglasnik </td> <td>Ugarit (Sjeverna Sirija) </td> <td>Ugariti </td> <td>ugaritski, hurianski </td> <td>~ 1400 p.n.e.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>proto-sinajski </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Južnoarapski </td> <td>ne </td> <td>da (Zabūr - cursive form of the South Arabian script) </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bustrofidon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bustrofidon (stranica ne postoji)">bustrofidon</a> </td> <td>29 </td> <td>da </td> <td>Južna Arabia (Jemen) </td> <td>D'mt kraljevstvo </td> <td>amharijski, tigrinjski, tigre, semitski, kušitski, nilo-saharski   </td> <td>900 p.n.e.   </td> <td>proto-sinajski </td> <td>ge'ez (Etiopija i Eritreja) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sogdianski </td> <td>ne </td> <td>ne (u kasnijim verzijama da) </td> <td>desno-lijevo, lijevo-desno (okomito) </td> <td>20 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>djelovi Kine (Xinjiang), Uzbekistan, Tadžikistan, Pakistan </td> <td>Budisti, Maniheji </td> <td>sogdijanski </td> <td>~ 400 n.e. </td> <td>sirjački </td> <td>stari ujgurski alfabet, jaqnobijski (tadžikistanski dijalekt) <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samarićanski </td> <td>da (700 osoba) </td> <td>ne </td> <td>desno-lijevo </td> <td>22 </td> <td>ne </td> <td>Mezopotamia ili Levant (sporno) </td> <td>Samarićani (Nablus i Holon) </td> <td>samarićanski aramejski, samarićanski hebrejski </td> <td>~ 100-0 p.n.e. </td> <td>pale-ohebrejski alfabet </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Također_pogledajte"><span id="Tako.C4.91er_pogledajte"></span>Također pogledajte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak "Također pogledajte"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Također pogledajte"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed_brojevi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebdžed brojevi (stranica ne postoji)">Ebdžedski brojevi</a> (arapski alfanumerički kod)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abugida (stranica ne postoji)">Abugida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gematrija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gematrija (stranica ne postoji)">Gematrija</a> (hebrejski i engleski sistem alfanumeričkog koda)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Numerologija (stranica ne postoji)">Numerologija</a> (nauka o brojevima)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stenografija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stenografija (stranica ne postoji)">Stenografija</a> (izgrađeni sistemi za pisanje koji su po strukturi ebdžed)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak "Reference"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Reference"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312388">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3303350">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629032501/https://www.lexico.com/definition/abjad">"Abjad | Definition of Abjad by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Abjad"</a>. <i>Lexico Dictionaries | English</i> (jezik: engleski). Arhivirano s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/abjad">originala</a>, 29. 6. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 26. 6. 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+Dictionaries+%7C+English&rft.atitle=Abjad+%7C+Definition+of+Abjad+by+Oxford+Dictionary+on+Lexico.com+also+meaning+of+Abjad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fabjad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AEbd%C5%BEed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright1996-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright1996_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDanielsBright1996">Daniels i Bright 1996</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFDanielsBright1996 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann2011_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehmann2011">Lehmann 2011</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFLehmann2011 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels2013_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniels2013">Daniels 2013</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFDaniels2013 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1994-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1994_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipiński1994">Lipiński 1994</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFLipiński1994 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A8">"حب - Wiktionary"</a>. <i>en.wiktionary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 29. 6. 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wiktionary.org&rft.atitle=%D8%AD%D8%A8+-+Wiktionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AEbd%C5%BEed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vakuf-gazi.ba/tour/turbeta/">"Turbeta"</a>. <i>Gazi Husrev-begov vakuf</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 30. 6. 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazi+Husrev-begov+vakuf&rft.atitle=Turbeta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vakuf-gazi.ba%2Ftour%2Fturbeta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AEbd%C5%BEed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAger2015-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAger2015_8-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAger2015">Ager 2015</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFAger2015 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkhtiar2011-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEkhtiar2011_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEkhtiar2011">Ekhtiar 2011</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFEkhtiar2011 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFLo2012 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorija:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Iranica-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Iranica_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/pahlavi-psalter">"PAHLAVI PSALTER – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>www.iranicaonline.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=PAHLAVI+PSALTER+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fpahlavi-psalter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AEbd%C5%BEed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak "Izvori"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Izvori"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjski_linkovi">Vanjski linkovi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odlomak "Vanjski linkovi"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebd%C5%BEed&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Vanjski linkovi"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4wKD0uN0NQ">Nauka o arapskim slovima, ebdžed i geometrija, Jorge Lupine</a> </p></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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