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.sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <p><b>Fair dealing</b> is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limitations and exceptions to copyright">limitation and exception</a> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exclusive_right?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exclusive right">exclusive rights</a> granted by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyright">copyright</a> law to the author of a creative work. Fair dealing is found in many of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Common law">common law</a> jurisdictions of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.</p> <p>Fair dealing is an enumerated set of possible defences against an action for infringement of an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exclusive_right?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exclusive right">exclusive right</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyright">copyright</a>. Unlike the related <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">United States</a> doctrine of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_use?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fair use">fair use</a>, fair dealing cannot apply to any act which does not fall within one of these categories, although <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Common law">common law</a> courts in some jurisdictions are less stringent than others in this regard.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-handbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, however, such courts might rule that actions with a commercial character, which might be naïvely assumed to fall into one of these categories, were in fact infringements of copyright, as fair dealing is not as flexible a concept as the American concept of fair use.</p> <p>There are similar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limitations and exceptions to copyright">limitations and exceptions to copyright</a>, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Right_to_quote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Right to quote">right to quote</a>, also in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a> and in the laws of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> jurisdictions.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#By_country"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">By country</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#India"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">India</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#New_Zealand"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">New Zealand</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Singapore"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Singapore</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#South_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">South Africa</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">1.8</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fair_dealing&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: By country" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fair_dealing&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australian_copyright_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian copyright law">Australian copyright law</a> </div> <p>In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the grounds for fair dealing are:</p> <ul> <li>Research and study (section 40 <i>Copyright Act</i> 1968 (Cth)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Review and criticism (s41)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Reporting the news" (s42)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Legal advice (although the federal Crown is deemed to own copyright in federal statutes, and the Crown in each State in state statutes). (s43)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Parody and satire (with some exceptions) (s41A)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <p>Regarding fair dealing under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crown_copyright?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crown copyright">Crown copyright</a> the Australian <i>Copyright Act</i> 1968, ss.176-178. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca1968133/s182a.html">Section 182A</a> (inserted by Act 154 of 1980, s.23) provides that the copyright, including any prerogative right or privilege of the Crown in the nature of copyright, in Acts, Ordinances, regulations etc., and judgments of Federal or State courts and certain other tribunals, is not infringed by the making, by reprographic reproduction, of one copy of the whole or part of that work for a particular purpose (this does not apply where charge for copy exceeds cost).</p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikinews has related news: <div> <ul> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Australian_copyright_laws_to_be_overhauled_in_2006" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Australian copyright laws to be overhauled in 2006"> Australian copyright laws to be overhauled in 2006</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>Regarding the re-use of copyrighted images or drawings, the Australian <i>Copyright Act</i> does not impose a 10%-limit under its fair dealing provisions <i>for the purpose of research and study</i>. Instead, every such use for research or study must be evaluated individually to determine whether it is fair, similar to the notion of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_use?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fair use">fair use</a> in U.S. copyright law. Among the criteria used to determine the fairness of a use are the purpose and character of the dealing, the nature of the work, the possibility of obtaining the work commercially within a reasonable time, the effect of the use on the potential market for the work or on its value, and how much of a work is copied.</p> <p>In 2006, a federal law (<i>Copyright Amendment Act</i> 2006 (Cth) No. 158, 2006)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enabled parody and satire to qualify as fair dealing under federal copyright law in certain circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The amendments in 2006 also added a number of other very specific and quite limited exceptions to copyright for personal use of AV material, including those popularly known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Time_shifting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Time shifting">time shifting</a> (s111)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Format_shifting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Format shifting">format shifting</a> (s110AA).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Several government enquiries have <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Fair_Use_proposals_in_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fair Use proposals in Australia">recommended that Australia change to a Fair Use system</a>. Two of the recommendations were specifically in response to the stricter copyright rules introduced as part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement">Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement</a> (AUSFTA), while the most recent two, by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australian_Law_Reform_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australian Law Reform Commission">Australian Law Reform Commission</a> (ALRC) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Productivity_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Productivity Commission">Productivity Commission</a> (PC) were with reference to strengthening Australia's "digital economy".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fair_dealing&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing_in_Canadian_copyright_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fair dealing in Canadian copyright law">Fair dealing in Canadian copyright law</a> </div> <p>The Canadian concept of fair dealing is similar to that in the UK and Australia. The fair dealing clauses<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_Fair_Dealing_Statute_13-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Canadian_Fair_Dealing_Statute-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canadian_copyright_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian copyright law">Canadian <i>Copyright Act</i></a> allow users to engage in certain activities relating to research, private study, education, parody, satire, criticism, review, or news reporting. With respect to criticism, review, and news reporting, the user must mention the source of the material, along with the name of the author, performer, maker, or broadcaster for the dealing to be fair.</p> <p>Prior to 2011, fair dealing in Canada was not definitely found to contain exceptions for parody (unlike <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_use?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fair use">fair use</a> in the United States), but the Copyright Act has since been amended to include parody and satire (along with educational use) under its fair dealing provisions. Previously, a Quebec Court of Appeal in <i>Les productions Avanti Cine Video v. Favreau</i> (4 August 1999) had recognized that parody could potentially be a 'critique', but it refused to recognize the exception in that circumstance.</p> <p>The 2004 ruling by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> in <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CCH_Canadian_Ltd._v._Law_Society_of_Upper_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CCH Canadian Ltd. v. Law Society of Upper Canada">CCH Canadian Ltd. v. Law Society of Upper Canada</a></i> has gone far in clarifying the concept of fair dealing in Canada. In considering fair dealing the Court makes the following general observation:</p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>It is important to clarify some general considerations about exceptions to copyright infringement. Procedurally, a defendant is required to prove that his or her dealing with a work has been fair; however, the fair dealing exception is perhaps more properly understood as an integral part of the Copyright Act than simply a defence. Any act falling within the fair dealing exception will not be an infringement of copyright. The fair dealing exception, like other exceptions in the Copyright Act, is a user's right. In order to maintain the proper balance between the rights of a copyright owner and users' interests, it must not be interpreted restrictively.</p> </blockquote> <p>Furthermore, by taking "a liberal approach to the enumerated purposes of the dealing", the Court has made fair dealing more flexible, reducing the gap between this provision and US fair use.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>It then establishes six principal criteria for evaluating fair dealing.</p> <ol> <li><b>The purpose of the dealing.</b> Is it for research, private study, criticism, review or news reporting (or additionally, since 2011, education, parody or satire)? It expresses that "these allowable purposes should not be given a restrictive interpretation or this could result in the undue restriction of users' rights." In particular, the Court gave "a large and liberal interpretation" to the notion of research, stating that "lawyers carrying on the business of law for profit are conducting research".</li> <li><b>The character of the dealing.</b> How were the works dealt with? Was there a single copy or were multiple copies made? Were these copies distributed widely or to a limited group of people? Was the copy destroyed after being used? What is the general practice in the industry?</li> <li><b>The amount of the dealing.</b> How much of the work was used? What was the importance of the infringed work? Quoting trivial amounts may alone sufficiently establish fair dealing as there would not be copyright infringement at all. In some cases even quoting the entire work may be fair dealing. The amount of the work taken must be fair in light of the purpose of the dealing.</li> <li><b>Alternatives to the dealing.</b> Was a "non-copyrighted equivalent of the work" available to the user? Was the dealing "reasonably necessary to achieve the ultimate purpose"?</li> <li><b>The nature of the work.</b> Copying from a work that has never been published could be more fair than from a published work "in that its reproduction with acknowledgement could lead to a wider public dissemination of the work – one of the goals of copyright law. If, however, the work in question was confidential, this may tip the scales towards finding that the dealing was unfair."</li> <li><b>Effect of the dealing on the work.</b> Is it likely to affect the market of the original work? "Although the effect of the dealing on the market of the copyright owner is an important factor, it is neither the only factor nor the most important factor that a court must consider in deciding if the dealing is fair."</li> </ol> <p>Though the Supreme Court outlined these six criteria, it noted that in some contexts, factors other than those listed may be relevant in determining whether a particular dealing is fair.</p> <p>On June 2, 2010, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> introduced Bill C-32, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/An_Act_to_amend_the_Copyright_Act_(40th_Canadian_Parliament,_3rd_Session)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="An Act to amend the Copyright Act (40th Canadian Parliament, 3rd Session)">An Act to amend the Copyright Act</a>. A summary of the changes proposed by this bill in terms of fair dealing notes that C-32 "expands the scope of the fair dealing exception at section 29 of the Act to include new purposes: education, parody or satire".<sup id="cite_ref-parl.gc.ca_15-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-parl.gc.ca-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stated aims of the revised bill were also to "permit businesses, educators and libraries to make greater use of copyright material in digital form".<sup id="cite_ref-parl.gc.ca_15-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-parl.gc.ca-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bill C-32 had not passed by the time the minority Conservative government faced a vote of no confidence and subsequently fell on March 25, 2011.</p> <p>On September 29, 2011, the bill was re-introduced to the Forty-first Parliament as Bill C-11. With the backing of a majority Conservative government, this version of the Copyright Modernization Act has passed into law. Simply put, the fair dealing amendment in Section 29 of Bill C-11 expands the first criteria for evaluating fair dealing – the purpose of the dealing – to include education, and parody or satire, in addition to research, private study, criticism and review.</p> <p>In a press release on the Government of Canada's Balanced Copyright site, the Honourable <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Moore_(Canadian_politician)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Moore (Canadian politician)">James Moore</a>, Minister of Canadian Heritage and Official Languages, notes that the revamped bill "delivers a common-sense balance between the interests of consumers and the rights of the creative community".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics of the bill point to "excessively restrictive digital lock amendments"<sup id="cite_ref-cbc.ca_17-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cbc.ca-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that they claim will create a situation where people "are entitled to use copyrighted content lawfully but [are] prevented from doing so".<sup id="cite_ref-cbc.ca_17-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cbc.ca-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fair_dealing&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: India" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright_law_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyright law of India">Copyright law of India</a> </div> <p>A fair dealing with any work (except computer programmes) is allowed in India for the purposes of</p> <ol> <li>private or personal use, including research,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>criticism or review,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>reporting of current events and current affairs, including the reporting of a lecture delivered in public.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> </ol> <p>The term 'fair dealing' has not been defined anywhere in the Copyright Act 1957. However, the concept of 'fair dealing' has been discussed in different judgments, including the decision of the Supreme Court of India in <i>Academy of General Education v. B. Malini Mallya</i> (2009) and the decision of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_Court_of_Kerala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Kerala">High Court of Kerala</a> in <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civic_Chandran_v._Ammini_Amma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civic Chandran v. Ammini Amma">Civic Chandran v. Ammini Amma</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p><i>Civic Chandran and Ors. v. C.Ammini Amma and Ors.</i> is a 1996 Kerala High Court judgement that deals with the concept of fair dealing in India. In the case, a drama called "Ningal Enne Communistakki" was written by Thoppil Bhasi in Malayalam. It dealt with some of the burning social and political problems of those days, especially espoused by the then Communist Party of India to come to Power in Kerala during the assembly elections in 1957. The plaintiff brought a claim in this suit because the defendant, according to the plaintiff, had fabricated another drama called "Ningal Aare Communistakki", which was a counter drama to the drama written by Thoppil Bhasi and had been published in the 1995 annual issue of India Today". It was alleged that the defendant had copied substantial portions of the original drama in his work and such reproduction was done without true creative intention and to take advantage of the creative talent and labour of Thoppil Bhasi. The defendant on the other hand, claimed that the counter drama is a new literary innovation 'where a play is counter-posed by using the very same theme and characters. The counter drama was written for the purpose to provide critical analysis of the original drama and to show how the ultimate purpose intended by Thoppil Bhasi has failed. Hence, copying of certain portions can only be treated as 'fair dealing'. The lower court ruled in the favor of the plaintiff and said, "Copying down or extracting substantial portions of the drama, and using the same characters and dialogues of the drama with some comments here and there through two-three characters in the counter-drama cannot be treated as fair dealing for the purpose of criticism". Thus, he was not provided any protection under section 52 of the Copyright Act.</p> <p>An appeal was filed against this judgement in the Kerala High Court, where the Court looked at the case while referring to sections 14,51 and 52 of Copyright Act. Herein, the defendant claimed that since there was high probability of the defence of fair dealing being applicable in the case, irreparable injury that could have been caused, especially, looking at the current political scenario in Kerala, which would also show a lack of balance of convenience. If the counter-drama is not staged, there essence would be lost. Plaintiffs argued that the lower court's decision should not be reversed unless the same is found to be completely illegal or perverse.</p> <p>The Indian Copyright Act does not provide for a definition for 'fair dealing' but section 52(1)(a) and (b) specifically refers to fair dealing of the work and not the reproduction of the work. Hence, the court needs to take into account the following 3 aspects:</p> <div> <ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"> <li>The quantum and value of the matter taken in relation to the comments or criticism;</li> <li>The purpose for which it was taken; and</li> <li>The likelihood of competition between the two works.</li> </ol> </div> <p>Along with the aforementioned aspects, the balancing aspect given in the case <i>American Cyanamid v. Ethicon</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Lord Diplock should be taken into account. As this suit was filed for granting interim injunction, the following also needs to be taken into account:</p> <div> <ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"> <li>Establishment of a prima facie case;</li> <li>The balance of convenience;</li> <li>Irreparable injury likely to be caused in case the injunction is refused.</li> </ol> </div> <p>Subsequently, the Court relied on the decision given in <i>Hubbard v Vosper</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wherein Lord Denning had clarified that fair dealing is a question of degree. The number and extent of extracts and quotations and the use made of them need to be given due consideration. Also. there was also some reliance placed on <i>R. G. Anand v. M/s Delux Films and Ors.</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wherein it was stated that the safest and the surest test to determine copyright infringement is to see if the spectator, after having seen both the works, gets an unmistakable impression that the subsequent work appears to be a copy of the original. After analysing every scene of the counter drama and the drama, the Court reached the conclusion that the scenes and characters were not borrowed from the original drama for the purpose of reproduction in a substantial manner. The real objective of the counter-drama was to criticize the ideology depicted in the drama and to show how the drama had been unsuccessful in achieving the targets it had purported to have aimed for. It also said that there was enough material in the counter-drama to show that the Defendant had used labour and skill of his own and the differences between the original drama and the counter-drama could not be considered inconsequential. The portions of the original drama which were copied in the counter-drama were taken only to make the criticism more effective. Thus, no prima facie case could be established against the defendant. Also, there is no competition between the drama and the counter-drama. Moreover, if the injunction is granted, it would cause irreparable injury to the Defendants as they had made all arrangements to stage the counter drama and a huge amount of money was spent in that.</p> <p>Hence, the decision of the Additional District Judge was reversed and it was held that even if the copying was of substantial portions, the same could be excused as it constituted fair dealing, as it was also in public interest.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fair_dealing&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: New Zealand" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright_law_of_New_Zealand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyright law of New Zealand">Copyright law of New Zealand</a> </div> <p>In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Zealand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, fair dealing includes some copying for private study, research, criticism, review, and news reporting. Sections 42 and 43 of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright_Act_1994?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyright Act 1994">Copyright Act 1994</a> set out the types of copying that qualify. The criteria are perhaps most similar to those applying in the UK, although commercial research can still count as fair dealing in New Zealand. Incidental copying, while allowed, is not defined as "fair dealing" under the Act. As in Canada, fair dealing is not an infringement of copyright.</p> <p>The factors determining whether copying for research or private study is judged to be fair dealing in New Zealand are its purpose, its effect on the potential market or value of the work copied, the nature of the work, the amount copied in relation to the whole work, and whether or not the work could have been obtained in a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fair_dealing&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Singapore" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Under the provisions for "fair dealing" in the Copyright Act, Chapter 63 of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singapore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Law_of_Singapore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Law of Singapore">Statutes</a>, a certain amount of copying for legitimate purposes, such as for the purpose of research or education, is permissible as long as it is a "fair dealing"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</p> <p>In deciding whether the use is a fair dealing, the following factors will be considered</p> <ul> <li>purpose and character of the dealing, including whether such dealing is of a commercial nature or is for non-profit educational purposes;</li> <li>nature of the work or adaptation;</li> <li>amount copied, relative to the whole work;</li> <li>effect of the dealing upon the potential market for the work, and effect upon its value;</li> <li>the possibility of obtaining the work or adaptation within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.</li> </ul> <p>In other cases, a fair dealing for the purpose of criticism or review; for the purpose reporting of news; for the purpose of judicial proceedings or professional advice would not constitute an infringement. In the case of criticism or review and the reporting of news, a sufficient acknowledgment of the work is required.</p> <p>The reporting of the news could be by any means of communication to the public.</p> <p>It is not an infringement if a person makes a copy from an original copy of a computer program which he or she owns for the purpose of using that duplicate copy as a back-up.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fair_dealing&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: South Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_African_copyright_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="South African copyright law">South African copyright law</a> </div> <p>In South Africa, fair dealing is dealt with in the Copyright Act of 1978 (Act 98 of 1978, including subsequent amendments). Fair dealing itself is described in section 12(1) of the Act, whereas sections 13 to 19 explains various exceptions to copyright. Section 20 deals with the author's moral rights, which, if infringed, may also impact on a fair dealing ruling.</p> <p>According to this Act,</p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Copyright shall not be infringed by any fair dealing with a literary or musical work <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></p> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li style="text-indent: -1.5em; padding-left: 1.5em">(a) for the purposes of research or private study by, or the personal or private use of, the person using the work;</li> <li style="text-indent: -1.5em; padding-left: 1.5em">(b) for the purposes of criticism or review of that work or of another work; or</li> <li style="text-indent: -1.5em; padding-left: 1.5em">(c) for the purpose of reporting current events <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li style="text-indent: -1.5em; padding-left: 1.5em">(i) in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical; or</li> <li style="text-indent: -1.5em; padding-left: 1.5em">(ii) by means of broadcasting or in a cinematograph film;</li> </ul> </div></li> </ul> </div> <p>Provided that, in the case of paragraphs (b) and (c)(i), the source shall be mentioned, as well as the name of the author if it appears on the work.</p> </blockquote> <p>Section 12 mentions both "fair dealing" and "fair practice", and it would seem that these two terms are equivalents. Musical works are compositions (i.e. manuscripts), not music recordings. The fair dealing exceptions do not apply to music recordings.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fair_dealing&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United Kingdom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing_in_United_Kingdom_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fair dealing in United Kingdom law">Fair dealing in United Kingdom law</a> </div> <p>Under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a> (CDPA), fair dealing is limited to the following purposes: research and private study (both must be non-commercial), criticism / review / quotation, and news reporting (sections 29, 30, 178); as well as parody, caricature and pastiche (section 30A) and illustration for teaching. Although not actually defined as a fair dealing, incidental inclusion of a copyrighted work in an artistic work, sound recording, film, broadcast or cable programme does not infringe copyright. Since 2014 the UK has protected the fair dealing exceptions from override by contracts or contractual terms and conditions.</p> <p>Contrary to the often stated view, the provisions of section 29 of the CDPA do <i>not</i> state the amount of an in-copyright work that may be copied for the purposes of non-commercial research or private study or to single copies of the work, where the copies are made by the researcher or student himself. Such restrictions only apply to copies made by or on behalf of a librarian (by virtue of s. 40), or by a person, other than the researcher or student himself, who knows or has reason to believe that "it will result in copies of substantially the same material being provided to more than one person at substantially the same time and for substantially the same purpose" (by virtue of parag. s. 29(3)b).</p> <p>For copying beyond the boundaries of fair dealing, universities and schools in the UK obtain licences from a national <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright_collective?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyright collective">copyright collective</a>, the UK <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Copyright_Licensing_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Copyright Licensing Agency">Copyright Licensing Agency</a> (CLA). Under these licences, multiple copies of portions of copyrighted works can be made for educational purposes.</p> <p>The UK was the only Member State of the European Union that did not have a private copy exception, since the High Court quashed the relevant regulations in <i>R (Basca and others) v Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills</i> [2015] EWHC 2041 (Admin).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, now commonplace activities such as format shifting (saving one's music contained in their CDs on their MP3 players or on their smartphones) are illegal, but in practice the Government does not enforce this.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fair_dealing&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyright law of the United States">Copyright law of the United States</a> </div> <p>The parallel concept in United States copyright law is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_use?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fair use">fair use</a>. The term "fair dealing" has a different meaning in the U.S. It is a duty of full disclosure imposed upon corporate officers, fiduciaries, and parties to contracts. In the reported cases, it usually arises in the context of the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Implied_covenant_of_good_faith_and_fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing">implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing</a>", which underlies the tort cause of action for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insurance_bad_faith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insurance bad faith">insurance bad faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fair_dealing&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_rights_management?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_use?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fair use">Fair use</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limitations and exceptions to copyright">Limitations and exceptions to copyright</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Right_to_quote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Right to quote">Right to quote</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rameshwari_Photocopy_Service_shop_copyright_case?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rameshwari Photocopy Service shop copyright case">Rameshwari Photocopy Service shop copyright case</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fair_dealing&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-handbook-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-handbook_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://infojustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/band-and-gerafi-2013.pdf">"The Fair Use/Fair Dealing Handbook"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>infojustice.org</i>. American University Program on Information Justice and Intellectual Property.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infojustice.org&rft.atitle=The+Fair+Use%2FFair+Dealing+Handbook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfojustice.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F03%2Fband-and-gerafi-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+dealing" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca1968133/s40.html">"Copyright Act 1968 - Sect 40 Fair dealing for purpose of research or study"</a>. AustLII<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copyright+Act+1968+-+Sect+40+Fair+dealing+for+purpose+of+research+or+study&rft.pub=AustLII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fcth%2Fconsol_act%2Fca1968133%2Fs40.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+dealing" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca1968133/s41.html">"Copyright Act 1968 - Sect 41 Fair dealing for purpose of criticism or review"</a>. AustLII<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copyright+Act+1968+-+Sect+41+Fair+dealing+for+purpose+of+criticism+or+review&rft.pub=AustLII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fcth%2Fconsol_act%2Fca1968133%2Fs41.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+dealing" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca1968133/s42.html">"Copyright Act 1968 - Sect 42 Fair dealing for purpose of reporting news"</a>. AustLII<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copyright+Act+1968+-+Sect+42+Fair+dealing+for+purpose+of+reporting+news&rft.pub=AustLII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fcth%2Fconsol_act%2Fca1968133%2Fs42.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+dealing" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca1968133/s43.html">"Copyright Act 1968 - Sect 43 Reproduction for purpose of judicial proceedings or professional advice"</a>. AustLII<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/C-42/page-3.html%23anchorbo-ga:l_III-gb:s_29">the original</a> on 5 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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A comparative copyright analysis of Canada's fair dealing to U.K. fair dealing and U.S. fair use"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707205439/http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/documents/dAgostino.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-07-07 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,<i> McGill Law Journal</i>, 53:311-363</span></li> <li id="cite_note-parl.gc.ca-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-parl.gc.ca_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-parl.gc.ca_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129161544/http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/LegislativeSummaries/bills_ls.asp?Language%3DE%26ls%3DC32%26Mode%3D1%26Parl%3D40%26Ses%3D3%26source%3Dlibrary_prb">"Legislative Summary of Bill C-32. Parliament of Canada"</a>. Parliament of Canada. 2010-07-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/LegislativeSummaries/bills_ls.asp?Language%3DE%26ls%3DC32%26Mode%3D1%26Parl%3D40%26Ses%3D3%26source%3Dlibrary_prb">the original</a> on 2013-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ottawa: Balanced Copyright. September 29, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://balancedcopyright.gc.ca/eic/site/crp-prda.nsf/eng/h_rp01238.html">the original</a> on 2012-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada+News+Centre&rft.atitle=Harper+Government+Delivers+on+Commitment+to+Reintroduce+Copyright+Modernization+Act&rft.date=2011-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbalancedcopyright.gc.ca%2Feic%2Fsite%2Fcrp-prda.nsf%2Feng%2Fh_rp01238.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+dealing" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-cbc.ca-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cbc.ca_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cbc.ca_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStastna2011" class="citation web cs1">Stastna, Kazi (2011-09-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/copyright-changes-how-they-ll-affect-users-of-digital-content-1.991691">"Copyright changes: how they'll affect users of digital content"</a>. <i>CBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Copyright+changes%3A+how+they%27ll+affect+users+of+digital+content&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.aulast=Stastna&rft.aufirst=Kazi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fcopyright-changes-how-they-ll-affect-users-of-digital-content-1.991691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+dealing" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sec. 52(1)(a)(i) of the Copyright Act 1957</span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sec. 52(1)(a)(ii) of the Copyright Act 1957</span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sec. 52(1)(a)(iii) of the Copyright Act 1957</span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. S. Gopalakrishnan and T. G. Agitha, <i>Principles of Intellectual Property</i> (Eastern Book Company 2014) pp. 369–393</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1975 R.P.C. 513</span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1972 (2) W.L.R. 389</span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AIR 1978 S.C. 1613</span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728110643/http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Fair_dealing_-_Fair_dealing_in_Singapore/id/5038873">"Fair dealing - Fair dealing in Singapore - Encyclopedia II | Global Oneness"</a>. Experiencefestival.com. 2011-12-27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Fair_dealing_-_Fair_dealing_in_Singapore/id/5038873">the original</a> on 2013-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fair+dealing+-+Fair+dealing+in+Singapore+-+Encyclopedia+II+%26%23124%3B+Global+Oneness&rft.pub=Experiencefestival.com&rft.date=2011-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.experiencefestival.com%2Fa%2FFair_dealing_-_Fair_dealing_in_Singapore%2Fid%2F5038873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+dealing" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>R (on the application of British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors and others) v Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2015/2041.html">[2015] EWHC 2041 (Admin)</a>, [2015] 4 Costs LR 627 (17 July 2015), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a> (England and Wales)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <i>Davis v. Blue Cross of Northern California</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://online.ceb.com/calcases/C3/25C3d418.htm">25 Cal. 3d 418</a> (1979).</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fair_dealing&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20041010174952/http://scaletext.law.gov.au/html/pasteact/0/244/top.htm%2339B">Australian Fair Dealing (statute)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.rmit.edu.au/browse?SIMID%3D6xaviaznzwnf">Fair dealing under Australian law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20030627074329/http://www.rmit.edu.au/browse?SIMID%3D6xaviaznzwnf">Archived</a> 2003-06-27 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708215757/http://www.copyright.org.au/PDF/InfoSheets/G079.pdf">Fair dealing in Australia</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PDF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PDF">PDF</a> file, 111 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilobyte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilobyte">KB</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20050117100040/http://www.copyright.org.au/PDF/InfoSheets/G053.pdf">Fair dealing for research and study in Australia</a> (PDF, 26 KB).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/C-42/page-3.html%23anchorbo-ga:l_III-gb:s_29-gc:s_29">Fair Dealing in Canada (Copyright Act)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105194725/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/C-42/page-3.html%23anchorbo-ga:l_III-gb:s_29-gc:s_29">Archived</a> 2011-01-05 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.canlii.org/ca/cas/scc/2004/2004scc13.html">CCH Canadian Ltd. v. Law Society of Upper Canada </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.accesscopyright.ca/">Canadian Access ©</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20030620234234/http://www.aucc.ca/_pdf/english/publications/copying2002_e.pdf">Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada Copyright Guide</a> (PDF file)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.copyrightservice.co.uk/copyright/p09_fair_use">Fair dealing under UK copyright law explained 2004</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20030506063243/http://gil.com.sg/education/general/copyright-fair.html">Fair dealing under Singapore law of 1987</a></li> <li>Relevant sections of New Zealand's Copyright Act 1994 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://rangi.knowledge-basket.co.nz/gpacts/public/text/1994/se/143se42.html">s42</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://rangi.knowledge-basket.co.nz/gpacts/public/text/1994/se/143se43.html">s43</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20050309033621/http://www.lianza.org.nz/copyrightact.htm">Guidelines for librarians on the NZ Copyright Act 1994 (see sections 11 and 13 in particular, and appendix 1)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311001555/http://www.nalsartech.org/tikiwiki/tiki-index.php?page%3DFairDealing%26PHPSESSID%3D830263e535da3f62b805219118c4bb91">Fair Dealing in Indian law</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216011944/http://www.buys.co.za/publications/cyberlaw/CopyrightAct.htm">South African Copyright Act</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/6706/1/JIPR%252014(6)%2520523-531.pdf">Indian Context for Fair Dealing</a></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DFair_dealing%26oldid%3D1252335013">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fair_dealing&oldid=1252335013</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9" title="معاملة عادلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاملة عادلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C6%258Fdal%25C9%2599tli_r%25C9%2599ftar" title="Ədalətli rəftar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ədalətli rəftar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilisation_%25C3%25A9quitable" title="Utilisation équitable – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Utilisation équitable" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cothrom_na_F%25C3%25A9inne_%25C3%25A1_fh%25C3%25A1il" title="Cothrom na Féinne á fháil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cothrom na Féinne á fháil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing – 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