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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organic compounds of the form HC≡C–C≡C–…–C≡N</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyanoacetylene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cyanoacetylene.png/220px-Cyanoacetylene.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cyanoacetylene.png/330px-Cyanoacetylene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cyanoacetylene.png/440px-Cyanoacetylene.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="109" /></a><figcaption>Chemical structure of <a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">cyanoacetylene</a>, the simplest cyanopolyyne</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>, <b>cyanopolyynes</b> are a family of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic compounds">organic compounds</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">HC<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>n</i></sub>N</span> (<i>n</i> = 3,5,7,…) and the <a href="/wiki/Structural_formula" title="Structural formula">structural formula</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H−[C≡C−]<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>n</i></sub>C≡N</span> (<i>n</i> = 1,2,3,…). Structurally, they are <a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">polyynes</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Cyano" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyano">cyano</a> group (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">−C≡N</span>) <a href="/wiki/Covalently_bonded" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalently bonded">covalently bonded</a> to one of the terminal <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> units (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H−C≡C</span>). </p><p>A rarely seen group of molecules both due to the difficulty in production and the unstable nature of the paired groups, the cyanopolyynes have been observed as a major organic component in <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_clouds" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar clouds">interstellar clouds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is believed to be due to the hydrogen scarcity of some of these clouds. Interference with hydrogen is one of the reason for the molecule's instability due to the energetically favorable dissociation back into <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a> and acetylene.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cyanopolyynes were first discovered in interstellar molecular clouds in 1971 using <a href="/wiki/Millimeter_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimeter wave">millimeter wave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio telescopes">microwave telescopes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then many higher weight cyanopolyynes such as <span class="chemf nowrap">HC<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">7</sub></span></span>N</span> and <span class="chemf nowrap">HC<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">11</sub></span></span>N</span> have been discovered, although some of these identifications have been disputed. Other derivatives such as methylcyanoacetylene <span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>N</span> and ethylcyanoacetylene <span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>N</span> have been observed as well.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The simplest example is <a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">cyanoacetylene</a>, H−C≡C−C≡N. Cyanoacetylene is more common on Earth and it is believed to be the initial reagent for most of the <a href="/wiki/Photocatalysis" title="Photocatalysis">photocatalyzed</a> formation of the interstellar cyanopolyynes. Cyanoacetylene is one of the molecules that was produced in the <a href="/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Urey_experiment" title="Miller–Urey experiment">Miller–Urey experiment</a> and is expected to be found in carbon-rich environments.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Identification is made through comparison of experimental spectrum with spectrum gathered from the telescope. This is commonly done with measurement of the <a href="/wiki/Rigid_rotor#Quantum_mechanical_linear_rigid_rotor" title="Rigid rotor">rotational constant</a>, the energy of the rotational transitions, or a measurement of the dissociation energy. These spectra can either be generated <a href="/wiki/Ab_initio" title="Ab initio">ab initio</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">computational chemistry</a> program or, such as with the more stable <a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">cyanoacetylene</a>, by direct measurement of the spectra in an experiment. Once the spectra are generated, the telescope can scan within certain frequencies for the desired molecules. Quantification can be accomplished as well to determine the density of the compounds in the cloud. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hypothesized_formation">Hypothesized formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanopolyyne&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hypothesized formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The formation of cyanopolyynes in interstellar clouds is time-dependent. The formation of cyanopolyyne was studied and the abundances calculated in the dark cloud <a href="/wiki/TMC-1" class="mw-redirect" title="TMC-1">TMC-1</a>. In the early days of the TMC-1, the governing reactions were ion–molecule reactions. During this time cyanoacetylene, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HC<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>N</span>, formed through a series of ion-neutral reactions, with the final chemical reaction being: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + N → HC<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>N + H</span></dd></dl> <p>However, for time after 10,000 years the dominant reactions were neutral–neutral reactions and two reaction mechanisms for the formation of cyanopolyynes became possible. </p> <ol><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HCN + C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → HC<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>N</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>n</i></sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + CN → HC<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>n</i>+1</sub> + H</span>    for <i>n</i> = 4, 6, 8</li></ol> <p>The reaction mechanism that occurs in the present day depends on the environment of the cloud. For the first reaction mechanism to take place, the cloud must contain an abundance of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H</span>. The second reaction mechanism occurs if there is an abundance of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> exist in different conditions, so the formation of cyanopolyynes relies on high accessibility to either molecule. The calculations by Winstanley show that <a href="/wiki/Photoionization#Photoionization" title="Photoionization">photoionization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(chemistry)" title="Dissociation (chemistry)">dissociation</a> reactions play a profound role in the abundances of cyanopolyynes after about 1 million years. However, the fractional abundances of cyanopolyyne are less affected by changes in <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">radiation field</a> intensity past time 1 million years because the prevailing neutral-neutral reactions surpass the effects of photoreactions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detection_in_interstellar_medium">Detection in interstellar medium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanopolyyne&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Detection in interstellar medium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cyanopolyynes are relatively common in <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">interstellar clouds</a>, where they were first detected in 1971. As with many other molecules the cyanopolyynes are detected with a <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a> which records the <a href="/wiki/Energy_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy levels">quantum energy levels</a> of the electrons within the atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This measurement is done with a source of light which passes through the desired molecule. The light interacts with the molecule and can either absorb the light or reflect it, as not all light behaves the same way. This separates the light into a spectrum with alterations due to the molecule in question. This spectrum is recorded by a computer which is able to determine which wavelengths of the spectrum have been altered in some way. With the wide range of light affected the wavelengths can be determined by looking for spikes in the spectrum. The detection process usually happens within the outer ranges of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>, usually in <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spectrum is able to show the energy of the rotational state due to the wavelengths that are absorbed by the molecule; using these <a href="/wiki/Rotational_transition" title="Rotational transition">rotational transitions</a> the energy level of each electron can be shown to determine the identity of the molecule. Rotational transitions can be determined by this equation:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(J)=2B_{0}J-4D_{0}J^{3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>J</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>J</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>4</mn> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>J</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(J)=2B_{0}J-4D_{0}J^{3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/db3ba8dc9f5f0ad23c80e28f07ccc6ba71b11bc0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.18ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(J)=2B_{0}J-4D_{0}J^{3}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where </p> <dl><dd><span class="texhtml"><i>B</i><sub>0</sub></span> is the rotational distortion constant for the vibrational ground state</dd> <dd><span class="texhtml"><i>D</i><sub>0</sub></span> is the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/centrifugal" class="extiw" title="wikt:centrifugal">centrifugal</a> distortion constant for the vibrational ground state</dd> <dd><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">J</span> is the <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">total angular momentum</a> <a href="/wiki/Quantum_number" title="Quantum number">quantum number</a></dd></dl> <p>This shows that the rotational distortion of an atom is related to the vibrational frequency of the molecule in question. With this ability to detect the cyanopolyynes these molecules have been recorded in several places around the galaxy. Such places include the atmosphere on <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> and the gas clouds that are within <a href="/wiki/Nebulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebulae">nebulae</a> and the confines of dying stars.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Species as large as <span class="chemf nowrap">HC<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">9</sub></span></span>N</span> were detected in <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Molecular_Cloud_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurus Molecular Cloud 1">Taurus Molecular Cloud 1</a>, where they are believed to be formed by reaction of atomic <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a while, <span class="chemf nowrap">HC<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">11</sub></span></span>N</span> held the record as the largest molecule detected in interstellar space, but its identification was challenged.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanopolyyne&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a>, H−C≡C−C≡C−H</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanopolyyne&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Turner-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turner_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Oxford University Press. pp. 431–469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198700725" title="Special:BookSources/0198700725"><bdi>0198700725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Molecular+Spectroscopy%3A+Pure+rotation+spectra&rft.btitle=Physical+Chemistry&rft.pages=431-469&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0198700725&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=P.+W.&rft.au=de+Paula%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyanopolyyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenGrabowTraversMunrow1998" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, W.; Grabow, J. U.; Travers, M. 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J. (1983). 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J.; McCarthy, M. C.; Kalmus, P.; Gottlieb, C. A.; Thaddeus, P. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F310254">"Laboratory Detection of the Linear Cyanopolyyne HC<sub>11</sub>N"</a>. <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>469</b>: L65–L68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F310254">10.1086/310254</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Laboratory+Detection+of+the+Linear+Cyanopolyyne+HC%3Csub%3E11%3C%2Fsub%3EN&rft.volume=469&rft.pages=L65-L68&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F310254&rft.aulast=Travers&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Kalmus%2C+P.&rft.au=Gottlieb%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Thaddeus%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F310254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyanopolyyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraversMcCarthyKalmusGottlieb1996" class="citation journal cs1">Travers, M. J.; McCarthy, M. C.; Kalmus, P.; Gottlieb, C. A.; Thaddeus, P. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F310359">"Laboratory Detection of the Cyanopolyyne HC<sub>13</sub>N"</a>. <i>Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. <b>472</b>: L61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F310359">10.1086/310359</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&rft.atitle=Laboratory+Detection+of+the+Cyanopolyyne+HC%3Csub%3E13%3C%2Fsub%3EN&rft.volume=472&rft.pages=L61&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F310359&rft.aulast=Travers&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Kalmus%2C+P.&rft.au=Gottlieb%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Thaddeus%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F310359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyanopolyyne" 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title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/90px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron cyanide (page does not exist)">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>H<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC<sub>4</sub>N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten<br />atoms<br />or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C<sub>60</sub>, C<sub>60</sub><sup>+</sup>, fullerene, buckyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C<sub>70</sub> fullerene</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a><br />molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>D<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>NCO<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation_region" title="Photodissociation region">Photodissociation region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a 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