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'\E700'; } .gelicon--google::before { content: '\E701'; } .gelicon--spotify::before { content: '\E304'; } .gelicon--pinterest::before { content: '\E305'; } .gelicon--tumblr::before { content: '\E306'; } .gelicon--stumbleupon::before { content: '\E307'; } .gelicon--linkedin::before { content: '\E308'; } .gelicon--reddit::before { content: '\E309'; } .gelicon--digg::before { content: '\E30A'; } .gelicon--instagram::before { content: '\E30B'; } .gelicon--whatsapp::before { content: '\E600'; } .body-text-card-inline-video { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } .inline-image__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); font-style: italic; padding: 20px 10px 12px; } .inline-image__description--desktop { padding: 20px 18px 18px; } .inline-image img { border-radius: 0; } .inline-video { height: 100%; } .inline-video__container { position: relative; } .inline-video .play-button__inline-video { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; z-index: 1000; } .inline-video__smp { background-color: #000; padding-bottom: 56.25%; } .inline-video__smp--loaded { background-color: unset; padding-bottom: unset; } .inline-video__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; padding: 22px 10; } .inline-video__description--desktop { padding: 28px 16px; } .inline-audio-player { height: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__container { display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__container > div { height: 50px; position: relative; } .inline-audio-player__container > div > div { padding: 0 !important; } .inline-audio-player__cta-holder { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__text { background: none; border: 0; color: #4a4a4a; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; height: 25px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; outline: inherit; padding: 0; } .inline-audio-player__beta { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; height: 25px; left: -110px; line-height: 12px; margin-left: 0; padding: 0 7px; position: relative; top: 25px; width: 66px; } .inline-audio-player__beta:hover .inline-audio-player__arrow { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .inline-audio-player__beta-copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .inline-audio-player__played { background-color: #ededed; } .inline-audio-player__hidden { display: none; } .inline-quote { border-left: 3px solid #575757; color: #575757; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0; padding-left: 22px; } .inline-quote--worklife { border-left: 3px solid #8beed9; } .inline-quote--future { border-left: 3px solid #ffc857; } .inline-quote--culture { border-left: 3px solid #472479; } .inline-quote--earth { border-left: 3px solid #002856; } .inline-quote h2 { font-weight: 300; } .article-video { height: 100%; position: relative; } .article-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-video__overlay { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; left: 50%; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); z-index: 1500; } .article-video__label { margin-bottom: 16px; } .article-video__image { bottom: 0; height: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__image--hide { opacity: 0; } .article-video__playercore { display: block; } .article-video__playercore--mobile { display: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__playercore--show { display: block; } .article-video--bordered { border-radius: 4px; overflow: hidden; } .hero-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 180px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .hero-video__video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 80%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; width: 80%; z-index: 2; } .hero-video__video--desktop { left: 0; top: 65px; width: 71.5% !important; } .hero-video__video--mobile { height: 64%; width: 100%; } .hero-video__video--small-desktop { height: 70%; left: 0; top: 78px; width: 67%; } .hero-video--small-desktop, .hero-video--desktop { display: block; height: 720px; } .hero-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; -webkit-filter: brightness(40%); filter: brightness(40%); } @media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none), (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .hero-video img { opacity: 0.5; } } .hero-video--mobile { height: 280px; } .hero-video--medium-mobile { height: 430px; } .hero-video--tablet { height: 574px; } .hero-video__play-button { position: absolute; z-index: 100; } .hero-video__video div div { position: inherit !important; position: unset !important; } .content-embed { width: 100%; } .infographic-embed__frame { width: 100%; } .bookmark-icon { background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; height: 54px; padding: 0; width: 54px; } .bookmark-icon svg { height: 15px; margin: 15px; stroke: #949494; stroke-width: 40; -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform: scale(0.8); width: 15px; } .bookmark__icon--true-white svg { fill: #fff; } .bookmark__icon--black svg, .bookmark__icon--black path { fill: #000 !important; stroke: #000; } .bookmark__icon--light-grey svg { fill: currentColor !important; } .tooltip-box__container { position: relative; } .tooltip-box__message { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; padding: 5px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: -80px; width: 215px; z-index: 1; } .tooltip-box__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 21px; position: absolute; top: -15px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-135deg); transform: rotate(-135deg); width: 12px; z-index: 2; } .tooltip-box__close { border: 0 !important; height: 15px !important; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 5px; top: -75px; width: 15px !important; z-index: 2; } .tooltip-box__close:hover .tooltip-box__close-icon { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .tooltip-box__close-icon { color: #444; cursor: pointer; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .article-share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-share-tools a, .article-share-tools button { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 52px; margin-right: 2px; width: 52px; } .article-share-tools--dark a, .article-share-tools--dark button { color: #444; height: 54px; width: 54px; } .article-share-tools--dark a svg, .article-share-tools--dark button svg { stroke: #444; } .article-share-tools a:hover, .article-share-tools button:hover { background-color: #fff; } .article-share-tools .facebook-icon:hover { color: #3b5898; } .article-share-tools .email-icon:hover { color: #615f5d; } .article-share-tools .twitter-icon:hover { color: #47c7fa; } .article-share-tools .linkedin-icon:hover { color: #0077b5; } .article-share-tools .whatsapp-icon:hover { color: #25d366; } .article-share-tools .facebook-messenger { color: #0184ff; } .article-share-tools .ticked-icon { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; font-size: 11px; margin-right: 2px; padding: 3px; } .article-share-tools--popout > *, .article-share-tools--popout a { color: #020203; margin-bottom: 3px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 30px 0 20px; position: relative; width: 300px; } .share-tools-popout__text { color: #444; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 18px 18px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .share-tools-popout__url-container { padding: 0 18px; width: 100%; } .share-tools-popout__articleurl { border: 1px solid #979797; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #a39f9f; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0; padding: 12px 10px; text-align: center; width: 262px; } .share-tools-popout__close { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: absolute; right: 8px; top: 20px; } .share-tools-popout__close:hover .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #888; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #000; font-size: 16px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 40px; position: absolute; top: -7px; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 12px; } .share-tools-popout__tools { margin-bottom: 13px; } .share-tools-popout__details { -ms-flex-item-align: normal; -ms-grid-row-align: normal; align-self: normal; color: #444; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; max-width: 180px; padding-left: 14px; } .share-tools-popout__copied, .share-tools-popout__copy { background-color: #000; border: unset; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 12px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; width: 110px; } .share-tools-popout__copy:hover { background-color: #555; } .share-tools-popout__copied .gelicon--yes { color: #ff9700; margin-left: 8px; } .share-button-with-popout { position: relative; z-index: 9999; } .share-button-with-popout__popout { max-width: 330px; padding-right: 8px; position: absolute; top: 53px; width: 100%; } .share-button-with-popout__popout--desktop { width: auto; } .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-end__share-tools { margin-bottom: 0; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 44px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-bottom: 50px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share { margin-top: 0; } .article-end__share { margin-top: 5px; } .domestic-disclaimer { background-color: #333; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__content { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 990px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop-small { max-width: 976px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop { max-width: 1248px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px; margin: auto; padding: 8px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--tablet { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 16px 54px 16px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--desktop { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 0; max-width: 890px; padding: 14px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 16px 0 0; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button--desktop { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon--desktop { font-size: 22px; } .label-list { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; position: relative; } .label-list__line { width: 100%; } .label-list__content { margin: 30px 0 0 16px; width: 100%; } .label-list__content--tablet { margin: 34px 0 0 38px; } .label-list__content--desktop { margin: 42px 0 0 32px; } .label-list__list-item { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .label-list__link { color: #444; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; text-decoration: none; } .label-list__link:hover { color: #adadad; } .label-list__link--large { font-size: 22px; line-height: 29px; } .label-list__link:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 8px; } .label-list__link--large:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 12px; } .label-list__list-items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 36px; } .label-list__list-items--tablet { margin-top: 52px; } .label-list__list-items--desktop { margin-top: 46px; } .section-header-text__text { background-color: #fff; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); margin: 0 8px; opacity: 0.95; padding: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 3; } .section-header-text__text--no-margin { margin: 0; } .section-header-text__ad { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0 8px 8px; position: relative; top: unset; } .section-header-text__ad--desktop { margin: 0 0 8px; } .section-header-text__title { display: inline-block; } .section-header-text__title--large-margin { margin: 0 40px 16px 0; } .section-header-text__title--premium { border: 1.78px solid; padding: 8px; } .section-header-text__title-content { color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; } .section-header-text__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; } .section-header-text__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .section-header-text__description { color: #555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; } .section-header-text__description--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; } .section-header-unit { max-width: 1280px; position: relative; } .section-header-unit--tablet { height: 320px; } .section-header-unit--desktop { border-radius: 4px; height: 320px; overflow: hidden; } .section-header-unit__image { height: 320px; max-height: 320px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .section-header-unit__image img { left: 50%; position: relative; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .section-header-unit__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__content { position: relative; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); } .section-header-unit__content--desktop { bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; max-width: 420px; position: absolute; right: 32px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .section-header-unit__content--advert { -webkit-transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); /* - half the height of the advert so the text is still centered. */ } .offline-reading { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .offline-reading__header { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 16px; max-width: 220px; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__header--desktop { font-size: 18px; max-width: 460px; } .offline-reading__buttons { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__buttons--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .offline-reading__top-stories { margin-bottom: 24px; } .offline-reading__top-stories--desktop { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .offline-reading__icon { display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 24px; width: 120px; } .rectangle-image { background-size: cover; height: 74px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 132px; } .rectangle-image img { height: 100%; left: 50%; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: auto; } .rectangle-image--small { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 32px; width: 56px; } .rectangle-image--large { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 162px; width: 288px; } .rectangle-image--medium { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 126px; width: 222px; } .rectangle-image--full-screen { padding-top: 56.25%; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image img { -webkit-transition: all 0.4s ease; transition: all 0.4s ease; } .rectangle-image__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .rectangle-image:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-image:hover img { height: 108%; } .rectangle-story-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 288px; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image img { height: 108%; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container { position: relative; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item--tablet { width: 222px; } .rectangle-story-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1 auto; flex: 1 1 auto; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 3px; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__line { display: block; margin: 16px 0; } .rectangle-story-item__author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; bottom: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; height: 44px; line-height: 44px; position: absolute; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.4s ease; transition: 0.4s ease; width: 44px; } .rectangle-story-item__title--white, .rectangle-story-item__author--white, .rectangle-story-item__label--white { color: #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white:hover { border-bottom: 0; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__remove-bookmark-btn { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #adadad; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-align: left; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .rectangle-article-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-article-group--tablet, .rectangle-article-group--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .rectangle-article-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-top: 12px; } .rectangle-article-group__article--tablet { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .rectangle-article-group__article--desktop { padding: 0 24px 0 0; } .fake-ad { -ms-flex-line-pack: center; align-content: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #f6f6f6; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding: 8px; } .fake-ad__body { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #5ae9cb; color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 0 0 auto; flex: 0 0 auto; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .fake-ad__text { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; color: #444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; text-align: right; text-transform: uppercase; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__body { height: 320px; width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__text { width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 50px; width: 300px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 300px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 90px; width: 728px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 728px; } .body-text-card-inline-image { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } .body-text-card { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; } .body-text-card__image, .body-text-card__video { margin: 24px 0; } .body-text-card__text { display: block; } .body-text-card__advert { margin: 20px 0; } .body-text-card__text div a { cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .body-text-card__text a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } .body-text-card__text > div > p { margin: 0 20px 16px; } .body-text-card__text > div > p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; } .body-text-card__drop-capped { float: left; margin: 0 8px 0 20px; padding-top: 6px; } .body-text-card__text--drop-capped p:first-of-type::first-letter { color: transparent; font-size: 0; } .body-text-card__text--flush-text > div > p { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; } .body-text-card__text--future div a:visited { color: #666; } .body-text-card__text--future div a { color: #002856; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #002856; text-decoration-color: #002856; } .body-text-card__text--travel div a { color: #589e50; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #589e50; text-decoration-color: #589e50; } .body-text-card__text--worklife div a { color: #0052a1; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0052a1; text-decoration-color: #0052a1; } .body-text-card__text--earth div a { color: #0fbb56; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; } .body-text-card__text--culture div a { color: #472479; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #472479; text-decoration-color: #472479; } .branding { -webkit-box-sizing: content-box !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; display: inline-block; height: 24px; padding: 12px 16px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon { display: inline-block; height: 24px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon g { fill: #fff; } .branding--medium { padding: 16px; } .branding--large { padding: 16px 24px; } .branding--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .branding--future { background-color: #002856; } .branding--culture { background-color: #472479; } .branding--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .branding--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .branding--travel svg, .branding--earth svg, .branding--culture svg, .branding--future svg, .branding--worklife svg { height: 24px; } .branding--small, .branding--small svg { height: 17px; } .branding__icon--medium, .branding--medium, .branding--medium svg { height: 22px; } .branding__icon--large, .branding--large, .branding--large svg { height: 24px; } .branding__icon--largest, .branding--largest, .branding--largest svg { height: 32px; } .branding__icon--small, .branding--travel .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--earth .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--culture .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--future .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--worklife .branding__icon--small svg { height: 17px; } .swimlane-inner { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 100%; display: block; padding: 24px 16px; } .swimlane-inner--small { padding: 24px 8px; } .swimlane-inner--tablet { padding: 28px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--small-desktop { padding: 30px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--desktop { padding: 38px 16px 42px; } .swimlane { overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 0; } .swimlane__black { background-color: #0e0e0e; } .swimlane__background-image { height: 500px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 915px; z-index: -1; } .swimlane__background-image--mobile { height: 181px; width: 320px; } .swimlane__background-image--tablet { height: 421px; width: 752px; } .swimlane__background-image--desktop { height: 500px; width: 915px; } .swimlane__background-image--atb { background-color: rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.8); background-size: cover; height: 100%; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item { margin: 0 0 25px; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item--desktop { margin: 0; } .swimlane__item--tablet { margin: 0 16px 25px 0; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 3); } .swimlane__item--tablet:nth-of-type(3n + 3) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__item--two-columns { margin-right: 0 !important; max-width: 572px; width: 50%; } .swimlane__item--four-columns { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 25px; margin-right: 16px; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 4); } .swimlane__item--four-columns:nth-of-type(4n + 4) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 24px; text-align: left; } .swimlane__items--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-top: 42px; } .swimlane__items--small-desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--tablet { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--no-title { margin-top: 0; } .swimlane__content { margin: auto; max-width: 942px; text-align: center; } .swimlane__content--desktop { max-width: 1216px; } .swimlane__title { color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .swimlane__title--black { color: #010101; font-weight: 400; } .see-more-button-container-alt { color: #0e0e0e; } .follow-us-on { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .follow-us-on__text { color: #fff; font-size: 16px; font-style: condensed; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .follow-us-on__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .follow-us-on__link:first-child { margin-right: 16px; } .nav-bar { background-color: #fff; } .nav-bar__hidden-menu { display: none; } .nav-bar__visible-menu { display: block; } .nav-bar__no-scroll { max-height: 100vh; overflow: hidden; } .dot-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .dot-with-label__text { padding-left: 8px; } .dot-with-label__text a { text-decoration: none; } .dot-with-label__text:hover h2 { color: #adadad; } .sponsor-section { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; max-width: 530px; } .sponsor-section--menu { padding: 20px 0 16px 24px; } .sponsor-section__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; } .sponsor-section__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .sponsor-section__sponsor { color: #fff; padding-right: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 26px; margin: 0; white-space: nowrap; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--mobile { padding-bottom: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--desktop { font-size: 22px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu { color: #fff; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu-desktop { font-size: 32px; } .sponsor-section__summary { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-top: 16px; } .sponsor-section__advert { display: inline-block; } .icon-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .icon-with-label__icon { padding-right: 10px; } .more-articles-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles-item__link { text-decoration: none; } .more-articles-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; width: 100%; } .more-articles-item__label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 8px; } .more-articles-item__type { margin-right: 16px; position: relative; } .more-articles-item__icon { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 8px; } .more-articles-item__text { color: #fff; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; padding: 0; position: relative; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .more-articles-item__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .more-articles-item__text--large { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 30px; line-height: 37px; } .more-articles-item__container--column { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .more-articles-item__image-container { position: relative; } .more-articles-item--two-columns { margin-right: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--desktop { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--tablet { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__link:hover .more-articles-item__text { color: #adadad; } .full-width-image-article { width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__container { min-height: 325px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .full-width-image-article__container--desktop { min-height: 400px; } .full-width-image-article__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #fff; left: 50%; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__label { display: inline-block; font-size: 14.4px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header--desktop { font-size: 33.6px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author { font-size: 16.6px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.13px; line-height: 42px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 28px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author--desktop { margin-top: 32px; } .full-width-image-article__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__link { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .more-articles { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-transition: background-image 0.4s; transition: background-image 0.4s; } .more-articles__heading { margin: auto; max-width: 1272px; padding: 20px 0 0 16px; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__stories { margin: 10px 16px 42px; max-width: 1232px; padding: 8px; position: relative; z-index: 4; } .more-articles__stories--small { padding: 0; } .more-articles__stories--tablet { margin: 24px 16px 72px; max-width: 1216px; } .more-articles__stories--desktop { margin: 56px 48px 92px; max-width: 1152px; } .more-articles__story-container:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 16px; } .more-articles__line { opacity: 0.3; padding-top: 16px; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__image-overlay { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.3); bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; z-index: 1; } .more-articles__image { opacity: 0; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .more-articles__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .more-articles__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--visible { opacity: 1; } .more-articles__story--two-columns, .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 16px; width: 310px; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(even) .more-articles__story--two-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(3n + 3) .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns, .more-articles__stories--three-columns { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; padding: 16px; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50%; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns:nth-child(2) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 33%; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns:nth-child(-n + 3) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__heading--small { padding: 20px 0 0 8px; } .more-articles__heading--desktop { max-width: 1264px; padding: 38px 0 0 16px; } .more-articles__heading--tablet { max-width: 1264px; padding: 24px 0 0 16px; } .most-popular { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .most-popular__inner { margin: 0 auto; max-width: 894px; padding: 45px 24px 21px; } .most-popular__inner--desktop { padding: 47px 0 86px; } .most-popular__header { font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular__items { display: block; } .most-popular__items--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 57px; } .most-popular-item { box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 33px; } .most-popular-item:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 42px; } .most-popular-item--desktop { padding: 0 20px; width: calc(33.333%); } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 2) { -ms-flex-order: 2; order: 2; padding: 38px 20px; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 3) { -ms-flex-order: 3; order: 3; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(n+4) { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; } .most-popular-item--desktop:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } .most-popular-item a { text-decoration: none; } .most-popular-item__content { -ms-flex-align: start; align-items: flex-start; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 5px; } .most-popular-item__number { color: #cbcbcb; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 32px; margin: 0 20px 0 0; width: 25px; } .most-popular-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0 0 0 45px; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular-item__title { color: #2e2e2ecc; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; } .StickyElementContent { -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s, -webkit-transform 0.5s; } .StickyElementContent--is-undocked { left: 0; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100%; } .StickyElementContent--is-hidden { -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); transform: translateY(-100%); } .error-page-header { position: relative; } .error-page-header__headers { margin-bottom: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .error-page-header__headers--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page-header__description { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; } .error-page-header__play-icon { margin-right: 16px; } .error-page-header__play-icon button { color: #adadad; } .error-page-header__dot-label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .styled-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .styled-list__item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .styled-list__item:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 8px; } .styled-list__item a { font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .styled-list__item--worklife a { color: #8beed9; } .styled-list__item--future a { color: #ffc857; } .styled-list__item--culture a { color: #472479; } .styled-list__item--earth a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__item--travel a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__text { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-left: 20px; } .styled-list__dot { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 8px; } .image-gallery-item { margin: 26px 0; } .image-gallery-item img { height: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -3%; width: 106%; } @media (max-width: 1000px) and (min-width: 767px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -16%; width: 116%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -8%; width: 108%; } } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -42%; width: 142%; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -55%; width: 155%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin: 20px 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 599px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin-left: -3%; width: 106%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { max-height: 507px; min-height: 463px; } @media (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 768px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { min-height: 818px; } } .styled-line { background-color: #8beed9; height: 3px; width: 72px; } .styled-line--small { width: 45px; } .styled-line--medium { width: 135px; } .styled-line--large { height: 1px; width: auto; } .styled-line--height--large { height: 5px; } .styled-line--height--small { height: 1px; } .styled-line--xs-small { width: 25px; } .styled-line--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-line--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-line--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-line--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-line--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-line--white { background-color: #fff; } .styled-line--dark-grey { background-color: #6a6a6a; } .styled-line--grey { background-color: #dedede; } .article-labels { font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-labels a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 1px; text-decoration: none; } .article-labels__text:first-child { font-weight: bold; } .rectangle-story-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin: auto; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--small-tablet { -ms-flex-pack: unset; justify-content: unset; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen { display: block; } .rectangle-story-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-left: 18px; padding-top: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--tablet { padding-left: 20px; padding-top: 22px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop { padding-left: 22px; padding-top: 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop:first-of-type { padding-left: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-tablet { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; width: 50%; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen { display: block; padding: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen:first-of-type { padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop { padding-left: 10px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop:last-of-type { padding-right: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__articles-container { margin: auto; max-width: 950px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 16px 16px 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--desktop { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; display: block; padding: 0 0 0 16px; padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--small-desktop { display: block; padding: 0 0 0 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__hero--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-title-card-rectangle { width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image:hover .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { opacity: 1; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease, -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; width: 100%; will-change: transform; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .article-title-card-rectangle__image { margin-right: 40px; max-height: 390px; max-width: 620px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: auto; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image img { display: block; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop { margin-right: 0; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet img, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop img { width: 110%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--preview-article { margin-right: 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--preview-article { margin-right: 8px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box { background-color: #fff; margin-left: 40px; padding: 16px 22px 0; position: relative; top: -22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--worklife:hover, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--culture:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header { color: #3d3d3d; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 12px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--tablet { font-size: 26px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author { color: #000; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 8px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author--tablet { margin: 14px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { left: -40px; margin: 0; padding: 40px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet { padding: 35px 22px 22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__link { color: #000; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container { display: block; max-width: 252px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop { max-width: 320px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-container { color: #4d4d4d; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-text { display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 27px; max-width: 396px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__read-more { display: inline-block; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 4px; margin: 25px 16px 0 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-title-card-rectangle__arrow { color: #bababa; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(-90deg); transform: rotate(-90deg); } .article-headline { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 38px 0; } .article-headline .article-labels { text-align: center; } .article-headline__line--short { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline--largeTablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile { padding: 20px 0; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__text { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.63px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline__collection a { color: #242424; } .article-headline__text { font-size: 45px; letter-spacing: -1.26px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 44px; } .hero-image { height: 720px; position: relative; } .hero-image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .hero-image--small-mobile { height: 180px; } .hero-image--mobile { height: 210px; } .hero-image--medium-mobile { height: 430px; } .hero-image--tablet { height: 574px; } .loading-spinner { margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; } .loading-spinner__message { color: #002756; display: block; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: bold; margin: 12px 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .loading-spinner__image { display: block; margin: 0 auto; width: 48px; } @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } .spinner { fill: #444; } .spinner__image { -webkit-animation: spin 1s linear infinite; animation: spin 1s linear infinite; } .spinner--worklife { fill: #8beed9; } .spinner--future { fill: #ffc857; } .spinner--culture { fill: #472479; } .spinner--travel { fill: #002856; } .spinner--earth { fill: #002856; } .similar-articles-list { background-color: #f9f9f9; position: relative; text-align: center; } .similar-articles-list__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: -50px; } .similar-articles-list__collection { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .similar-articles-list__header { background-color: #000; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 36px; padding: 8px; text-transform: uppercase; } .similar-articles-list__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.19px; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .similar-articles-list__number { color: #000; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0; margin-right: 26px; opacity: 0.18; } .similar-articles-list__articles-article { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin: 0 auto; max-width: 262px; padding-bottom: 32px; position: relative; } .similar-articles-list__articles-article:last-child { padding-bottom: 58px; } .similar-articles-list__number, .similar-articles-list__text { display: inline-block; } .similar-articles-list__text { margin-left: 50px; max-width: 210px; text-align: left; } .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button__inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: linear 0.6s; transition: linear 0.6s; } .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; -webkit-transition: linear 0.3s; transition: linear 0.3s; } .see-more-button__inner-text { margin-right: 24px; } .see-more-button__inner:hover { color: #4a4a4a; } .see-more-button__inner:hover .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #4a4a4a; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .beta-btn { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; line-height: 12px; padding: 0 7px; width: 66px; } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow { cursor: pointer; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(-35deg); transform: rotate(-35deg); } .beta-btn__copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin: 16px auto; max-width: 50%; } .beta-btn__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .article-hero { height: 672px; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 100%; } .article-hero--small-mobile { height: 373px; } .article-hero--mobile { height: 486px; } .article-hero--small-tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 15px 0; } .article-hero__content { margin: auto; max-width: 1004px; } .article-hero--desktop { height: 573px; } .article-hero--desktop .article-hero__content { padding: 50px 30px 0; } .article-hero--large-desktop .article-hero__content { max-width: 1276px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 10px 0; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-title { font-size: 24px; line-height: 30px; max-width: 220px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-line { margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 16px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-labels { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta { line-height: 22px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta a { letter-spacing: 3px; } .article-hero__ambient-hidden { display: none; } .article-hero--gradient { background-image: linear-gradient(-63deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06) 24%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 51%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.32) 67%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.51) 100%); } .article-hero__background-ambient { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; z-index: -1; } .article-hero__background img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; z-index: -1; } .article-hero__background--parallax img { -webkit-transform: scale(1.1); transform: scale(1.1); } .article-hero a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .article-hero__content-cta { clear: both; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 4px; line-height: 20px; max-width: 170px; text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); text-transform: uppercase; } .article-hero__content-cta a { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; letter-spacing: 4px; } .article-hero__content-labels { font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px; } .article-hero__content-line { background-color: #fff; border: 0; display: block; float: left; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-right: 300px; margin-top: 25px; width: 120px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow { position: relative; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::before { background: #fff; content: ''; height: 2px; left: 5px; margin-top: -1px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; transition: all 0.3s ease; width: 20px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::after { border-right: 2px solid #fff; border-top: 2px solid #fff; content: ''; display: inline-block; height: 10px; left: 16px; margin-top: 5px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 10px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::before { opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::after { margin-top: 6px; opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow img { height: 11px; margin-left: 10px; width: 19px; } .article-hero__content-title { color: #fff; font-size: 50px; line-height: 54px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 450px; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.7); } .article-hero__content-title a { letter-spacing: -1.32px; } .article-hero__title-text { display: inline; } .article-hero__content-title > a:hover > div, .article-hero__content-subtitle > a:hover { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(100%, currentColor), color-stop(0%, transparent)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, currentColor 100%, transparent 0%); background-position: 0 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 100% 2px; } .article-hero__content-subtitle { clear: both; color: #fff; font-size: 23px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 440px; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.5); } .article-hero__content-subtitle a { letter-spacing: -1px; } .article-hero__content-title--small { font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px; } .article-hero__content-title--tablet { clear: both; font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 42px; max-width: 264px; } .article-hero__content-title--small a { letter-spacing: -0.63px; } .article-hero__down-arrow { background-color: transparent; border: 0; bottom: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; left: calc(50% - 29px); margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: scale(0.5); transform: scale(0.5); } .see-more-button-container { color: #fff; } .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button-inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; } .see-more-button-inner--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__text { margin-right: 24px; } .load-more-button { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { margin-right: 16px; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .load-more-button__downarrow { color: #adadad; font-size: 22px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .load-more-button__loading .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { -webkit-animation: spin 2s linear infinite; animation: spin 2s linear infinite; } .load-more-button__downarrow:first-of-type { padding-right: 16px; } .load-more-button__downarrow:not(:first-of-type) { padding-left: 16px; } @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } .basic-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #adadad; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); color: #193e6d; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; height: 54px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-width: 222px; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button--estimated { height: 64px; } .basic-button--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button__text { color: #444; font-family: 'BBC Reith Sans Cd'; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button__text--estimated { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .basic-button__text--estimated-text { font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 300; } .basic-button__text--white { color: #fff; } .basic-button__text--curious { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } .basic-button__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button__text--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button::before { padding-right: 16px; } .basic-button:hover { background-color: #dedede; } .basic-button--background-light-blue:hover { background-color: #dfe8ff; } .basic-button--background-black { background-color: #000; } .basic-button--background-black:hover { background-color: #494646; } .basic-button--background-worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--background-future { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-culture { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--background-travel { background-color: #589e50; } .basic-button--background-worklife:hover { background-color: #4494e4; } .basic-button--background-future:hover { background-color: #ffc857; } .basic-button--background-culture:hover { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-travel:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--bold { font-weight: bold; } .AdFrame { display: -ms-inline-flexbox; display: inline-flex; } .AdFrame--default { background-color: #f6f6f6; } .AdFrame--dark-grey { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); } .AdFrame--centre-aligned { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .read-more-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-weight: bold; position: relative; width: 224px; } .text-with-styled-background { height: inherit; position: relative; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background--collection { display: inline-block; width: unset; } .text-with-styled-background--center-align { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .text-with-styled-background__text { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #444; display: block; font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px; padding: 0 0 0 10px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__text--large { font-size: 26px; line-height: 30px; padding: 0 0 0 24px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--remove-padding { padding: 0; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__text--largest { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--future { color: #002856; } .text-with-styled-background__text--culture { color: #472479; } .text-with-styled-background__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .text-with-styled-background__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .text-with-styled-background__text--blue { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; padding: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--medium { font-size: 32px; line-height: 38px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--large { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container { bottom: 0; margin-left: 13px; position: absolute; width: calc(100% - 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.05); height: 26px; max-width: 240px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__line--large { bottom: -10px; height: 42px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--narrow { height: 26px; max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line--medium { bottom: -10px; height: 36px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--largest { max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--collection { width: calc(100% + 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin { margin: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__line--collection { height: 26px; } .error-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .error-button .gelicon--alert { color: #ececec; } .simple-header { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-header--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--simple { font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px; } .simple-header--small { font-size: 20px; line-height: 27px; } .simple-header--smallest { font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; } .simple-header--medium { font-size: 24px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--regular { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold { font-stretch: condensed; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--large { line-height: 37px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--regular { line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--white { color: #fff; } .play-button__inline-audio, .play-button__inline-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 49px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 49px; } .play-button__inline-audio .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video .gelicon--play { color: #ececec; } .play-button__inline-audio--worklife .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--worklife .gelicon--play { color: #8beed9; } .play-button__inline-audio--travel .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--travel .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio--future .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--future .gelicon--play { color: #ffc857; } .play-button__inline-audio--culture .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--culture .gelicon--play { color: #472479; } .play-button__inline-audio--earth .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--earth .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio { color: #fff; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; width: 50px; } .play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); border: 2px solid #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 80px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 80px; } .play-button:hover { color: #5ae9cb; } .play-button--white { border: 4px solid #fff; } .play-button--white:hover { color: #fff; } .play-button--white .gelicon--play { color: inherit; } .play-button--worklife { border: 2px solid #8beed9; } .play-button--worklife:hover { color: #8beed9; } .play-button--travel { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--travel:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--future { border: 2px solid #ffc857; } .play-button--future:hover { color: #ffc857; } .play-button--culture { border: 2px solid #472479; } .play-button--culture:hover { color: #472479; } .play-button--earth { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--earth:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--desktop { font-size: 30px; height: 76px; width: 76px; } .play-button--background-hover:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } .screen-reader-only { border: 0; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%); clip-path: inset(50%); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute !important; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal !important; } .text-summary__text { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--blue { color: #193e6d; } .text-summary__text--black { color: #000; } .text-summary__text--grey { color: #6a6a6a; } .text-summary__text--dark-grey { color: #444; } .text-summary__text--left { text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--right { text-align: right; } .simple-p-tag { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-p-tag--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--serif-light-italic { font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; } .inline-html { display: block; } .drop-capped { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid #444; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; float: left; font-size: 58px; font-weight: bold; height: 84px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin: 8px 10px 4px 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: 84px; } .drop-capped--worklife { border-color: #8beed9; } .drop-capped--future { border-color: #ffc857; } .drop-capped--culture { border-color: #444; } .drop-capped--earth { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--travel { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--desktop { margin-right: 24px; } .close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav__icon { color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav:hover .close-nav__icon { color: #cecece; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .close-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } .nav-label { color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .nav-label:hover { color: #8e8e8e; } .nav-label--menu { color: #ebebeb; } .nav-label--menu:hover { color: #cecece; } .nav-label--white { color: #fff; } .nav-label--curiousSans { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } .nav-links__link { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding-right: 24px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-links__link--active p { border-bottom: 2px solid #002856; font-weight: bold; } .nav-links__link--active--menu p { border-bottom: unset; } .nav-links__link--active--worklife p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0052a1; } .nav-links__link--active--culture p { border-bottom: 2px solid #472479; } .nav-links__link--active--earth p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0fbb56; } .nav-links__link--active--travel p { border-bottom: 2px solid #589e50; } .nav-links__icon { background-color: #0052a1; bottom: 10px; height: 2px; position: absolute; width: 80px; } .nav-links__link--menu { display: block; padding-right: unset; } .nav-links__icon--menu { display: none; } .nav-links__icon--menu-tablet { width: 60px; } .nav-links__icon--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-links__icon--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-links__icon--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-links__icon--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-links__icon--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-links__link--menu p { font-size: 26px; padding: 0 0 32px 24px; } .nav-links__link--menu-desktop p { font-size: 32px; line-height: 42px; padding: 0 0 44px 100px; } .burger-nav { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #0052a1; cursor: pointer; font-size: 20px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .burger-nav--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .burger-nav--future { color: #002856; } .burger-nav--culture { color: #472479; } .burger-nav--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .burger-nav--travel { color: #589e50; } .burger-nav--medium { font-size: 16px; } .burger-nav--small { font-size: 12px; } .nav-menu { background-color: #0052a1; display: block; height: 100%; left: 0; min-height: 100vh; opacity: 0.98; overflow: auto; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100vw; } .nav-menu--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-menu--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-menu--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-menu--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-menu--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-menu__close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; padding: 16px 8px 60px; } .nav-menu__close-nav--desktop { padding: 20px 16px 70px; } .nav-menu__sponsored { background-color: rgba(34, 34, 34, 0.5); height: 100%; margin-bottom: 32px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop { margin-bottom: 44px; } .nav-menu__sponsored-container { padding: 20px 16px 16px 24px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop-container { margin: auto; max-width: 1264px; padding: 20px 16px 20px 100px; } .nav-menu__follow-us { padding: 52px 0 34px; } .ad-slot { display: inline-block; } .ad-slot__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .ad-slot__label { max-width: 120px; min-width: 112px; padding-right: 8px; text-align: right; } .ad-slot--leaderboard { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .ad-slot__label--mpu, .ad-slot__label--leaderboard { margin-bottom: 8px; max-width: unset; padding-right: unset; text-align: right; } .ad-slot__container--mpu, .ad-slot__container--leaderboard { display: inline-block; -ms-flex-wrap: unset; flex-wrap: unset; } .ad-slot__fake--sponsor { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 31px; min-width: 88px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 250px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 600px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 90px; min-width: 728px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-medium { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 320px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-small { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__label--dark { color: #dcdcdc; } .ad-slot--dark { background-color: #f6f6f6; padding: 8px; } .ad-slot--black { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); padding: 8px; } .open-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; padding: 0; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .open-nav__icon { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .open-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } .play-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .play-icon--red { color: #f00; } .play-icon--grey { color: #999; } .play-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .play-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .camera-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .camera-icon--red { color: #f00; } .camera-icon--grey { color: #999; } .camera-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .camera-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .nav-build-bar { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: auto; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; width: 100%; } .nav-build-bar--mobile { height: auto; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .nav-build-bar--mobile .nav-build-bar__title-content { white-space: pre-wrap; } .nav-build-bar--tablet { height: 58px; } .nav-build-bar--desktop { height: 60px; } .nav-build-bar__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-left: auto; overflow: hidden; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: 8px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand--no-brand { margin-left: 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 8px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--tablet { padding: 0 30px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--desktop { padding: 0 80px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__title-content { border: 1.78px solid; color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; padding: 8px; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 48px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav-button { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-left: 8px; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored { background-color: #f6f6f6; border: 1px solid #d3d3d3; height: 48px; padding: 0 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--desktop { padding-right: 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile { -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; max-width: 100px; width: 100%; } .styled-dot { background-color: #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 6px; width: 6px; } .styled-dot--no-cursor { cursor: unset; } .styled-dot--medium { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 10px; width: 10px; } .styled-dot--dark-blue { background-color: #193e6d; } .styled-dot--purple { background-color: #362e67; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--black { background-color: #000; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--grey-green { background-color: #008e9b; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--dark-green { background-color: #589e50; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-dot--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-dot--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--worklife-prime { background-color: #0052a1; } .styled-dot--future-prime { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--culture-prime { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth-prime { background-color: #0fbb56; } .styled-dot--travel-prime { background-color: #589e50; } .styled-dot--large { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); height: 16px; width: 16px; } .styled-dot--small { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 8px; width: 8px; } .styled-dot--grey { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); } .info-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .info-icon--red { color: #f00; } .info-icon--grey { color: #999; } .info-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .info-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .email-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 11px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .email-icon:hover { background-color: #000; } .email-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .facebook-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 15px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .facebook-icon:hover { background-color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #3b5998; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue:hover { background-color: #3b5998; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--small { font-size: 20px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } .hero-header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .hero-header__header { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #fff; font-size: 38px; line-height: 40px; margin: 0; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); } .hero-header__header--large { font-size: 44px; line-height: 48px; } .hero-header__header--medium { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .hero-header__header--small { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .hero-header__header--black { color: #000; text-shadow: unset; } .hero-header__header--grey { color: #adadad; text-shadow: unset; } .ticked-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #13de99; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .ticked-icon--small { font-size: 12px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } .google-plus-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .google-plus-icon:hover { background-color: #d34836; } .google-plus-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .linkedin-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .linkedin-icon:hover { background-color: #0077b5; } .linkedin-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .reddit-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .reddit-icon:hover { background-color: #ff4500; } .reddit-icon__hide { display: none; } .reddit-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .share-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; color: #444; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 3px; padding: 18px 16px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; width: 110px; z-index: 55; } .share-button .gelicon--share { margin-right: 10px; -webkit-transition: 0.3s ease-in; transition: 0.3s ease-in; } .share-button:hover .gelicon--share, .share-button .gelicon--share-sharing { -webkit-transform: rotate(-180deg); transform: rotate(-180deg); } .twitter-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .twitter-icon:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #1da1f2; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--small { font-size: 18px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } .whatsapp-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .whatsapp-icon:hover { background-color: #25d366; } .whatsapp-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; }html, body { margin: 0; padding: 0; } #root *, #root *::before, #root *::after { box-sizing: border-box; } #root article, #root aside, #root figure, #root footer, #root header, #root nav, #root section { display: block; } body { background: #fff; } .app__body { display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-height: 100vh; overflow: visible; position: relative; } .app__domestic-disclaimer { bottom: 0; position: fixed; width: 100%; z-index: 5000; } .main { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .navigation { background-color: #fff; display: none; margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 4px 16px 0; position: relative; z-index: 1000; } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .navigation { max-width: 976px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) { .navigation { padding: 0 16px 1px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .navigation { max-width: 990px; } } @media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px) { .navigation { padding: 4px 8px; } } .navigation--display { display: block; } .navigation-sticky--undocked { background-color: #fff; width: 100%; z-index: 10000; } .StickyElement { position: relative; z-index: 1501; } .loader { display: none; height: 100%; left: -99999px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; transition: 0.2s opacity; width: 100%; z-index: 1000; } .loader--is-active { background: white; display: block; left: 0; opacity: 1; } .loader__body { display: none; left: 50%; position: fixed; top: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%); } .loader__body--show-loader { display: block; } .no-js .loader { display: none; } .vertical-index { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .vertical-index__collection-swimlane { min-height: 400px; } .vertical-index .article-hero__content { margin-top: 106px; padding-left: 25px; } .vertical-index__full-width-ad { background-color: #f1f1f1; padding: 25px; } .vertical-index__latest-articles { margin-top: 35px; } .vertical-index__latest-articles--mobile { margin-top: 28px; } .vertical-index__storyworks-section { margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 16px 0 0; } @media (min-width: 1008px) { .vertical-index__storyworks-section { padding: 16px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-index__storyworks-section { margin: auto; max-width: 990px; padding: 8px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 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class="latest-articles__articles latest-articles__articles--tablet latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle"><div class="rectangle-story-group"><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles-container"><div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article-hero rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Why ‘weak ties’ make you happy" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200701-why-your-weak-tie-friendships-may-mean-more-than-you-think" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle b-reith-sans-font"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__container"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__image"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link" target="" rel="" id="" 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class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header b-font-weight-300">Why ‘weak ties’ make you happy</h2></a><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--worklife styled-line--height--small"></div></span><p class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author b-font-family-serif">By Ian Leslie</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="How the Plague made the rich richer" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::2"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" 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https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08jlkqs.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08jlkqs.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08jlkqs.jpg" alt="The Bubonic Plague killed a third of Europe's population — and ended up concentrating much of the continent's wealth (Credit: Alamy)" id=""/><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--worklife"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--worklife" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/covid-19"><span>Covid-19</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer"><span>How the Plague made the rich richer</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Eleanor Russell, University of Cambridge and Martin Parker, University of Bristol</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="How Covid-19 is changing women’s lives" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--worklife"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Getty Images)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08jhgbx.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08jhgbx.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08jhgbx.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08jhgbx.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08jhgbx.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08jhgbx.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08jhgbx.jpg" alt="(Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--worklife"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--worklife" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/covid-19"><span>Covid-19</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives"><span>How Covid-19 is changing women’s lives</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Maddy Savage</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Is this the end of in-store shopping?" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--worklife"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><img draggable="false" title="People browse for all sorts of reasons – to meet friends or for escapism, for example. But will there be a good substitute in times of social distancing? (Credit: Getty Images)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08jdrg5.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08jdrg5.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08jdrg5.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08jdrg5.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08jdrg5.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08jdrg5.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08jdrg5.jpg" alt="People browse for all sorts of reasons – to meet friends or for escapism, for example. But will there be a good substitute in times of social distancing? (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--worklife"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--worklife" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/the-future-of-shopping"><span>The Future of Shopping</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits"><span>Is this the end of in-store shopping?</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Simon Lowe </span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__full-width-image-article"><div class="full-width-image-article" data-bbc-container="full-width-image-article" data-bbc-title="How to make high-stakes decisions" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"full-width-image-article","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200622-how-to-think-under-pressure" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><div class="full-width-image-article__container"><div class="full-width-image-article__image"><img draggable="false" title="Within a year, Maria Konnikova had gone from a novice to a professional player (Credit: Neil Stoddart)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08hn1kz.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08hn1kz.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08hn1kz.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08hn1kz.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08hn1kz.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08hn1kz.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 420px) 100vw, 150vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08hn1kz.jpg" alt="Within a year, Maria Konnikova had gone from a novice to a professional player (Credit: Neil Stoddart)" id=""/><div class="full-width-image-article__background"></div></div><div class="full-width-image-article__text"><a class="full-width-image-article__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/psychology"><span class="full-width-image-article-text__label b-reith-sans-font">Psychology</span></a><a class="full-width-image-article__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200622-how-to-think-under-pressure"><h2 class="full-width-image-article-text__header b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">How to make high-stakes decisions</h2></a><p class="full-width-image-article-text__author b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300">By David Robson</p></div></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__latest-articles vertical-index__latest-articles--mobile"><div class="latest-articles__container latest-articles__rectangle latest-articles__container--tablet"><p class="latest-articles__editor b-reith-sans-font latest-articles__editor--tablet">Hot Topics</p><div class="latest-articles__articles latest-articles__articles--tablet latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle"><div class="rectangle-story-group"><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles-container"><div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article-hero rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="The luxury of having outdoor space" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle b-reith-sans-font"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__container"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__image"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid"><img draggable="false" title="A German rower trains on his balcony in March in Dortmund, Germany (Credit: Getty Images)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08h7vq1.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08h7vq1.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08h7vq1.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08h7vq1.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08h7vq1.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08h7vq1.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 420px) 100vw, 150vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08h7vq1.jpg" alt="A German rower trains on his balcony in March in Dortmund, Germany (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__overlay article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--worklife"></span></a></div><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/remote-control"><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--worklife">Remote Control</span></a><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid"><h2 class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header b-font-weight-300">The luxury of having outdoor space</h2></a><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--worklife styled-line--height--small"></div></span><p class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author b-font-family-serif">By Bryan Lufkin</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="The lessons hiding in our failures" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::2"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200616-the-learning-opportunities-hiding-in-our-failures" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200616-the-learning-opportunities-hiding-in-our-failures"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--worklife"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Alamy)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08h4w5r.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08h4w5r.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08h4w5r.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08h4w5r.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08h4w5r.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08h4w5r.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08h4w5r.jpg" alt="(Credit: Alamy)" id=""/><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--worklife"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--worklife" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/20150401-psychology"><span>Psychology</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200616-the-learning-opportunities-hiding-in-our-failures"><span>The lessons hiding in our failures</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Christian Jarrett</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Why great performers make bad managers" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--worklife"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Alamy)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08gzlbg.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08gzlbg.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08gzlbg.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08gzlbg.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08gzlbg.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08gzlbg.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08gzlbg.jpg" alt="(Credit: Alamy)" id=""/><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--worklife"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--worklife" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/columns/collective-intelligence"><span>Collective Intelligence</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work"><span>Why great performers make bad managers</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By David Robson</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="How Covid could change plane boarding" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200612-why-coronavirus-will-change-how-we-board-a-plane" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200705005303/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200612-why-coronavirus-will-change-how-we-board-a-plane"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--worklife"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><img draggable="false" title="Interior of large passenger plane, taken on 2 May 2018" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/189x106/p08gzkkl.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/304x171/p08gzkkl.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08gzkkl.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200705005303im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08gzkkl.jpg 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To help provide insight on how to manage this, BBC Worklife is updating some of our most popular productivity stories from our archive. This article was first published on 9 July 2019. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2008 Annie Vernon rowed for Great Britain in the quad sculls at the Beijing Olympics. At 25, she was the youngest member of an experienced group that was set on becoming the first women’s rowing team to win Olympic gold. In a close finish, they were beaten to first place by the Chinese. Vernon was devastated, and remains mentally scarred by the loss. In an interview to promote her book on the psychology of elite sport, Mind Games, she called it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fsport\u002F2019\u002Fmar\u002F18\u002Fannie-vernon-olympic-gb-rowing-silver-interview-donald-mcrae\"\u003E“the defining feature of my career”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor those of us who are not elite athletes, it is hard to understand quite how punishing the experience of a ‘near miss’ can be. Reaching the very top level of performance requires an immense mental effort, and when you care that much about winning, losing feels like cruel punishment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut top athletes – and, it turns out, many others – have a way of turning pain into rocket fuel. The defeat becomes a reason to push themselves even further the next time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVernon recovered from her disappointment to win gold at the 2010 Rowing World Championships.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190703-why-suffering-setbacks-could-make-you-more-successful-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190703-why-suffering-setbacks-could-make-you-more-successful-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUK Sport, the British government body responsible for investing in elite sport, published the findings of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs40279-016-0476-2\"\u003Ean investigation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E into the roots of athletic success. Over the course of in-depth interviews with 85 elite athletes and coaches, they looked for what exceptional achievers have in common. The researchers found that most athletes suffer a significant setback early in their career, but some react differently to others. For the truly exceptional athletes, who went on to win Olympic medals, the setback enhanced their motivation; for the merely ‘good’, the near miss was discouraging.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190703-why-suffering-setbacks-could-make-you-more-successful-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Top athletes – and, it turns out, many others – have a way of turning pain into rocket fuel. The defeat becomes a reason to push themselves even further the next time","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190703-why-suffering-setbacks-could-make-you-more-successful-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere can be something uniquely energising about the experience of finishing second instead of first. Adam Leive, an economist at the University of Virginia, assembled a database of medal winners in Olympic track and field events, between 1846 and 1948, and looked at what happened to their lives after they had won a medal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELeive found that the athletes who just missed out on the top podium spot went on to live longer and more successful lives than those who won. Silver medallists were more ambitious in their post-sport careers, finding better paid jobs. By the age of 80, about half of them were still alive, compared to about a third of gold medallists.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe trauma of losing seems to have spurred them on for life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EJust behind the leader\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a phenomenon which extends beyond sport. A recently published paper in the journal \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F1903.06958\"\u003EPhysics and Society\u003C\u002Fa\u003E shows evidence that scientists who suffer setbacks early in their career perform better in their careers than others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe authors, Yang Wang, Benjamin Jones and Dashun Wang, looked at the data on grant proposals made by junior scientists applying for funds from the US National Institutes of Health. They identified two groups: “near-miss” individuals, whose grant proposals fell just below the funding threshold, and “near-win” individuals, who scraped in just above the threshold.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJust as UK Sport found with athletes, losing out acted like a form of natural selection. About one in 10 of the near-missers disappeared from the system altogether, but those who persevered went on to publish more high-impact papers over the following decade than the near-winners.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EChildhood setbacks may have a similar effect on the arc of a life. The psychologist Marvin Eisenstadt, in a study entitled \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F1989-97723-000\"\u003EParental Loss and Achievement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, found that from a random sample of 573 eminent people who merited more than one column in encyclopaedias, nearly half had had a parent die before they were 20. Nobody would wish the loss of a parent on any child. It means a higher risk of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F284890663_Long-term_consequences_of_parental_death_in_childhood_Psychological_and_physiological_manifestations\"\u003Emental health problems\u003C\u002Fa\u003E later in life. But it’s also true that a surprising number of high-achievers have suffered bereavement or some other kind of trauma as children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190703-why-suffering-setbacks-could-make-you-more-successful-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190703-why-suffering-setbacks-could-make-you-more-successful-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThree of the most famous examples were in a band together. Paul McCartney’s mother died of cancer when he was 14; John Lennon’s mother was killed in a road accident when he was 17. Richard Starkey (Ringo Starr), did not suffer early bereavement, but certainly suffered. Starkey was a toddler when his parents divorced; he was raised in poverty by his mother. He fell seriously ill when he was six, spending a year in hospital. Now aged 79, he still runs on to stage to perform with his All-Starr band.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELighting a fire\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThese are extreme examples, in every sense, but in general we tend to under-estimate the extent to which some kind of disadvantage or setback can, paradoxically, catapult people into higher achievement. Some people can turn the hurt and anger generated by a setback into a fierce will to succeed. By struggling against whatever forces they find pushing them down, they develop anti-gravity powers which lift them higher later on.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe principle is akin to a biological one. Weightlifters know that for a muscle to grow it must first be traumatised. The exercise has to be great enough for thousands of tiny tears to open up, which the body can then repair, strengthening the muscle as it does so. In life, as at the gym, it’s what you do with a trauma that determines whether or not it has a latent benefit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHigh achievers seem to find a way to perform a kind of mental alchemy, turning loss and disappointment into motivation. The flipside of this is that some who grow up with all their material needs met sometimes \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC1950124\u002F\"\u003Elack drive and direction as adults\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. That’s why some experts in talent development worry that children are not even being given the chance to experience setbacks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190703-why-suffering-setbacks-could-make-you-more-successful-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In life, as at the gym, it’s what you do with a trauma that determines whether or not it has a latent benefit","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190703-why-suffering-setbacks-could-make-you-more-successful-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn a 2012 paper entitled \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F23013519\"\u003EThe Rocky Road to the Top: Why Talent Needs Trauma,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the sports scientists Dave Collins and Aine MacNamara criticised the approach of most talent development systems in sport, which put an emphasis on maximising support to young athletes and reducing stress. The authors argued that these well-funded and high-tech coaching systems were making life too easy for young athletes, who needed moments of challenge or trauma in order to develop resilience. It’s the rocky road, not the smoothed path, that leads to greatness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, even with all of this in mind, we shouldn’t over-romanticise setbacks and failures. They are painful and upsetting, and sometimes, a bad experience is just pure, unalloyed bad. Certainly, that is how it feels when you’re experiencing it. But when you are in one of those dark moments of loss, it is worth asking yourself whether you might, one day, turn it into something good.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps Friedrich Nietzsche was right: what doesn’t kill us makes us stronger.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190703-why-suffering-setbacks-could-make-you-more-successful-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-05-20T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why suffering setbacks could make you more successful","headlineShort":"Setbacks can make you a high achiever","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"The trauma of losing could actually do you more good than harm.","summaryShort":"Why celebrating ‘near misses’ could be good for your success","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2019-07-09T03:00:30.588139Z","entity":"article","guid":"7af3261b-49c2-4ab5-a868-7e51197dc1ff","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190703-why-suffering-setbacks-could-make-you-more-successful","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-20T06:46:34.676754Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190703-why-suffering-setbacks-could-make-you-more-successful","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384005},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work","_id":"5ef9f9518c532d635251aa02","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"As we switch to greater virtual working, some of us will find it easier than others. But there are ways to adapt.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMany workers around the globe have been forced to embrace the promise and challenges of virtual teamwork – almost overnight.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, many companies, especially in IT, have been distributed for years. But many others are more used to working in person and haven’t had the same time to cultivate a healthy and effective remote working culture. Getting into a rhythm of remote collaboration can be difficult, especially when bringing together many different personalities and aptitudes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe only choice? Adapt fast.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorking well\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWorking at a distance is a challenge at the best of times. Without the social nuances of face-to-face contact, and no chance to check something with Derek or Sheila in another department, virtual teamwork places greater emphasis on communication and organisation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECan teams quickly rise to the occasion and keep working well? It’s likely.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESeveral years ago, Sandy Staples, a professor at Smith School of Business at Queens University, Ontario, and his colleagues conducted a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0378720612000626\"\u003Emeta-analysis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the evidence from 80 studies looking at what virtual working does to teams. The bad news is that over the short-term (a day or less), newly formed virtual teams experienced more negative outcomes than face-to-face teams, including more team conflict, lower satisfaction, less knowledge sharing and poorer performance. The good news is that this mostly didn’t apply to teams that had worked together for longer, presumably as they adapted. So, even if newly remote teams are experiencing teething problems as they transition, the research suggests they will improve and adapt over time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s easier for an established team to adapt to virtual working than it is to form an effective virtual team for scratch","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EStaples explains another reason for optimism in the current circumstances – it’s easier for an established team to adapt to virtual working than it is to form an effective virtual team for scratch.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“[E]ven though the pandemic has made teams adopt virtual work overnight, they would not be newly-formed teams. That implies that they would have knowledge about their teammates, understand the interdependencies of their tasks, etc. Therefore, I would speculate that the causal mechanisms that created the challenges in the short-term teams in the studies we examined would not be the same in our Covid-19 virtual work world.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Foosball table","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAdapting quickly\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, even though teams as a whole might be well-primed to adapt to virtual teamwork, aptitude for change may be different on an individual level.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt least at first, being plunged into the world of team video meetings and endless relay chats will be a challenge even for team-members who know each other. But, at an individual level, some of us will find it easier than others. A lot, it seems, boils down to whether you’re the kind of person who enjoys new challenges and is prepared to adapt to doing things differently.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"High scorers on openness were the happiest to embrace virtual teamwork – presumably because of their general willingness to experiment with new ways of working","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EConsider the findings from a study conducted by Andy Luse, a management scientist at the Spears School of Business at Oklahoma State University. He and his colleagues measured the personality traits and thinking style of more than 150 business students, and then assessed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0747563213000733#b0185\"\u003Etheir preferences for virtual teamwork\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGiven that virtual work means the loss of chance encounters in the corridor, or camaraderie-building chats around the water-cooler, you might imagine that the introvert-extrovert personality dimension was most important – after all, it’s well-established that extroverts thrive with chance for plenty of face-to-face socialising. But it was actually the key trait of ‘openness’ (which is related to being imaginative and having a love for trying out new things) that was most important. High scorers on openness were the happiest to embrace virtual teamwork – presumably because of their general willingness to experiment with new ways of working.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile less important than openness, one’s level of introversion or extroversion was also a significant factor. Overall, Luse says that although extroverts prefer virtual teamwork compared with working alone, they may struggle with the current situation of enforced remote work in the absence of any face-to-face contact.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“[Extroverted] individuals would much rather work face-to-face as compared to virtually, which will lessen the energy they get from the interaction,” says Luse. “Conversely, introverts expend energy with social interaction, so while they are more apt to work alone well, they are also better at adapting to a virtual environment given it involves less face-to-face interaction and is thereby less taxing mentally.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Those who like to make quick decisions prefer virtual teams more than those individuals who like long conversations – Andy Luse","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAside from personality traits, Luse observed that your favoured decision-making style is also relevant. “Those who like to make quick decisions prefer virtual teams more than those individuals who like long conversations,” he says. “Given the less rich environment of virtual teams, decisions are typically more abbreviated, which appeals to these types of individuals.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis chimes with a finding from a recent German \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F08959285.2016.1154061?scroll=top&needAccess=true\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that surveyed hundreds of professionals with expertise in either virtual or traditional teamwork, about which of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F7453309_The_Great_Eight_Competencies_A_Criterion-Centric_Approach_to_Validation\"\u003Eeight “great competencies”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are most important for their way of working. Notably, the virtual teamwork experts identified two as being more important than the experts in more traditional teamwork: the Leading and Deciding competency, followed by the Analysing and Interpreting competency. The former incorporates decision making, but also acting with confidence and with one’s own initiative; the latter is largely about writing and expressing oneself clearly and accurately.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"colleagues looking at computer","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EChanging personalities\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile some of us might be better adapted to the new remote ways of working than others – confident, articulate and decisive introverts might particularly have a chance to shine – there’s a rather unnerving flip side. All of those hours spent jostling for influence in virtual meetings might even be changing us – and not necessarily for the better.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough research around this isn’t deep, there some initial findings suggest that adapting to this intense period of virtual collaboration might be altering our personalities. Earlier this year, William Swart and Judy Siguaw at East Carolina University \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farticlegateway.com\u002Findex.php\u002FAJM\u002Farticle\u002Fview\u002F2756\u002F2621\"\u003Estudied\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the experiences of 58 business students engaged in five weeks of intense virtual teamwork. Comparing the students’ personality trait scores before and after the period of virtual working, Swart and Siguaw found that, on average, the students came out scoring lower on one of the main personality trait known as ‘agreeableness’ – essentially, how warm and friendly and trusting of others you are. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe researchers speculated this might have been a consequence of the students becoming more practised at getting their own views across in virtual meetings – it is, of course, difficult to have natural turn-taking in video conversations, and it’s much easier to be left out of the conversation altogether. The students also grew more extroverted and open-minded, which Swart and Siguaw explained as “the students learning to be more vocal and to verbally express themselves so that the team can reach its overarching objectives”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps most intriguing, though, was that the pair observed a kind of convergence effect, so that people with more extreme personality scores (such as low agreeableness or strong extroversion) came out of the experience nearer the average.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESwart says, “The way that I see that is that everybody's in this boat together, and if they don’t compromise and work together and so on, then they [realise] they are not going to meet their goal – with dire consequences.” He’s continuing to collect personality data, so in the near future he will be able to look for changes specifically brought on during the period of lockdown.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOptimising work for all\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe idea of everyone melding into a similar, shoutier personality type as they vie for influence on their webcams is not particularly appealing. Fortunately, there are established ways to cultivate positive team cultures, even at a distance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Essentially, some of the things that happen in an ad-hoc, informal way when we are face-to-face need to become more structured when we operate virtually,” says Staples, giving the examples of a virtual team manager taking the time each day to check in informally on other team-members, and team-members scheduling time for informal virtual coffee chats.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Some of the things that happen in an ad-hoc, informal way when we are face-to-face need to become more structured when we operate virtually – Sandy Staples","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs well as scheduling time for virtual water-cooler moments, it’s also important to take some early simple steps, such agreeing how you’re going to work together (including which online communication tools to use) and what the rules of engagement will be, such as letting different people take turns to lead a meeting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA specific routine that teams could introduce is the ‘daily stand-up meeting’. These are practised widely by so-called ‘agile teams’, which have their roots in software development where the goals and demands of the team are always evolving. It involves a short meeting – no more than 15 minutes – during which each member says what they did yesterday, what they’re doing today and outlines any obstacles in their way. “This is an effective coordination mechanism and it also allows the team to identify issues that need to be dealt with,” says Staples.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe overall aim of stand-up meetings, informal virtual coffee chats and any other new routines that you introduce should be to help people “feel that they are part of a team and that they support each other, so people are willing to ask for help, and know they will get it, and are willing to share both good and bad news”, says Staples.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll this will help to increase what organisational psychologists call ‘psychological safety’ – mutual trust between team-members and the comfort of knowing that you will be forgiven if you slip up. Mutual trust among members is a hallmark of any kind of high-functioning team, virtual or not, and will be vital for our teams to thrive in the challenging months and years ahead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.christianjarrett.com\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDr Christian Jarrett\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eis a senior editor at \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsyche.co\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAeon+Psyche\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. His next book, about personality change, will be published in 2021.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work-14"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-02T10:47:25Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The personalities that benefit most from remote work","headlineShort":"Are introverts better at remote work?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"As we switch to greater virtual working, some of us will find it easier than others. But there are ways to adapt.","summaryShort":"Some personality traits make people better at virtual teamwork","tag":null,"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-01T19:27:15.370625Z","entity":"article","guid":"137dc8f9-2405-49db-a16a-c68a167a8664","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-01T23:25:36.415385Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384005},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives","_id":"5efd99918c532d635270c5c4","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmaddy-savage"],"bodyIntro":"As working mums perform more childcare and face increased job insecurity, there are fears Covid-19 has undone decades of advancement. But could the pandemic be a catalyst for progress?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPregnant and with two children under the age of six, Anna Xavier was recently so stressed about juggling work and life she threatened to move out of the family home and find her own apartment. “I am now 33 weeks, huge and super tired – housework has been a struggle,” says the entrepreneur, who quit a corporate career with a cosmetics brand to start a baby-equipment business in Stockholm a year ago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince the coronavirus pandemic hit the Nordics, Xavier’s husband, who works for a company that produces protective equipment, has joined her in working from home. The couple also took their children out of daycare (which has largely remained open in Sweden) for several months, due to worries about how the coronavirus could affect expectant mothers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the situation created “huge amounts of frustration”, as Xavier, who splits household bills equally with her partner, shouldered the bulk of the childcare, cooking and cleaning, while he spent most of his days in video meetings. “We agreed that his job did take priority because he was helping the Swedish government and hospitals get equipment that could potentially save lives,” she explains. At home, “his job was at the end of the day to pack the dishwasher and stuff like that, which he didn't always do,” says Xavier.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe couple have since sent their children back to daycare and hired a cleaner to avoid further arguments. But by being the primary caregiver during the peak of the pandemic, 44-year-old Xavier has fallen behind on her own business goals. “I have not been able to devote so much time to it... I still feel a little bit under pressure because I’d wanted to get as much done as possible before the baby arrives,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jhh7d"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUnpaid labour at home\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the beginning of the pandemic, there were high hopes that the global shift to home-working could mean childcare and chores would be divided more equally within couples. But numerous studies of working parents’ lives during Covid-19 have shown that Xavier’s experience is far from unique: a disproportionate share of the burden is still falling on women. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearchers from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bcg.com\u002Fpublications\u002F2020\u002Fhelping-working-parents-ease-the-burden-of-covid-19.aspx\"\u003EBoston Consulting Group\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which surveyed more than 3,000 people in the US and Europe, found that working women currently spend an average of 15 hours a week more on unpaid domestic labour than men. In Australia, provisional results of a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmelbourneuni.au1.qualtrics.com\u002Fjfe\u002Fform\u002FSV_8d0AaumfQREdjYp\"\u003Esurvey by the University of Melbourne\u003C\u002Fa\u003E suggest that in households with children, parents are putting in an extra six hours a day of care and supervision, with women taking on more than two-thirds of the extra time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Covid-19 has the potential to be a disaster for equality - Caroline Whaley","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis pattern is occurring regardless of income. Research by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.inet.econ.cam.ac.uk\u002Fresearch-papers\u002Fwp-abstracts?wp=2018\"\u003Escientists from the universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Zurich\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during March and April showed that working women in the UK, Germany and the US did more childcare and home-schooling across all wage brackets, compared to men with similar earnings. The difference was amplified in couples where the man worked outside the household during the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat’s been the experience of Tina Rehana, a 28-year-old dance teacher from Manchester. Her partner is unable to work from home, so she has been the primary caregiver for her two young children throughout the Covid-19 outbreak.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I literally cannot do a thing with them both around 24\u002F7... I tried one private lesson on Zoom and my kids kept running in and out, arguing,” she says. “I have absolutely no income from my dance school because it is just impossible.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Family systems are regressing’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite lockdowns easing around the world, many campaigners believe there will be a long-term impact on women’s work and home lives as a result of the coronavirus. A recent \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unwomen.org\u002F-\u002Fmedia\u002Fheadquarters\u002Fattachments\u002Fsections\u002Flibrary\u002Fpublications\u002F2020\u002Fpolicy-brief-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-women-en.pdf\"\u003EUnited Nations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E study even warned that the pandemic could dilute decades of advancement on gender equality.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Covid-19 has the potential to be a disaster for equality,” agrees Caroline Whaley, co-founder of British consultancy firm Shine, which works to improve gender balance in companies. She believes “family systems are regressing” to more traditional norms due to the closure of schools, day-care centres and summer camps. “The ability of many dual-earner couples to both work because someone else is looking after their children is dissolving,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jhh80"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWomen, argues Whaley, are “more frequently the ones to give up their jobs” due to having lower salaries or earning expectations. In the EU, women earn an average \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Finfo\u002Fpolicies\u002Fjustice-and-fundamental-rights\u002Fgender-equality\u002Fequal-pay\u002Fgender-pay-gap-situation-eu_en\"\u003E16% less an hour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than men, while the figure rises to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdata.census.gov\u002Fcedsci\u002Ftable?q=s2412&hidePreview=true&tid=ACSST1Y2018.S2412&vintage=2018&g=0100000US.04000.001\"\u003E18% in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and is substantially higher in South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, according to data from the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww3.weforum.org\u002Fdocs\u002FWEF_GGGR_2020.pdf\"\u003EWorld Economic Forum\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Feurostat\u002Fweb\u002Fproducts-eurostat-news\u002F-\u002FDDN-20190918-1?inheritRedirect=true&\"\u003EWomen are also more likely to work part-time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, typically due to existing childcare or other family responsibilities which, says Whaley, has also fed into many couples’ decisions for mothers, rather than fathers, to step back during Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther industry observers stress that even among full-time high-earning women who have so far maintained their careers while caring for children in the pandemic, many are increasingly concluding that the juggling act is unsustainable. “It’s a trend we’re seeing now, not three months ago,” says Allyson Zimmermann, a Zurich-based executive director for Catalyst, a non-profit that works to improve corporate workplaces for women. “One [major client] shared that she's seen senior women leaving because they just can't do it anymore... I am hearing more women are also going into part time.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EZimmermann works with businesses in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and believes the pattern has emerged in tandem with the global realisation that Covid-19 will likely disrupt our lives for at least another year, unless a vaccine becomes widely available. “It is because [the pandemic] is going to continue – most likely – and there’s not a quick fix.” Despite strong anecdotal evidence of a trend toward senior women quitting their jobs, she says there is little hard international comparative data. But her observations from the business world are already playing out in other fields.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jhhbx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn April, Elizabeth Hannon, deputy editor at The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, caused a stir when she tweeted that women were submitting fewer papers during the coronavirus crisis. “If the disparities we’ve witnessed in submissions to the journal aren’t just a statistical blip, then the obvious conclusion is that women bear the brunt of these disruptions,” she recently told US intellectual site \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnewrepublic.com\u002Farticle\u002F157785\u002Ffemale-scientists-bearing-brunt-quarantine-child-rearing\"\u003EThe New Republic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Megan Frederickson, an ecologist at the University of Toronto, later looked into the data from scientific publications and confirmed that there had been a marked \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fdrfreder\u002Fpandemic-pub-bias\u002Fblob\u002Fmaster\u002FREADME.md\"\u003Edrop in female productivity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E compared to March and April last year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA slump in the number of women running for public office is another concern. Ruth McGowan, author of the book Get Elected and a campaigner for increased gender equality in politics, has recently spoken about a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.abc.net.au\u002Fnews\u002F2020-05-24\u002Fcoronavirus-has-set-back-progress-for-women-workplace-equality\u002F12268742\"\u003Edrop in interest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from female candidates ahead of local elections in Australia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"A lot of women are looking at it and they're facing economic insecurity and more demands on their home lives,” she told Australian broadcaster \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.abc.net.au\u002Fnews\u002F2020-05-24\u002Fcoronavirus-has-set-back-progress-for-women-workplace-equality\u002F12268742\"\u003EABC\u003C\u002Fa\u003E last month. “Not to mention worries about going out and campaigning where you can't go to public meetings, you can't stand outside supermarkets, you've got to be super savvy to run an online campaign. A lot of them are just going: Stuff it.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EExisting inequalities\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany women, meanwhile, have stopped working during Covid-19 through no fault of their own. Since they are over-represented in insecure, hourly employment and in sectors hardest hit by the pandemic (such as hospitality, leisure, retail and tourism), female workers have consequently lost their jobs or been furloughed at a higher rate than men.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"A recent United Nations study even warned that the pandemic could dilute decades of advancement on gender equality.","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the US, 11.5m women lost their jobs between February and May, compared to 9m men, according to research by the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewresearch.org\u002Ffact-tank\u002F2020\u002F06\u002F09\u002Fhispanic-women-immigrants-young-adults-those-with-less-education-hit-hardest-by-covid-19-job-losses\u002F\"\u003EPew Research Center\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A report from the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ifs.org.uk\u002Fpublications\u002F14879\"\u003EInstitute for Fiscal Studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (IFS) showed that British mothers were 23% more likely than fathers to have temporarily or permanently become unemployed during the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor some women, the coronavirus has also exacerbated other structural inequalities linked to factors such as such as ethnicity, class or disability. The IFS found that black Britons, for example, were less likely than all other ethnic groups to have a job that allowed them to work from home (one possible factor that may have may have contributed to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-53035054\"\u003Eincreased risk of catching and dying from Covid-19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E among this group). People under the age of 25, single parents and those with lower levels of education had a higher risk of working for sectors shut down during the UK lockdown.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I'm very exhausted,” says Sharmika Dockery, 25, a single parent living in London with her seven-year-old son. After spending every weekday home-schooling, she works for around three hours an evening on her start-up \u003Cspan\u003EBeyond Strength\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, which develops community projects for parents who have children with disabilities. “Before Covid I was applying and pitching for investments and working on my social enterprise during the day when my son was at school,” she explains. “It's been a struggle to try and get the business to the next level with everything closing down.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDockery has managed to pivot her business to focus on a digital platform. But cancelled events, meetings and networking opportunities mean her only income is her own disability benefits (she experiences chronic pain since undergoing an emergency caesarean section) to pay the bills. Picking up another job would be too challenging, Dockery says, both due to the need to care for her son and the unpredictable nature of her condition. “My health has been very up and down... I can end up bed bound for a few days, hobbling around.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECampaign groups such as Pregnant then Screwed have also highlighted additional challenges women on maternity leave faced during or in the lead-up to the crisis. Self-employed mothers, for example, are losing out because \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-52490025\"\u003Efinancial support packages for self-employed workers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are often based on average profits over several years, without accounting for periods of maternity leave. New mothers seeking to return to work are impacted by a lack of clarity over the future availability of childcare, sparking petitions in countries including\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.change.org\u002Fp\u002Fscott-morrison-extend-the-government-s-paid-parental-leave-to-pregnant-women-during-the-covid-19-crisis?source_location=topic_page&use_react=false\"\u003E Australia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmy.uplift.ie\u002Fpetitions\u002Fextend-maternity-leave-and-maternity-benefit\"\u003EIreland\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpetition.parliament.uk\u002Fpetitions\u002F306691\"\u003EUK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E \u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eto extend state-funded parental leave.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECaroline Whaley, at British consultancy firm Shine, warns that some women’s lifetime earnings will never recover from the prolonged coronavirus crisis. “If you take a career break or are furloughed, your skills may get stale. So will your contacts, making it harder to get back to where you left off,” she argues. “If you’re made redundant and face unemployment, research shows that it's much harder to get back on track if you’re out of a job for more than a couple of months.” Add in that women start to experience age discrimination from their early 40s, says Whaley, and “all this adds up to a perfect storm setting women’s equality back”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jhhcw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGetting back on track?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDepressing as this might seem, there are nonetheless glimmers of hope that the pandemic may yet prove to be a catalyst for change. Although women are still doing the lion’s share of housework and childcare, there is evidence suggesting that men, at least in the western world, have upped their game since Covid-19 hit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnpublished research from academics at three Canadian universities found that although most families reported little change in how chores were divided, a substantial number said that things had become more equally split. More than 40% of fathers said they were cooking more, while around 30% reported that they had increased the amount of time they spent on laundry and cleaning. Their partners agreed, although on average they gave slightly lower estimates of how much things had improved. Academic studies from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.uu.nl\u002Fen\u002Fnews\u002Fdivision-of-work-between-fathers-and-mothers-is-changed-by-the-corona-crisis\"\u003Ethe Netherlands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcontemporaryfamilies.org\u002Fcovid-couples-division-of-labor\u002F\"\u003Ethe US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fvaeter-ggmbh.de\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2020\u002F05\u002FPraesentation-Ergebnisse-Blitzumfrage.pdf\"\u003EGermany\u003C\u002Fa\u003E offer similar findings, while survey company \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffluentpulse.com\u002Fcovid-19-working-from-home\u002F\"\u003EPulse\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that almost two-thirds of men wanted to keep working from home, with increased family time cited as their top reason.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s not a huge change, but it is something,” says the University of Toronto’s Melissa Milkie, who co-authored the Canadian study. She believes her team’s research is proof that increasing “actual physical presence” can play a key role in how active fathers are in the household. The absence of commuting time, increased opportunities to interact with children and, for some, shorter working hours, unemployment or furlough during the pandemic may have been “important factors” during Covid-19, says Milkie. “There are just more hours when the child is there... So, in that sense, it makes some sense that they're doing more than in the past.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Working women currently spend an average of 15 hours a week more on unpaid domestic labour than men","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s an opinion shared by 39-year-old Roger Dowley from Dublin, who works for a multinational tech company and is the father of two toddlers. His company gave him the chance to work a four-day week during Covid-19, and he reflects that household chores are “in many ways easier to get done now that I’m home more”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHis wife, Una Morrison, a senior brand manager for a global drinks business, recently decided to use up some of the couple’s unpaid parental leave (a legal entitlement in Ireland) to help ease the burden of childcare during the pandemic. But the couple say the decision was based on timing rather than traditional gender roles, since she was between major projects while he had a heavy ongoing workload.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We have agreed that if another batch of parental leave is needed, that he would take it,” says Morrison, who is concerned about day-cares remaining closed in Ireland. “Now that he’s seen how it worked, I hope he will.” Dowley admits he’s worried he might find it a challenge, but confirms that he’s “all open” to time off with the kids. “I’d have no problem asking [my] work, and they’ve been great with me so far... In terms of workload, being honest, it would be there before I leave and there after I leave, if you get me, and I’m sure the company can survive without me for a while!”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMilkie is hopeful that Covid-19 experiences will encourage more couples like Morrison and Dowley to consider gender-balanced childcare solutions in the future. “It is likely that the experience of doing more may portend optimism; this is true when men take paternity leave – they tend to become more involved from that experience.” But she suggests change will likely also depend on future employment rates among women, and how accommodating companies are when it comes to offering longer-term solutions for parents to work flexibly or share leave.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENew conversations\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECaroline Whaley of Shine is among those feeling cautiously positive about opportunities for businesses to harness lessons from Covid-19 to improve working environments in ways that can boost gender equality.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“One very obvious solution is flexibility, a notion that was not backed by many businesses pre-pandemic, which has now become key,” she says. “If done right, flexible working will be a game-changer for women's careers.” Whaley says that for many women, not having to commute during the pandemic has given them more options for how to structure their days, which can help them “boost productivity while maintaining a good work-life blend”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut she argues that business leaders need to do more to create a culture in which increased flexibility and remote working opportunities can thrive in the long run. “Don’t just say it’s okay to be flexible; actively model that behaviour and make it okay for people to take time off, extend deadlines so that there’s longer to complete work.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jhhfh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn Zurich, Allyson Zimmermann also believes “there is potential for a massive change across the board” in the corporate landscape. But she advises against firms creating “blanket rules” for employees, arguing that Covid-19 has forced us all to think more about people’s personal circumstances and what they need in order to work effectively. While some may be coping with childcare demands, others may be living alone, looking after older family members, or managing long-distance relationships, which all have their own unique set of challenges. “Everyone has their own experiences,” says Zimmerman. “We have to get curious and ask questions and challenge assumptions of what the ‘home’ looks like.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther campaigners, however, are concerned that progress might not be as speedy as optimists hope, especially for women in roles outside the corporate world and those who may be experiencing additional entrenched social inequities connected to factors such as class or ethnic background.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHarriet Williams, who works as a consultant raising awareness of the challenges young parents in the UK face, believes any discussions within the business community need to go hand in hand with greater government efforts to shape more equitable labour markets. “There has always been a penalty on fathers in the home and a penalty for mothers in the workplace,” she says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWilliams is calling for employment protection laws for those on zero-hour or very flexible contracts, and expanding parental leave opportunities for men as well as women. But, in the meantime, the increased level of debate surrounding existing inequalities is at the very least, she argues, an important first step. “There are a lot of conversations around the family now... It's been quite positive to feel like these conversations are important and people feel really pushed to hear from different demographics.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBack in Stockholm, pregnant entrepreneur Anna Xavier says her partner has started to become “more willing” to take on extra household chores. “I think the ‘new normal’ will be more partners and more husbands helping. People will be working more at home, and by being more at home it provides the perfect opportunity to do more and get things done,” says Xavier. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne ongoing challenge, she says, is that partners can often have different perceptions of how urgent chores might be. “For [my husband], it's fine to wait another day to pack the dishwasher. It doesn't matter if the kitchen is a mess. But then I can't really cook if the kitchen is a mess, because there isn't much space.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe believes there’s therefore also a need for ongoing discussions – both within households and in society more generally – about what constitutes a fair share of the load. “If you cut the grass once a week, you can’t compare that to cooking every day.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How Covid-19 is changing women’s lives","headlineShort":"How Covid-19 is changing women’s lives","image":["p08jhgbx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9ed8c532d6352571e7b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting"],"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"summaryLong":"As working mums perform more childcare and face increased job insecurity, there are fears Covid-19 has undone decades of advancement. But could the pandemic be a catalyst for progress?","summaryShort":"Has the pandemic reshaped women’s lives more than men's?","tag":["tag\u002Finequality"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-30T21:07:57.582402Z","entity":"article","guid":"63fbdf06-c3bb-4c6c-954d-e30fdf4e34b4","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-02T08:23:27.311605Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384006},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-why-your-weak-tie-friendships-may-mean-more-than-you-think":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-why-your-weak-tie-friendships-may-mean-more-than-you-think","_id":"5efe39e58c532d6352fa02a0","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fian-leslie"],"bodyIntro":"Close friends are important – but research shows that building networks of casual acquaintances can boost happiness, knowledge and a sense of belonging.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor nearly 10 years, I have spent my Monday evenings attending rehearsals for my amateur choir. Mondays are not my favourite day, and I often arrive in a bad mood, but by the end of the rehearsal, I usually feel energised. The singing does me good. So do the people. With a few exceptions, I wouldn’t describe my fellow choir members as close friends; most of them, I barely know at all. We exchange brief chats, smiles and the odd joke – but that’s enough for me to come away feeling a little better about the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is no choir practice now, and won’t be for a long time. I miss it. In lockdown, I don’t feel short on affection or emotional support, but I do feel short of friendly faces and casual conversations. Another way of putting this is that I miss my weak ties.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 1973, Mark Granovetter, a sociology professor at Stanford University, published a paper entitled \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cse.wustl.edu\u002F~m.neumann\u002Ffl2017\u002Fcse316\u002Fmaterials\u002Fstrength_of_weak_ties.pdf\"\u003EThe Strength of Weak Ties\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It went on to become one of the most influential sociology papers of all time. Until then scholars had assumed that an individual’s well-being depended mainly on the quality of relationships with close friends and family. Granovetter showed that quantity matters, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne way to think about any person’s social world is that you have an inner circle of people whom you often talk to and feel close with, and an outer circle of acquaintances whom you see infrequently or fleetingly. Granovetter named these categories “strong ties” and “weak ties”. His central insight was that for new information and ideas, weak ties are more important to us than strong ones.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGranovetter surveyed 282 Boston-based workers and found that most of them got their jobs through someone they knew. But only a minority got the job through a close friend; 84% got their job through those weak-tie relationships – casual contacts whom they saw only occasionally. As Granovetter pointed out, the people whom you spend a lot of time with swim in the same pool of information as you do. We depend on friendly outsiders to bring us news of opportunities from beyond our immediate circles – and so the more of those acquaintances we have, the better.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-why-your-weak-tie-friendships-may-mean-more-than-you-think-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jl373"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-why-your-weak-tie-friendships-may-mean-more-than-you-think-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDiminishing ties\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe coronavirus pandemic may have a direct impact on people’s weak ties and the benefits they reap from them. Companies that have been forced to change working practices by the crisis may end up making a permanent shift toward home-working and virtual workspaces. Although workers stand to benefit in many ways, including increased flexibility, one possible downside of this change is that it shrinks our social networks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPhysical offices enable not only formal face-to-face meetings, but they also function as spaces for chance encounters with our professional weak ties – people with whom we do not work closely but whose work has an impact on our own.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-why-your-weak-tie-friendships-may-mean-more-than-you-think-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"For new information and ideas, weak ties are more important to us than strong ones","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-why-your-weak-tie-friendships-may-mean-more-than-you-think-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome companies specifically design their offices in order to generate serendipitous meetings among employees from different departments. This was the idea behind the Pixar building, the design of which was overseen by Steve Jobs. The building has a large central hall through which all employees have to pass several times a day. Jobs wanted colleagues to bump into each other, grab coffee and shoot the breeze. He believed in the power of these seemingly random conversations to fire up creativity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EChance encounters\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEncounters with weak ties can be good for our mental wellbeing, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen Gillian Sandstrom was living in Toronto as a graduate student in psychology, she often had to walk between two university buildings, passing a hotdog stand on the way. “I’d always smile and say hi to the hotdog lady. We never even had a conversation, but I felt recognised, I felt connected – and that made me feel good.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat episode inspired Sandstrom, now a senior lecturer in psychology at the University of Essex, to investigate the extent to which people derive happiness from weak-tie relationships. She asked a group of respondents to keep a record of all their social interactions over the course of several different days. She found that participants with larger networks of weak ties tended to be happier overall, and that on days when a participant had a greater number of casual interactions with weak ties – a local barista, a neighbour, a member of yoga class – they experienced more happiness and a greater sense of belonging.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-why-your-weak-tie-friendships-may-mean-more-than-you-think-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jl2zt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-why-your-weak-tie-friendships-may-mean-more-than-you-think-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELockdown is making such encounters rarer for all of us. Weak-tie interactions happen when we are out and about, particularly when we’re taking part in an activity of some kind, like singing or cycling. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10902-016-9735-z\"\u003EA 2016 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for which psychologists recruited respondents from Italy and Scotland, showed that regardless of nationality or age, people who were members of groups such as sports teams or church communities enjoyed an increased sense of meaning and security. And the more groups of which they were members, the better.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERight now, most clubs and communal groups are banned from holding events, and may not be able to resume for a while. We’re not regularly strolling down busy streets or bumping into people in cafés and bars. That means we’re missing out on low-cost, low-stakes conversations. “Sometimes it’s harder to talk to people we know well because those conversations come with an emotional burden,” says Sandstrom. “Weak-tie conversations are lighter and less demanding.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-why-your-weak-tie-friendships-may-mean-more-than-you-think-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"By engaging in a wide variety of conversations with weak ties people can learn about how to cope with the various difficulties of life under lockdown","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-why-your-weak-tie-friendships-may-mean-more-than-you-think-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThey are also a source of novelty, at a time when the days can all feel the same. Sandstrom shared a story about a colleague who has a weekly video chat with her family. “She says they’re running out of things to say, because nobody’s doing anything right now.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs Granovetter’s work showed, we get much of our new information from weak ties. That provides stimulation but also, in a time of uncertainty, guidance on how to behave. For instance, by engaging in a wide variety of conversations with weak ties people can learn about how to cope with the various difficulties of life under lockdown.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-why-your-weak-tie-friendships-may-mean-more-than-you-think-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jl3hm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-why-your-weak-tie-friendships-may-mean-more-than-you-think-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor all these reasons, we should continue to try and find ways to cultivate weak-tie relationships, in lockdown and beyond. Even under conditions of social distancing, our more distant friends are important to us. “We’re all curious to see how others are coping, what they’re doing, to help us figure out how to behave,” says Sandstrom.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESocial media, she points out, is a useful substitute for weak-tie conversations. We can use it to reach out to people we don’t know well for light but meaningful interactions. She adds that we can also engage in more weak-tie-style interactions with our strong ties, checking in to see how people are without engaging them in a full conversation. The goal, says Sandstrom, is to let others know you are thinking of them without asking for a great deal of time, energy or attention.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter this pandemic has passed we should take care to rebuild our networks of casual acquaintances. We can learn a lot from talking to people we barely know.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-why-your-weak-tie-friendships-may-mean-more-than-you-think-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-03T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why your ‘weak-tie’ friendships may mean more than you think","headlineShort":"Why ‘weak ties’ make you happy","image":["p08jl2y6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9ed8c532d6352571e7b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190703-why-suffering-setbacks-could-make-you-more-successful","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Close friends are important – but research shows that building networks of casual acquaintances can boost happiness, knowledge and a sense of belonging.","summaryShort":"Having a circle of casual acquaintances is good for you","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-07-02T19:47:32.095836Z","entity":"article","guid":"0e07c64c-e20e-4cef-9b69-ded2badeb6c0","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-why-your-weak-tie-friendships-may-mean-more-than-you-think","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-02T19:47:32.095836Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200701-why-your-weak-tie-friendships-may-mean-more-than-you-think","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384005},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid","_id":"5ef9f94d8c532d6352519306","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin"],"bodyIntro":"Whether it's a small balcony, a home garden, or access to a park, outdoor space has long been a luxury for many – not a given. And the pandemic's made it even worse.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMoikgantsi Kgama has seen far too much of her apartment recently. She’s spent the pandemic inside her home in New York’s Harlem neighbourhood, an affordable housing flat which has no balcony, rooftop or private garden. A communications consultant by day and CEO of her own film company on the side, she spends her time working in a tiny home office alongside her husband, who lost his job in the concert industry when coronavirus hit. They’re also home-schooling their son, who’s developed insomnia due to the abrupt lifestyle change. Having no outdoor space makes everything worse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I don’t have anywhere to go, except outside into the pandemic – which feels extremely scary,” says Kgama. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStudies have long shown \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6651051\u002F\"\u003Ethat access to green or open space is often linked to income\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, particularly in cities. Covid-19 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fusa-spaces-minorities\u002Fprotests-pandemic-pile-pressure-on-u-s-public-space-idUSL8N2DO1RM\"\u003Ehas placed this issue front and centre\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: those with access to balconies, gardens or good, close neighbourhood parks have been benefiting from them during weeks of lockdown, while others have been trapped inside. Kgama says that she could walk to a park, but that would mean making her way through crowds of people gathered on the pavement to throw birthday parties. “You only see that in poor neighbourhoods,” she says. “People haven’t stopped doing that during the pandemic. I walked through one yesterday.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELacking that private outdoor space is something that “defines the haves and have-nots”, she feels. And there’s no guarantee living outside the city is better; poverty is rising in US suburbs and residents of emerging suburbs have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brookings.edu\u002Fblog\u002Fthe-avenue\u002F2019\u002F08\u002F21\u002Fparks-make-great-places-but-not-enough-americans-can-reach-them\u002F\"\u003Esome of the lowest park access\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the nation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECovid-19 has shone a harsh light on numerous inequalities in our society. Is access to green space one we can fix?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETrapped inside\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDecades of research have shown that spending time in green space is good for our physical and mental health – including boosting \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F238428905_Why_Is_Nature_BeneficialThe_Role_of_Connectedness_to_Nature\"\u003Eour emotional states and attention spans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and improving our \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnn.com\u002F2019\u002F11\u002F21\u002Fhealth\u002Fgreen-spaces-life-expectancy-wellness-trnd\u002Findex.html\"\u003Elongevity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Even a little goes a long way: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F224\u002F4647\u002F420\"\u003Ea study in the 1980s\u003C\u002Fa\u003E showed that post-surgery patients assigned to hospital rooms with greenery outside recovered faster than those who didn’t have such accommodations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08h7w4v"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet in many cities, outdoor space – whether your own or in terms of proximity to parks – comes at a premium. Last month, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ons.gov.uk\u002Feconomy\u002Fenvironmentalaccounts\u002Farticles\u002Foneineightbritishhouseholdshasnogarden\u002F2020-05-14\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from the Office of National Statistics revealed that one in eight British households had no access to green space at home, whether a private or shared space. That inequity was starker among ethnic groups: in England, black people are almost four times more likely than white people to have no access to private outdoor space. Access to public outdoor space can be a challenge, too: “There are about 100 million people in the US who don’t live within 10 minutes of a park or green space,” says Kimberly Burrowes, a researcher at the Urban Institute, a think tank based in Washington, DC that studies cities. And \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brookings.edu\u002Fblog\u002Fthe-avenue\u002F2019\u002F08\u002F21\u002Fparks-make-great-places-but-not-enough-americans-can-reach-them\u002F\"\u003Ethe poorer an area is, the worse the park quality\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, even if a park is close by.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People view nature as an amenity, not as an essential – Lorien Nesbitt","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“People view nature as an amenity, not as an essential,” says Lorien Nesbitt, an assistant professor of urban forestry at the University of British Columbia in Canada. “I think we don’t always view urban nature as important as running water, housing, that kind of thing.” Nesbitt led a study last year \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F328030472_Who_has_access_to_urban_vegetation_A_spatial_analysis_of_distributional_green_equity_in_10_US_cities\"\u003Eexamining green space in 10 major US cities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Across the board, she says, green space was harder to access in lower-income neighbourhoods and in areas with mostly residents of colour. In general, in richer areas, it’s easier to find any kind of garden, rooftop or balcony greenery, ‘micro parks’ on pavements or city blocks, and even trees, which require long-term investment and maintenance, meaning they are found more often in those wealthier neighbourhoods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMoving further out of cities is a solution many seek. Yet, cheaper suburban life, with its houses and front and back gardens, isn’t always the solution. In some areas people (especially women and people of colour) may not feel safe in their gardens, or homes might be next to loud, pollution-heavy structures like a highway or airport. Not all suburbs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.citylab.com\u002Flife\u002F2019\u002F11\u002Fsuburbs-demographic-trends-population-data-immigration\u002F601546\u002F\"\u003Eare created equal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, either: from 2000 to 2015, the poverty rate in US suburbs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brookings.edu\u002Ftestimonies\u002Fthe-changing-geography-of-us-poverty\u002F\"\u003Egrew by 57%.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E “There are still marginalised people in suburban areas as well,” says Nesbitt. “It’s not so much about the amount [of green space], it’s the quality.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08h7wdv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn a place like the US, public green spaces are funded by city budgets (whose parks departments can often operate on a shoestring) from local tax dollars. In richer areas, green spaces can be high quality, since private non-profits can “conduct massive fundraising campaigns among the affluent stakeholders with access to these parks”, says Ingrid Gould Ellen, faculty cirector of New York University’s Furman Center, which researches urban policy. “Since state and local budgets seem likely to shrink [because of the pandemic], potentially dramatically, there's a worthwhile conversation about how to raise private funds to support investment in parks in lower-income neighbourhoods.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESmart solutions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome cities have prioritised accessible green space more than others; in Vancouver, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fvancouver.ca\u002Ffiles\u002Fcov\u002FGreenest-city-action-plan.pdf\"\u003E92% of residents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E live within a five-minute walk of green spaces. In Milwaukee, in the US state of Wisconsin, Burrowes points to an urban trail that was deliberately designed to makes its way through several neighbourhoods of colour, allowing residents greater access close to home. She says cities like these have nature-minded advocates in local government: she points to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tpl.org\u002F10minutewalk\"\u003E10-Minute Walk Challenge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which challenges mayors to make parks a 10-minute walk from all homes by 2050. It’s a national initiative led by organisations like the US’s National Recreation and Park Association, and nearly 300 city mayors have signed on, with San Francisco \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sfchronicle.com\u002Fbayarea\u002Farticle\u002FSF-1st-city-in-nation-with-a-park-10-minute-walk-11150987.php\"\u003Ebecoming the first city\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to hit the challenge’s goal in 2017.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBurrowes also points to New York City’s work with minority communities in Manhattan’s Lower East Side decades ago \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Flifeandstyle\u002F2015\u002Faug\u002F11\u002Fnew-york-lower-east-side-community-gardens\"\u003Eto create ‘pocket parks’ tucked into the city blocks that exist to this day.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Even when the city was gripped by crime, drugs and bankruptcy in the 1970s, it helped neighbourhood residents develop the public community gardens they made out of abandoned clearings that continue to provide green space for small public art events and other gatherings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen there’s the matter of balconies. “I live in affordable housing, and I’m grateful for the housing,” says Kgama. “But I was kind of thinking, ‘would it have hurt them to put a balcony here?’” She isn’t alone in that sentiment: from New York to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theglobeandmail.com\u002Freal-estate\u002Ftoronto\u002Frising-demand-for-balconies-poses-riddle-for-developers-intoronto\u002Farticle35997696\u002F?ref=http:\u002F\u002Fwww.theglobeandmail.com&\"\u003EToronto\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.citylab.com\u002Flife\u002F2020\u002F04\u002Fapartment-design-balcony-private-outdoor-space-zoning-laws\u002F610162\u002F\"\u003Ethere’s been more demand for balconies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E built into apartment units. Strict zoning laws and extra cost are roadblocks, however, as is the fact that bigger balconies can mean less space inside.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08h7xdj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Balconies and communal rooftops were not common features of pre-war construction, and 57% of all units in New York City were built before 1947,” says New York University’s Ellen, who says small courtyards are more common, and many public housing buildings were built to include them. But many, like Kgama’s, don’t allow residents access, as that would require extra maintenance money.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dezeen.com\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F14\u002Fcoronavirus-pandemic-reveals-inequities-in-new-york-housing-say-local-architects\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ESome local architecture firms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, like New York City-based PRO, think now is the time to address this issue, with proposals to retrofit screened-in balconies onto the sides of World War Two-era brick buildings. Nathan Rich, the founding partner at PRO, \u003Ca href=\"points%20to%20a%20project%20in%20France%20\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Epoints to a project in France\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that’s done something similar, adding balconies on to 1960s social housing developments. His firm is looking at buildings within the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA), which provides housing to low and middle-income residents, to design possible solutions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Covid continues to spotlight where these inequities are and what they look like – Kimberly Burrowes","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMost NYCHA buildings lack outdoor space, plus many of the buildings are ageing rapidly, with potentially huge maintenance costs – meaning any solutions need to be creative. “We are looking at strategies that would allow new balconies to perform multiple functions and piggyback on NYCHA maintenance efforts that are already underway,” says Rich.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENesbitt says changes don’t have to be so radical; even “view corridors” to parks from your home could help. Extra flowers on the street could work, too, because we can’t go to the park every day. “Especially if we’re busy, or a single parent, or low income and we have to work a couple [of] jobs. You’re not going to be in the park five blocks from your house – you will be walking down the street in front of your house, and that contact with nature is important.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA renewed conversation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, trying to increase access to outdoor space has been a goal of cities way before Covid-19 struck. But the conversation has taken on greater intensity since the pandemic has exposed just how unequal access can be. It’s not yet been possible to quantify the mental-health toll of long weeks of lockdown, and any correlation with access to outdoor space. But we do know that isolation \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcapmh.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs13034-020-00329-3\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eis bad for everyone’s mental health,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and that people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.kff.org\u002Fcoronavirus-covid-19\u002Fissue-brief\u002Fthe-implications-of-covid-19-for-mental-health-and-substance-use\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ewho lost incomes or had low incomes to begin with experienced more stress\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Covid continues to spotlight where these inequities are and what they look like,” says Burrowes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExperts hope this will accelerate pre-pandemic trends: a push for more balconies, better community gardens and easier entry points to parks. But this must come from city governments prioritising them. “We can have good housing and good access to nature – not one or the other,” says Nesbitt. “In the pandemic, that relationship with nature is really important.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKgama, meanwhile, is finally managing to get some fresh air – in Charlotte, North Carolina. She and her family bought plane tickets for $15 each and will fly down for a weeklong getaway. But she wishes it was even longer. If a second wave of Covid cases hits New York, it’ll mean being cooped up inside for months all over again. “If I could, we would’ve left for the whole summer,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-10"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fremote-control"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"What outdoor space tells us about inequality","headlineShort":"The luxury of having outdoor space","image":["p08h7vq1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9ed8c532d6352571e7b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain"],"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"summaryLong":"Whether it's a small balcony, a home garden, or access to a park, outdoor space has long been a luxury for many – not a given. And the pandemic's made it even worse.","summaryShort":"In Covid-19, balconies and gardens reveal a lot about inequality","tag":["tag\u002Finequality"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-17T18:54:44.408435Z","entity":"article","guid":"ba673f54-38dc-4ffb-aee5-731fe188df84","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-24T04:09:06.674477Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384008},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting","_id":"5ef9f94f8c532d6352519fbe","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmanyu-jiang"],"bodyIntro":"Video chat is helping us stay employed and connected. But what makes it so tiring - and how can we reduce ‘Zoom fatigue’?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYour screen freezes. There’s a weird echo. A dozen heads stare at you. There are the work huddles, the one-on-one meetings and then, once you’re done for the day, the hangouts with friends and family.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince the Covid-19 pandemic hit, we’re on video calls more than ever before – and many are finding it exhausting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut what, exactly, is tiring us out? BBC Worklife spoke to Gianpiero Petriglieri, an associate professor at Insead, who explores sustainable learning and development in the workplace, and Marissa Shuffler, an associate professor at Clemson University, who studies workplace wellbeing and teamwork effectiveness, to hear their views.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIs video chat harder? What’s different compared to face-to-face communication?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeing on a video call requires more focus than a face-to-face chat, says Petriglieri. Video chats mean we need to work harder to process non-verbal cues like facial expressions, the tone and pitch of the voice, and body language; paying more attention to these consumes a lot of energy. “Our minds are together when our bodies feel we're not. That dissonance, which causes people to have conflicting feelings, is exhausting. You cannot relax into the conversation naturally,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Delays on phone or conferencing systems of 1.2 seconds made people perceive the responder as less friendly or focused","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESilence is another challenge, he adds. “Silence creates a natural rhythm in a real-life conversation. However, when it happens in a video call, you became anxious about the technology.” It also makes people uncomfortable. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS1071581914000287\"\u003EOne 2014 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by German academics showed that delays on phone or conferencing systems shaped our views of people negatively: even delays of 1.2 seconds made people perceive the responder as less friendly or focused.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus\"\u003EWhy grocery shelves won't be empty for long\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200406-coronavirus-isolation-is-creating-new-love-under-lockdown\"\u003ECoronavirus isolation is creating new couples\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E•\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic\"\u003E How to work from home, the right way\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn added factor, says Shuffler, is that if we are physically on camera, we are very aware of being watched. “When you're on a video conference, you know everybody's looking at you; you are on stage, so there comes the social pressure and feeling like you need to perform. Being performative is nerve-wracking and more stressful.” It’s also very hard for people not to look at their own face if they can see it on screen, or not to be conscious of how they behave in front of the camera.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow are the current circumstances contributing? \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet if video chats come with extra stressors, our Zoom fatigue can’t be attributed solely to that. Our current circumstances – whether lockdown, quarantine, working from home or otherwise – are also feeding in.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08b3dk7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPetriglieri believes that fact we feel forced into these calls may be a contributory factor. “The video call is our reminder of the people we have lost temporarily. It is the distress that every time you see someone online, such as your colleagues, that reminds you we should really be in the workplace together,” he says. “What I'm finding is, we’re all exhausted; It doesn't matter whether they are introverts or extroverts. We are experiencing the same disruption of the familiar context during the pandemic.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen there’s the fact that aspects of our lives that used to be separate – work, friends, family – are all now happening in the same space. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F1986-03748-001\"\u003Eself-complexity theory\u003C\u002Fa\u003E posits that individuals have multiple aspects – context-dependent social roles, relationships, activities and goals – and we find the variety healthy, says Petriglieri. When these aspects are reduced, we become more vulnerable to negative feelings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Imagine if you go to a bar, and in the same bar you talk with your professors, meet your parents or date someone, isn’t it weird? That’s what we’re doing now – Gianpiero Petriglieri","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Most of our social roles happen in different places, but now the context has collapsed,” says Petriglieri. “Imagine if you go to a bar, and in the same bar you talk with your professors, meet your parents or date someone, isn’t it weird? That's what we're doing now… We are confined in our own space, in the context of a very anxiety-provoking crisis, and our only space for interaction is a computer window.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShuffler says a lack of downtime after we’ve fulfilled work and family commitments may be another factor in our tiredness, while some of us may be putting higher expectations on ourselves due to worries over the economy, furloughs and job losses. “There's also that heightened sense of ‘I need to be performing at my top level in a situation’… Some of us are kind of over-performing to secure our jobs.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBut when I’m Zooming my friends, for example, shouldn’t that relax me? \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELots of us are doing big group chats for the first time, whether it’s cooking and eating a virtual Easter dinner, attending a university catch-up or holding a birthday party for a friend. If the call is meant to be fun, why might it feel tiring?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPart of it, says Shuffler, is whether you’re joining in because you want to or because you feel you ought to – like a virtual happy hour with colleagues from work. If you see it as an obligation, that means more time that you’re ‘on’ as opposed to getting a break. A proper chat with friends will feel more social and there will be less ‘Zoom fatigue’ from conversations where you’ve had a chance to be yourself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It doesn't matter whether you call it a virtual happy hour, it's a meeting, because mostly we are used to using these tools for work – Gianpiero Petriglieri","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBig group calls can feel particularly performative, Petriglieri warns. People like watching television because you can allow your mind to wander – but a large video call “is like you're watching television and television is watching you”. Large group chats can also feel depersonalising, he adds, because your power as an individual is diminished. And despite the branding, it may not feel like leisure time. “It doesn't matter whether you call it a virtual happy hour, it's a meeting, because mostly we are used to using these tools for work.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESo how can we alleviate Zoom fatigue?  \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBoth experts suggest limiting video calls to those that are necessary. Turning on the camera should be optional and in general there should be more understanding that cameras do not always have to be on throughout each meeting. Having your screen off to the side, instead of straight ahead, could also help your concentration, particularly in group meetings, says Petriglieri. It makes you feel like you’re in an adjoining room, so may be less tiring.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn some cases it’s worth considering if video chats are really the most efficient option. When it comes to work, Shuffler suggests shared files with clear notes can be a better option that avoids information overload. She also suggests taking time during meetings to catch up before diving into business. “Spend some time to actually check into people's wellbeing,” she urges. “It’s a way to reconnect us with the world, and to maintain trust and reduce fatigue and concern.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBuilding transition periods in between video meetings can also help refresh us – try stretching, having a drink or doing a bit of exercise, our experts say. Boundaries and transitions are important; we need to create buffers which allow us to put one identity aside and then go to another as we move between work and private personas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd maybe, says Petriglieri, if you want to reach out, go old-school. “Write a letter to someone instead of meeting them on Zoom. Tell them you really care about them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-8"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fremote-control"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-04-22T18:25:32Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The reason Zoom calls drain your energy","headlineShort":"Why Zoom calls are so exhausting","image":["p08b3h47"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9ed8c532d6352571e7b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Video chat is helping us stay employed and connected. But what makes it so tiring - and how can we reduce ‘Zoom fatigue’?","summaryShort":"Video chat is great at keeping us connected - but why is it so tiring?","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"creationDateTime":"2020-04-21T19:44:32.538418Z","entity":"article","guid":"a6be2a40-33bd-4f9b-8f7f-a6bfa9f979d1","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-27T00:08:50.94853Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384011},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment","_id":"5ef9f94d8c532d63525193e5","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Amid wide unemployment during Covid-19, basic income schemes have gained fresh relevance. A successful Canadian scheme that's over four decades old could provide a road map for others.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEvelyn Forget was a psychology student in Toronto in 1974 when she first heard about a ground-breaking social experiment that had just begun in the rural Canadian community of Dauphin, Manitoba.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I found myself in an economics class which I wasn’t looking forward to,” she remembers. “But in the second week, the professor came in, and spoke about this \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.utpjournals.press\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.3138\u002Fcpp.37.3.283\"\u003Ewonderful study \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ewhich was going to revolutionise the way we delivered social programmes in Canada. To me, it was a fascinating concept, because until then I’d never really realised you could use economics in any kind of positive way.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe experiment was called ‘Mincome’, and it had been designed by a group of economists who wanted to do something to address rural poverty. Once it was implemented in the area, it had real results: over the four years that the program ended up running in the 1970s, an average family in Dauphin was guaranteed an annual income of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.marketplace.org\u002F2016\u002F12\u002F20\u002Fdauphin\u002F\"\u003E16,000 Canadian dollars \u003C\u002Fa\u003E($11,700, £9,400).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith unemployment likely to mount in the wake of Covid-19, the concept of introducing a basic income is once again back in vogue on both sides of the Atlantic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhy did these economists start Mincome those four decades ago? They wanted to see whether a guaranteed basic income for those below the poverty line could improve quality of life – a grand economic idea that had been around since the Enlightenment, but had barely been tested in practise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs one of just a handful of real-life basic income trials that has taken place over the past half century, little did they know that more than 40 years later, this experiment  would be at the centre of the discussion regarding the merits of introducing basic income on a larger scale.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBack in 1974, Canadian policy makers were inspired by a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.utpjournals.press\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.3138\u002Fcpp.37.3.283\"\u003Ewave of social reforms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which had been rolled out throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, including the introduction of universal health insurance across Canada in 1972. So, having garnered the support of Canada’s federal and provincial governments, University of Manitoba economist Derek Hum, along with Manitoba civil servants Ron Hikel and Michael Loeb, created a scheme in which Dauphin’s poorest residents could apply to receive monthly cheques to boost their existing income. At the time it was the most ambitious social science experiment ever to take place in Canada, and saw rates of hospitalisations fall, improvements in mental health, and a rise in the number of children completing high school.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It wasn’t a case of getting money to live and do nothing,” says Sharon Wallace-Storm, who grew up in Dauphin and was 15 when the experiment began. “They set a level for how much a family of three or four needed to get by. You applied showing how much you were making, and if you didn’t meet that threshold they would give you a top up.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘100 miles too far from anywhere’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe experiment intrigued Forget, especially because of the sheer remoteness of Dauphin. Located in the middle of a vast plain, a five-hour drive from the capital of Winnipeg, Dauphin comprised little more than farming, and a small factory producing trainers. Even the town’s own inhabitants would jokingly refer to it as being “100 miles too far from anywhere”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut choosing Dauphin wasn’t random – it was simply a case of pragmatism. The economists needed a town of approximately 10,000 people – any smaller, and they would lack sufficient data to draw conclusions, while any bigger and it would cost too much – which they could drive to and from in a day. They drew a big circle around Winnipeg and happened upon Dauphin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn total, the scheme ran for more than four years, with the primary goal of investigating whether a basic income reduced the incentive to work, one of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fprofile\u002FEvelyn_Forget\u002Fpublication\u002F282878565_Reconsidering_a_Guaranteed_Annual_Income_lessons_from_MINCOME\u002Flinks\u002F5621459c08ae70315b58cb74\u002FReconsidering-a-Guaranteed-Annual-Income-lessons-from-MINCOME.pdf\"\u003Emain public concerns\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the time regarding such schemes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"At the time it was the most ambitious social science experiment ever to take place in Canada, and saw rates of hospitalisations fall, improvements in mental health, and a rise in the number of children completing high school","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, it was abruptly stopped in 1979, a casualty of the political and economic turmoil of the mid-to late-1970s. A series of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.canadianbusiness.com\u002Fbusiness-strategy\u002Fthe-stagnant-70s\u002F\"\u003Eoil price shocks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E had led to rampant inflation and increasing levels of unemployment. This meant that by 1979, far more families in Dauphin were seeking assistance than the experiment had budgeted for, while the scheme’s payouts were rising with the inflation rate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESoon, both the federal and provincial governments decided that supporting it was no longer viable, and so the experiment was scrapped. The many files of data were packed away in cardboard boxes, stored in a warehouse, and there they languished, unused and forgotten for nearly three decades.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUncovering the truth\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EForget had long wondered what had happened to the social experiment that so captivated her in 1974. Merely hearing about it even changed her own career direction: she switched fields from psychology, andlater became a health economist. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, in 2008, she finallydecided to find out what had become of it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“As a health economist, you become aware very quickly that we use the healthcare system to treat the consequences of poverty, and we do it in an inefficient and expensive way,” she says. “We wait until people live horrible lives for many years, get sick as a consequence, and then we go in all guns blazing to make things better.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EForget discovered that the data had fallen under the jurisdiction of the Winnipeg regional office of Canada’s National Library and Archives. After gaining permission to analyse it, she was confronted with 1,800 dusty boxes packed full of tables, surveys and assessment forms, all of which needed to be digitalised.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter several years of painstaking work, she was finally able to publish \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.utpjournals.press\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.3138\u002Fcpp.37.3.283\"\u003Ethe results\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, many of which were eye-opening. In particular, Forget was struck by the improvements in health outcomes over the four years. There was an 8.5% decline in hospitalisations – primarily because there were fewer alcohol-related accidents and hospitalisations due to mental health issues – and a reduction in visits to family physicians.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EForget believes this was a direct result of the added security in people’s lives provided by the basic income. “I wanted to see whether doing something about poverty has an impact on people’s health and these results are really interesting,” she says. “An 8.5% reduction over four years is pretty dramatic.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJoy Taylor, who was 18 and newly married when the scheme began, remembers that people had much less to worry about financially during the course of the experiment, which improved their wellbeing. Her husband was suddenly able to get a loan to open a local record store, with banks being more willing to lend money to small businesses because of the guaranteed payments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere was also an increase in the number of adolescents completing high school. Before and after the experiment, Dauphin students – like many in rural towns across Manitoba – were less likely to finish school than those in the city of Winnipeg, with boys often leaving at 16 and getting jobs on farms or in factories. However, over the course of those four years, they were actually more likely to graduate than Winnipeg students. In 1976, 100% of Dauphin students enrolled for their final year of school.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Very often these people were the first in their family who’d ever finished high school,” says Forget. “When Mincome came along, families decided they could support their sons in school just a little bit longer, and, in some ways, I think that’s the most exciting result because we saw that investment in human capital.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther families who were on the programme at the time remember that certain things were suddenly more affordable. For Eric Richardson, the youngest of six children who was aged 10 when the experiment began, the introduction of basic income meant a trip to the dentist for the first time. “Normally, you didn’t get to go until you were old enough to pay for it yourself,” he says. “I remember it very well because I had 10 cavities and our dentist would drill your teeth without freezing.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"For Eric Richardson, the youngest of six children who was aged 10 when the experiment began, the introduction of basic income meant a trip to the dentist for the first time","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut when the experiment ended in 1979, the improvements which had been seen in health and education soon returned to how things had been in 1974. Taylor remembers how many of the small businesses that had sprung up over the preceding four years began to vanish. Her husband was forced to close their shop, and the couple soon left Dauphin for good.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“After the programme ended, we moved to Ontario in 1980 because there was nothing to stay for anymore,” she says. “It just wasn’t doing very well.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd, so, Dauphin faded back into anonymity – until now. Forget’s persistence in bringing the findings of Mincome to light has led both policy makers and academics around the world to revisit this long-forgotten experiment, as they ponder whether such a scheme could ever be viable on a much larger scale.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECan basic income work across a whole country?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProponents of a nationwide basic income scheme \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-018-05259-x\"\u003Ehave argued\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that a system similar to Mincome, in which those earning less than a certain threshold receive top-up payments, are a necessary complement to the existing benefits system in order to reduce poverty. They feel that the stringent requirements attached to welfare programmes means that on their own, they provide insufficient support.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, critics point to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiea.org.uk\u002Fthe-case-against-a-universal-basic-income-ubi\u002F\"\u003Ehuge administrative costs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E associated with providing a population-wide basic income, potentially supporting several million individuals. After all, just \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-018-05259-x\"\u003E2,128 people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in total were involved in the Mincome experiment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2017, Luke Martinelli, an economist at the University of Bath, attempted to model how much such a scheme may cost the UK, with the cheapest estimate coming to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bath.ac.uk\u002Fpublications\u002Fassessing-the-case-for-a-universal-basic-income-in-the-uk\u002F\"\u003E£140 billion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E per year – on top of the existing welfare state costs. Critics have stated that no trial conducted so far has provided any indication of whether governments could afford such a large-scale programme, nor whether citizens would be willing to accept the higher levels of taxation needed to fund it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the things we do know from the Mincome experiment is that basic income does not appear to discourage the recipients from working – one of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fprofile\u002FEvelyn_Forget\u002Fpublication\u002F282878565_Reconsidering_a_Guaranteed_Annual_Income_lessons_from_MINCOME\u002Flinks\u002F5621459c08ae70315b58cb74\u002FReconsidering-a-Guaranteed-Annual-Income-lessons-from-MINCOME.pdf\"\u003Emajor concerns\u003C\u002Fa\u003E politicians have always held about such schemes. Forget found that employment rates in Dauphin stayed the same throughout the four years of Mincome, while a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjulkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F10024\u002F161361\u002FReport_The%20Basic%20Income%20Experiment%2020172018%20in%20Finland.pdf?sequence-=1&isAllowed=y\"\u003Erecent trial in Finland\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – which provided more than 2,000 unemployment people with a monthly basic income of 560 euros ($630, £596) from 2017 to 2019 – found that this helped many of them to find work which provided greater economic security.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“They recently released the final results, which showed the nature of the jobs that people got once they received a basic income was changing,” says Forget. “So instead of taking on precarious part-time work, they were much more likely to be moving into full-time jobs that would make them more independent. I see that as a great success.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Critics have stated that no trial conducted so far has provided any indication of whether governments could afford such a large-scale programme, nor whether citizens would be willing to accept the higher levels of taxation needed to fund it","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut to understand some of the broader implications of how a basic income scheme may work across a larger population, some experts believe it may be necessary to first try it on a state-wide or regional level, before rolling it out on a nationwide scale can be considered.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis could provide governments with a better idea of what it could cost in practise, as well as analyse critical social factors such as what Greg Mason, an economist at the University of Manitoba, calls the ‘politics of envy’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“All the experiments so far have only considered whether basic income affects the willingness to work of those receiving the extra payments,” Mason says. “But they haven’t looked at the people who are just above the threshold for receiving basic income. Those people could well become very resentful of anyone who isn’t working, and yet only earn slightly less than them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMason believes that for basic income to work on a larger scale, governments would need to find an eligibility income threshold that is reasonable enough to cover necessities, while not allowing people to live “the good life”. He predicts that such a threshold is likely to lie in the region of CAD$15,000 ($11,000, £8,800) – very similar to the equivalent sum which families in Dauphin received during Mincome.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough many questions do need to be answered surrounding the affordability of basic income on a larger scale, Forget believes that the impact of the coronavirus pandemic could render it necessary to consider taking radical measures to plug gaps within existing welfare programmes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“When Covid-19 came along and people started to lose jobs in Canada, we discovered that the suite of social programmes in place was really not up to the task,” she says. “You have this mismatch of inconsistent programmes, and you’ve got people falling through the gaps so they’re not getting the support they need. That’s only going to continue as many of the firms suffering now because of the pandemic are probably finished. With so much employment, I think basic income needs to be considered as it provides a much more coherent solution.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the residents of Dauphin who lived through the Mincome project during the 1970s, there are no doubts of its merits. “I’m a huge advocate of basic income to this day,” says Taylor. “Knowing that extra money was coming in made life that bit easier. You no longer needed to be afraid of paying the bills or what you were spending on food. It gave you that piece of mind.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-25T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Canada’s forgotten universal basic income experiment","headlineShort":"Canada's lost social experiment","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Amid wide unemployment during Covid-19, basic income schemes have gained fresh relevance. A successful Canadian scheme that's over four decades old could provide a road map for others.","summaryShort":"What the world can learn about safety nets amid pandemic job loss","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-24T20:11:16.880295Z","entity":"article","guid":"1d6c5c5c-2fff-4ccf-b521-19e34bcadda5","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-26T00:59:32.937827Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384006},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer","_id":"5efdf6a08c532d6352c1d047","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Feleanor-russell-university-of-cambridge-and-martin-parker-university-of-bristol"],"bodyIntro":"When a third of Europe’s population was lost, wealth concentrated into tiny groups. Could Covid-19 trigger something similar?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fhow-pandemics-past-and-present-fuel-the-rise-of-mega-corporations-137732\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eoriginally appeared\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on The Conversation, and is republished under a Creative Commons licence.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn June 1348, people in England began reporting mysterious symptoms. They started off as mild and vague: headaches, aches, and nausea. This was followed by painful black lumps, or buboes, growing in the armpits and groin, which gave the disease its name: bubonic plague. The last stage was a high fever, and then death.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOriginating in Central Asia, soldiers and caravans had brought bubonic plague – \u003Cem\u003EYersina pestis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, a bacterium carried on fleas that lived on rats – to ports on the Black Sea. The highly commercialised world of the Mediterranean ensured the plague’s swift transfer on merchant ships to Italy, and then across Europe. The Black Death killed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.historytoday.com\u002Farchive\u002Fblack-death-greatest-catastrophe-ever\"\u003Ebetween a third and a half\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the population of Europe and the Near East.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis huge number of deaths was accompanied by general economic devastation. With a third of the workforce dead, the crops could not be harvested and communities fell apart. One in ten villages in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=4Vou9SZVHDAC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=black+death+%22one+in+ten+villages%22&source=bl&ots=vsH2_AiQoT&sig=ACfU3U0j5NrXUIXIL2sUGsIJ0wKc9WZZPw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpmZf0167pAhVQe8AKHa6CCWQQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false\"\u003EEngland\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (and in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=5uo9DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false\"\u003ETuscany\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and other regions) were lost and never re-founded. Houses fell into the ground and were covered by grass and earth, leaving only the church behind. If you ever see a church or chapel all alone in a field, you are probably looking at the last remains of one of Europe’s lost villages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe traumatic experience of the Black Death, which killed perhaps 80% of those who caught it, drove many people to write in an attempt to make sense of what they had lived through. In Aberdeen, John of Fordun, a Scottish chronicler, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=1O_PX2wVD0sC&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=This+sickness+befell+people+everywhere,+but+especially+the+middling+and+lower+classes,+rarely+the+great.+It+generated+such+horror+that+children+did+not+dare+to+visit+their+dying+parents,+nor+parents+their+children,+but+fled+for+fear+of+contagion+as+if+from+leprosy+or+a+serpent.%E2%80%9D%E2%80%9D&source=bl&ots=HOCFIVcRRt&sig=ACfU3U05eJ1OjgOgzd-yhDlRRdH7j_VtOw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiC4ePd067pAhXPVsAKHeYVDWwQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false\"\u003Erecorded\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis sickness befell people everywhere, but especially the middling and lower classes, rarely the great. It generated such horror that children did not dare to visit their dying parents, nor parents their children, but fled for fear of contagion as if from leprosy or a serpent.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese lines could almost have been written today.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jlkpd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlthough the death rate from Covid-19 is far lower than that of the Black Death, the economic fallout has been severe due to the globalised, highly-integrated nature of modern economies. Add to this our highly mobile populations today and coronavirus, unlike the plague, has spread across the globe in a matter of months, not years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the Black Death resulted in short term economic damage, the longer-term consequences were less obvious. Before the plague erupted, several centuries of population growth had produced a labour surplus, which was abruptly replaced with a labour shortage when many serfs and free peasants died. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwhat-can-the-black-death-tell-us-about-the-global-economic-consequences-of-a-pandemic-132793\"\u003EHistorians have argued\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that this labour shortage allowed those peasants that survived the pandemic to demand better pay or to seek employment elsewhere. Despite government resistance, serfdom and the feudal system itself were ultimately eroded.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The sudden loss of at least a third of Europe’s population didn’t lead to an even redistribution of wealth for everyone else. Instead, people responded to the devastation by keeping money within the family","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut another less often remarked consequence of the Black Death was the rise of wealthy entrepreneurs and business-government links. Although the Black Death caused short-term losses for Europe’s largest companies, in the long term, they concentrated their assets and gained a greater share of the market and influence with governments. This has strong parallels with the current situation in many countries across the world. While small companies rely upon government support to prevent them collapsing, many others – mainly the much larger ones involved in home delivery – are profiting handsomely from the new trading conditions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe mid-14th Century economy is too removed from the size, speed, and interconnectedness of the modern market to give exact comparisons. But we can certainly see parallels with the way that the Black Death strengthened the power of the state and accelerated the domination of key markets by a handful of mega-corporations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBlack Death business\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe sudden loss of at least a third of Europe’s population didn’t lead to an even redistribution of wealth for everyone else. Instead, people responded to the devastation by keeping money within the family. Wills became highly specific and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=-4KI3sSqfGoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Cohn,+Samuel+The+cult+of+remembrance+and+the+Black+Death&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_hLyG54vpAhWITxUIHekpB2YQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q&f=false\"\u003Ewealthy businessmen\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, in particular, went to great lengths to ensure that their patrimony was no longer divided up after death, replacing the previous tendency to leave a third of all their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002Fabout\u002FThe_Merchant_Class_of_Medieval_London_13.html?id=99V2omf9odQC&redir_esc=y\"\u003Eresources to charity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Their descendants benefited from a continued concentration of capital into a smaller and smaller number of hands.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the same time, the decline of feudalism and the rise of a wage-based economy following peasant demands for better labour conditions benefited urban elites. Being paid in cash, rather than in kind (in the granting of privileges such as the right to collect firewood), meant that peasants had more money to spend in towns.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis concentration of wealth greatly accelerated a pre-existing trend: the emergence of merchant entrepreneurs who combined trade in goods with their production on a scale only available to those with significant sums of capital. For example, silk, once imported from Asia and Byzantium, was now being produced in Europe. Wealthy Italian merchants \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F24412303?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents\"\u003Ebegan to open\u003C\u002Fa\u003E silk and cloth workshops.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese entrepreneurs were uniquely positioned to respond to the sudden labour shortage caused by the Black Death. Unlike independent weavers, who lacked the capital, and unlike aristocrats, whose wealth was locked up in land, urban entrepreneurs were able to use their liquid capital to invest in new technologies, compensating for the loss of workers with machines.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn southern Germany, which became one of Europe’s most commercialised areas in the late 14th and 15th Centuries, companies such as the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=A4edCgAAQBAJ\"\u003EWelser\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (which later ran Venezuela as a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=bwX-ul_Q58UC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false\"\u003Eprivate colony\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) combined growing flax with owning the looms on which workers span that flax into linen cloth, which the Welser then sold. The trend of the post-Black Death 14th and 15th Centuries was a concentration of resources – capital, skills, and infrastructure – into the hands of a small number of corporations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe age of Amazon\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERolling forward to the present, there are some clear similarities. Certain large organisations have stepped up to the opportunities provided by Covid-19. In many countries across the world, entire ecologies of small restaurants, pubs and shops have suddenly been closed down. The market for food, general retail and entertainment has gone online, and cash has pretty much disappeared.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe percentage of calories that restaurants provided has had to be rerouted through supermarkets, and much of this supply has now been taken up by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus\"\u003Esupermarket chains\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They have plenty of large properties and lots of staff, with the HR capacity \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thesun.co.uk\u002Fmoney\u002F11206455\u002Faldi-asda-hire-staff-coronavirus-demand\u002F\"\u003Eto recruit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E more rapidly, and there are many underemployed people who now want jobs. They also have warehouses, trucks and complex logistics capacity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe other big winner has been the giants of online retail – such as Amazon, who run a “Prime Pantry” service in the US, India and many European countries. High street shops have been suffering from price and convenience competition from the internet for years, and bankruptcies are regular news. Now, much “non-essential” retail space is closed, and our desires have been re-rerouted through Amazon, eBay, Argos, Screwfix and others. There has been a clear spike in online shopping, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.essentialretail.com\u002Ffeatures\u002Fcovid19-coronavirus-change\u002F\"\u003Eretail analysts are wondering\u003C\u002Fa\u003E whether this is a decisive move into the virtual world, and the further dominance of big corporations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Small business has taken a really decisive hit across a wide range of sectors as Covid-19, like the Black Death, results in big companies gaining market share","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKeeping us distracted as we wait at home for our parcels is the streaming entertainment industry – a market sector which is dominated by big corporations including Netflix, Amazon Prime (again), Disney and others. Other online giants such as Google (which owns YouTube), Facebook (which owns Instagram) and Twitter provide the other platforms that dominate online traffic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe final link in the chain is the delivery companies themselves: UPS, FedEx, Amazon Logistics (again), as well as food delivery from Just Eat and Deliveroo. Through their business models are different, their platforms now dominate the movements of products of all kinds, whether your new Toshiba branded Amazon Fire TV, or your stuffed crust from Pizza Hut (a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, which also owns KFC, Taco Bell and others).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe other swing to corporate dominance has been the move away from state-backed cash towards contactless payment services. It’s obviously a corollary of online marketplaces, but also means that the money moves though big corporations that take their slice for moving it. Visa and Mastercard are the largest players, but Apple Pay, PayPal, and Amazon Pay (again) have all seen increases in their transaction volume as cash sits unused in people’s purses. And if cash is still imagined to be a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnbc.com\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F16\u002Felectronic-payments-look-more-appealing-as-coronavirus-spreads.html\"\u003Evector for transmission\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, then retailers won’t take it and customers won’t use it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESmall business has taken a really decisive hit across a wide range of sectors as Covid-19, like the Black Death, results in big companies gaining market share. Even those working at home to write pieces like this are working on Skype (owned by Microsoft), Zoom and BlueJeans, as well using email clients and laptops made by a small number of global organisations. Billionaires are getting richer while ordinary people lose their jobs. Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s CEO, has increased his wealth by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fips-dc.org\u002Fbillionaire-bonanza-2020\u002F\"\u003EUS$25 billion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E since the start of the year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut this is not the whole story. The other big trend in the response to the virus has been the strengthening of the power of the state.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGoverning pandemics\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt a state level, the Black Death caused the acceleration of trends towards centralisation, the growth of taxation, and government dependence upon large companies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn England, the declining value of land and consequent falls in revenue prompted the crown – the country’s biggest landowner – to attempt to cap wages at pre-plague levels with the 1351 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oxfordreference.com\u002Fview\u002F10.1093\u002Foi\u002Fauthority.20110803100046308\"\u003EStatute of Labourers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and to impose additional taxes upon the populace. Previously, the government was expected to fund itself, only imposing taxes for extraordinary expenses such as wars. But the post-plague taxes set a major precedent for government intervention in the economy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese governmental efforts were a significant increase in the crown’s involvement in people’s daily lives. In subsequent plague outbreaks, which occurred every 20 years or so, movement began to be restricted through curfews, travel bans, and quarantines. This was part of a general concentration of state power and the replacement of the previous regional distribution of authority with a centralised bureaucracy. Many of the men running the post-plague administration, such as the poet \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oxfordreference.com\u002Fview\u002F10.1093\u002Foi\u002Fauthority.20110803095604422\"\u003EGeoffrey Chaucer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, were drawn from English merchant families, some of which gained significant political power.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jlkvt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe most outstanding example of this was the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=a4SGDAAAQBAJ\"\u003Ede la Pole family\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, who in two generations went from being Hull wool merchants to earls of Suffolk. With the temporary collapse of international trade and finance after the Black Death, Richard de la Pole became the crown’s greatest lender and an intimate of Richard II. When Italian mega-companies re-emerged in the late 14th and 15th Centuries, they also benefited from the crown’s ever-growing reliance upon merchant companies. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.com.au\u002Fbooks?id=3ptzaUifK2AC\"\u003EThe Medici family\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, who eventually came to rule Florence, are the most striking example.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In subsequent plague outbreaks, which occurred every 20 years or so, movement began to be restricted through curfews, travel bans, and quarantines. This was part of a general concentration of state power","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMerchants also gained political influence by purchasing land, the price of which had fallen after the Black Death. Land ownership allowed merchants to enter the land-based gentry or even the aristocracy, marrying their children to the sons and daughters of cash-strapped lords. With their new status, and with the help of influential in-laws, the urban elites gained political representation within parliament.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the end of the 14th Century, the government’s extension of state control and its continued ties to merchant companies drove many nobles to turn against Richard II. They transferred their allegiance to his cousin, who became Henry IV, in the (vain) hope that he would not follow Richard’s policies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis, and the subsequent Wars of the Roses, generally depicted as a clash between the Yorkists and the Lancastrians, were actually partly driven by the nobility’s hostility towards the centralisation of government power. Henry Tudor’s defeat of Richard III in 1485 ended not only the war but also quashed any further attempts by the English baronage to regain regional authority, paving the way for the continued rise of corporations and central government.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe state we are in\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe power of the state is something that we largely assume in the 21st Century. Across the world, the idea of the sovereign nation has been central to the imperial politics and economy of the last few centuries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut from the 1970s onwards, it became common among intellectuals to suggest that the state was less important, its monopoly of control within a given territory contested by multinational corporations. In \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foxfamblogs.org\u002Ffp2p\u002Fthe-worlds-top-100-economies-31-countries-69-corporations\u002F\"\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, of the largest 100 economic entities, 31 were countries and 69 were companies. Walmart was larger than the economy of Spain, Toyota larger than India. The capacity of these large companies to influence politicians and regulators has been clear enough: consider the effects of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scientificamerican.com\u002Farticle\u002Fexxon-knew-about-climate-change-almost-40-years-ago\u002F\"\u003Eoil companies on climate change denial\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In 2016, of the largest 100 economic entities, 31 were countries and 69 were companies. Walmart was larger than the economy of Spain, Toyota larger than India","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd since Margaret Thatcher, prime minister of the UK from 1979 to 1990, pronounced that she intended to “roll back the state”, more and more parts of previously state-owned assets now operate as companies, or as players in state engineered quasi-markets. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.patients4nhs.org.uk\u002Fprivate-companies-involvement-in-the-nhs\u002F\"\u003ERoughly 25%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the UK’s National Health Service, for example, is delivered through contracts with the private sector.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAcross the globe, transport, utilities, telecommunications, dentists, opticians, the post office and many other services used to be state monopolies and are now run by profit-making companies. Nationalised, or state owned, industries are often described as slow, and in need of market discipline in order to become more modern and efficient.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut thanks to coronavirus, the state has come \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fcoronavirus-weekly-where-are-countries-finding-the-money-to-mitigate-economic-catastrophe-138458\"\u003Erolling back in again\u003C\u002Fa\u003E like a tsunami. Spending on a level which was mocked as “magic money tree” economics only a few months ago has been aimed at national health systems, addressed the problem of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Feducation-52332453\"\u003Ehomelessness\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, provided universal basic income for millions of people, and offered loan guarantees or direct payments to a host of businesses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.economicshelp.org\u002Fblog\u002F6801\u002Feconomics\u002Fkeynesian-economics\u002F\"\u003EKeynesian economics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on a grand scale, in which national bonds are used to borrow money backed by future income from taxpayers. Ideas about balancing the budget appear to, for now, be history, with entire industries now being reliant on treasury bailouts. Politicians the world over have suddenly become interventionist, with wartime metaphors being used to justify gigantic spending.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELess often remarked is the astonishing restriction on personal freedoms. The autonomy of the individual is central to neoliberal ideas. “Freedom loving peoples” are contrasted with those who live their lives under the yoke of tyranny, of states that exercise Big Brother surveillance powers over their citizens behaviour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jlkt7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet in the last few months, states around the world have effectively restricted movement for the vast majority of people and are using the police and armed forces to prevent assembly in public and private spaces. Theatres, pubs and restaurants are closed by fiat, parks have been locked, and sitting on benches can get you a fine. Running too close to someone will get you shouted at by someone in a high vis vest. A medieval king would have been impressed with this level of authoritarianism.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe pandemic seems to have allowed the fiscal and administrative powers of big government to bulldozer arguments about prudence and liberty. The state’s power is now being exercised in ways that haven’t been seen since the second world war, and there has been widespread public support.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPopular resistance\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo return to the Black Death, the growth in wealth and influence of merchants and big business seriously aggravated existing anti-mercantile sentiment. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.com.au\u002Fbooks?id=tZTcOF-3rA4C\"\u003EMedieval thought\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – both intellectual and popular – held that trade was morally suspect and that merchants, especially wealthy ones, were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002Fabout\u002FMedieval_Market_Morality.html?id=DlaM3SrlrsUC&redir_esc=y\"\u003Eprone to avarice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The Black Death was widely interpreted as a punishment from God for Europe’s sinfulness, and many post-plague writers blamed the church, governments, and wealthy companies for Christendom’s moral decline.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWilliam Langland’s famous protest poem \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britannica.com\u002Ftopic\u002FPiers-Plowman\"\u003EPiers Plowman\u003C\u002Fa\u003E was strongly anti-mercantilist. Other works, such as the mid-15th Century poem the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=DSsPAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false\"\u003ELibelle of Englysche Polycye\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, tolerated trade but wanted it in the hands of English merchants and out of the control \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=PYYdGhgzGHYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=England+and+the+German+Hanse,+1157-1611:+A+Study+of+Their+Trade+and+Commercial+Diplomacy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwieocHt05XpAhWMi1wKHUr8ApsQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=polycye&f=false\"\u003Eof Italians\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, whom the author argued impoverished the country.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the 14th and 15th Centuries progressed and corporations gained a greater share of the market, popular and intellectual hostility grew. In the longer term, this was to have incendiary results. By the 16th Century, the concentration of trade and finance into the hands of corporations had evolved into a near-monopoly upon royal and papal banking by a small number of companies who also held monopolies or near-monopolies over Europe’s major commodities – such as silver, copper, and mercury – and imports from Asia and the Americas, especially spices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMartin Luther was incensed by this concentration and especially the Catholic Church’s use of monopolistic firms to collect indulgences. In 1524, Luther published \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Freader.digitale-sammlungen.de\u002Fde\u002Ffs1\u002Fobject\u002Fdisplay\u002Fbsb10989964_00005.html\"\u003Ea tract\u003C\u002Fa\u003E arguing that trade should be for the common (German) good and that merchants should not charge high prices. Along with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=bwX-ul_Q58UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=german+discovery+of+the+world+johnson&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiw357P4IvpAhUHXMAKHfaiAFQQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q&f=false\"\u003Eother Protestant writers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, such as Philip Melancthon and Ulrich von Hutten, Luther drew upon existing anti-mercantile sentiment to criticise the influence of business over government, adding financial injustice to their call for religious reform.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe sociologist \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=rNZ5yozJgzMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=weber+protestant+ethic&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiA3byp4YvpAhXaQkEAHZf3BU4Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q&f=false\"\u003EMax Weber\u003C\u002Fa\u003E famously associated Protestantism with the emergence of capitalism and modern economic thought. But early Protestant writers opposed multinational corporations and the commercialisation of everyday life, drawing upon anti-mercantile sentiment that had its roots in the Black Death. This \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=PolWqPXgMyUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false\"\u003Epopular\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=ugE2AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false\"\u003Ereligious opposition\u003C\u002Fa\u003E eventually led to the break from Rome and the transformation of Europe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIs small always beautiful?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the 21st Century we have become used to the idea that capitalist firms produce concentrations of wealth. Whether Victorian industrialists, US robber barons or dot com billionaires, the inequalities generated by business and its corrupting influence over governments have shaped discussion of commerce since the industrial revolution. For critics, big business has often been characterised as heartless, a behemoth that crushes ordinary people in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FModern_Times_(film)\"\u003Ewheels of its machines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or vampirically extracts the profits of labour from the labouring classes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jlkw8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs we have seen, the arguments between small business localists and those who favour corporations and the power of the state date back many centuries. Romantic poets and radicals bemoaned the way that the “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Flifeandstyle\u002F2012\u002Fsep\u002F12\u002Fwilliam-blakes-dark-satanic-mills\"\u003Edark satanic mills\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” were destroying the countryside and producing people who were no more than appendages to machines. The idea that the honest craftsman was being replaced by the alienated employee, a wage slave, is common to both nostalgic and progressive critics of early capitalism.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the 1960s, the idea that there was some fundamental difference between small and large forms of business added environmentalism to these longstanding arguments. “The man” in his skyscraper was opposed to the more authentic artisan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis faith in local business combined with a suspicion of corporations and the state have flowed into the green, Occupy and Extinction Rebellion movements. Eating local food, using local money, and trying to tilt the purchasing power of “anchor institutions” like hospitals and universities towards small social enterprises has become the common sense of many \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flocality.org.uk\u002Fpolicy-campaigns\u002Flocalism-devolution\u002F\"\u003Econtemporary economic activists\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the Covid-19 crisis questions this small is good, big is bad dichotomy in some very fundamental ways. Large scale organising has appeared to be necessary to deal with the huge range of issues that the virus has thrown up, and the states that appear to have been most successful are those which have adopted the most interventionist forms of surveillance and control. Even the most ardent post-capitalist would have to admit that small social enterprises could not fit out a gigantic hospital in a few weeks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd though there are plenty of examples of local businesses engaging in food delivery, and a commendable amount of mutual aid taking place, the population of the global north is largely being fed by large supermarket chains with complex logistics operations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAfter coronavirus\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe long-term result of the Black Death was the strengthening of the power of big business and the state. The same processes are happening much more rapidly during the coronavirus lockdown.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut we should be cautious of easy historical lessons. History never really repeats itself. The circumstances of each time are unique, and it simply isn’t wise to treat the “lesson” of history as if it were a series of experiments that prove certain general laws. And Covid-19 will not kill a third of any population, so though its effects are profound, they will not result in the same shortage of working people. If anything, it has actually \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.citizensinformation.ie\u002Fen\u002Femployment\u002Femployment_rights_during_covid19_restrictions.html\"\u003Estrengthened the power of employers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe most profound difference is that the virus comes in the middle of another crisis, that of climate change. There is a real danger that the policy of bouncing back to a growth economy will simply overwhelm the necessity of reducing carbon emissions. This is the nightmare scenario, one in which Covid-19 is just a prequel to something much worse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the huge mobilisations of people and money which governments and corporations have deployed also shows that big organisations can reshape themselves and the world extraordinarily rapidly if they wish. This gives real grounds for optimism concerning our collective capacity to re-engineer energy production, transport, food systems and much else – the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fneweconomics.org\u002Fabout\u002Four-missions\u002Fgreen-new-deal\"\u003Egreen new deal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which many policy makers have been sponsoring.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Black Death and Covid-19 seem to have both caused concentration and centralisation of business and state power. That is interesting to note. But the biggest question is whether these potent forces can be aimed at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=DZmJgEepq7g\"\u003Ethe crisis to come\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EEleanor Russell is a PhD candidate in history at the University of Cambridge, and Martin Parker is a professor of organisation studies at the University of Bristol.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-02T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How the Black Death made the rich richer","headlineShort":"How the Plague made the rich richer","image":["p08jlkqs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9ed8c532d6352571e7b"}],"partner":["future\u002Fpartner\u002Fthe-conversation"],"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment"],"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"summaryLong":"When a third of Europe’s population was lost, wealth concentrated into tiny groups. Could Covid-19 trigger something similar?","summaryShort":"The Black Death kept wealth in families and groups. Could Covid-19 do the same?","tag":["tag\u002Feconomics"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-07-01T21:45:05.782272Z","entity":"article","guid":"7ffdc3c0-5cea-4bc9-a518-b8bc00a99af9","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-02T15:00:20.23314Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200701-how-the-black-death-make-the-rich-richer","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384006},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists","_id":"5ef9f94f8c532d635251a1d2","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Private dinners where men discuss feelings and equality have taken off in Sweden. But the concept isn’t without controversy.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFew topics are off-limits at the male-only meetings attended by Swedish entrepreneur and environmentalist Johannes Wretljung Persson. The impact of porn, groping in clubs and misogynist banter at work have already been widely debated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe 33-year-old says the goal is to create an environment in which a handful of men can “talk about inequality and patriarchy, and how to be a better human being”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s things people have done in the past, that they realise, ‘This is so bad that I did this!’,” adds Tård Wennerborg, a tech worker who is another attendee and organiser of the events, which take place in Västerås, west of Stockholm. “Also things you haven't done – you have heard other people say things or do things, and you haven’t reacted or opposed it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAcross Sweden, thousands of men have participated in these single-gender get-togethers in recent years, according to non-profit organisations \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.makeequal.se\u002F\"\u003EMake Equal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmfj.se\u002F\"\u003EMÄN\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which work to promote equality. Events have ranged from candle-lit dinner parties to debates over take-away tacos or simple coffee evenings after work in empty offices. Many follow set guidelines such as asking participants to speak for a similar amount of time on a specific gender-related topic without interruption (and with complete confidentiality). Others serve as more informal support sessions in which men focus on their own current relationships and mental health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘The interest was enormous’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough Swedish feminist groups have long encouraged men to participate in discussions about gender equality and identity, all-male talk groups took off exponentially in 2016, in the wake of a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsbeat\u002Farticle\u002F36713031\u002Fmore-than-40-sex-assaults-reported-at-two-swedish-festivals\"\u003Estring of assaults against women at Swedish music festivals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The female co-founder of Make Equal, Ida Östensson, posted on Facebook that men should consider getting their own private groups together to discuss the problem. Her call went viral within minutes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The interest was enormous,” reflects the organisation’s spokesperson Kristina Wicksell Bukhari. “Many men had felt frustrated to get accused of being ‘responsible’ [as a gender] without being able to be a part of the solution, being able to do something about it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe organisation created a website with suggested topics and advice on how to make the most of conversations. The hashtag ‘killmiddag’ (which translates as ‘guy’s dinner’ or \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.killmiddag.se\u002Findex_eng.html\"\u003E‘guys talk’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in English) began trending.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe rise of the Me Too movement the following year kept the concept in the spotlight. Despite Sweden’s reputation as a world leader in championing women’s rights, there were high-profile accounts of sexual assaults and discrimination in Swedish industries across \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aftonbladet.se\u002Fnyheter\u002Fa\u002F3Lrp0\u002Fover-4-000-kvinnliga-jurister-i-upprop-mot-sexuella-trakasserier\"\u003Elaw\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farkitekten.se\u002Fnyheter\u002Fhar-ar-arkitektkarens-berattelser-om-sexuella-trakasserier\u002F\"\u003Earchitecture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-45704915\"\u003Ethe arts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, alongside \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelocal.se\u002F20181210\u002Fone-year-on-what-did-metoo-achieve-in-sweden\"\u003Ecalls for structural change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther Swedish groups working to promote equality helped to spread the word about killmiddag and stepped up their own similar initiatives. MÄN put on outreach events in 30 towns and cities for men to discuss the concerns of the Me Too movement, which included analysing anonymous texts by men describing their behaviours. The organisation also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmfj.se\u002Fassets\u002Fdocuments\u002Fsamtalsguide-2019.pdf\"\u003Ecreated its own online material\u003C\u002Fa\u003E designed to encourage smaller structured discussion sessions geared around personal reflection. Meetings are still happening around the country.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“A lot of guys that have been in the groups say maybe just after the first session that, ‘Well, I never talked about this with anybody, not even my closest friends’,” says Mattias Lindholm, vice-president of MÄN’s branch in Uppsala, north of Stockholm. “I think that says something about the kind of safe space that we can create.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a view backed up by David Midhage, a 31-year-old construction engineer who participated in a series of structured killmiddag events in the city last year after hearing about MÄN’s initiative via Facebook.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“At first I was really sceptical about joining at all, because it is a foreign thing to do as a man to talk about those kinds of feelings and experiences,” he recalls. “But it was really a relief to hear other men’s experiences regarding ‘How should I act?’, ‘How should I not act’... they had the same kind of confusion like I had.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHe says it was easier to share his emotions and experiences with strangers, rather than break the norms of his friendship group, in which feelings or debates about gender identity are not typical topics of conversation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWicksell Bukhari at Make Equal says she has also received “awesome feedback” from the female partners of those who have participated in killmiddag dinners, who have acknowledged the benefits of offering men a new arena in which to discuss equality or other sensitive topics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It's pretty common that men only speak with their girlfriends about their feelings and their relationships and their traumas,” she says. “The women don’t have to do all the talking and the supporting now.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe challenge of self-selection\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet while male-only discussions have clearly had an impact for many on a personal level, even their most vocal advocates have raised concerns that participants are self-selecting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It's hard to attract the ones that maybe most need this, because they would probably not go to these meetings voluntarily,” reflects Tård Wennerborg, who has attended and arranged both large-scale and more intimate events for MÄN in Västerås.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJohannes Wretljung Persson, however, points out that most participants have so far had a “broad spectrum” of job titles and interests including teachers, politicians, craftsmen and sport fans “coming from quite a masculine culture”. He hopes that as the concept spreads, it will have a knock-on effect on influencing conversations and behaviours outside meetings, in an increasingly wide range of workplaces and friendship groups.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut supper clubs aren’t embraced by everyone as a solution to inequality. Anneli Häyrén, a researcher at Uppsala University’s Centre for Gender Science, argues that all-male groups risk perpetuating “negative masculinity”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe believes those who “don't really know when they are harassing or not harassing” could end up still confused about where to draw the line, and argues that efforts in mixed-gendered settings, such as increased education and structured discussions in schools and workplaces, would have a wider impact.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKillmiddag attendees like Wretljung Persson, however, argue that just as women’s networks are widely regarded as useful safe spaces in which to hold productive discussions on gender norms, men can also be constructive in similar environments. “I think it's like a necessary evil until society is more equal,” says Wretljung Persson. “In one of these meetings, no question is a bad one.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDavid Midhage in Uppsala says it is important to differentiate Sweden’s all-male discussions from radical men’s rights groups or incel forums who feel discriminated against in an increasingly feminist climate. However, he accepts that there might be some overlap when it comes to shared frustrations, such the uncertainty of how or when to approach women in a post Me Too world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“That raises the bar even further for those kind of persons who are isolated,” he says. “I can kind of understand where their resentment comes from.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut any kind of misogynistic comments are unwelcome at killmiddag meetings, and he believes anyone who crossed the line would be quickly called out by other attendees. “I would say it would happen quite naturally that people would question – perhaps not in very confronting way, like, ‘I believe that that was a stupid thing to do’, but more like, ‘What was the reason behind doing this and that?’.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther critics have bemoaned the killmiddag concept for undermining traditional notions of masculinity, which they argue should be preserved. Ivar Arpi, a Swedish author and political columnist, says that although he has “nothing against” those who want to discuss their feelings around a dinner table, many men would not feel comfortable with the concept and would rather adopt tactics such as channelling their emotions and frustrations into sport.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It's not a universally good idea to talk about stuff. And it's not universally good to locate your problems to masculinity,” he argues. Arpi points to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rand.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fdam\u002Frand\u002Fpubs\u002Fresearch_reports\u002FRR1000\u002FRR1082\u002FRAND_RR1082.pdf\"\u003Eresearch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which suggests that factors other than gender-related attitudes can also play a role in sexual assault and harassment. These include perpetrators’ alcohol or substance abuse, other criminal activities, personality disorders or their own previous experiences of sexual abuse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Encouraging men to talk to each other in a general sense is perhaps more important than ever as the Covid-19 pandemic continues","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The focus should be on those groups of men that are most likely to commit these crimes, not on all men. Solutions like killmiddag make the participants feel better about themselves, for sure, but they fall short of achieving anything beyond that,” he argues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, there is no set profile of a sex offender, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.folkhalsomyndigheten.se\u002Fnyheter-och-press\u002Fnyhetsarkiv\u002F2019\u002Fmaj\u002Fsexuella-trakasserier-och-overgrepp-utbrett-i-befolkningen\u002F\"\u003ESweden’s Public Health Agency\u003C\u002Fa\u003E last year labelled the extent of sexual assault and harassment against women “a major public health problem”. Half of all women questioned for its research said they had experienced some form of harassment, compared to just one in 10 men.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe impact of Covid-19\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAway from debates about how much influence all-male discussion groups can have on limiting sex crimes, supporters of the concept argue that encouraging men to talk to each other in a general sense is perhaps more important than ever as the Covid-19 pandemic continues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJohannes Wretljung Persson reflects that even though \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-52076293\"\u003ESweden has not introduced a full lockdown\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, “loneliness or people being single and isolated” is a concern for some members of his group alongside \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.expressen.se\u002Fnyheter\u002Fcoronaviruset\u002Fkvinnor-isoleras-med-sina-valdsamma-man\u002F\"\u003Eincreased levels of domestic violence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on a national level. Events have, of course, moved online, in step with national guidelines surrounding social distancing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the northern Swedish city of Örnsköldsvik, Jon Moraeus, who also runs digital killmiddag events, says his group has been discussing how men can handle uncertainty. There are growing concerns about personal and national finances as the global economy is hit by the pandemic, and intense scientific disagreements in Sweden about whether it’s taken the right approach.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think that often men think things should be ‘black’ or ‘white’ ... one thing we touched upon in our last meeting was ‘How okay is it to just not know?’,” says the 38-year-old, who is a mental health coach and council worker.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMake Equal’s Wicksell Bukhari says another suggested current dinner topic is how male gender norms may be feeding into evidence that Swedish men are more likely than women to ignore social-distancing guidelines. “I think that has to do with the toxic masculinity in a lot of ways. The picture that you have to be independent and not do things for others, for example.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMake Equal has recently expanded its outreach work to include a book and two podcast series called ‘Everything we don’t talk about’, which builds on many of the topics already discussed at killmiddag events. It has also started working with organisations in other countries to try and expand the concept of killmiddag globally, although its organisers are cautious about committing to when the project will spring into action.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think all men can become better at expressing their feelings and managing their feelings and reading other people's needs,” concludes Wicksell Bukhari. “Even those who have had a feminist awakening, they need this [help] and they are not perfect.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I would definitely recommend it,” adds former killmiddag sceptic David Midhage. “The more difficult you find a topic to talk about, the more important it is to talk about.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAdditional research by Alexander Maxia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-05-04T16:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Sweden’s male-only supper clubs...for feminists","headlineShort":"Sweden’s exclusive men’s clubs","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Private dinners where men discuss feelings and equality have taken off in Sweden. But the concept isn’t without controversy.","summaryShort":"Can all-male supper clubs promote equality?","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-05-04T02:12:38.083183Z","entity":"article","guid":"72f57ba2-08b2-4e35-93f2-460b324a0c48","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-06T14:05:20.181182Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200429-swedens-male-only-supper-clubsfor-feminists","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384007},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits","_id":"5efaa1de8c532d63525c246c","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fsimon-lowe"],"bodyIntro":"Taking our time in shops will be difficult in a post-Covid-19 world. Are we still going to browse, and what does it mean if we don’t?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EHenry Layte, owner of The Book Hive, one of the UK’s most renowned independent bookstores, thought long and hard about how to open again after lockdown. He considered wrapping each book in plastic, placing them on tables under Perspex or allowing a maximum of two people in at a time. But none of it felt right.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EInstead, he will be using the shop’s rather grand, full-length windows that curve around a pedestrianised street in Norwich to display as many books as possible. He’ll show the front cover and the back blurb, enabling customers to browse from outside the store.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E“We’re kind of open but you can’t come in,” says Layte. “When you get into the shop it’s quite long and narrow, and there’s just no way you can do it. The thing with browsing is you see a book, and you want to pick it up and read it. That’s just not possible in the current situation. We’ve got to try something new.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ECustomers will still be able to buy books, place orders and ask for recommendations – but it’ll be through the window. Layte’s plan enables both his customers and staff to stay safe while retaining all the pleasure of browsing in a bookshop. It brings a whole new meaning to the phrase ‘window shopping’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBut even though The Book Hive and stores like it have found a way to enable customers to browse at least a little in the wake of Covid-19, will they even \u003Cem\u003Ewant \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eto? If the pleasure of browsing is in looking, touching and, often, walking out intentionally empty handed, then a substitute for browsing in a pre-coronavirus world may not pass muster.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIn that case, have we reached the end of browsing as we know it?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jdrg2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"women shopping with masks","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe basis of browsing\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWe’ve all browsed at some point, looping through a shop to look around “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.acrwebsite.org\u002Fvolumes\u002F6147\u002Fvolumes\u002Fv10\u002FNA-10\"\u003Ewithout a current intent to buy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”. According to Lan Xia, professor of marketing at Bentley University in Massachusetts, people browse for two reasons: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F235262423_An_examination_of_consumer_browsing_behaviors\"\u003Eto gather information (like learning about a product or category in person) or for pleasure\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Research performed at Louisiana State University says that visiting stores to gain knowledge, such as sale prices or about different brands, can bring its own pleasure. But other research tells us window shopping also offers the benefits of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F271822086_Shopping_as_leisure_A_study_of_avid_shoppers\"\u003Eescape, socialisation and simple fun\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"During a typical shopping visit consumers spend more in store than they do online","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThe physical nature of in-store shopping plays a big part in our desire to browse. A survey by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.retaildive.com\u002Fnews\u002Fwhy-most-shoppers-still-choose-brick-and-mortar-stores-over-e-commerce\u002F436068\u002F%23:~:text=%2525E2%252580%25259CTo%252520see%25252C%252520touch%25252C%252520feel,now%252520and%252520want%252520it%252520fast.\"\u003ERetail Dive\u003C\u002Fa\u003E showed that shoppers much preferred the ability to see, touch, feel and try out items over shopping online. New York-based consumer psychologist Peter Noel Murray believes this type of browsing can give us a positive psychological boost. “By sitting in a luxury car at the car dealership, we are vicariously experiencing the emotion of owning a luxury car, which means browsing in and of itself can be a rewarding experience,” he says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAnd although many browsers walk out of stores without buying anything, that’s not always the case. “Browsing offers the opportunity of serendipity,” says Xia. “One thing leads to another and you end up with something you hadn’t thought of buying in the first place.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jdrgg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThis means browsing actually drives quite a bit of revenue for stores; a 2019 report from online merchandising company \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.firstinsight.com\u002Fwhite-papers-posts\u002Fthe-state-of-consumer-spending-report\"\u003EFirst Insight\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that during a typical shopping visit consumers spend more in store than they do online. Its survey of more than 1,000 US shoppers found that 54% of consumers spend upwards of $50 (£39) online – but that rises to 71% when shopping in stores.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThe same report also showed a stark increase in impulse buying when shopping in a physical store. Ian Zimmerman, assistant professor at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, says that “experiencing pleasure at the thought of owning a product we see while browsing can make us more impulsive, because that emotional response can short-circuit rational thinking”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA compelling experience\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EXia’s research shows that people browse both because they want to as consumers, but also because certain retail environments encourage them to do so. Her \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F235262423_An_examination_of_consumer_browsing_behaviors\"\u003Efindings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E suggest factors such as store layouts, levels of crowding and exposure to colours and smell “offer a higher level of stimulation in order to enhance recreational browsing”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EChuck Palmer, senior advisor at Ohio-based retail consultancy ConsumerX Retail, agrees. He says that before the pandemic many brands and retailers were adding large, experiential stores to their portfolios, designed specifically with the recreational shopper in mind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jdrgj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAn example is Nike’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nike.com\u002Fgb\u002Fhouse-of-innovation\"\u003EHouse of Innovation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E stores in New York, Shanghai and Paris. Rather than focusing on functionality or convenience, the consumer is treated to a sensory experience using huge digital displays and modern design. “So, when the average sports shopper goes into one of those Nike stores, they’re engaged,” says Palmer. “They think, ‘Wow, they do this for me!’”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBut with shopping restrictions now in place as a result of Covid-19 – things like social distancing, closed changing rooms, intense cleaning procedures, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fbooks\u002F2020\u002Fmay\u002F18\u002Fwaterstones-plans-to-put-its-books-under-a-72-hour-quarantine\"\u003Equarantining goods\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the inability for multiple customers to touch the same things consecutively – the future of these experiential spaces geared toward browsing could be in jeopardy. As Xia says, “with all these restrictions, consumers are going to need a really good reason to go to the mall. People will start to find other venues to fill that social connection.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Guiry’s study showed that people were fantasising as they browsed – like playing a kind of make-believe","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EYet browsing may play a deeper role in our lives than we might think; it can also help shape how we define ourselves. In his paper, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1177\u002F0092070305282042\"\u003ERecreational Shopper Identity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Michael Guiry, an associate professor at West Chester University of Pennsylvania, suggests some of us “assume a recreational shopper identity as part of our self-concept”. In other words, browsing forms an aspect of our personality. Guiry’s study showed that people were fantasising as they browsed – like playing a kind of make-believe. And for some recreational shopping enthusiasts, browsing is a “central facet of life… that transcends enjoyment and other dimensions of leisure”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jdrgd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA transition to online – or a decline?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIf the drive for browsing is still there among shoppers, however, consumers may opt to window-shop online instead. In fact, some research shows that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.semanticscholar.org\u002Fpaper\u002FA-Typology-Of-Online-Window-Shopping-Consumers-Liu-Wang\u002Fe8f80f6b1ae44282163c540fac578e4a66c8bf5a\"\u003Eonline window shopping\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (or ‘e-browsing’) can provide a similar jolt of social and hedonic experience as well as offer the kind of information many seek out in person.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBut even some of the ways in which consumers are used to browsing online are intimately tied to the store experience. They often combine the ability to shop online with visiting a store, commonly known as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness\u002Fwp\u002F2014\u002F09\u002F03\u002Ffor-shoppers-showrooming-is-not-as-common-as-its-opposite-web-rooming\u002F\"\u003Ewebrooming and showrooming\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The former is when consumers browse products online before visiting a store to purchase, whereas showrooming works in reverse, where consumers browse physical stores before purchasing online.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIt’s possible, then, that browsing on the whole may take a major hit without bricks-and-mortar shops – especially amid the pandemic. Unlike in-store shopping, online shopping is more streamlined to get consumers to the checkout quickly. “Many big retailers are multi-channel,” says Xia. “You can shop in store, online, delivered to your home, delivered to the store, all of which takes care of the functional shopper. People have less of a motivation to go into the physical store and browse nowadays.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08jdrgh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAnd people are poised to keep shopping online, even as shops open their doors again. A recent UK \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feconsultancy.com\u002Fstats-roundup-coronavirus-impact-on-marketing-ecommerce-advertising\u002F\"\u003Esurvey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E showed that two in five people intend to carry on purchasing goods online rather than return to stores when they re-open.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWith such a shift in purchasing behaviour, it may not even be that physical retail doesn’t satisfy the recreational consumer any longer, but rather that there’s simply no room for the act of browsing in the post-Covid shopping world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGetting creative\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ECreativity could be key for shops that want to keep browsing customers engaged and, accordingly, customers may need to get creative in how they perceive that window-shopping experience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAt The Book Hive, Layte is hoping he can keep the spirit of browsing alive – even if he can’t quite bring things back to how they were before the coronavirus. The store has been selling ‘isolation packs’: customers give examples of a book they love and a book they hate, then Layte and his team of expert booksellers choose an appropriate title and post it to the customer without revealing their choice in advance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIt may not be the same as browsing, but it reintroduces fun, adventure and discovery into the shopping experience – especially when the landscape of any kind of shopping has been so dramatically altered. But perhaps the element of surprise in his isolation packs – what Layte calls “a gamble” – is enough exhilaration to fill any void the loss of traditional browsing has left behind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-30T23:24:22Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How Covid-19 will change our shopping habits","headlineShort":"Is this the end of in-store shopping?","image":["p08jdrg5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9ed8c532d6352571e7b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Taking our time in shops will be difficult in a post-Covid-19 world. Are we still going to browse, and what does it mean if we don’t?","summaryShort":"As Covid-19 reshapes retail, will we still take our time in shops?","tag":["tag\u002Fthe-future-of-shopping"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-30T02:17:44.638007Z","entity":"article","guid":"ff02c3d7-08b8-4fef-98c9-e92ba44273fb","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-30T02:22:04.763734Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200630-how-covid-19-will-change-our-shopping-habits","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384007},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200622-how-to-think-under-pressure":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200622-how-to-think-under-pressure","_id":"5ef9f94d8c532d6352519354","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fdavid-robson"],"bodyIntro":"How can you best play the hand you’re dealt in life? One woman’s quest to become a champion gambler may provide a few clues.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDo we make our own luck? And is it possible to tame chance? The question has troubled philosophers for centuries, and in January 2018, the psychologist and writer Maria Konnikova appeared to have come to an answer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA little more than a year before, she had already taken a large gamble – the decision to take a sabbatical from her staff job at the New Yorker to train (from scratch) as a professional poker player. The aim was to write a book about the role that chance plays in our lives, using her experiences in the game as the vehicle to explore the subject. And she did have one significant advantage: the legendary player, Erik Seidel, had offered to coach her throughout her quest.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow, she was competing in the PokerStars Caribbean Adventure National Championship – one of the oldest and most prestigious live poker tournaments. And her gamble was finally paying off. Over three days, Konnikova beat 290 competitors to win the trophy, along with $84,600 in prize money and a $30,000 package to enter a future tournament. A blitz of international media coverage ensued.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHer account of the experience – \u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mariakonnikova.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fthe-biggest-bluff\u002F\"\u003EThe Biggest Bluff\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E – is being published in the US and UK this week. As you might hope, it is full of real-life characters – the zen-like “Chewy”, “the silent assassin”, “the Russian ruffian” – that sound like they came straight from an Ian Fleming or John le Carré novel. But Konnikova hopes that the lessons learned will be of value far beyond the casino. “This book isn’t about how to play poker,” she writes in one of the early chapters. “It’s about how to play the world.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENo one could fault Konnikova for her ambition. Keen to find out more, I called Konnikova in her New York home to discuss the lessons learned from her experience, and the ways we may all be able to make the most of the hand we’re dealt in life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200622-how-to-think-under-pressure-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08hn1lm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200622-how-to-think-under-pressure-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELuck or skill?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo the uninitiated, poker – with some of its seedier connotations – may seem like a strange choice of subject for someone interested in the intricacies of human behaviour. But Konnikova points out that there is a strong precedent: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_von_Neumann\"\u003EJohn von Neumann\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, one of the founders of game theory, was a keen player.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGame theory uses mathematic models to predict how people will make decisions – such as consumer choices or political bargaining – given the various costs and benefits involved. “Von Neumann thought that if he could ‘solve’ poker, he would have this wonderful rubric for complex strategic decision making.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe interesting thing about poker, she says, is that it is “a game of incomplete information, which is like life”. Unlike chess, say, so much of what you need to know is hidden from you – so all your decisions come from a place of deep uncertainty. “We never know everything, we can never see the whole board. And yet we have to act all the same.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou also need to accept that, while \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fhard-evidence-is-poker-a-game-of-chance-or-skill-39224\"\u003Eskill can predict your overall trajectory across many tournaments\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, your performance at any particular moment is still the victim of chance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200622-how-to-think-under-pressure-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The more people overestimated the importance of their own skill, rather than luck, the less flexible their decision making became","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200622-how-to-think-under-pressure-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn general, humans tend not to be very good at dealing with this type of thinking, over-estimating the role our own skill thanks to our “illusion of control”. And Konnikova’s own psychological research (conducted before her poker experiment) had shown just how detrimental this can be. Using a simulated stock market, she found that the more people overestimated the importance of their own skill, rather than luck, the less flexible their decision making became – relying too much on their initial hunches without learning from actual patterns in the data.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo avoid that trap, you need to start thinking probabilistically. In poker, that means estimating the odds that someone would have a better or worse hand than you, and adapting your decision making accordingly. Given the high degree of uncertainty, the poker player must also appreciate the concept of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FVariance\"\u003Evariance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – the range of possible outcomes from any decision. This means that even if you make a big win, your underlying reasoning could have been flawed, and even if you lose, you might have been making the most logical decision based on the information at hand.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200622-how-to-think-under-pressure-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08hn1l6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200622-how-to-think-under-pressure-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn each case, a good probabilistic thinker would be able to recognise the role of luck in those outcomes while objectively analysing the quality of the decision-making underneath – while people with a poor grasp of uncertainty would read too much into their successes or failings. It is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191001-the-bias-behind-the-worlds-greatest-catastrophes\"\u003Ethe quality of the reasoning, rather the outcome\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, that matters if you want to improve your long-term performance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKonnikova also learnt to recognise that, in an uncertain world, even small probabilities – a 1 or 2% advantage, for example – can make a big difference in the long-term. “Poker makes you realise that you will never know everything, you will never know what cards the other people are holding, you will never know which card is coming next – and you still have to act, you still have to decide,” says Konnikova. “And you have to figure out to the best of your abilities, what the best decision is, given that it's going to be uncertain.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Tilting’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBesides this appreciation of uncertainty, Konnikova also had to learn to deal with ‘tilting’ – “a beautiful concept that means letting your emotions seep into the logic of your decision making”. Examples of tilting could include that despair that comes from a string of bad luck, which causes you to gamble more furiously to make up for your losses, or it could be the overconfidence that comes from a win. There is no way to escape it completely, Konnikova cautions – “unless \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fcercor\u002Farticle\u002F10\u002F3\u002F295\u002F449599\"\u003Ewe have a brain lesion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or the neural wiring of a psychopathic brain” – but there are some ways to cope better with its effects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis includes cultivating greater emotional awareness – “constantly checking in with yourself to see ‘what am I feeling?’ and ‘How am I reacting to this?’” she says. Once you have identified those feelings, you should then try to analyse how they’re influencing your judgement, and whether you should try to account for that in your final decision. (Along these lines, there is some evidence that our emotional vocabulary can improve our financial decision making. People who were more precise in the way they describe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC2361392\u002F\"\u003Etheir feelings tended to make better trades on an artificial stock market\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for example.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200622-how-to-think-under-pressure-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08hn1l1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200622-how-to-think-under-pressure-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENo book on poker would be complete without an analysis on ‘tells’ – the small expressions that might reveal the quality of a person’s hand – and it is here that Konnikova’s quest was truly revelatory. She cites abundant research showing that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20150906-the-best-and-worst-ways-to-spot-a-liar\"\u003Efacial expressions are almost completely useless, when it comes to lie detection\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – with the vast majority of participants performing no better than chance. Most people, it turns out, have a perfectly decent poker face, and trying to read their expressions for winning clues is futile.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It's such a common misconception that if you look into the eyes – the window to the soul – you're going to see it all there, but that's just not true,” she says. Instead, studies suggest we should be looking at the hands – with small differences in the fluidity of our movement signalling signs of tension or confidence. “A lot of the tells come from how people handle the chips or from how they handle the cards,” says Konnikova.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Playing’ the world\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKonnikova’s studies under Seidel clearly paid off: besides the PCA National Championship, she came second place at the Asia Pacific Poker Tour tournament in Macau, pocketing another $60,000, and a string of smaller successes in Europe and the US, finishing 2018 as a finalist for the Global Poker Index’s “breakout player of the year”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHow about Konnikova’s mission to teach us all how to “play the world”? There is no doubt that the kind of reasoning that she describes is essential in many professions. As I’ve written for BBC Worklife previously, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200217-the-simple-maths-error-that-can-lead-to-bankruptcy\"\u003Ea poor understanding of lucky (or unlucky) streaks can derail the decision making of bankers, judges, and even athletes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Being sensitive to probability stops you from reading too much into largely random events, ‘spotting’ trends when there are none. Perhaps because it improves our overall information literacy, greater understanding of probability has also been shown to predict people’s health behaviour – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180814-how-we-should-think-about-uncertainty\"\u003Esuch as whether they will seek help for the symptoms of a heart attack – and their ability to interpret political polls\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200622-how-to-think-under-pressure-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08hn1l8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200622-how-to-think-under-pressure-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Biggest Bluff feels particularly timely in the current pandemic. As governments design policies based on limited data, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Fmarshallshepherd\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F23\u002Fis-the-math-too-hard-for-people-to-understand-covid-19-coronavirus\u002F#15819b8d6a9c\"\u003Eindividuals are forced to grapple with the probabilities of contagion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – we could all do with the greater understanding of uncertainty, and how to think about it under pressure, that comes with the game.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“One of the things that I find very interesting is that at the beginning – back in February, and March – the poker community was among the first to realise what was going on and to start raising the alarm for shutdowns,” says Konnikova. “They saw the exponential trajectory.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESadly, the virus has put Konnikova’s own poker career on hold. “I’m a live poker player, and I'm not stepping a foot inside a casino before there's a vaccine and very good medicine against it,” she says. But the lessons of her journey – and the value of accepting the unknown – should stand her, and all her readers, in good stead for whatever the future brings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDavid Robson is the author of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.davidrobson.me\u002Fthe-intelligence-trap\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Intelligence Trap: Why Smart People Do Dumb Things\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E (WW Norton\u002FHodder & Stoughton), which examines the cutting-edge science of stupidity and wisdom. He is \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E@d_a_robson\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200622-how-to-think-under-pressure-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-22T02:58:21.276Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How to think under pressure","headlineShort":"How to make high-stakes decisions","image":["p08hn1kz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9ed8c532d6352571e7b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"How can you best play the hand you’re dealt in life? One woman’s quest to become a champion gambler may provide a few clues.","summaryShort":"What poker can teach us about the art of decision making","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-22T02:06:27.950924Z","entity":"article","guid":"faa45bd5-d6d5-40e3-9aa4-361d07d7c945","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200622-how-to-think-under-pressure","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-22T02:06:27.950924Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200622-how-to-think-under-pressure","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384008},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus","_id":"5ef9f9508c532d635251a2d5","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Covid-19 has forced us to exercise indoors. But home fitness has been shaping our lives for decades.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMost people remember their first encounter with home fitness. As a kid in the early ‘90s, I remember waking up extra early at the weekends to watch a TV programme called ‘Mousercise’, a Disney show with aerobics instructors in full Mickey and Minnie costumes teaching kids calisthenics. I was far too lazy to participate, but was fascinated by the spectacle nonetheless.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor those born slightly earlier, home fitness might be defined by memories of Jane Fonda grapevining across their TV screen in legwarmers, while for others it might be taking their inaugural steps on that weird-looking contraption known as a treadmill.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore like this:\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Fstory\u002F20200428-home-workouts-as-essential-viewing-jane-fonda-to-joe-wicks\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EBBC Culture: Home workouts as essential viewing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe reason Zoom calls drain your energy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHow to avoid burnout amid a pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHome fitness has been in our lives for decades – and it’s taken on a new role since the Covid-19 pandemic closed gyms around the world. Whether it’s a yoga class on Zoom or panic-buying a Peloton, many of us are trying to find ways to exercise effectively within four walls. But where did the industry of Thighmaster and Wii Fit come from – and where’s it heading after the pandemic?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAt first, mostly geared toward women\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExercising has been around for a long time; \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fnccdphp\u002Fsgr\u002Fintro2.htm\"\u003Eyoga in India, tai chi in China and Olympic training in Greece go back thousands of years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for example. But ‘fitness’ as we know it today is a relatively new construct, not even 200 years old. One of the earliest examples comes from an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-28858090\"\u003Eillustrated guidebook written in 1861\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Victorian England, which shows women in petticoats and men in neckties exercising different muscle groups. The idea for the daily regimen came from Gustav Ernst, an orthopaedic machinist in London who invented the portable home gym, a device made of mahogany boards, cords, weights and pulleys.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn those pre-transport days, people had more exercise built organically into their day. Gyms were rare; those that existed were almost exclusively frequented by men and “weren’t places where you’d be proud to be seen”, says Natalia Mehlman Petrzela, an associate professor of history at The New School in New York City who’s writing a book about the fitness industry. “They were seen as kind of seedy places where lowlifes would hang out.” And while people (mostly men) played sports, getting sweaty on purpose for health or appearance just wasn’t something most people did.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHome fitness as we know it in the West started to appear sometime after World War Two, with the US behind many of the trends that subsequently swept the globe. Many Americans had bigger homes after the war, plus a huge technological innovation: the television. The economy was booming, young married couples moved to suburbs, people were driving more and public health concerns about obesity started to emerge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Trends towards open-plan living and technological developments fueled appetite for staying healthy, conveniently, at home – James Stark","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Trends towards open-plan living and technological developments… fueled appetite for staying healthy, conveniently, at home,” says James Stark, associate professor of medical humanities at the University of Leeds in England. Traditionally, men went off to work each day while women stayed at home to do housework. These women became the main target for the nascent home fitness industry, with fitness promoted to them as a key element of their beauty routine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“A lot of television shows at this time wanted to help women do the tasks required of them,” says Katie Rose Hejtmanek, an associate professor of anthropology at Brooklyn College in New York who specialises in fitness and sport studies. And part of that was the idea that “women needed to maintain their slender physiques” for their husbands. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 1951, fitness guru Jack LaLanne \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-12272311\"\u003Ebegan broadcasting an exercise TV show\u003C\u002Fa\u003E largely geared towards housewives: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=CNAnD-gs4uo&list=PL0UagYDEJEpna4HSlUcHPgUJ3OWOORBNP&index=13\"\u003Ea one-man programme\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in which he demonstrated exercises like side bends and leg lifts or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=tP40RWwhoRw\"\u003Ehangover-curing aerobics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E set to carnival-like organ music. Targeting this white, middle-class, female audience marked a turning point. Before long, home catalogues and TV adverts followed the cash by offering products and more shows for these beauty-oriented consumers with both time and money.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“With the women exercising at home for Jack LaLanne, it was just a beauty standard: ‘OK, I gotta get this over with, check the box, and then I can go have my martini and my cigarette’,” says Hejtmanek.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETV, gadgets and the gym\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProducts promising quick fitness fixes and effortless ways to shed pounds have long been a part of the health industry, and in these early days in the 1950s and ‘60s they were heavily aimed at this same demographic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere were so-called “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=XwWfz7v38Qw\"\u003Eslim suits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” and “sauna suits”: imagine a vinyl full-body jumpsuit that purportedly made you sweat even more while exercising, supposedly making you lose weight faster as you did toe touches in your living room. (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bestconsumerreviews.com\u002Fsauna-suit-reviews\u002F\"\u003EThey still exist to this day\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.) And there were, of course, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dailymail.co.uk\u002Ffemail\u002Farticle-2258435\u002FHilarious-70s-photos-exercise-gadgets-gimmicks.html\"\u003Ethe vibrating belts you’d strap around your thighs or bottom\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to jiggle the fat away. Even the classic hula hoop was originally sold as exercise equipment; \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Farchive\u002Flifestyle\u002F1977\u002F05\u002F15\u002Fconceived-in-the-fad-crazed-50s-the-hula-hoop-makes-a-comeback\u002Fb0113458-354e-483b-8c32-5c9a6ca56bf1\u002F\"\u003Eover 100 million were sold\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the first six months after the product’s release in 1958.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There’s a “broad social embrace of fitness as something we should be doing, even in our downtime, even when we’re at home and theoretically supposed to be relaxing” – Natalia Mehlman Petrzela","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOver the next two decades, personal fitness began moving outside the home and took on a more strenuous tone with the advent of jogging culture. “Exercise and fitness became a lifestyle,” Hejtmanek says, and one that came with a new wardrobe – think leggings, headbands, tank tops and leg warmers. Gyms began opening; bright destinations offering mirrors and group classes, often connected to the offices of big corporations to lure in yuppies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen the world of fitness was reshaped by another key technological innovation: the VHS video tape. American actress Jane Fonda stormed onto the scene in 1982 with her Jane Fonda’s Workout video tape which, again, targeted women at home. Over the decade, that tape sold 17 million copies around the world and triggered several follow-up series. Along with the growing popularity of fitness clubs, Petrzela says that the fitness industry was “booming on all fronts”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“VHS technology is a very big deal because it allows people to have these exercises on what we would now think of as on-demand. It also makes exercise more of an international phenomenon because these VHS tapes can be sent all over the world, which makes the US, in a lot of ways, a kind of headquarters of fitness culture,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn avalanche of tapes and TV workout programmes followed Fonda’s success, launching careers for fitness personalities like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.buzzfeednews.com\u002Farticle\u002Fpdominguez\u002Frichard-simmons-tears\"\u003ERichard Simmons\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the US or Mr Motivator in the UK (who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=J-OvGU5ro24\"\u003Eis enjoying a resurgence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the coronavirus era). Other celebrities also followed Fonda’s lead; Australian model Elle MacPherson released “The Body” workout video, while US actress Suzanne Somers came up with the Thighmaster, designed to beef up leg muscles on the sofa while watching TV. Working out at home was now “connected to Hollywood culture”, which strengthened its appeal, Petrzela says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENext came the home gym. These expensive machines – like Nordic Track’s in-home treadmills, ellipticals or stationary bikes – filled home basements across the world in the 1990s. There were still goofy products – think \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.inc.com\u002Farticles\u002F2010\u002F08\u002Fshake-weight-inventor-johann-verheem.html\"\u003Ethe Shake Weight\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or electric “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.healthline.com\u002Fhealth\u002Fab-stimulator#function\"\u003Eab stimulators\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” you affix to your bare tummy that are supposed to vibrate your gut into a six pack. But deluxe 10-in-one exercise machines, like the ones you’d see at a gym, let people take home fitness more seriously. And all these products served to promote the idea that we should be maximising time and self-improvement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Nowadays, the fitness and wellness industry “is now a burden in all of our realms” – Katie Rose Hejtmanek","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“They speak to, I think, both a broad social embrace of fitness as something we should be doing, even in our downtime, even when we’re at home and theoretically supposed to be relaxing,” says Petrzela. “And they also prey on these insecurities: that if we’re \u003Cem\u003Enot\u003C\u002Fem\u003E constantly working to be more healthy and to be more attractive and spending money on those pursuits, that there’s something wrong with us.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe internet and age of Covid-19\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhich brings us to today. Spandex-clad actors in VHS tapes have been replaced with fitness influencers on social media platforms like Instagram, many of whom endorse the same kind of “lose weight fast” dietary supplements or exercise gadgets that the fitness industry always has.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExcept now, we largely call it the “wellness industry”. Working out isn’t just about staying in shape; the lines between fitness and the self-help movement have become blurred. “We need exercise not just as a beauty regimen now, and not just as a heart and health situation, now we need to do it for our mental health. This is now a burden in all of our realms,” says Hejtmanek.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd offerings have become even more complex, with “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thecut.com\u002F2013\u002F01\u002Fevolution-of-soulcycle.html\"\u003Ecult-like\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” group exercise phenomena like SoulCycle, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.self.com\u002Fstory\u002Fmindfulness-workouts-body-brain\"\u003E“mindfulness” classes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that mix yoga, aromatherapy and soundscapes, and luxury gyms like Equinox offering additional services like childcare and workspaces.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut that was pre-Covid. Now, with gyms closed and outings comprehensively curtailed, we’re all innovating; fitness instructors have been quick to move online, yoga classes \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newyorker.com\u002Fculture\u002Fculture-desk\u002Fquarantine-culture-recommendations-zoom-yoga-winston-churchill-and-neil-young\"\u003Ehave taken to Zoom,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-52066454\"\u003Esales of exercise equipment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and downloads of fitness apps are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.marketwatch.com\u002Fstory\u002Ffree-workouts-from-peloton-nike-and-others-to-help-you-stay-active-during-your-quarantine-2020-03-27\"\u003Eall on the rise\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Between January and March in the US, for example, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.adobe.com\u002Fnews\u002Fnews-details\u002F2020\u002FAdobe-Unveils-First-Digital-Economy-Index\u002Fdefault.aspx\"\u003Esales of fitness equipment shot up 55%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as lockdowns began to be activated. Some gyms are even introducing “foster” programmes for their equipment during the pandemic – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonian.com\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F13\u002Fthese-gyms-and-fitness-studios-will-let-you-rent-or-buy-their-workout-equipment-during-the-pandemic\u002F\"\u003Elending out machines to members for a fee\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStark, the University of Leeds professor, thinks it’s too early to tell whether coronavirus could lead to a new home workout boom. He thinks the new online classes tap into something that didn’t exist in home fitness before, but believes that the lure of the gym may prove stronger in the long term.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Gyms fulfil quite a different social role. They are places where exercises done by individuals can be communal and competitive,” he says.  “When the lockdown is phased out and then ends, it is much more likely that people will flock back to gyms and sports fields to recapture the vital social, human contact which is also integral to exercise for so many.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-05-05T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The evolution of home fitness","headlineShort":"The evolution of home fitness","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Covid-19 has forced us to exercise indoors. But home fitness has been shaping our lives for decades.","summaryShort":"How exercise indoors shaped our lives far before Covid-19","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-05-04T19:48:20.062791Z","entity":"article","guid":"15946f82-ba2b-427f-9301-c2b612cc210c","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-04T21:35:25.058755Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200504-covid-19-update-quarantine-home-workouts-during-coronavirus","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384009},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain","_id":"5ef9f94f8c532d635251a1de","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"If you don’t have time for an hour-long break in your workday, a series of ‘microbreaks’ can also have a powerful effect on your body and your mind.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fcolumns\u002Fpower-of-an-hour\"\u003E \u003Cimg src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Fic\u002Fraw\u002Fp07118n2.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"Power of an Hour\" width=\"100%\" \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere’s a scene in the classic sitcom The Office, where David Brent – the ultimate cringe boss, with zero self-awareness – is doing some motivational speaking. “Laughter is the best medicine,” he says, explaining to his staff that it reduces stress and that he likes to do it several times during the working day. He demonstrates the technique by bursting into a solo manic cackle; though it only lasts about 30 seconds, it seems to go on forever. The whole room stares back in lethal silence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt turns out that, for once, Brent may have been onto something. He was inadvertently describing what experts call a “microbreak” – any brief activity that helps to break up the monotony of physically or mentally draining tasks. They can last anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes and involve anything from making a cup of tea to stretching or watching a music video.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThough the breaks are tiny, they can have a disproportionately powerful impact – studies have shown that they can improve workers’ \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0272494415000328\"\u003Eability to concentrate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, change the way they \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2018-12793-001\"\u003Esee their jobs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and even help them \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcontent.iospress.com\u002Farticles\u002Fwork\u002Fwor2772\"\u003Eavoid the typical injuries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that people get when they’re tied to their desks all day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If you regularly lean back to talk to the person next to you or sneak a look at your phone, it’s possible that you’re a master of the technique already","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESince there’s no consensus on how long the ideal microbreak should last or how often you should have them, it’s up to workers to experiment with what works best for them. In fact, if you regularly lean back to talk to the person next to you or sneak a look at your phone, it’s possible that you’re a master of the technique already. According to Sooyeol Kim, a doctoral student from the University of Illinois and expert on microbreaks, there are only two rules: they should be short and voluntary.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EKim sees the breaks as a way to cope with the fact that most people spend the majority of their day at work. “But in reality our only official break is usually just lunch – though some companies provide a tea-time or half-time break, which is 10 or 15 minutes.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECalming effect\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe technique was invented in the late 1980s by researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in Ohio and Purdue University in Indiana. They wanted to find out whether fleeting breaks could \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F2806221\"\u003Eboost productivity or reduce stress\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, so they created an artificial office environment and invited 20 participants to “work” there for two days performing a “highly repetitive” data entry task.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEach participant was allowed one microbreak for every 40 minutes that they worked. During the break, which typically lasted just 27 seconds, participants stopped working but remained at their workstation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E- \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20190116-why-you-should-exercise-during-the-workday---and-how\"\u003EHow to exercise during the workday\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E- \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day\"\u003EHow to learn a language in an hour a day\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E- \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20190225-how-to-cultivate-a-daily-reading-habit\"\u003EHow to cultivate a daily reading habit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAfter tracking the heart rates and productivity of their “employees” before and after each break, the scientists discovered that the pauses were, in fact, not as beneficial as they had hoped. Their workforce actually performed worse on some tasks after their respite – typing fewer keystrokes per minute, for example. But one thing did stick out: people who took slightly longer microbreaks tended to have lower heart rates, suggesting that they had calmed them down.  Their work also didn’t require as much correcting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There are now mountains of evidence to suggest that they can be beneficial – reducing stress, keeping workers engaged and making work more enjoyable","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter decades more research, the microbreak has redeemed itself. There are now mountains of evidence to suggest that they can be beneficial – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F20835716\"\u003Ereducing stress\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2351978915005223\"\u003Ekeeping workers engaged\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2018-12793-001\"\u003Emaking work more enjoyable\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In the case of the data entry study, because longer breaks were linked to a better recovery, the scientists speculated that perhaps the microbreaks were simply too short.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy stretching matters\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDespite the evidence that microbreaks are helpful, the only area in which they have entered mainstream use is as a way of reducing the risk of developing injuries in the workplace. “We recommend them to all our clients,” says Katharine Metters, an ergonomist, physiotherapist and health and safety expert at the ergonomics consultancy Posturite.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe latest figures by the UK government agency HSE show the scale of the problem that they’re tackling. Between 2017 and 2018 there were \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.hse.gov.uk\u002Fstatistics\u002Fcausdis\u002Fmsd.pdf\"\u003E469,000 workers in the UK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E suffering from musculoskeletal injuries acquired because of their jobs. According to Zaheer Osman, the founder and director of ergonomics consultancy Adept Ergonomics, most people don’t notice that they’re damaging themselves until they’re in pain – by which point it’s already too late. Like Metters, he strongly advocates the use of microbreaks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Microbreaks are thought to help us to cope with long periods at our desks by taking the strain off certain body structures – such as the neck – that we’re using all day","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe minuscule breaks are thought to help us to cope with long periods at our desks by taking the strain off certain body structures – such as the neck – that we’re using all day. “The important thing is that they are taken regularly,” says Metters.  It should go without saying, but if you’re getting into microbreaks to give your body – rather than your brain – a rest, watching music videos won’t do the trick – it’s best to do something physical like standing up or changing position.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne area where this has become particularly apparent is surgery. In a field requiring the ultimate precision, where mistakes \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedaily.com\u002Freleases\u002F2017\u002F02\u002F170213125617.htm\"\u003Eregularly cost patients their lives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, it’s important to find ways to help these specialists avoid painful distractions and keep their zen-like focus. Back in 2013, a small study looked at whether microbreaks can help. Two researchers from the University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, tested 16 surgeons to see if tiny, 20-second breaks every 20 minutes affected how \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F22824853\"\u003Ephysically and mentally tired they were\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFor the experiment, first the surgeons were “stressed out” by performing complex real-life operations, and then assessed in an adjacent room. There they were asked to trace the outline of a star with their surgical scissors (a variant on a classic experimental game, which in this case was used to test their precision) and to see how long they could hold up a heavy weight with an outstretched arm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEach was tested three times: once before an operation, once after an operation where they were allowed microbreaks and once after a surgery with no microbreaks. During the breaks, they were asked to briefly leave the work area and do some stretches.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERemarkably, the surgeons were seven times more accurate in their drawings after operations where they were allowed microbreaks. They also had half the levels of physical fatigue and felt less pain in their backs, necks, shoulders and wrists.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDisengaging from work\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENot only do microbreaks come with a range of serious benefits, but they give workers the license to indulge in what can look suspiciously like time-wasting. Taking time out to surf the internet – though not for more than 12% of the day, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpapers.ssrn.com\u002Fsol3\u002Fpapers.cfm?abstract_id=1947706\"\u003Eaccording to one study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0272494415000328\"\u003Egaze at flowering meadows\u003C\u002Fa\u003E can improve productivity and help employees concentrate. In fact, some scientists believe that enjoying your microbreaks is an essential part of how they work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Taking time out to surf the internet or gaze at flowering meadows can improve productivity and help employees concentrate","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETake a study conducted by Kim in 2018. Together with colleagues from the University of Illinois, he wanted to find out whether microbreaks could help people working in emotionally draining jobs – particularly where there’s a gap between how they feel inside and the way they must appear in public. The team chose call centres as the ideal place to study this.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe participants were a pool of telemarketers from South Korea who sold products like credit cards and insurance. After an initial survey, each was asked to provide their daily sales performance records for a two-week period, during which they were also asked to complete a survey before and after each work day. These included questions about their “positive affect” – the degree to which they were having positive feelings, such as happiness and optimism – workload, and any microbreaks that they had been taking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe results were striking. Those who didn’t feel engaged with their jobs seemed to benefit from taking microbreaks; they were linked to increased productivity and more positive feelings. But this was only the case for breaks which involved certain activities, like relaxing, chatting to colleagues or other, more demanding activities, like browsing the internet. Oddly, breaks that were used to snack didn’t provide any benefits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne explanation is that snack breaks tended to overlap with other types of winding down, like being sociable, making it harder to discern their impact. But another explanation is that the other breaks were more enjoyable. “Just removing your hunger or thirst, does that always make you happy?” says Kim. “Sometimes it’s just removing your discomfort.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Microbreaking by watching a funny video clip left people invigorated and more attentive, with lower fatigue and delays in their response times during a cognitive test","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe finding fits with the idea that microbreaks enable a process known as “psychological detachment”, which occurs when you mentally disengage from work-based tasks and allow your brain to recover. It’s all about actively shifting the focus of your thoughts, so that you’re not mulling over work while you’re trying to chill out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E Andrew Bennett, a social scientist, studied microbreaks for his doctoral thesis while he was at Virginia Commonwealth University. His major finding was that microbreaking by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscholarscompass.vcu.edu\u002Fcgi\u002Fviewcontent.cgi?article=4949&context=etd\"\u003Ewatching a funny video clip\u003C\u002Fa\u003E left people invigorated and more attentive, with lower fatigue and smaller delays in their response times during a cognitive test.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERebrand it, if necessary\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOf course, watching television clips might not go down well with your boss – but there are plenty of other ways that you can take microbreaks without looking like you’re skiving. Here are some tips from the experts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“A good way of forcing yourself to have a break is to have a really large litre bottle of water at your desk. You’ll have to go for a toilet break – so that’s a good way of forcing yourself to stand up, while also staying hydrated,” says Osman.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBennett’s top tip is not to let them drag on for too long. “A microbreak isn’t the time to catch up on several new episodes of a television show!”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKim is keen to stress that how people spend their microbreaks should be down to them, since different industries are likely to accommodate different types of break. “Organisations may want to provide a kind of free environment when their employees can take their recovery opportunities based on their needs, and train their employees how to balance their pressure and wellbeing,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMetters recommends doing some stretches at your desk, walking to the window to see what’s going on outside – “That relaxes my eyes and my brain,” she says – or even just leaning back in your chair for a while. If you’re worried that you might struggle to space your breaks evenly, she suggests placing a sand timer on your desk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you plan on asking your employer for permission to take microbreaks, Osman has a clever tip: don’t call it a break, call it a “change of activity”. They might get concerned at the prospect of their staff watching videos of famous cats or checking their phone every few minutes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEqually, if you catch your boss spontaneously bursting into laughter, or spot your colleagues touching their toes in between meetings, bear in mind they may just be resetting their brains ahead of their next burst of productivity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain-20"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-03-12T19:32:15.941Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The tiny breaks that ease your body and reboot your brain","headlineShort":"The tiny breaks that make work bearable","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"If you don’t have time for an hour-long break in your workday, a series of ‘microbreaks’ can also have a powerful effect on your body and your mind.","summaryShort":"These tiny pauses can have a powerful effect on your body and your mind","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-03-12T19:51:13.235863Z","entity":"article","guid":"146f373a-5147-4c06-809d-24f0a32cb2b8","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain","modifiedDateTime":"2019-07-22T17:46:05.279712Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190312-the-tiny-breaks-that-ease-your-body-and-reboot-your-brain","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384009},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-why-coronavirus-will-change-how-we-board-a-plane":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-why-coronavirus-will-change-how-we-board-a-plane","_id":"5ef9f94c8c532d635251925f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fnatasha-frost"],"bodyIntro":"In virus terms, boarding is one of the riskiest parts of flying. How can airlines keep passengers apart – and still take off on time?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf you’ve ever queued on a crowded walkway, sandwiched tightly between two strangers, and thought: ‘There must be a better way to board a plane’, here’s the good news: You’re right. The bad news? Most airlines simply don’t care. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat, at least, has long been the case. Airlines generally board passengers in an order that reflects their status with the airline and how much they’ve spent on the ticket, rather than where they’re actually sitting, leading to painful bottlenecks on board. It’s a balancing act: quicker, more efficient boarding saves the airline money and time, but rewarding loyalty – even at the cost of other passengers’ time or comfort – may earn them more in the long run.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-why-coronavirus-will-change-how-we-board-a-plane-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"From a coronavirus perspective, boarding is one of the riskiest parts of taking a flight","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-why-coronavirus-will-change-how-we-board-a-plane-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut the coronavirus could upend this. All of a sudden, airlines and airports must scramble for new solutions to reduce the risk of virus transmission, while boarding passengers as quickly as possible. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom a coronavirus perspective, boarding is one of the riskiest parts of taking a flight. The airport terminal itself gives passengers room to spread out, while on board the plane, you’re surprisingly safe, providing the engine is running. Cabin air is entirely refreshed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Finfectioncontrol\u002Fguidelines\u002Fenvironmental\u002Fappendix\u002Fair.html\"\u003Eevery five minutes or so\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and filtered using \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Findoor-air-quality-iaq\u002Fwhat-hepa-filter-1\"\u003Ehospital-grade HEPA filters\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which remove more than 99% of viruses and bacteria attached to droplets. But during boarding, passengers are in close contact with one another, often in poorly ventilated spaces like the plane’s aisle or the walkway, also known as a jet bridge. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERight now, it’s not such an issue. Many planes are flying well short of full capacity, while some are leaving \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200422-when-can-we-start-flying-again\"\u003Emiddle seats empty\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to allow social distancing. But that’s not a viable financial option for the future, making the pressure to get boarding right huge. In the short term, more efficient boarding should keep passengers safe, while ideally saving carriers money. In the long run, it could change the way we board planes for good. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDeceptively simple solutions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnder normal circumstances, airlines opt for controlled disorder. First up to board are higher-status flyers or anyone in need of extra assistance, followed by block after block of those in cattle class. As these groups are not generally ordered by row, it’s particularly inefficient, not to mention stressful. Traffic jams are inevitable as passengers line up to get onto the plane, let one another into their seats or lift bags into the overhead locker.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-why-coronavirus-will-change-how-we-board-a-plane-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gsx81"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Dozens of people wait in a jet bridge queue in Warsaw on 7 November 2019","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-why-coronavirus-will-change-how-we-board-a-plane-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the Covid-19 world, those traffic jams risk far more than just irritation. Even with masks, packing people close together on an unventilated jet bridge is needlessly risky, especially if there’s a better way.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMichael Schultz, an engineer at Dresden University’s Institute of Logistics and Aviation in Germany, has been working on precisely this problem for a new paper. He and co-author Jörg Fuchte of German aerospace company Diehl Aviation hope to publish it in coming weeks. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the normal boarding procedure, a passenger might come into close contact with five or six others. Introducing social distancing measures, where passengers remain about five feet apart, reduces that number down to one or two – not bad, but still too many. Changing the boarding procedure to board window seat passengers at the back first, for instance, however, can reduce the number of so-called “critical contacts” even further. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe key, after running more than 100,000 simulations? Opening both the back and front door. “You can then separate the stream into two,” he says. Even if there is someone on the flight who poses a risk of infection, “at least one half – the front or the back – will never get in contact with that person.” At that point, “critical contact” drops down to “substantially below one, even with normal carry-on luggage”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJet bridges normally only allow access to either the front or back half of the plane, making it impossible to split the crowd in half. But sending passengers outside the terminal to board, by walking straight out onto the tarmac by the gate, as some budget airlines do already, solves this problem and more, by taking them into a low-risk, open-air environment where transmission is less likely.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-why-coronavirus-will-change-how-we-board-a-plane-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gszj5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Tourists boarding a plane at the airport in Barcelona on 28 July 2014","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-why-coronavirus-will-change-how-we-board-a-plane-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOther solutions are a little more radical. So-called “dynamic” seating would assign passengers their seat when they scanned their boarding card at the gate – a bit like getting a table at a crowded restaurant. You might have the option to request a window or an aisle seat, or to board as a family, but the rest would be down to how the plane had filled up so far. Because an algorithm would decide where you sat, there would be little incentive to shove your way to the front of the line. “I think this way could be the future,” he says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EApplied theoretical physics\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EArguably the fastest solution for boarding a plane is known as the Steffen method. Its inventor, Jason Steffen, normally has little to do with aviation. As an astrophysicist at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, he spends most of his time grappling with outer space – specifically, the planets that orbit distant stars. But about 10 years ago, he became consumed with the problem of how best to board passengers, eventually sitting down and “solving it” in a matter of weeks. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHis solution is fiddly at best. Passengers board in waves, starting with people in window seats on one side of the plane, two rows apart – think 30A, then 28A, then 26A and so on. The next “wave” is passengers on the other side – 30F, 28F, 26F – followed by odd-numbered window seats, even-numbered then odd-numbered middle seats, and finally aisle seats. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere’s reason to consider this method in a coronavirus context, because it moves passengers through the system very quickly. “When passengers are stopped, they're not stopped next to someone and the line inside the jetway would clear faster,” says Steffen. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there are practical concerns. Though in field tests Steffen’s method has proven almost twice as fast as regular boarding, organising those waves is still a challenge. Airlines such as the US budget carrier Southwest have managed to sort passengers into groups at the gate, but it requires co-operation from passengers. “You need lots of preparation for that process,” says Michael Schmidt, a Germany-based engineer currently working at Munich Airport. “Because everyone has to be lined up and you don’t board with the person who's sitting next to you, if a family is travelling together, it's kind of tough.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-why-coronavirus-will-change-how-we-board-a-plane-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08gt058"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Monarch Airlines passengers store hand luggage on 11 May 2015","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-why-coronavirus-will-change-how-we-board-a-plane-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESchmidt is well acquainted with the boarding conundrum. While at Bauhaus, the Airbus group company that explores the future of aviation, he helped build a simulator to test the effects of everything from widening the aisle to introducing new seating concepts on passenger flow. Some of that work is now coming in useful as he tries to figure out the safest possible way for passengers to move through the terminals at Munich. “It’s challenging because we don't actually have any data, because passenger numbers are quite limited,” he says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom an airport perspective, there are a few solutions that don’t require overhauling the whole system, inefficient as it is. Lufthansa is currently testing out biometric boarding, where scanners “match your identity with your face”, he says. “Then you could go through the checkpoint, without taking out your boarding pass or your mobile phone.” It’s faster and helps reduce contact between ground staff and passengers, though privacy experts cite concerns about how this biometric data \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jdsupra.com\u002Flegalnews\u002Fbiometrics-beware-compliance-and-the-66757\u002F\"\u003Ewould be stored or used\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile Schultz’s suggestions allow passengers to have normal amounts of hand luggage, incentivising passengers to go without could result in fewer gate-side check-ins, less time bickering over overhead locker space and a faster process overall. And, when it comes to coronavirus, it means less huffing and puffing as passengers lift their bags, further reducing transmission rate. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome German airports including Munich and Frankfurt have already taken steps to encourage passengers to downsize, says Schmidt: “If you just have one small item, there’s a fast lane [at security].” Meanwhile, the Indian government is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com\u002Ftravel\u002Fdestinations\u002Fair-travel-in-india-could-go-through-major-changes-heres-how\u002Fas75732668.cms\"\u003Ereportedly considering banning hand luggage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E altogether. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENo more block boarding?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of these proposals are actually improvements on the sluggish status quo. It begs the question of whether, in a hopefully not-too-distant post-vaccine era, they might become the new normal, even once the risk of transmission has gone down. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt this early stage, many airlines are still testing out new approaches. In April, the US airline Delta began boarding flights by row from back to front, with passengers asked to stay seated until their row is announced. (Premium class passengers can still board whenever they want.) United has also done away with boarding by large groups, instead admitting passengers in small groups to minimise crowding.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne possibility, says Seth Kaplan, an aviation analyst with Kaplan Research, is that months of social distancing might make us more likely to avoid situations where we’re within spitting distance of strangers. For years, some airlines have bused first-class passengers straight to the plane, allowing them to bypass the gate altogether. If business or premium economy class passengers now also want to board as late as possible, and instead stay in the lounge, the old block boarding style may no longer make sense. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUltimately, when it comes to aviation, “every crisis changes the industry”, he says. “So you can't have the biggest crisis ever without also having some of the biggest changes ever.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-why-coronavirus-will-change-how-we-board-a-plane-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-15T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How Covid-19 could change plane boarding","headlineShort":"How Covid could change plane boarding","image":["p08gzkkl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Interior of large passenger plane, taken on 2 May 2018","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9ed8c532d6352571e7b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200610-why-are-parks-full-of-litter-as-lockdown-eases","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-will-the-price-of-flights-increase-due-to-coronavirus","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200611-how-anxiety-affects-your-focus"],"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fsafety"],"summaryLong":"In virus terms, boarding is one of the riskiest parts of flying. How can airlines keep passengers apart – and still take off on time?","summaryShort":"The science of loading airline passengers safely","tag":["tag\u002Fsmart-travel","tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-15T00:30:04.219956Z","entity":"article","guid":"4e9d373b-2a54-4af2-924a-3a3016e4918f","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-why-coronavirus-will-change-how-we-board-a-plane","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-15T00:30:04.219956Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200612-why-coronavirus-will-change-how-we-board-a-plane","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384010},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200611-how-anxiety-affects-your-focus":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200611-how-anxiety-affects-your-focus","_id":"5ef9f94c8c532d635251918e","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Feel like you can’t concentrate on anything at the moment? You’re not alone. The extra anxiety caused by the Covid-19 pandemic has impaired our working memory, experts say.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWe all know the feeling: you walk into a room with a mission and then stop, confused and a little disjointed, realising you have completely forgotten why you’re there.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2011, researchers at the University of Notre Dame sought to figure out why – they determined it was the act of walking through the doorway that caused the instant amnesia. The brain, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F17470218.2011.571267\"\u003Etheir study showed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, is only designed to hold so much information at once, and a location change functions like a trigger to shed some data to make space for more.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince the coronavirus’ spread began, I’ve been having that feeling of forgetting why I’m in the kitchen dozens of times a day. In fact, I’m finding it almost impossible to focus on anything at all. I can’t keep a phone number in my head long enough to dial it, and it takes forever to write a simple email. I start in on a task, and it’s only a few minutes before I’m distracted. My productivity has plummeted.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200611-how-anxiety-affects-your-focus-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"‘I am incredibly busy,’ one writer friend said recently, ‘doing nothing but dishes and taking walks’","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200611-how-anxiety-affects-your-focus-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EI’m not alone. Nearly every person I’ve mentioned my new preoccupation problem to is dealing with similar issues. Suddenly, it takes a herculean effort to get anything of substance done. “I am incredibly busy,” one writer friend said recently, “doing nothing but dishes and taking walks.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200611-how-anxiety-affects-your-focus-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200611-how-anxiety-affects-your-focus-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESoft focus\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat’s happening is a malfunction of working memory: the ability to grasp incoming information, form it into a cohesive thought, and hold onto it long enough to do what you need to with it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Think of it as the mental platform for our cognitive operations, for what we’re thinking now,” says Matti Laine, a professor of psychology at Åbo Akademi University in Finland. “Working memory is closely related to attention. You’re focusing on some task, some goal, some directive or behaviour you want to get accomplished.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn other words, working memory is the ability to reason in real time, and it’s a big part of what makes the human brain so powerful. But research has showed that rapidly changing circumstances, worry and anxiety can all have a significant impact on your ability to focus.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200611-how-anxiety-affects-your-focus-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Rapidly-changing circumstances, worry, and anxiety can all have a significant impact on your ability to focus","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200611-how-anxiety-affects-your-focus-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Long before the pandemic, we completed an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6351483\u002F\"\u003Eonline study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with a large group of American adults who filled out self-assessment questionnaires,” says Laine. “We saw a trend of a negative relationship between anxiety and working memory. The higher the anxiety, the lower the working memory performance.” When you’re having an acute anxious experience – say, someone threatening is walking behind you on your way home in the dark – it means you might have trouble recalling the details of their face. A drawn-out stressful situation can also ravage the working memory, making even the simplest tasks feel more difficult than they used to be.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We’re talking about anxiety and stress that’s not acute,” says Laine. “It’s related to a deeply uncertain future. You don’t know – does it continue this summer, this autumn? Nobody knows. It’s leading us to a more chronic anxiety situation.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile collecting data for an as-yet unpublished study on working memory training this spring, Laine says he and his team asked about 200 people from the UK and North America whether they had anxiety specifically linked to the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200611-how-anxiety-affects-your-focus-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200611-how-anxiety-affects-your-focus-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“We added a question about pandemic anxiety because at that time it was all over the news,” says Laine. “We asked people to report their anxiety levels on a scale from zero to ten, with ten being ‘rippling constant worry that interferes with daily activity’. The mean value, which I think is pretty high, was about 5.6.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn addition, Laine says those figures showed a clear correlation between that pandemic-related anxiety and decreased working memory performance, though there may be several different mechanisms for how anxiety, pandemic-related or otherwise, interrupts cognitive function. “There’s an idea that it somehow eats up your capacity,” he says. “When you’re anxious, your head is full of those thoughts, and your brain is somehow biased and paying more attention to negative things.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESustained anxiety can also cause insomnia, explains Oliver Robinson of the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience at University College London. “Lack of sleep is a really good way of impairing working memory,” he says. “If you’re not sleeping as well, that’s a great way to wreck it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven if you’re not explicitly aware of being more on edge, “it’s something you’re processing,” adds Robinson. Working memory problems might also be due in part to a cognitive load that’s overwhelming your brain’s capacity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERobinson explains that even simple cognitive processes like making a shopping list now require more brainpower. “Now, rather than thinking, ‘I’ll just run to the store’, you’re thinking about what you need, what stores are open and whether it’ll be safe to go there. Let’s say your brain can do four tasks at once. Now all of a sudden there are 10, and you can’t do any of them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200611-how-anxiety-affects-your-focus-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200611-how-anxiety-affects-your-focus-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBrain gains? \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe good news is you can exercise working memory. There are lots of ‘brain games’ out there, but playing most of them, experts agree, doesn’t actually do anything except make you better at that game. “Cognitive training games don’t make me better at remembering my shopping list,” says Robinson. “That’s like trying to train people to play tennis by having them run.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, one specific type of training exercise, called the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5805159\u002F\"\u003EN-back\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, does show promise in some studies. The N-back task is a bit like the classic Concentration game, in which players have to find pairs of matching cards. But, instead of pairs, there is only one object that moves around the grid-style board. Players have to remember the object’s position through a certain number of turns – 1-back, 2-back, and so on.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhether playing it has a real-world impact on working memory remains \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F28116702\u002F\"\u003Ea bit controversial\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the neuroscience community, but a few rounds may also help you let go of some tension. After all, it’s the anxiety that’s causing the problem in the first place, and relieving that could help solve some focus issues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200611-how-anxiety-affects-your-focus-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200611-how-anxiety-affects-your-focus-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUsually, in therapeutic treatment for anxiety, “we rely on showing people that things aren’t as bad as they think they are,” says Robinson. “In this case, you can’t really use that. But you can limit the things that make you think about it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn other words, rebooting your working memory may also mean \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200505-coronavirus-how-much-news-is-too-much\"\u003Ecutting down on your news consumption\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and considering \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200513-how-to-take-a-digital-detox-during-the-covid-19-pandemic\"\u003Ea break from social media\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But the most effective thing to do might simply be to convince yourself it’s OK to be struggling. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Giving yourself permission to feel it’s OK to not feel OK, paradoxically, can make you more OK. If you are just fixating on it, you aren’t going to get anything done,” says Robinson. “You’re just not going to be as productive, and there’s nothing wrong with not being able to work at 100% capacity: we are still in the midst of a pandemic.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200611-how-anxiety-affects-your-focus-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-12T02:21:46Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How anxiety affects your focus","headlineShort":"How anxiety is affecting your focus","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Feel like you can’t concentrate on anything at the moment? You’re not alone. The extra anxiety caused by the Covid-19 pandemic has impaired our working memory, experts say.","summaryShort":"Can’t concentrate right now? You’re not alone","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-11T17:49:54.503257Z","entity":"article","guid":"ad5e62ae-e8d4-4043-b618-1802f785ebfe","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200611-how-anxiety-affects-your-focus","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-16T08:50:07.207433Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200611-how-anxiety-affects-your-focus","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384011},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-the-learning-opportunities-hiding-in-our-failures":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-the-learning-opportunities-hiding-in-our-failures","_id":"5ef9f94d8c532d63525192c2","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchristian-jarrett"],"bodyIntro":"Failure is often seen as a source of shame. But if we studied and shared our failures, we could learn a lot from them.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESuccesses enjoy more attention than failures. We celebrate stories of triumph, and pore over them to extract the reasons why things went so well. Industries package the lessons and share them as tips for ‘best practice’, while after-dinner speakers regale their audiences with the steps they took to glory. By contrast, if they’re not buried completely, failures, and those who perpetrate them, are more often seen as sources of shame or ignominy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet it is often the errors, missteps and outright flops that contain more useful practical information on how to do things better, if only we were more willing to share and study them. That’s according to Ayelet Fishbach and Lauren Eskreis-Winkler, psychologists at the Booth School of Business at the University of Chicago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe pair believe that we often fail to learn sufficiently from when things go wrong. “Take bad business decisions, which we make because we don’t learn from others’ and our own failures. We similarly often ignore signs that our relationships aren’t going well or that our boss is unpleased with our performance. We don’t code [pay attention to] failures and don’t bother to learn the lesson for how to succeed,” says Fishbach.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReluctance to share\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPrevious research had already exposed our unhelpful aversion to information about ongoing or future failure – a problem dubbed ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002F99u.adobe.com\u002Farticles\u002F21387\u002Fthe-ostrich-problem-and-the-danger-of-not-tracking-your-progress\"\u003Ethe ostrich effect\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’ by University of Sheffield psychologist Thomas Webb and his colleagues. Whether we’re trying a new fitness regime, building a company website or planning for a looming pandemic, the human inclination is to put our heads in the sand once we’ve embarked on our path. Rather than monitoring our progress to check if we’ve gone off track, we grit our teeth, continue and hope for the best.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-the-learning-opportunities-hiding-in-our-failures-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08h4x61"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-the-learning-opportunities-hiding-in-our-failures-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWe also tend to neglect imagining what might go wrong when we look ahead toward attaining a goal, as research by psychologist Gabriele Oettingen at New York University and the University of Hamburg has shown. Yet when people are prompted to engage in ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002F99u.adobe.com\u002Farticles\u002F7232\u002Fthe-power-of-negative-thinking\"\u003Emental contrasting\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’ – anticipating the obstacles along the way to attaining their goal – they are more likely to persevere and succeed in their aims.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-the-learning-opportunities-hiding-in-our-failures-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I’m fascinated by a growing trend of companies holding ‘screw-up nights’ – the actual name is a bit more colourful - Ayelet Fishbach","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-the-learning-opportunities-hiding-in-our-failures-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENow Eskreis-Winkler and Fishbach have added to this literature by focusing on our reluctance to pay attention to failures – both our own and others – \u003Cem\u003Eafter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E they’ve happened. In their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fuser\u002Fidentity\u002Flanding?code=vkwUjjQte_9iRHuJYIRAntajG-NxlE-QRexaOWF8&state=retryCounter%3D0%26csrfToken%3Df2103580-448a-464c-8245-fd3c983ec72a%26idpPolicy%3Durn%253Acom%253Aelsevier%253Aidp%253Apolicy%253Aproduct%253Ainst_assoc%26returnUrl%3D%252Fscience%252Farticle%252Fpii%252FS0749597818302747%253Fvia%25253Dihub%26uuid%3D5513d4a4-09bc-4542-b6f5-d0158642eb1c%26prompt%3Dnone%26cid%3Darp-fc848fb3-371a-43b2-ad4a-32b96eeec9b1\"\u003Erecent paper\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the researchers asked dozens of teachers to recall a specific time they’d been successful at work and a specific time that they’d failed. When they asked the teachers which story they’d choose to share to help other teachers, nearly 70% opted to share their success rather than their failure.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe same thing happened when they asked hundreds of online volunteers to think of times they’d succeeded at staying focused at work, and then of times they’d failed and become distracted. The majority were more reluctant to share their focusing failures than successes. The aversion to sharing failures remained true even when the researchers asked the volunteers to share with their ‘future selves’, suggesting there is more to this bias than wanting to make a good impression on strangers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInformative failures\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEskreis-Winkler and Fishbach believe a key factor is that many of us simply don’t realise how informative failures can be. To test this experimentally, they created a stripped-down task designed to model real-life situations in which the key to success is avoiding mistakes. They wanted to see if volunteers would avoid sharing their failures even though they were more informative than their successes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the task, dozens of online volunteers opened two mystery boxes from an array of three, for the chance to win money. One box contained 20 cents, another 80 cents, while the last was a dud and would cost them a cent. Next, they had the opportunity to share information about one of the boxes they opened to help the next participant in the game. As an incentive, they were told this other player would soon have the chance to reciprocate by sharing information with them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-the-learning-opportunities-hiding-in-our-failures-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08h4xs0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-the-learning-opportunities-hiding-in-our-failures-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECrucially, the researchers contrived things so that each volunteer always opened a losing box and the 20-cent box. This meant, objectively, that it was always more useful if volunteers shared their failure – that is, the location of the money-losing box – than their relative success, the 20-cent box. Sharing the failure would allow the next player to dodge it, while sharing their success would still risk the other player opening the losing box. Yet, Eskreis-Winkler and Fishbach found that, across several studies, between one third to half of the volunteers chose to share success over failure – even though sharing failure would have been more beneficial to the other player.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-the-learning-opportunities-hiding-in-our-failures-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Not only is failure feedback more readily embraced, but it's also integrated in [the person’s] plans to reach the wish and to actually fulfil the wish - Gabriele Oettingen","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-the-learning-opportunities-hiding-in-our-failures-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe researchers uncovered more evidence for the way we overlook the value of failure in a follow-up quiz-style experiment, but this time they also found it was quite easy to remedy the bias. Online volunteers guessed the meaning of ancient symbols, choosing from two possible answers for each one. For one set, the researchers told the participants there wasn’t time to give them their results. For the other, the researchers told them they’d answered everything incorrectly. What’s particularly revealing is that when the researchers asked the volunteers which set they knew more about and could help other people with, 70% of them opted for the set for which they’d received no feedback, rather than the set for which they knew they’d failed so badly but which, due to the binary forced-choice format, they now effectively knew all the correct answers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs with the money-box task, the problem again seemed to be the volunteers’ ignorance of how informative failures can be. Then, when Eskreis-Winkler and Fishbach nudged another group of volunteers into appreciating that learning they’d got all the answers wrong meant that they now knew the correct answers, this increased their willingness to share their knowledge about the symbol set they’d failed on.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Pay extra attention’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe new findings suggest many of us could benefit from simply being made more aware of the lessons hidden in our failures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“In the wake of failure, ask, ‘What have I learned? How can I make this lesson useful in the future?’” advises Fishbach. She adds that it can be hard to learn from failures because they hurt your self-esteem, and you need to infer the correct answer or a more advantageous way of doing things. “So not only [do] you need to pay attention; you need to pay extra attention because it’s harder to learn from failure,” she says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-the-learning-opportunities-hiding-in-our-failures-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08h4xdz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-the-learning-opportunities-hiding-in-our-failures-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt also helps to lay the groundwork earlier, before you even embark on your work project or personal goal. Oettingen’s research on mental contrasting, in which people are prompted to imagine having reached their goal and then to anticipate the obstacles on the way, has shown that performing this exercise at the outset encourages people to be more receptive to negative feedback later on.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Not only is failure feedback more readily embraced, but it's also integrated in [the person’s] plans to reach the wish and to actually fulfil the wish,” explains Oettingen. It’s as if anticipating the ways that things could go wrong makes us more receptive to learning from our errors and failures when they inevitably occur. “It's not only that they’ve kind of processed the information, but they’ve used that information in order to be more successful,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, thinking about your errors and failures can be demotivating, especially if you are a perfectionist or feeling low in confidence. To face up to your mistakes and learn from them, it’s important not to be overly harsh on yourself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThomas Webb, of the ‘ostrich effect’ phenomenon, is currently part of a team at Sheffield University researching this very issue, including working with organisations to look at ways to help people overcome failure through self-compassion. His team will be working with a gym, a parenting organisation and a journal publishing company – in the last case, helping reviewers of papers to overcome their common tendency to procrastinate. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The basic hypothesis is that many people are critical of themselves when they lapse or experience challenges,” Webb says, “but if they were able to respond with self-compassion, for example by recognising that failure is a natural part of being human, then it is possible to maintain motivation and efforts [in the face of failure] … part of this will be a cultural shift toward accepting apparent failure.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPositive trend?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWebb is right that there are broader cultural lessons here. While we quite rightly see failures as a negative, we have much to gain from a wider shift that reframes them not just as sources of shame or regret, but also as richly informative learning opportunities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome industries in which safety is a number-one priority, such as aviation or space travel, already have this mentality – but, arguably, it’s an attitude that needs to be spread more widely.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are positive signs this is starting in some organisations. “I’m fascinated by a growing trend of companies holding ‘screw-up nights’ – the actual name is a bit more colourful,” says Fishbach. “They’re essentially consequence-free opportunities for employees to step up to the mic and talk about the mistakes they’ve made on the job.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt takes courage to admit when you got things wrong, but if more of us could do it, we would all benefit from the lessons learned.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.christianjarrett.com\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDr Christian Jarrett\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eis a senior editor at \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsyche.co\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAeon+Psyche\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. His next book, about personality change, will be published in 2021.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-the-learning-opportunities-hiding-in-our-failures-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-17T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The learning opportunities hiding in our failures","headlineShort":"The lessons hiding in our failures","image":["p08h4w5r"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9ed8c532d6352571e7b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-why-coronavirus-will-change-how-we-board-a-plane","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200611-how-anxiety-affects-your-focus"],"relatedTag":["tag\u002F20150401-psychology"],"summaryLong":"Failure is often seen as a source of shame. But if we studied and shared our failures, we could learn a lot from them.","summaryShort":"We can learn much from our mistakes – if we pay attention","tag":["tag\u002Fsuccess"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-16T20:05:36.563432Z","entity":"article","guid":"45684d1d-3931-4e64-acd3-008cab6d626a","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200616-the-learning-opportunities-hiding-in-our-failures","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-17T09:35:50.087609Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200616-the-learning-opportunities-hiding-in-our-failures","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384009},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work","_id":"5ef9f94c8c532d635251922d","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fdavid-robson"],"bodyIntro":"Why are so many people so bad at what they do? The ‘Peter Principle’ may explain.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHave you ever wondered why the world is full of so many people who are incredibly incompetent at the very thing are paid to do? If so, a crotchety educationalist called Laurence J Peter may have the answer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWorking as a teacher in Canada the 1940s, Peter had been puzzled by the inept behaviour of his equals and superiors. He had applied to join a new school district, for instance, only to have all his forms and documents returned. There was nothing wrong with the application – rather, the Department of Education told him that they could not accept the package since it had not been registered at the Post Office for safe delivery, despite the fact that it had, of course, already arrived safely. How could someone stupid enough to create that rule have found a place in the Department of Education?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPeter soon saw such foolish behaviour all around him – in politics, journalism, the military and the law. “Occupational incompetence is everywhere,” he later wrote in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdetails\u002Fpeterprinciple00laur\"\u003Ea best-selling book\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on the subject.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Every employee tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence – Laurence J Peter","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat book, published in 1969, attempted to explain why that might be. In Peter’s view, most people were promoted based on their current performance, with no real consideration of their capacity to take on greater responsibility. The result is that we may be less good at our current job than the one before. As we climb one, two or three rungs up the ladder, our performance may be so bad that we no longer warrant a further promotion. By this point we’ve reached our limits and fail to improve any more, and so we end-up irritating our colleagues and clients with our inability to do the job.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEventually, “every employee tends to rise to his [or her] level of incompetence”, he wrote – a law he termed the ‘Peter Principle’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe work was largely satirical – an academic’s attempt to ‘stick it to the Man’. It’s only recently that organisational scientists and psychologists have tested whether it’s actually true.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08g3x4n"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHigh levels of incompetence\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps spurred on by the 2008 financial crisis – and the flawed decision making behind it – much work on the Peter Principle has been conducted within the last decade. Of this \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.jimsjournal.org\u002F7%20James%20Ike%20Schaap.pdf\"\u003Ehandful of studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the strongest evidence for the theory comes from a recent study of 131 companies (operating in IT, manufacturing and professional services) that all used the same performance management software. This allowed the researchers to mine the (anonymised) data of nearly 39,000 sales workers, 1,553 of whom were promoted to management roles over the six-year study period.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs you might expect, the team found that the best salesmen or women were the ones who tended to be promoted. To assess their aptitude for the new managerial position, the researchers then examined the effect of this move on their team members.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The managers are in charge of training and allocating and directing their sales employees,” says Kelly Shue at the Yale School of Management. “So, to figure out if someone is a good manager, we basically looked at the extent to which they improve or change the performance of their subordinates.” If the previously high-performing candidates really were competent at the new job, you would hope there would be a rise in the average performance of the team as a whole.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Managers who used to be very high-performing sales workers tended not to bring a significant boost to their colleagues","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUnfortunately, that’s not what Shue saw. Managers who used to be very high-performing sales workers tended not to bring a significant boost to their colleagues, while the lower performers were often much better at raising the average sales within their team.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShue was not entirely surprised by the result. “We looked at sales partly because, anecdotally, there's a lot of complaints about the Peter Principle being a problem in that setting,” she says. Indeed, one inspiration was the US version of The Office, in which the protagonist Michael Scott – who used to be a great salesperson – became an absolutely terrible manager.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08g3xym"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere are lots of potential reasons why this might occur, says Shue. The personal drive – even aggression – that is needed to boost your own individual sales doesn’t necessarily translate to the people skills necessary to motivate others, for instance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It could be the types of experience or the types of people that are drawn to have very high sales and also to work on their own that makes them less effective managers,” she says. Along these lines, Shue found that the sales workers who already had a record of working collaboratively tended to be much better managers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough she does not yet have the data, Shue suspects that the problems described by the Peter Principle may also be rife in science, technology and engineering. “The best scientists and engineers – and this includes all those start-up founders – may not be the right person to eventually lead the organisation or to lead a team,” she says. “You can see how there's a difference in skills required to be a top scientist versus a top manager of scientists.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs Lawrence J Peter had originally noted in his book, the rise of incompetent managers is also a common complaint in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10101-020-00235-6\"\u003Eacademia and education\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “The best researcher or the person who's best at teaching may not be the best dean of a school,” says Shue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWho’s the boss?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGiven these findings, we might conclude that we should overlook people’s current performance and promote them solely on things like their people skills. Yet that strategy can also come at a price.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe possibility of a promotion is a positive incentive for many people, boosting their individual performance. Removing that motivation could lead to reduced productivity across the workforce. There’s also the sense of disenchantment that comes after an uninspiring colleague has been promoted ahead of you. Shue’s analyses of the sales teams’ data found that high-performing candidates are about 23% more likely to leave a firm if they have been overlooked in favour of a less competent colleague, for instance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe reality is that we often find it personally reassuring to be managed by someone who has already proven their own competence at a job, as Amanda Goodall at the Cass Business School in London recently found.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Goodall found that just 13% of people are unhappy with their current supervisor","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUnlike Shue, Goodall did not consider objective measures of performance, but instead examined how employees feel about their bosses – whether they were frustrated with things such as communication difficulties, for example.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnalysing data from a European-wide survey of 28,000 workers, she found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amandagoodall.com\u002FBadBosses-Artz-Goodall-Oswald-forthcoming-IR-2019.pdf\"\u003Ejust 13% of people are unhappy with their current supervisor\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (a surprisingly low number, given how much media emphasises the prevalence of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHorrible_Bosses\"\u003Ehorrible bosses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECrucially, Goodall found that the most common complaint was that the bosses lacked specialist expertise. The finding tallied with her previous research, which had shown that a boss’s technical competence – essentially, whether they would be able to do your job if necessary – \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fftp.iza.org\u002Fdp8559.pdf\"\u003Estrongly predicted employee’s overall satisfaction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you’re managed by someone who doesn’t really understand the systems you are using or the day-to-day tasks to get your job done, they might impose new unnecessary procedures that only waste your time, she says. Or they might struggle to understand how best to support you during a particularly challenging period.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhatever the specific reason for their discontent, Goodall’s research questions the value of “generalist” managers who move from company to company with no core expertise in a particular field.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“There's been this belief that if you do an MBA or other forms of management training, then that means you're [automatically] a good manager, but all of our evidence shows that that's absolutely not the case,” says Goodall. In healthcare, for instance, “a lot of people think we should let the doctors do the medicine and let the managers run the hospitals, but the research shows that actually that's wrong. You need doctors to lead other doctors, because they understand what they need in terms of being an employee.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08g3yfs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe hiring dilemma\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll of this raises a serious dilemma for companies hiring for a vacancy. Focus too much on current job performance and they risk promoting someone who struggles with management strategy; focus too much on other qualities and their lack of technical expertise may demotivate and disenchant the rest of staff. Clearly a fine balance between the two is needed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne solution might be to change the company hierarchy. Shue, for instance, suggests that more companies consider different kinds of promotions, rather than the typical career ladder in which you move from subordinate to manager. In technology firms, for instance, “you can become Distinguished Engineer or Senior Engineer and basically your performance is recognised in the job title, without a change in the job role.” Even if that doesn’t correspond to a significant pay rise, valuing experience in this way could prevent people from jumping ship to other firms when they fail to be given a management position.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Competence, like truth, beauty, and contact lenses, is in the eye of the beholder – Laurence J Peter","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EShe says that some companies have also started to offer two forms of appraisal – a performance review and a management potential review, which considers more specifically the skills that are necessary for leadership. “It has the benefit of recognising that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180508-the-secrets-of-the-high-potential-personality\"\u003E[leadership] potential\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and performance are two different dimensions,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGoodall suggests that the best solution is to invest more in management training “tailored to experts” while moving away from the idea that leadership is a transferable skill across multiple disciplines.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the meantime, knowledge of the Peter Principle might be useful for each of us personally.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you frequently find yourself frustrated with your own boss (and their reluctance to give you a promotion) or with your subordinates (and their inability to carry out your instructions) it’s worth considering the possibility that you’ve already reached your “level of incompetence”, in Peter’s words, and you just don’t know it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat’s not always easy to recognise – as Peter put it, “competence, like truth, beauty, and contact lenses, is in the eye of the beholder” – but a humble awareness may just encourage you to correct your flaws and build the skills that are currently holding you back, or to find a new position where your unique talents are of greater value.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDavid Robson is the author of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.davidrobson.me\u002Fthe-intelligence-trap\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Intelligence Trap: Why Smart People Make Dumb Mistakes\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, which explores cutting-edge research on the best ways to improve our decision making and learning. He is \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@d_a_robson\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Twitter. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work-14"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fcolumn\u002Fcollective-intelligence"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-16T00:27:38Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The reasons why people become incompetent at work","headlineShort":"Why great performers make bad managers","image":["p08g3x5q"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9ed8c532d6352571e7b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p08gzlbg"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Why are so many people so bad at what they do? The ‘Peter Principle’ may explain.","summaryShort":"Why are so many people so bad at what they do? The ‘Peter Principle’ may explain","tag":null,"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-15T21:40:26.464746Z","entity":"article","guid":"578c5b75-3c0c-4653-9114-ac73bf7f9368","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-17T11:39:58.035799Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200612-the-reasons-why-people-become-incompetent-at-work","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384010},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200610-why-are-parks-full-of-litter-as-lockdown-eases":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200610-why-are-parks-full-of-litter-as-lockdown-eases","_id":"5ef9f94c8c532d6352519156","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Recent visitors have left mounds of rubbish at public spaces and beauty spots across the UK and beyond. What’s driving this behaviour?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.keepbritaintidy.org\u002Fnews\u002Ftake-your-rubbish-home-help-keep-public-spaces-clean-and-safe-everyone\"\u003E“We fear a littering epidemic as lockdown eases”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, warns the environmental charity Keep Britain Tidy. And indeed, Brits have embraced the opportunity to throng beaches and beauty spots in recent days. Images of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-england-52876174\"\u003Emounds of rubbish left in their wake\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have made headlines, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-england-dorset-52890608\"\u003Esparked outrage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and resulted in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.dorsetcouncil.gov.uk\u002F2020\u002F06\u002F01\u002Fplea-to-the-government-tell-people-to-stay-local\u002Fcomment-page-1\u002F\"\u003Epleas by local government officials\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for visitors to stay away.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearch suggests that littering can be challenging to eradicate in the best of times – and these clearly aren’t the best of times. So what is it about current circumstances that’s driving this surge, and is there anything we can do to contain the problem?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe Covid-19 effect\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn general, people justify littering by saying that bins are overflowing or too far away – although \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F318875065_Subjective_Reasons_for_Littering_A_Self-serving_Attribution_Bias_as_Justification_Process_in_an_Environmental_Behaviour_Model\"\u003Eothers believe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the root cause is laziness or ignorance. In places where governments can’t afford to pay for rubbish collection, like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fsuppl\u002F10.1177\u002F0956247818780090\"\u003Einformal settlements in Maputo, Mozambique\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, literal walls of rubbish can result. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike every other aspect of our everyday lives, rubbish and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7229953\u002F\"\u003Erecycling collection\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has been disrupted in some places by the Covid-19 pandemic. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irishtimes.com\u002Fnews\u002Fenvironment\u002Ftalking-rubbish-what-makes-people-litter-1.3426707?mode=amp\"\u003EThis context is crucial\u003C\u002Fa\u003E because waste disposal depends on “social proof”, or the copying of others’ behaviour. “If you see a place that’s full of litter and a mess, you’re more likely to think that it doesn’t matter,” says coaching psychologist Stephen Palmer of the International Academy for Professional Development and University of Wales Trinity Saint David. “If you actually see someone dropping litter, you’re probably more likely to drop litter yourself.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200610-why-are-parks-full-of-litter-as-lockdown-eases-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200610-why-are-parks-full-of-litter-as-lockdown-eases-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F232483471_A_Focus_Theory_of_Normative_Conduct_Recycling_the_Concept_of_Norms_to_Reduce_Littering_in_Public_Places\"\u003Ea large body of research\u003C\u002Fa\u003E backing up this point. It partly explains why littering has been reported to be more common among \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.zerowastescotland.org.uk\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002FRapid%20Evidence%20Review%20of%20Littering%20Behaviour%20and%20Anti-Litter%20Policies.pdf\"\u003Eyoung people and people with a weaker attachment to their communities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For these people, feeling part of a small group is especially important, and one way to express that is through defiance of broader norms. And it’s especially awkward to hold onto an empty can for the recycling bin if mates have already thrown theirs to the ground.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe pandemic may also be having a psychological effect. It’s natural that caring for the environment isn’t top of mind right now, says Palmer. “Certainly, when people are stressed or distressed, they go into more all-or-nothing thinking.” This can be useful for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200416-how-to-make-the-right-decisions-under-pressure\"\u003Edealing with high-risk situations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but the upshot is that “the last thing on your mind is things like litter”. And the people who are the quickest to head for the beach may not be the most cautious of people overall.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore picnics, more disposable goods\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELockdown rules have also transformed the way people socialise, which affects the rubbish they produce. Chris Coode is the deputy chief executive of Thames21, a charity that works with volunteers to maintain healthy waterways in London, for instance through \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thames21.org.uk\u002Fthames-river-watch\u002F\"\u003Elitter clean-ups and monitoring\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Instead of meeting friends in pubs, restaurants and homes, Coode points out that now “you’re getting people using the parks and open spaces in ways that they hadn’t before…and in a sense haven’t got the rhythm of the way that new socialising is like”. He believes that people aren’t necessarily being wilful or malicious when they discard pizza boxes and plastic cups in public, but are “using these spaces in ways they haven’t before, and not thinking through the repercussions of their behaviour”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200610-why-are-parks-full-of-litter-as-lockdown-eases-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200610-why-are-parks-full-of-litter-as-lockdown-eases-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s not only \u003Cem\u003Ewhen\u003C\u002Fem\u003E or \u003Cem\u003Ewhere\u003C\u002Fem\u003E people are littering that has shifted, but also \u003Cem\u003Ewhat\u003C\u002Fem\u003E they’re littering. Gloves and masks are being chucked on the streets \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnationalpost.com\u002Fnews\u002Fcanada\u002Fgloves-and-masks-become-problem-litter-as-covid-19-prompts-people-to-cover-up\"\u003Ein Canada\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fuk-wales-52905354\u002Fcoronavirus-meet-the-people-fighting-lockdown-littering\"\u003Ein Wales\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, raising \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.telegraph.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F10\u002Flitter-louts-could-spread-covid-19-throwing-away-plastic-gloves\u002F\"\u003Econcerns that this could be an infection hazard\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in addition to being an environmental hazard.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShadi Moqbel has also seen more PPE waste in Jordan. Moqbel, a civil engineer at the University of Jordan who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fprofile\u002FShadi_Moqbel\u002Fpublication\u002F332883250_Littering_in_Developing_Countries_The_Case_of_Jordan\u002Flinks\u002F5d243901299bf1547ca4fc07\u002FLittering-in-Developing-Countries-The-Case-of-Jordan.pdf\"\u003Eresearches waste\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, explains that some of the patterns we’re seeing with the Covid-19 pandemic aren’t new. “As a result of the pandemic, people tend to move towards using disposable items rather than regular reusable items. They don’t want to get sick from using or touching something that might be used by others… We have seen it in previous outbreaks”, such as H1N1 (swine flu). Then as well as now, people used more disposable plates and packaging material. And the closure of restaurants during the Covid-19 pandemic has led to a rise in food delivery and takeaway meals – which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fusing-lots-of-plastic-packaging-during-the-coronavirus-crisis-youre-not-alone-135553\"\u003Ehas meant more plastic packaging refuse\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStructural factors, short-term solutions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7229953\u002F\"\u003EThis is acute now because of the pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but part of a larger historical trend towards disposability. Coode reports that along the Thames River in London, “the majority of the rubbish we’re finding is single-use plastic waste”. Likewise, in rural England, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.countryfile.com\u002Fhow-to\u002Foutdoor-skills\u002Fbritains-growing-litter-problem-why-is-it-so-bad-and-how-to-take-action\u002F\"\u003Emain types of litter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are fast-food packaging, confectionery wrappers and drinks bottles. Yet the move towards these types of portable, discardable packaging has been driven by manufacturers, who since World War Two have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2019\u002F09\u002F04\u002F757539617\u002Fthe-litter-myth\"\u003Efound it more profitable\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to produce single-use products compared to, for instance, the glass bottles that were previously used again and again.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThus, some environmentalists argue that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fcommentisfree\u002F2018\u002Fmar\u002F29\u002Flitterers-wont-change-litter-zero-waste-national-strategy\"\u003Eindividual litterers aren’t the problem\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and the system of disposability needs to be tackled at its root. But it will be very challenging to move away from lightweight plastic packaging, and the alternatives will have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180705-whats-the-real-price-of-getting-rid-of-plastic-packaging\"\u003Etheir own environmental trade-offs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Glass bottles require more energy to transport, for instance, and plastic wrap can help reduce food waste.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBuilding a culture of waste awareness also takes sustained governmental action, which has helped turn Taipei, Taiwan \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-how-taipei-became-an-unusually-clean-city\"\u003Efrom a “garbage island” to a remarkably clean city\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Paradoxically, this involved a \u003Cem\u003Ereduction\u003C\u002Fem\u003E of public bins, and more focus on other forms of rubbish collection and disposal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the short term, however, that doesn’t help those of us whose blood begins to boil when we see cigarette butts and Styrofoam containers piled up next to an empty rubbish bin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECities have trialled a huge range of measures to reduce littering in the shorter term. As social marketer Yara Almosa and her colleagues at Australia’s Griffith University \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1177\u002F1524500417697654\"\u003Ehave enumerated\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, these range from eyes painted at eye level on walls (to give the impression that litterers are being watched) to fines, labels on disposable items, the wafting of pleasant scents, verbal appeals, information about how common littering is and special rubbish bins that are attention-grabbing or fun to use. One of the most effective tools is also the simplest: good old-fashioned \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Fhealth\u002Farchive\u002F2014\u002F08\u002Flittering-and-following-the-crowd\u002F374913\u002F\"\u003Esocial disapproval\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. So tsk-tsking, especially from a person in the same peer group as the litterer, can actually have an effect. Because we’re such social creatures when it comes to activities like littering, it’s useful to model responsible environmental behaviours.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet Thames21’s Coode calls for more understanding, especially during this difficult time. “You only see what’s left behind, you don’t see what’s taken away. It’s easy to be outraged,” he says, but “we are in a period of transition. It’s an effort for everybody to help. Some people need more help.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut as coaching psychologist Palmer points out, in a world full of uncertainty, contributing to local cleanliness is an easy win: “At least litter is one thing we can all do something about.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200610-why-are-parks-full-of-litter-as-lockdown-eases-4"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-11T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why litter is surging as lockdowns ease","headlineShort":"Why has littering surged?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Recent visitors have left mounds of rubbish at public spaces and beauty spots across the UK and beyond. What’s driving this behaviour?","summaryShort":"As lockdown eases, rubbish is piling up at parks, beauty spots and beaches. Why?","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-10T20:01:37.967548Z","entity":"article","guid":"bb3690d3-a807-459e-aee8-6139ff166d21","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200610-why-are-parks-full-of-litter-as-lockdown-eases","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-10T20:01:37.967548Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200610-why-are-parks-full-of-litter-as-lockdown-eases","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384010},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-will-the-price-of-flights-increase-due-to-coronavirus":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-will-the-price-of-flights-increase-due-to-coronavirus","_id":"5ef9f9518c532d635251a9c4","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Covid-19 has caused unprecedented turmoil in the aviation industry. What does that mean for pricing when planes take to the skies again?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs more countries start to ease their Covid-19 lockdowns, attention is returning to the global aviation industry, almost entirely grounded for months. Some passenger airlines have kept skeleton fleets flying for repatriation missions, some have converted passenger jets to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffortune.com\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F26\u002Fpassengers-drop-desperate-airlines-cargo-coronavirus\u002F\"\u003Euse as cargo planes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but all of them would much rather return to their primary objective: flying people safely around the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut when planes do take to the skies again, how much impact will the pandemic have on what they charge? “We know airlines want to get planes back in the air and bums back on seats,” says Benjamin Cany from Amadeus, a technology company that provides IT services to the travel industry, including one of its principal booking systems. In the short-term at least, that would point to lower fares aimed at incentivising consumers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet look past the next few months and there are factors that could push fares up, from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fedition.cnn.com\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F16\u002Fbusiness\u002Fairlines-bailouts\u002Findex.html\"\u003Eairline bankruptcies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that could reduce both supply and competition, to reduced fleets caused by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Fwillhorton1\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F14\u002Fairlines-retire-aircraft-but-its-not-as-bad-as-you-think--covid-19-perspective\u002F#1a8cea431f6f\"\u003Eretiring aircraft early\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And the great unknown is how quickly passengers will return to flying, with the general feeling in the industry that aviation won’t return to pre-pandemic numbers until 2022, 2023 or beyond.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-will-the-price-of-flights-increase-due-to-coronavirus-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"What are airlines to do when the past data is radically different, or no longer relevant for future calculations – Benjamin Cany","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-will-the-price-of-flights-increase-due-to-coronavirus-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAirlines, Cany says, usually look at past demand to forecast future trends. But there’s no precedent for the current circumstances. “What are airlines to do when the past data is radically different, or no longer relevant for future calculations?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe pricing equation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAirline pricing, explains Cany, is normally based on a combination of scientific calculations and models. This, he says, “is about understanding the customer's motivation to travel and how much they are willing to pay for the ticket. Airlines then balance that against capacity, and a myriad other indicators. The airline wants to strike the best deal for the airline and the traveller.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is both a science and an art. The science, Cany says, “is in the modelling, machine learning and algorithms behind this calculation” and would usually include “the choice between the different airline products (for example, business versus premium economy) and the various airline itineraries available (departure time, arrival time, trip duration). That needs to be combined with historical data, seasonality, as well as market indicators such as upcoming local events, competition on that same route, and so forth.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe art, meanwhile, comes from “the airline’s pricing and revenue management experts, who adjust these indicators to develop the most accurate forecast. That’s where the technology helps, providing these teams with the tools to improve the forecast accuracy to the highest degree,” Cany concludes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut nobody knows how the models that aviation has been honing for decades will change as a result of the extraordinary Covid-19 challenges, particularly given the situation is still evolving.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhen will demand return?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the most basic of economic terms, for example, airline fares are set based on a supply curve and a demand curve. Airlines usually have the lever of supply under their control, and it’s generally understood that when they want to stimulate demand to fill capacity, they reduce fares. More people will travel if a ticket is $50 than if it is $100. The X factor right now is that many people are scared to travel because of hygiene concerns, lockdown guidance and quarantine rules. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-will-the-price-of-flights-increase-due-to-coronavirus-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A masked woman flying on a near-empty plane","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-will-the-price-of-flights-increase-due-to-coronavirus-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Short-term, aircraft will continue to be much less full and airlines will be motivated to price seats to get customers flying safely in a Covid-19 world,” says Joe Leader, chief executive officer of APEX, a trade association whose members include airlines and their suppliers. “Airlines have cut back their flights to absolute connectivity minimums and are losing money on the vast majority of remaining flights… Hopefully, the combination of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200422-when-can-we-start-flying-again\"\u003Eincreased Covid-19 safety measures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E alongside low prices will encourage a travel rebound.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPaul Simmons, a senior airline executive with experience at numerous airlines worldwide including easyJet and Malaysia Airlines, suggests much will depend on what part low pricing can play as a tool to persuade people to travel. “It could be that airlines find their traditional lever of low pricing to drive bums on seats does not work as well as it used to. People may have higher concerns.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe general view is that domestic travel will recover first, a view with which Peter Foster, CEO of Kazakhstan’s national carrier Air Astana, agrees. “Initial indications from our recently-restarted limited domestic flights are that there is pent-up demand for these routes. We believe that business, worker and student travel will recover well before leisure travel.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIATA, an airline trade association, expects low demand when countries first start to travel again, despite some business travellers needing to fly and a desire for what’s known as VFR — visiting friends and relatives — traffic as people miss their families. On the plus side for airlines, IATA notes that the biggest variable cost in aviation, fuel, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuk.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fuk-global-oil-jet-fuel\u002Fjet-fuel-demand-to-remain-low-as-airlines-buckle-up-for-tough-ride-idUKKCN21X1EB\"\u003Ewill be low\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: as drivers in many places are noticing, there’s oversupply in the petroleum industry keeping prices down.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWill supply fall? \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf there are major unknowns on the demand side, there are also evolving factors influencing pricing on the supply side.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-will-the-price-of-flights-increase-due-to-coronavirus-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Grounded planes at Victorville Logistics Airport in California on 22 April 2020","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-will-the-price-of-flights-increase-due-to-coronavirus-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne of the starkest images for the airline industry has been the sight of line after line of jets \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200415-where-are-all-the-unused-planes-right-now\"\u003Eparked on runways and put into storage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at aircraft recycling ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-secrets-of-the-aircraft-boneyards\"\u003Eboneyards\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’. While older and less efficient planes will be retired, some of them years ahead of schedule, airline executive Paul Simmons points out that most of the planes taken out of fleets have been stored, not scrapped. “This is an important distinction,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJoe Leader from airline association APEX suggests that “there will be more than enough supply even with all of the early aircraft retirements”. Certainly to start off with, demand will be low enough to be met by the aircraft that haven’t been retired. Airbus and Boeing have both announced cuts to the numbers of new aircraft they’re building every month, but as demand rises again, the aircraft manufacturers can increase production, airlines can extend the life of aircraft they’re using, or older aircraft can be brought back into use from storage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s already clear that the airline landscape, and indeed the names painted on the side of the aircraft, are likely to be forever changed. Some airlines have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-latin-america-52612335\"\u003Ealready filed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for various forms of bankruptcy protection or indeed have simply \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2020-04-20\u002Fvirgin-australia-collapses-as-airline-calls-in-administrators-k992yqn6\"\u003Egone under\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This will, in many cases, lead to less competition – and the possibility of monopoly pricing, which tends not to favour consumers. Yet it’s likely that regulators will come down hard on airlines seen to profiteer, while other carriers will seek to jump into monopoly markets where that is possible, or new entrants will arise. For passengers, that’s likely to mean a fair amount of volatility in fares.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-will-the-price-of-flights-increase-due-to-coronavirus-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The ‘rightsizing’ of supply and demand may take time, leading to higher pricing in the medium term – Paul Simmons","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-will-the-price-of-flights-increase-due-to-coronavirus-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Although some airlines will inevitably go out of business, others will scale up to fill the void,” comments Simmons. “The ‘rightsizing’ of supply and demand may take time, however, leading to higher pricing in the medium term.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENo easy answers\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe watchword for aviation, as for so many industries looking to rebound from Covid-19, is going to be uncertainty. New waves of infection, or treatment breakthroughs, would both influence the future path. So too will political and regulatory responses, as well as the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-52450854\"\u003Ewider global economic fallout\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that is being forecast.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDemand, crucially, is not rising evenly; different government restrictions – especially quarantine periods on arrival for travellers from some nations – will have effects that are very complex to model, and will necessarily differ between nations or even within regions of the same nation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe US is an example of how perceptions and thus demand can vary across a nation. Scott DeAngelo, chief marketing officer of niche leisure carrier Allegiant Air, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpaxex.aero\u002F2020\u002F05\u002Fallegiant-sees-quick-recovery-on-the-horizon\u002F\"\u003Esaid on an earnings call\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that customer surveys revealed that “in the Midwest and Mid Atlantic, the Upper West, I got to tell you they don’t share the opinion that the evening news is putting out there” around travel. Pictures over the US Memorial Day holiday weekend have shown leisure destinations in some parts of the country \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-52795447\"\u003Epacked with partygoers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt seems likely that travel resumption “bubbles” between neighbouring countries and regions with acceptably low infection rates (where “acceptably” will also vary) will continue, and while these may stimulate demand travellers will also not want to be caught overseas if restrictions return swiftly. The question of whether any travel insurance would cover Covid-19-related issues is also crucial.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAirlines also need to start flying for people to start buying tickets even in a reduced demand scenario, and we are only just starting to see a very limited number of airlines resuming very limited schedules. That all makes predicting the effects of the interlocking factors upon which airline pricing is based challenging. The demand side of the curve is particularly tricky for long-haul pricing, says Air Astana CEO Peter Foster, who nevertheless expects that the stronger long-haul airlines are likely to try to kickstart demand with lower fares.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShort-haul carriers, meanwhile, may benefit from low oil prices, reduced aircraft prices that enable counter-cyclical orders and lower salaries due to surplus aviation workers. “The prognosis may well be lower airfares on short\u002Fmedium haul routes for at least 18 months to two years,” Foster expects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd while Covid-19 is unprecedented, he believes the past can offer indicators for future trends. “After every major crisis of the last 20 years – the Asian financial crisis of 1998, 9\u002F11, the global financial crisis – low-cost airlines have emerged faster and stronger because suppressed demand combined with depressed consumer spending power has driven people to them,” he says. “I doubt 2020\u002F21 will be any different.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAviation journalist John Walton writes about airlines, aircraft and everything aeronautical. He welcomes questions and discussions from readers via email to john@walton.travel and on Twitter (he’s @thatjohn).\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-will-the-price-of-flights-increase-due-to-coronavirus-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":true,"displayDate":"2020-05-29T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Will coronavirus make flying more expensive?","headlineShort":"Will flying get more expensive?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A plane landing at Vancouver airport on 21 March 2020","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Covid-19 has caused unprecedented turmoil in the aviation industry. What does that mean for pricing when planes take to the skies again?","summaryShort":"When planes start flying again, how much will tickets cost?","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-05-28T20:03:23.717256Z","entity":"article","guid":"589fbb9d-ba31-4557-8b98-a424cedbd50d","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200528-will-the-price-of-flights-increase-due-to-coronavirus","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-28T20:03:23.717256Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200528-will-the-price-of-flights-increase-due-to-coronavirus","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384010},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth","_id":"5ef9f94d8c532d635251927b","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmaddy-savage"],"bodyIntro":"A high income is a badge of success in many countries, but in Sweden a deep-rooted cultural code called Jantelagen stops many from talking about it.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAs we head into 2020, we're running the best, most insightful and most essential Worklife stories from 2019. Read all of the year's biggest hits \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Ftags\u002Fbest-of-2019\"\u003Ehere\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Stockholm’s richest inner-city neighbourhood, Östermalm, private yachts and floating cocktail bars hug the marina. The adjacent tree-lined boulevard, Strandvägen, boasts some of the most expensive real estate in the Swedish capital, as well as exclusive boutiques and independent restaurants. Nearby, ornate 18th Century buildings house luxurious office spaces and private member’s bars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E The area is packed with people in designer sunglasses soaking up the autumn sunshine. But finding someone who’s comfortable talking about their wealth is almost impossible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I'm not going to tell you how much I make because I don't know why I should – Robert Ingemarsson","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I'm not going to tell you how much I make because I don't know why I should,” says 30-year-old Robert Ingemarsson, who has a senior job in marketing. Asked what he does with his money, he says simply: “I spend it on stocks. I like investing”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVictor Hesse, 24, who’s out shopping, says he’s about to embark on an international talent programme for a major Swedish brand. But when asked about his salary, he says: “That’s classified”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStandard narratives about Sweden tend to highlight its social democracy, high taxes and low income inequality by global standards. But while this stereotype is rooted in facts, the gap between the rich and the poor has been steadily widening since the 1990s. The top 20% of the population \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fread.oecd-ilibrary.org\u002Feconomics\u002Foecd-economic-surveys-sweden-2017_eco_surveys-swe-2017-en#page12\"\u003Enow earn four times as much as the bottom 20%.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImage":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p07qgy4w","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoTitle":"Young, Swedish and…. rich?","videoUrn":["p07qgx5d"],"id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EVideo by Maddy Savage and Benoît Derrier.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA high income is a badge of success in many countries, but Swedes have a deep-rooted aversion to talking about their cash. Our repeated efforts to arrange interviews with young, wealthy Swedes proved tricky; off-the-record, people were happy to talk about large second homes, family yachts, sports cars or champagne sprees in nightclubs, but getting them to formalise their comments was a struggle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I have a feeling that it will come across as bragging, which unfortunately I don’t feel comfortable with,” read one text message that seemed representative of the sentiment felt by many. Others agreed to be interviewed and then became “too busy” or simply ghosted us.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut why is this? While discussing your wealth feels perfectly appropriate in some parts of the world, why does it seem like nobody in Stockholm is proud of being rich?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe concept of \u003Cem\u003EJantelagen\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELola Akinmade Åkerström, an author on Swedish culture who’s been living in Stockholm for more than a decade, says talking about money is “a very uncomfortable subject” in Sweden. She argues that boasting about wealth – or even discussing a moderate salary with a stranger – is such a taboo that many Swedes would actually feel “more comfortable talking about sex and bodily functions”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is a view shared by Stina Dahlgren, a 28-year-old Swedish journalist who spent several years living in the US. “Over in the States, when you say that you're earning a lot of money, people are cheering for you and they say: ‘good for you, good work’. But over here in Sweden, if you say that you have a good salary... people think you're weird,” she says. “You don’t ask about salaries, you don't ask about money.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07pr856"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Lola Åkerström","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMany cultural commentators agree that a large part of the taboo can be explained by a deep-rooted Nordic code called \u003Cem\u003EJantelagen\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, which promotes the idea of never thinking you are better than anyone else and calling out those who break this norm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Jantelagen is an unspoken societal rule that exists here in Sweden and a lot of the Nordics,” explains Akinmade Åkerström, who explores the topic in her book Lagom: The Swedish Secret of Living Well. “It’s about not being too flashy, not bragging unnecessarily, and it's a way of kind of keeping everybody – for the most part – equal... to remove sources of stress within group settings.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Jantelagen… is about not being too flashy, not bragging unnecessarily, and it's a way of kind of keeping everybody – for the most part – equal – Lola Akinmade Äkerström","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJantelagen – which translates to The Law of Jante in English – takes its name from a rule-abiding town called Jante which featured in a fictional book by Norwegian-Danish author Aksel Sandemose in 1933. But Dr Stephen Trotter, a Scottish-Norwegian academic who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gla.ac.uk\u002Fmedia\u002Fmedia_404385_en.pdf\"\u003Ewrote about the concept\u003C\u002Fa\u003E while he was working at the University of Glasgow in Scotland, says its sentiment has existed in the Nordics – especially in rural areas – for centuries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Jantelagen is a mechanism for social control,” he argues. “It’s not just about wealth, it’s about not pretending to know more than you do or acting above your station.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs a shorthand for celebrating modesty and humbleness, Jantelagen is not dissimilar to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Fstory\u002F20170607-why-are-australians-so-laid-back\"\u003Etall poppy syndrome\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a popular term in Australia and New Zealand that embraces putting down those who are showy about their wealth or status. In Scotland people talk of the ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCrab_mentality\"\u003Ecrab mentality’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – a way of thinking that nods to a crab trying to escape from a bucket, yet being pulled back by its fellow hostages. “You could say that Scandinavia just found a buzzword that fits and sums it up better than anyone else,” says Trotter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet he also points out that the way Jantelagen plays out in Sweden and other Nordic societies is linked to specific cultural norms in those nations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07pr7t8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Waterfront, Stockholm","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“You can chat about your cabin in the woods and getting underfloor heating and a patio. People [are] not surprised by that – that is a common idea in the Nordics and a lot of people have a second home here,” he argues. “But to say you’d spent the same money on two Lamborghinis – you would probably get a bit laughed at!\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAkinmade Äkerstöm argues that while Sweden has fought hard to maintain a global image as a classless social democracy, many Swedes still surround themselves with people in similar income brackets. This, she says, means that the rules of \u003Cem\u003EJantelagen \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ecan therefore shift depending on the company; bragging is more acceptable among those with similar backgrounds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Behind closed doors with others of the same socio-economic status, they [richer people] are more comfortable. They can talk about their summer homes or their cars with everybody on the same level.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBack in Östermalm, Andreas Kensen, 33, who doesn’t live in the area but is spending the afternoon visiting its smart boutiques, agrees that Jantelagenis contextual. “I would definitely tell my friends that we've been out travelling or, you know, show it off on Instagram or Facebook. But it’s nothing I would tell a stranger I just met,” he explains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA vocal backlash\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, growing numbers of young, successful Swedes are starting to criticise Jantelagen, and calling for a more vocal conversation about wealth and success.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese include Nicole Falciani, 22, who began earning money from blogging as a teenager and is now a major influencer, with 354,000 followers on Instagram. At a glamorous wedding-themed jewellery shoot at an out-of-town allotment cafe, she doesn’t bat an eyelid when asked to tell us her typical fee: around $20,000 per campaign. It’s money she mostly spends on designer bags and travel, having bought a city centre apartment at the age of 20.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07pr7r3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Andreas Kensen","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I would love it if Jantelagen would disappear, because I think that would be so much better for everyone living here... Our society would be much more open if we could talk about money,” she argues. “It's quite a nice thought that everyone should be equal and that we are all the same. But it doesn't work, because if you're working harder than anyone else, then you should be proud of it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Our society would be much more open if we could talk about money – Nicole Falciani","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECornelius Cappelen, an associate professor in comparative politics at the University of Bergen in Norway, believes the rise of social media is behind the youth backlash against Jantelagen. He argues that blogging and video-blogging in particular support the kind of “rampant individualism” that promotes standing out from the crowd, which has, until recently, been far less prevalent in Nordic countries than other western nations, particularly the US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“More and more people use the term [Jantelagen] as an abuse – especially many young people explicitly claim that they hate the mentality,” he argues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07pr8jx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Nicole Falciani","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAkinmade Åkerström also believes that social media has had a major impact. Since bragging has become commonplace on Facebook and Instagram, Swedes whose personal achievements stand out have started to feel more comfortable making their success public, she argues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“There are very skilled, talented people that have been suppressed by Jantelagen, but then they’ve seen mediocre people bragging (online) with confidence.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think Jantelagen is going to slowly fade out because those people that have been repressed will start standing up and saying, ‘you know, I'm good at this!’... And social media also connects you to a wider audience that isn't familiar with Jantelagen.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe author believes that Jantelagen is also becoming less popular due to a rise in immigration. In Sweden, the most diverse of the Nordic nations, around 25% of people were born abroad or have two foreign parents. “What other cultures are bringing in is celebrating your success, celebrating talented people, celebrating skills,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a theory welcomed by Nicole Falciani, who was born and raised in Sweden but has two Italian parents. She says that she sometimes found it tricky to work out which of the topics that she discussed at home or with relatives in Italy were socially acceptable to talk about in Swedish society.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07pr813"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I think it will get better, because we're getting more European, we have more foreigners living in Sweden taking their culture here. And we have a lot of American TV programmes and they don't have Jantelagen at all,” she says. However, she doubts the concept will disappear completely because it is “so rooted in Swedish culture or in Scandinavian culture”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECornelius Cappelen, the associate professor, says he’s also uncertain about the concept’s potential to disappear.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Will it stick around it the future? Well, my guess is as good as yours. But I will say this: I hope the nice aspect of it – the modesty code of not sticking one’s neck out – will continue to exist and I hope that the negative aspect of it – ‘cutting people down to size’ – will wither away.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile some immigrants to Sweden say they have embraced Jantelagen\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eincluding 35-year-old Natalia Irribara, who moved to Stockholm from Chile three years ago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think in Chile we have a really narcissistic society where accomplishments are really important – like academic qualifications, sport, being pretty... the car, the school, the house,” she says. “[Here] we have a model as a neighbour, but they never talk about ‘oh, I was in this magazine’. Another neighbour is a photographer who accomplished great things, but never talks about it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“For me humbleness is really important, and the thing I like in Sweden is that with Jantelagen it’s not that important, those material things.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAdditional research by Emelie Svensson.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E1. You shall not believe you are anything\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E2. You shall not believe you are as much as us\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E3. You shall not believe you are wiser than us\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E4. You shall not imagine you are better than us\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E5. You shall not believe you know more than us\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E6. You shall not believe you are more than us\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E7. You shall not believe you are good for anything\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E8. You shall not laugh at us\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E9. You shall not believe anyone cares about you\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E10. You shall not believe you can teach us anything\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"The Laws of Jante","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-19"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-09T21:11:36Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Jantelagen: Why Swedes won’t talk about wealth","headlineShort":"Where wealth is ‘more taboo than sex’","image":["p07pr7xt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9ed8c532d6352571e7b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p07pr7z2"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fbest-of-2019"],"summaryLong":"A high income is a badge of success in many countries, but in Sweden a deep-rooted cultural code called Jantelagen stops many from talking about it.","summaryShort":"Where a deep-rooted cultural code stops many from talking about money","tag":["tag\u002Fbest-of-2019","tag\u002Fthe-nordic-way"],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-08T20:30:46.255283Z","entity":"article","guid":"ed9da005-849d-4402-ac94-47387efbc26b","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth","modifiedDateTime":"2019-12-20T20:05:21.570585Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384011},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-why-procrastination-is-about-managing-emotions-not-time":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-why-procrastination-is-about-managing-emotions-not-time","_id":"5ef9f9508c532d635251a606","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fchristian-jarrett"],"bodyIntro":"Address the real reasons you procrastinate and you’re more likely to start achieving your goals.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWith offices closed in nations around the world, many of us are grappling with how to stay productive and on task as we work from home. To help provide insight on how to manage this, BBC Worklife is updating some of our most popular productivity stories from our archive. First published 23 January 2020.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike many writers, I’m a supreme expert at procrastination. When I ought to be working on an assignment, with the clock ticking towards my deadline, I’ll sit there watching pointless political interviews or boxing highlights on YouTube (cat videos aren’t my thing). At its worst I can almost begin to feel a little crazy – \u003Cem\u003Eyou need to be working, \u003C\u002Fem\u003EI say to myself\u003Cem\u003E, so what on Earth are you doing?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to traditional thinking – still espoused by university counselling centres around the world, such as the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdocuments.manchester.ac.uk\u002Fdisplay.aspx?DocID=8258\"\u003EUniversity of Manchester in the UK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.rochester.edu\u002Fuhs\u002Fucc\u002Fself-help-and-online-screening-resources\u002Fprocrastination\u002F\"\u003EUniversity of Rochester in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – I, along with my fellow procrastinators, have a time management problem. By this view, I haven’t fully appreciated how long my assignment is going to take and I’m not paying enough attention to how much time I’m currently wasting on ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-how-can-bosses-put-a-stop-to-workers-idly-browsing-online\"\u003Ecyberloafing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’. With better scheduling and a better grip on time, so the logic goes, I will stop procrastinating and get on with my work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIncreasingly, however, psychologists are realising this is wrong. Experts like Tim Pychyl at Carleton University in Canada and his collaborator Fuschia Sirois at the University of Sheffield in the UK have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FB9780128028629000086\"\u003Eproposed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that procrastination is an issue with managing our emotions, not our time. The task we’re putting off is making us feel bad – perhaps it’s boring, too difficult or we’re worried about failing – and to make ourselves feel better in the moment, we start doing something else, like watching videos.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-why-procrastination-is-about-managing-emotions-not-time-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0810h7m"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-why-procrastination-is-about-managing-emotions-not-time-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis fresh perspective on procrastination is beginning to open up exciting new approaches to reducing the habit; it could even help you improve your own approach to work. “Self-change of any of sort is not a simple thing, and it typically follows the old adage of two steps forward and one step back,” says Pychyl. “All of this said, I am confident that anyone can learn to stop procrastinating.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EShort-term mood lifters\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the first \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2000-14236-004\"\u003Einvestigations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to inspire the emotional view of procrastination was published in the early 2000s by researchers at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio. They first prompted people to feel bad (by asking them to read sad stories) and showed that this increased their inclination to procrastinate by doing puzzles or playing video games instead of preparing for the intelligence test they knew was coming. Subsequent studies by the same team showed low mood only increases procrastination if enjoyable activities are available as a distraction, and only if people believe they can change their moods. One study used ‘mood-freezing candles’ to trick some volunteers into thinking their low mood was frozen and, in this case, they didn’t bother procrastinating.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe emotional regulation theory of procrastination makes intuitive sense. In my case, it’s not that I don’t realise how long my assignment will take (I \u003Cem\u003Eknow\u003C\u002Fem\u003E I need to be working on it right now) or that I haven’t scheduled enough time for my YouTube viewing – in fact, I don’t really even want to watch those videos, I’m just drawn to them as a way of avoiding the discomfort of knuckling down to work. In the psychologists’ jargon, I’m procrastinating to achieve a short-term positive ‘hedonic shift’, at the cost of my longer-term goals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-why-procrastination-is-about-managing-emotions-not-time-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Procrastination – while effectively distracting in the short-term – can lead to guilt, which ultimately compounds the initial stress","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-why-procrastination-is-about-managing-emotions-not-time-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe emotional regulation view of procrastination also helps explain some strange modern phenomena, like the fad for watching online cat videos which have attracted billions of views on YouTube. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0747563215004343#b0250\"\u003Esurvey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of thousands of people by Jessica Myrick at the Media School at Indiana University confirmed procrastination as a common motive for viewing the cat videos and that watching them led to a boost in positive mood. It’s not that people hadn’t adequately scheduled time for watching the videos; often they were only watching the clips to make themselves feel better when they should be doing something else less fun.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMyrick’s research also highlighted another emotional aspect to procrastination. Many of those surveyed felt guilty after watching the cat videos. This speaks to how procrastination is a misguided emotional regulation strategy. While it might bring short-term relief, it only stores up problems for later. In my own case, by delaying my work I just end up feeling even more stressed, not to mention the gathering clouds of guilt and frustration.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s perhaps little wonder that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10865-015-9629-2\"\u003Eresearch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by Fuschia Sirois has shown chronic procrastination – that is, being inclined to procrastinate on a regular, long-term basis – is associated with a host of adverse mental and physical health consequences, including anxiety and depression, poor health such as colds and flu, and even more serious conditions like cardiovascular disease.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-why-procrastination-is-about-managing-emotions-not-time-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0810h5h"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-why-procrastination-is-about-managing-emotions-not-time-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESirois believes procrastination has these adverse consequences through two routes – first, it’s stressful to keep putting off important tasks and failing to fulfil your goals, and second, the procrastination often involves delaying important health behaviours, such as taking up exercise or visiting the doctor. “Over time high stress and poor health behaviours are well known to have a synergistic and cumulative effect on health that can increase risk for a number of serious and chronic health conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, and even cancer,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll of this means that overcoming procrastination could have a major positive impact on your life. Sirois says her research suggests that “decreasing a tendency to chronically procrastinate by one point [on a five-point procrastination scale] would also potentially mean that your risk for having poor heart health would reduce by 63%”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Just get started’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn a positive note, if procrastination is an emotional regulation issue, this offers important clues for how to address it most effectively. An approach based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy or ‘ACT’, an off-shoot of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, seems especially apt. ACT teaches the benefits of ‘psychological flexibility’ – that is, being able to tolerate uncomfortable thoughts and feelings, staying in the present moment in spite of them, and prioritising choices and actions that help you get closer to what you most value in life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERelevant here is cutting edge research that’s shown students who procrastinate more tend to score higher on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS221214471930016X#bib6\"\u003Epsychological \u003Cem\u003Ein\u003C\u002Fem\u003Eflexibility\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. That is, they’re dominated by their psychological reactions, like frustration and worry, at the expense of their life values; high scorers agree with statements like ‘I’m afraid of my feelings’ and ‘My painful experiences and memories make it difficult for me to live a life that I would value’. Those who procrastinate more also score lower on ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2212144716300175#bib40\"\u003Ecommitted action\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’, which describes how much a person persists with actions and behaviours in pursuit of their goals. Low scorers tend to agree with statements like ‘If I feel distressed or discouraged, I let my commitments slide’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-why-procrastination-is-about-managing-emotions-not-time-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Research shows that once the first step is made towards a task, following through becomes easier","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-why-procrastination-is-about-managing-emotions-not-time-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EACT trains people both to increase their psychological flexibility (for example, through mindfulness) and their committed action (for example, by finding creative ways to pursue goals that serve their values – what matters most to them in life), and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1177\u002F1049731515577890\"\u003Epreliminary\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F07448481.2018.1484361\"\u003Eresearch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E  involving students has been promising, with ACT proving more effective than CBT in one trial over the longer-term.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, most of us probably won’t have the option of signing up to an ACT course any time soon – and in any case we’re bound to keep putting off looking for one – so how can we go about applying these principles today? “When someone finally recognises that procrastination isn’t a time management problem but is instead an emotion regulation problem, then they are ready to embrace my favourite tip,” says Pychyl.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe next time you’re tempted to procrastinate, “make your focus as simple as ‘What’s the next action – a simple next step – I would take on this task if I were to get started on it now?’”. Doing this, he says, takes your mind off your feelings and onto easily achievable action. “Our research and lived experience show very clearly that once we get started, we’re typically able to keep going. Getting started is everything.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.christianjarrett.com\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDr Christian Jarrett\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eis a senior editor at Aeon magazine. His next book, about personality change, will be published in 2021.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-why-procrastination-is-about-managing-emotions-not-time-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-05-14T17:56:03Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why procrastination is about managing emotions, not time","headlineShort":"The real reason you procrastinate","image":["p0810h81"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9ed8c532d6352571e7b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Address the real reasons you procrastinate and you’re more likely to start achieving your goals.","summaryShort":"Learn to stop procrastinating by finding your emotional centre","tag":["tag\u002Fproductivity"],"creationDateTime":"2020-01-22T21:04:16.367776Z","entity":"article","guid":"1433c94c-8015-40cb-8c0b-3343ef801e1b","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200121-why-procrastination-is-about-managing-emotions-not-time","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-15T02:25:35.633733Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200121-why-procrastination-is-about-managing-emotions-not-time","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384012},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-the-city-where-you-pay-a-years-rent-up-front":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-the-city-where-you-pay-a-years-rent-up-front","_id":"5ef9f94d8c532d63525196b1","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fayodele-johnson"],"bodyIntro":"","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt took fashion designer Folayemi Alade four months to find an apartment to rent in Nigeria’s huge commercial capital, Lagos. The flat, reasonably spacious, is in the in-demand Mainland District. It’s close to the 30-year-old’s work and has good transport links via a major highway.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Alade had to pay a steep price to secure her home: she paid a full year’s rent up front before moving in. “I was told to pay the full year’s rent and two years’ [contract] agreement and commission fees. I paid approximately $2,000 [including] security [and] water treatment,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe’s not alone. Lagos is currently home to 22 million people, most of whom are renters who have travelled from different parts of Nigeria to find jobs. Many work in the financial services, technology and fashion sectors, and all face similar struggles – the high cost of living and a pricey rental market.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOnce people have paid a year’s rent and fees up front, some have no money left. “Everyone becomes broke after paying for the first year's rent,” says Alade, who earns $2,700 a year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Psychologically draining’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe government currently allows landlords to collect rent up to 12 months in advance but bans them from exceeding the one-year mark. The law – changed in 2011 – is a hurried repair; before, many landlords asked for two years’ rent before handing over the keys.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn Lagos Island, many professionals struggle with the cost of living close to their workplace – something that is a huge advantage in this gridlocked city. Professionals in the high net income bracket find it easier to afford the expensive letting fees, but new starters and mid-level employees find themselves priced out of accommodation in coastal districts where multinationals and tech start-ups are based.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-the-city-where-you-pay-a-years-rent-up-front-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p086c7vr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-the-city-where-you-pay-a-years-rent-up-front-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDavid Bankole Abel, a 30-year-old game developer, spent two years sleeping at his office in Lekki Peninsula, an eastern suburb of Lagos, while he scraped together money to rent his own place. “It was the most challenging time of my life because I had to wrestle all forms of mosquitoes and to be sincere, it was psychologically draining,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe’s finally managed to rent a “boys’ quarter”, a tiny living space that is an extension of a large private house or block of flats, usually inside a compound, that is generally used to accommodate domestic staff.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor an 18-square-metre space, Abel had to pay $827 in rent for the year plus agency charges of $275. He didn’t buy any new clothes for months, yet struggled to save partly due to high food costs, because the local council has banned the roadside sheds that serve cheap meals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I couldn’t understand the idea behind an area that pay its workers so little and expects one to use from [the amount] to buy food from [expensive restaurants],” he says. “If I don’t have to pay too much for rent, maybe what I’m paid at my job won’t be that bad. We shouldn’t have a poor salary base and expensive houses to live in — these don't go together.”  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-the-city-where-you-pay-a-years-rent-up-front-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p086c7zl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-the-city-where-you-pay-a-years-rent-up-front-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Extortion’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPart of the problem is Nigeria’s population growth combined with rapid urbanisation: in over a decade, the urban population has grown by 50%. Nationally, the population is expected to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.census.gov\u002Fpopclock\u002Fworld\u002Fni?\"\u003Ealmost double by 2050\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, adding nearly 200 million more residents.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELagos, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F290460837_Urbanization_housing_homelessness_and_climate_change_adaptation_in_Lagos_Nigeria_Lessons_from_Asia\"\u003Eattained mega-city status in 2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, is already bursting at the seams. Flooding has driven people out of vulnerable coastal neighbourhoods, meaning prices have soared in other in-demand districts. More houses are being constructed, but investors are fixated on building luxury homes affordable to few.    \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENeedless to say, rental struggles have sparked conversations among young people about how to fix the problem. Many properties available for rent are flats that don’t work for singletons, who are looking for smaller spaces. And in general, people are frustrated by what they see as excessive fees that estate agents charge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think the agent system is extortion,” says Abiola Abajo, a 29-year-old project manager who rents in Lagos. “I see no reason why there cannot be an e-commerce platform where landlords can meet their potential tenants.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGender inequality has also been an issue for her: many landlords don’t want to rent to single women because of entrenched conservatism. And she says the absence of caps on rent has helped landlords and agents to get away with sudden price rises. “The agents have moved the [fee for monthly] commission and [contract] agreement from 10% to 20%, meaning that an apartment of $1,400 [for a year] is now $2,000.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEstate agent Sunday Aina, 41, says landlords won’t consider monthly rental because many have enormous loan commitments which they need to pay off fast. Many are also capitalising on the high level of demand for housing, he says. He believes government-regulated rent caps – standardised pricing for different parts of the city – would help solve the problem. He also acknowledges that estate agency charges “are too much”, and that service fees should be lowered. He thinks 5% of the rent would be a good level, as opposed to the current standard of 10%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBetter transport, more sharing\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe government is hoping that transport upgrades that will allow workers to live further from the city centre will help ease the rental crunch. Project engineers are under pressure to meet a deadline to build rail tracks for the federal train service that will link three states in southwest Nigeria, including Lagos. When built, the hope is that more young workers will live in remote areas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWaterways have attracted private investors, too. Uber, for example, has carried out \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-uber-nigeria\u002Fuber-launches-boat-service-in-nigerias-megacity-lagos-idUSKBN1WQ1GB\"\u003Epilot trials of a boat service\u003C\u002Fa\u003E aimed at commuters in partnership with the state government that seeks to connect residents and businesses faster to their destinations. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWasiu Akewusola, permanent secretary of the housing department, has also suggested employers can lighten the load by remitting housing allowances to their staff annually instead of as a monthly payment, to help them cope with upfront expenses. It’s not clear how realistic this is. Companies are not likely to explore this idea because it is only possible when they are sure that their staff will remain for the whole year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-the-city-where-you-pay-a-years-rent-up-front-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p086c8dz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-the-city-where-you-pay-a-years-rent-up-front-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile Akintola Adesanmi, 31, and Dolapo Adebayo, 28, have founded Spleet, a start-up offering shared accommodation to young workers. Tenants can pay monthly or quarterly for rooms in city apartments, with utility bills included.  A monthly payment of $267 covers rent, service charge, repairs, a minimum of 15 hours’ supply of power and weekly sanitation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“This allows just about anybody looking for a space to pay as they earn: [the] majority of the demography in Lagos and all over Nigeria earn monthly or daily, as opposed to the yearly rental system that currently exists,” Adesanmi says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESatisfying the demand for affordable homes close to workplaces has involved breaking some norms. Sometimes, female tenants are unsure about sharing spaces with men. Spleet reassures them by explaining how it vets customers and the information (like family address, bank details and national ID number) it holds on them. Most of the time, clients are aware of their rental model and put up no resistance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAdesanmi feels the government needs to incentivise developers to “create more one- and two-bedroom units for the new generation of millennial home seekers”. Yet for the moment, as people continue to pour into Lagos, landlords hold all the power.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlade, who scraped her first year’s rent together by combining a side gig with her full-time designer job, says moving to monthly or even six-monthly payments would be much better for young workers. But until that happens, a tough savings regime will be the reality for many in Lagos.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-the-city-where-you-pay-a-years-rent-up-front-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-03-12T15:27:42Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The city where you pay a year's rent up front","headlineShort":"Paying a year's rent before move-in","image":["p086c892"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9ed8c532d6352571e7b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Some workers searching for a home in Lagos are required to pay an entire year’s rent before they can move in. For many, affording a flat means sacrificing their way of life.","summaryShort":"Where workers sleep at the office to afford their rent","tag":["tag\u002Fhousing"],"creationDateTime":"2020-03-11T21:15:14.468324Z","entity":"article","guid":"3032a5ce-3071-435a-82ce-ebca57ed4069","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200311-the-city-where-you-pay-a-years-rent-up-front","modifiedDateTime":"2020-03-11T21:15:14.468324Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200311-the-city-where-you-pay-a-years-rent-up-front","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384012},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200217-the-simple-maths-error-that-can-lead-to-bankruptcy":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200217-the-simple-maths-error-that-can-lead-to-bankruptcy","_id":"5ef9f94c8c532d6352519234","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fdavid-robson"],"bodyIntro":"The “gambler’s fallacy” - which can affect everyone from athletes to loan officers - creates deceptive biases that lead you to anticipate patterns that don’t really exist.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFifteen years ago, the people of Italy experienced a strange kind of mass hysteria known as “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcodacons.it\u002Fla-febbre-per-il-53-sulla-ruota-di-venezia-non-si-placa\u002F\"\u003E53 fever\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it\u002Fnews\u002Fitalia\u002F29026\u002Flotto-uscito-il-53-a-venezia.html\"\u003Emadness centred on the country’s lottery\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Players can choose between 11 different wheels, based in cities such as Bari, Naples or Venice. Once you have picked which wheels to play, you can then bet on a selection of numbers between 1 and 90. Your winnings depend on how much you initially bet, how many numbers you picked and how many you got right.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESometime in 2003, however, the number 53 simply stopped coming up on the Venice wheel – leading punters to place increasingly big bets on the number in the certainty that it must soon make a reappearance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy early 2005, 53 fever had apparently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.repubblica.it\u002F2005\u002Fa\u002Fsezioni\u002Fcronaca\u002Flotto\u002Fno53\u002Fno53.html\"\u003Eled thousands to their financial ruin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the pain of which resulted in a spate of suicides. The hysteria only died away when it finally came up in the 9 February draw, after 182 no-shows and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.repubblica.it\u002F2005\u002Fa\u002Fsezioni\u002Fcronaca\u002Flotto\u002Fritardancora\u002Fritardancora.html\"\u003Efour billion euros worth of bets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile it may have appeared like a kind of madness, the victims had been led astray by a reasoning flaw called the “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2005\u002Ffeb\u002F11\u002Fitaly.sophiearie\"\u003Egambler’s fallacy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” – a worryingly common error that can derail many of our professional decisions, from a goalkeeper’s responses to penalty shootouts in football to stock market investments and even judicial rulings on new asylum cases.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200217-the-simple-maths-error-that-can-lead-to-bankruptcy-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p083py0l"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200217-the-simple-maths-error-that-can-lead-to-bankruptcy-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETo find out if you fall for the gambler’s fallacy, imagine you are tossing a (fair) coin and you get the following sequence: Heads, Heads, Tails, Tails, Tails, Tails, Tails, Tails, Tails, Tails, Tails, Tails. What’s the chance you will now get a heads?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany people believe the odds change so that the sequence must somehow even out, increasing the chance of a heads on the subsequent goes. Somehow, it just feels \u003Cem\u003Einevitable\u003C\u002Fem\u003E that a heads will come next. But basic probability theory tells us that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FIndependence_(probability_theory)\"\u003Ethe events are statistically independent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, meaning the odds are exactly the same on each flip. The chance of a heads is still 50% even if you’ve had 500 or 5,000 tails all in a row.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the same reason, HTHTTH is just as likely as HHHHHH. Once again, however, many disagree and think that the mixed sequence is somehow more probable than the streak.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs its name suggests, the gambler’s fallacy has been of most interest to researchers studying games of chance. Indeed, it is sometimes known as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fio9.gizmodo.com\u002Fthe-night-the-gamblers-fallacy-lost-people-millions-1496890660\"\u003EMonte Carlo Fallacy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, after a notorious event at one of Monaco’s roulette tables in 1913, with 26 blacks in a row. Observational studies – using casino security footage – have confirmed that it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11166-005-1153-2\"\u003Econtinues to influence bets today\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESurprisingly, education and intelligence do not protect us against the bias. Indeed, one study by Chinese and American researchers found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3465297\u002F\"\u003Epeople with higher IQs are actually more susceptible to the gambler’s fallacy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than people who score less well on standardised tests. It could be that the more intelligent people overthink the patterns and believe that they are smart enough to predict what comes next.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200217-the-simple-maths-error-that-can-lead-to-bankruptcy-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Bank loan officers were up to 8% more likely to reject an application after they had accepted two or more in a row","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200217-the-simple-maths-error-that-can-lead-to-bankruptcy-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhatever the reason for these false intuitions, subsequent research has revealed that gambler’s fallacy can have serious consequences far beyond the casino. The bias appears to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0165176519304471\"\u003Epresent in stock market trading\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for instance. Many short-term changes in stock price are essentially random fluctuations, and Matthias Pelster at Paderborn University in Germany has shown that investors will base their decisions on the belief that the prices will soon “even out”. So, like Italy’s lottery players, they trade against a streak. “Investors should, on average, trade equally ‘in line’ with the streak and against it,” he says. “Yet that is not what we can see in the data.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe gambler’s fallacy is a particular problem in the very professions that specifically require an even, unbiased judgement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne team of researchers recently analysed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fqje\u002Farticle\u002F131\u002F3\u002F1181\u002F2590011\"\u003EUS judges’ decisions on whether or not to grant asylum to refugees\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Logically speaking, the ordering of the cases should not matter. But in line with the gambler’s fallacy, the team found that the judges were up to 5.5% less likely to grant a case if they had granted the two previous cases – a serious decline from the average acceptance rate of 29%. Consciously or not, they seemed to think that the chances of having the same judgement three times in a row was just too small, and so they were more inclined to break the streak.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe researchers next analysed bank staff considering loan applications. Once again, the order of the applications made a difference: the loan officers were up to 8% more likely to reject an application after they had already accepted two or more in a row – and vice versa.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs a final test, the team analysed umpires’ decisions in Major League Baseball games. In this case, the umpires were about 1.5% less likely to call a pitch a strike if the previous pitch was also called a strike – a small but significant bias that could make all the difference in a game. Kelly Shue, one the co-authors of the study, says that she was initially surprised at the results. “Because these are professionals and they're making decisions as part of their primary occupation,” she says. But they were still vulnerable to the bias.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200217-the-simple-maths-error-that-can-lead-to-bankruptcy-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p083pwvj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200217-the-simple-maths-error-that-can-lead-to-bankruptcy-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFootball players might pay particular attention to the gambler’s fallacy. In a penalty shootout, it takes between 0.2 and 0.3 seconds for the ball to hit the goal. “The goalkeeper must [therefore] decide whether to jump to one of the sides or to stay in the goal's centre more or less at the same time that the kicker chooses how to kick,” Simcha Avugos at Ben-Gurion University in Israel explains. This means that the decision of where to dive is essentially a gamble.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWould they, like the judges, loan officers and baseball umpires, “bet” against a streak? Avugos’s team recently \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjournal.sjdm.org\u002F18\u002F18220\u002Fjdm18220.pdf\"\u003Eanalysed shootouts at events such as the FIFA World Cup and the UK’s Champions League\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – and that is indeed what they found. Given these results, the team argue that footballers could exploit this tendency by continuing to shoot in the same direction during a penalty shootout.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMost jobs may feel a world away from these high-stakes situations, but Shue believes that the gambler’s fallacy will be prevalent in many other careers – even when we don’t realise we’re making unconscious probabilistic judgements. She gives the example of employee recruitment. If the interviewers have already seen one good candidate, they might not expect another exceptional individual. “And then I’d be more likely to give a harsh rating to the next person.” The same goes for teachers grading essays, she says. Similarly, if you were a publisher considering new novels, you might \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fentertainment-arts-35899243\"\u003Ereject the next JK Rowling\u003C\u002Fa\u003E based solely on the fact that you have recently commissioned a couple of other stellar manuscripts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhatever your profession, you’d do well to remember Italy’s “53 fever” and the chaos that ensued. Occasional streaks can and do occur in any kind of sequence – and we’d all be more rational if we accepted that our intuition about chance is often wildly off the mark.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDavid Robson is the author of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.davidrobson.me\u002Fthe-intelligence-trap\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Intelligence Trap: Why Smart People Do Dumb Things\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, which examines our most common thinking errors and the ways to correct them.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200217-the-simple-maths-error-that-can-lead-to-bankruptcy-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-17T18:17:26.578Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The simple maths error that can lead to bankruptcy","headlineShort":"The basic maths error that creates ruin","image":["p083py01"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9ed8c532d6352571e7b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The “gambler’s fallacy” - which can affect everyone from athletes to loan officers - creates deceptive biases that lead you to anticipate patterns that don’t really exist.","summaryShort":"The fallacy leads to financial loss, sports failure and miscarriages of justice","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"creationDateTime":"2020-02-17T21:09:33.983442Z","entity":"article","guid":"6e423d74-52f5-4392-a573-d80496522c12","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200217-the-simple-maths-error-that-can-lead-to-bankruptcy","modifiedDateTime":"2020-02-17T21:22:10.315695Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200217-the-simple-maths-error-that-can-lead-to-bankruptcy","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384012},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so","_id":"5ef9f94f8c532d6352519edd","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmaddy-savage"],"bodyIntro":"More than half a decade since dating apps went mainstream, can millennials who’ve lost patience with digital platforms still find love in the analogue world?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThey’ve facilitated \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessofapps.com\u002Fdata\u002Ftinder-statistics\u002F\"\u003Ebillions of dates\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and helped pave the way for marriage, children and everything in between. It’s old news that dating apps and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.stanford.edu\u002F2019\u002F08\u002F21\u002Fonline-dating-popular-way-u-s-couples-meet\u002F\"\u003Eonline platforms are now the most common way for prospective partners to meet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the US and have become popular around the world. But for many of those who’ve tried and failed to find true love through their devices, the novelty is long gone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I've met great people that later became friends and had a handful of extended flings, but never a long-term relationship,” says writer Madeleine Dore, a 30-year-old from Melbourne who’s also dated in New York and Copenhagen. She’s used apps including Tinder, Bumble and OkCupid over the last five years and describes the dates she’s been on as ranging from experiences “that feel like a scene in a rom-com” to “absolute disasters”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of her friends have met their partners online, and this knowledge has encouraged her to keep persevering. But, when “conversations unexpectedly fizzle, sparks don’t translate in person [and] dates are cancelled”, she typically ends up disenchanted and temporarily deletes her apps for a couple of months.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a pattern many long-term singles will be familiar with, with other complaints about the app-based dating experience ranging from a lack of matches to too many matches, misleading profiles, safety concerns, racist comments and unwanted explicit content. Not to mention a host of digital behaviours so confusing we’ve had to make up new words for them, from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fbbcthree\u002Farticle\u002F8005c989-3226-435b-b87c-da5ece40fad3\"\u003Eghosting\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fuk-england-46795876\u002Fcatfishing-what-happens-when-someone-steals-your-identity\"\u003Ecatfishing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fbbcthree\u002Farticle\u002F63ca22ff-b580-4fe7-8796-b44edb9bf245\"\u003Epigging\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fbbcthree\u002Farticle\u002Fe98e8f01-c01b-445d-8a67-2ed3228b540f\"\u003Eorbiting\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile almost half of adults under 35 living in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fd25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net\u002Fcumulus_uploads\u002Fdocument\u002F9k0aj3nk2y\u002FCopy%20of%20Results%20for%20YouGov%20Omnibus%20(Dating%20Apps)%20027%2030.1.2019.xlsx%20%20%5BGroup%5D.pdf\"\u003EUS\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fyougov.co.uk\u002Fopi\u002Fsurveys\u002Fresults#\u002Fsurvey\u002F2a11d3c0-cf55-11e6-947e-eebe41e67c16\u002Fquestion\u002F5c8cf410-cf55-11e6-947e-eebe41e67c16\u002Fregion\"\u003EUK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have tried some form of digital dating, and the multibillion-dollar industry \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ibisworld.com\u002Funited-states\u002Fmarket-research-reports\u002Fdating-services-industry\u002F\"\u003Eincreased by 11%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in North America between 2014 and the start of 2019, there are growing signs that many would rather not be using these methods. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fnewsbeat-45007017\"\u003EBBC survey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2018 found that dating apps are the least preferred way for 16- to 34-year-old Britons to meet someone new.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07wqbh8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Bumble screen","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAcademics are also paying increased attention to the downsides of digital romance. A study in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1177\u002F0265407519861153?journalCode=spra\"\u003EJournal of Social and Personal Relationships\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in September concluded that compulsive app users can end up feeling lonelier than they did in the first place. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubsonline.informs.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1287\u002Fmnsc.2017.2797\"\u003EManagement Science\u003C\u002Fa\u003E published a study on online dating in 2017 which highlighted the paradox of choice, noting that “increasing the number of potential matches has a positive effect due to larger choice, but also a negative effect due to competition between agents on the same side.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“You need a lot of swipes to get a match, a lot of matches to get a number, a lot of numbers to get a date and a lot of dates to get a third date,” explains Scott Harvey, editor of Global Dating Insights, the online dating industry’s trade news publication.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"You need a lot of swipes to get a match, a lot of matches to get a number, a lot of numbers to get a date and a lot of dates to get a third date – Scott Harvey","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Trying to find a partner in this way is extremely labour-intensive and can be quite exasperating,” he says, adding that those working in the sector are highly aware that many consumers are no longer “completely enamoured” by apps like Tinder and Bumble.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile Julie Beck, a staff writer for The Atlantic, made waves with an article addressing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Fhealth\u002Farchive\u002F2016\u002F10\u002Fthe-unbearable-exhaustion-of-dating-apps\u002F505184\u002F\"\u003Ethe rise of dating app fatigue\u003C\u002Fa\u003E three years ago, 2019 stands out as the moment that deeper discussions about the downsides of dating apps and debates about the feasibility of going without them went mainstream. Millennial media from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.glamourmagazine.co.uk\u002Farticle\u002Fcan-a-millennial-date-in-real-life\"\u003EGlamour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vice.com\u002Fen_uk\u002Farticle\u002Fvb5y83\u002Fquit-dating-apps-how-to-meet-people\"\u003EVice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E truly began shifting their focus, US dating coach Camille Virginia released an advice book called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FOffline-Dating-Method-Attract-Great\u002Fdp\u002F194878792X\"\u003EThe Offline Dating Method\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for those seeking to rid themselves of apps, and British broadcaster Verity Geere revealed how she went on a complete \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.co.uk\u002FMan-Detox-Verity-Geere\u002Fdp\u002F1913094065\"\u003Edetox from sex and relationships\u003C\u002Fa\u003E after what she describes as eight years as an online “dating junkie” that failed to score her a long-term partner. Meanwhile research analytics firm eMarketer predicted a slowdown in user growth for mainstream online platforms, with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessinsider.com\u002Fdating-app-usage-growth-slowing-tinder-match-bumble-analysts-say-2019-6?r=US&IR=T\"\u003Emore users switching between apps than new people entering the market\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDating in the wild\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKamila Saramak, 30, a medical doctor living in the Polish capital, Warsaw, is among those who’ve taken the decision to go cold turkey and focus on dating offline.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESeveral months after splitting up with her partner of two years, she says she was “pretty much playing with Tinder every day,” swiping through profiles each morning and messaging matches while she had her breakfast. But after six months she realised it was impacting on her mental health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I was writing to them, I was meeting with them and then they just disappeared,” she says of many of her matches. “I was very lonely at that time…and it made me feel like I was worse than other people.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07wqc62"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Kamila Saramak","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor others, deleting the apps has been more about winning time back in their lives for other activities rather than a reaction to painful experiences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Most of the time, the girls didn't look like the pictures...and the conversation was unfortunately, most of the time absolutely uninteresting,” says Leo Pierrard, 28, a French journalist living in Berlin. He stopped using dating apps for 18 months, before meeting his current partner on a trip to Paris.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think, definitely people are getting tired of it,” agrees Linda Jonsson, a 27-year-old gym instructor from Stockholm. She says she used Tinder for two years and had a nine-month relationship with one person she met on the app, but deleted it for the foreseeable future earlier this year and remains single.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn her friendship circle, “good first dates” that don’t lead to anything more serious are the most frequent irritation, which can, she says, feel like a waste of effort.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It was really fine for a couple of years just to try it out and see what happens. But more and more of my friends are actually just deleting them and going out the old-fashioned way just to find people.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile meeting an unattached millennial who has never used a dating app is like searching for a needle in a haystack, but they do exist.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07wqc7x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Linda Jonsson","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMatt Franzetti, 30, who is originally from Milan and works for a non-profit organisation in Transylvania, Romania, says he is put off by the idea of having to sell himself using photos and pithy profile texts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"You have to be very good about describing yourself to look very interesting – Matt Franzetti","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“You have to be very good about describing yourself to look very interesting,” he argues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe has met some women after having “deeper conversations” at parties or through blogging about his interests, which include rock music and art, but his dating history is limited and he is “usually single”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAgainst the odds?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo what is the likelihood of finding a long-term partner in the analogue world, especially for a cohort that has grown up glued to smartphones and with far more limited traditional interactions with strangers compared to previous generations? We shop online, order transportation and food online and chat with friends online. Do most of us even know how to approach people we fancy in public these days?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMatt Lundquist, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftribecatherapy.com\u002Four-therapists\u002Fabout\u002F\"\u003Erelationship therapist\u003C\u002Fa\u003E based in New York says that many of his single patients have grown so used to meeting hookups or partners online that they end up ignoring potential matches elsewhere.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“When people are going out, going to a party, to a bar, often they are actually not at all thinking about dating,” he says. This means that even if they end up having an interesting conversation with someone they would have swiped right on “it’s just not where their brain is”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The clarity of a match online has perhaps made us more timid in real life meetings,” agrees Melbourne-based singleton Madeleine Dore. “Without a ‘swipe yes’ or ‘swipe no’ function, we risk putting our feelings out there to be rejected in full view. Better to open the app and endlessly swipe, blissfully unaware of who swiped you away.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07wqccq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Matt Franzetti","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAmbivalence to relationships\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELundquist reflects that the rise of app-based dating coincided with a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ft.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fbe9779b6-bfcb-11e7-823b-ed31693349d3\"\u003Edecline in social spaces\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in which people used to find potential sexual partners and dates. Gay bars are closing at a rapid rate in around the world, including in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nbcnews.com\u002Ffeature\u002Fnbc-out\u002Fmore-half-london-s-gay-pubs-clubs-have-closed-last-n780601\"\u003ELondon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.stockholmdirekt.se\u002Fnyheter\u002Fnu-stanger-innerstans-sista-gayklubb\u002Frepshp!zsjKb5TKb4XKbEdjtmx@g\u002F\"\u003EStockholm\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eater.com\u002F2018\u002F1\u002F23\u002F16923380\u002Fgay-bars-disappearing-zach-stafford\"\u003Eacross the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Half of the UK’s nightclubs shut their doors between 2005 and 2015 according to research for the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsbeat\u002Farticle\u002F33713015\u002Fuk-nightclubs-closing-at-alarming-rate-industry-figures-suggest\"\u003EBBC’s Newsbeat programme\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe current climate around sexual harassment in the workplace in the wake of the #MeToo movement may even be putting off colleagues from embarking on traditional office romances. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vault.com\u002Fblogs\u002Fworkplace-issues\u002F2018-vault-office-romance-survey-results\"\u003ESome studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E suggest fewer workers are dating one another compared to a decade ago and a greater tendency for employees to feel uncomfortable with the idea of colleagues having a workplace relationship.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The current climate around sexual harassment in the workplace in the wake of the #MeToo movement may even be putting off colleagues from embarking on traditional office romances.","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor Lundquist, anyone refusing to use dating apps is therefore “dramatically reducing” their odds of meeting someone, since they remain the most normalised way to meet people. “I think that apps are complicated and suck in lots of very legitimate ways. But that's what's happening. That is where people are dating.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe argues that meeting romantic partners has always been challenging and that it’s important to remember that online platforms first came on the market as a way to help those who were struggling. For many of his patients, the decision to turn off dating platforms, blame them for a lack of dating success, or conversely use them too frequently, can therefore often reflect a more general ambivalence to relationships based on human behaviours and feelings that have actually “been around for millennia”. These might range from previous relationship traumas triggered by former partners or during childhood, to body hang-ups or conflicts around sexual identity, monogamy and confidence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07wqcdd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"#MeToo protests","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHe advises those who are committed to dating, to improve the process of using apps by making it “more social”, for example sharing profiles with friends, brainstorming ideas about where to go on dates and deciding when to have conversations about exclusivity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“One of the paths to which people find their way to misery in this domain is that they are doing it in a much too isolated way,” says Lundquist. The process will, however, take time and dedication, he argues, suggesting that “if you’re not engaged daily, the odds of it working I think are close to zero.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDamona Hoffman, an LA-based dating coach and host of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdamonahoffman.com\u002Fdates-mates-podcast\u002F\"\u003Ethe Dates & Mates podcast\u003C\u002Fa\u003E agrees that a dating app is “the most powerful tool in your dating tool box” but is more optimistic about analogue options.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I completely disagree with the feeling that if you're not online, you don't have a prayer of meeting someone today. But I do think dating today requires a level of intention that I see a lot of millennials lacking,” she argues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I do think dating today requires a level of intention that I see a lot of millennials lacking – Damona Hoffman","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHer tips include dedicating around five hours a week to chat to potential matches or meet people in real life, being more conscious about the kind of person you are looking for, and actively searching for relevant spaces where you can approach potential dates directly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“If you're looking for someone that has a professional career, you might want to go downtown at happy hour and make sure that you're talking to people that work in those office buildings, or if you're looking for someone who has a big heart, you go to charity events and places where you're going to meet people who make philanthropy a part of their lifestyle.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor those with significant money to spare, hiring a dating coach is another option she recommends (her services cost a minimum of $1,000 a month) or even paying for matchmaking services. This seemingly outdated concept is enjoying a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww3.bostonglobe.com\u002Fmetro\u002F2018\u002F03\u002F19\u002Fwhen-tinder-and-cupid-fail-matchmakers-find-their-niche\u002FUN0LBQvYW9pSaWbG2axCEI\u002Fstory.html?et_rid=26678096&s_campaign=todaysheadlines:newsletter&arc404=true\"\u003Eresurgence among wealthy, time-poor professionals in some US cities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.va.se\u002Fnyheter\u002F2019\u002F02\u002F22\u002Fdags-att-sluta-svajpa-vanster-och-testa-slowdating-istallet-insights\u002F\"\u003ESweden’s first personal matchmaking agency\u003C\u002Fa\u003E launched just three years ago and has a growing client base across Europe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07wqbkm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Damona Hoffman","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, Hoffman sympathises with the feeling of dating fatigue and says that anyone who feels at the point of burnout should take a short break, “because then you're bringing the wrong energy into dating”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat’s next for dating?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen it comes to the future of dating, Scott Harvey, editor of Global Dating Insights, says that artificial intelligence and video are the “two main talking points in the industry” right now.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fm\u002F2019\u002F11\u002F21\u002Ffacebook-dating-now-integrates-with-instagram-and-facebook-stories\u002F\"\u003EFacebook’s new dating product\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an opt-in feature of the main Facebook app, which has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fprogrammes\u002Fp07rtzfh\"\u003Elaunched in the US and 20 other countries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and is scheduled to go live in Europe next year, includes the option for users to share video or photo based Stories from their main feeds to potential dates, cutting down on the effort of creating curated content for separate dating platforms. Since Facebook already knows so much about us, it will, Harvey argues, end up with an “unparalleled insight” into which kinds of matches end in relationships, marriage or divorce, which can be used to inform future matching algorithms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn terms of video, he says dating app companies also want to test “whether people can get a feel for in-person chemistry by chatting face-to-face” using video chat functions and “whether people will actually go to the trouble of having short video dates on a Sunday afternoon or Tuesday evening” as a way of avoiding lacklustre real life encounters.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile industry analysts and coaches including both Scott Harvey and Damona Hoffman also point to a resurgence in offline singles events on both sides of the Atlantic, whether run by larger online dating companies seeking to find new ways of connecting existing pools of singles who are tired of swiping, or newer players looking to capitalise on current debates about the challenges of dating in today’s digital era.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We saw this huge demand for authentic connection and genuine meetings and how difficult it is to create this on your own,” says Philip Jonzon Jarl, co-founder of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frelate-app.com\u002F\"\u003ERelate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a Scandinavian dating and relationships start-up which organises singles parties, matching guests with a handful of attendees based on their values.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07wqcg0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Relate meeting","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThey still need an app for the process, but Jonzon Jarl views it as “a tool for a deeper conversation” that is typically lacking at speed-dating events or mingles for singles. His longer-term vision is for “dating meets personal development”, with couples who connect via the platform able to unlock tips and tools to aid them as their relationship develops, in part, to help them avoid the temptation to jump too quickly back into the online dating pool if things don’t immediately run smoothly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETherapist Matt Lundquist is sceptical about how much of an impact new methods like these will have and suggests that it would be “rather remarkable” if someone created a silver bullet to dispense with the “challenging” behaviours that have become routinised in modern day dating, such as ghosting and a lack of transparency.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever he believes it’s a positive step that some singles event organisers are at least trying to make our experience of forming new relationships “less routine and anonymous” and attempting to create more “opportunities for a real connection” between people.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think the world needs that really badly, not just the realm of dating.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so-22"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-12-03T20:58:12.52Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Should I delete Tinder? These millennials think so","headlineShort":"Can you get a date without an app?","image":["p07wqc7x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9ed8c532d6352571e7b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Ftechnology"],"summaryLong":"More than half a decade since dating apps went mainstream, can millennials who’ve lost patience with digital platforms still find love in the analogue world?","summaryShort":"Can millennials fed up with digital dating find love the old-fashioned way?","tag":["tag\u002Ftechnology"],"creationDateTime":"2019-12-03T21:01:23.011314Z","entity":"article","guid":"ea92a4f4-5a58-45aa-9259-698c7792cd61","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so","modifiedDateTime":"2019-12-04T17:37:07.532015Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191203-should-i-delete-tinder-these-millennials-think-so","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384012},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-how-japan-is-handling-more-ageing-drivers":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-how-japan-is-handling-more-ageing-drivers","_id":"5ef9f94d8c532d635251970f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"One of Earth's fastest ageing societies, Japan's grapple with a bigger population of elderly drivers might teach the rest of the world lessons about safety and inclusion.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJapan is known for having one of the world’s most efficient and comprehensive public transport systems, but it’s also a nation of drivers and car-lovers, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.jama-english.jp\u002Fpublications\u002FMIJ2018.pdf\"\u003Ewith nearly 80 million vehicles on the road\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Now, as one of the planet’s most aged nations, with one in five citizens\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fnews\u002F2018\u002F09\u002F17\u002Fnational\u002Fnumber-women-japan-aged-least-65-years-old-tops-20-million-first-time\u002F#.Xa3D-CV7lTY\"\u003E aged 70 or older\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, it is facing a sensitive problem: how do you keep traffic accidents down as people get older? \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s an important question: last year in Japan the proportion of fatal traffic accidents \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fnews\u002F2019\u002F06\u002F11\u002Fnational\u002Fjapan-plans-new-drivers-license-system-elderly-accidents-surge\u002F#.XbHjGiUXZTY\"\u003Ecaused by drivers 75 or older rose\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to 14.8%, up from 8.7% in 2008. And although last year overall traffic deaths in Japan were the lowest since 1948, over-65s made up a record high of 56% of the total deaths that did occur.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fnews\u002F2019\u002F06\u002F21\u002Fnational\u002F75s-cause-fatal-traffic-accidents-twice-rate-younger-drivers-white-paper-shows\u002F#.XbL9KiUXZTb\"\u003Ea Japanese government report in June\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, drivers 75 or older caused more than double the number of fatal accidents in 2018 than younger drivers did. More specifically, the over-75s caused 8.2 fatal crashes per every 100,000 on the road, “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fnews\u002F2019\u002F06\u002F21\u002Fnational\u002F75s-cause-fatal-traffic-accidents-twice-rate-younger-drivers-white-paper-shows\u002F#.XadfByV7lTZ\"\u003Eabout 2.4 times the number caused by those aged 74 or younger\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmainichi.jp\u002Fenglish\u002Farticles\u002F20190425\u002Fp2a\u002F00m\u002F0na\u002F006000c\"\u003EDeadly accidents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E involving older drivers \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fnews\u002F2019\u002F06\u002F05\u002Fnational\u002Felderly-driver-81-wife-die-speeding-car-slams-vehicle-intersection-fukuoka\u002F#.Xa3HpyV7lTY\"\u003Econtinue to make national news\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Right now in Japan, over-75s must take a cognitive test every three years before they can successfully get their licence renewed, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.telegraph.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002F2019\u002F06\u002F18\u002Fjapan-force-elderly-drivers-have-automatic-brakes-bid-deal-aging\u002F\"\u003Eand proposals over the summer aim\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to allow elders to only drive cars with advanced automatic braking systems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet despite unilateral safety efforts, the biggest issue remains that there’s no one-size-fits-all solution to keeping elders driving safely. That’s because not every human at the same age or life stage is going to be the same. “You can’t say at X point in someone’s chronological age, they are likely to experience specific declines,” says Alana Officer, a disability and rehabilitation coordinator at the World Health Organization.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPlus, some studies show that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fmagazine-24204489\"\u003Eyoungest drivers are more dangerous than the eldest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; that same Japanese government report from June found that drivers aged 16 to 19 were the most dangerous group, causing 11.1 fatal accidents per every 100,000 licenced drivers. What’s more, the higher risk of elders dying in a car crash \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fmotorvehiclesafety\u002Folder_adult_drivers\u002Findex.html\"\u003Ecould also be due to increased age-related susceptibility to medical complications\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOfficer says that if you have policy that is strictly tied to age – perhaps revoking licences for all people over a certain age in the name of public safety – you run the risk of ageist laws that discriminate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo what can be done and what is Japan doing? The answers aren’t clear cut, but a mix of mindful policy and new technologies may indicate a path for the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-how-japan-is-handling-more-ageing-drivers-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-how-japan-is-handling-more-ageing-drivers-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"You can’t say at X point in someone’s chronological age, they are likely to experience specific declines - Alana Officer","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-how-japan-is-handling-more-ageing-drivers-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA need for independence – and respect\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDiscussions with older family members about giving up driving can be difficult for people in any country. “It’s important to take steps that support public safety, while treating older drivers with dignity,” says Toshiko Kaneda, senior research associate at Population Reference Bureau, a not-for-profit in Washington, DC that analyses population trends and statistics. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Shimizu, Shizuoka, in south-central Japan, Toyota quality advisor and car salesperson Tomomi Makino has seen the toll the lifestyle change takes on older drivers first-hand. She’s blogged about her experiences with older customers and says more are opting to give up their licences by choice. When this happens, the car dealer comes to their house to drive the car back to the dealership to be sold back. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EElderly residents get some government benefits – discounts on taxis and buses, for example – but saying goodbye to driving can be emotional. Makino recalls one customer who called because he was giving up his licence and needed her to take his car away. He told her on the phone: “I should stop before I hurt somebody”. When Makino showed up, she said the man broke down in tears.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Many people easily discuss that elderly drivers should return their driver’s licence – but we shouldn’t forget about those people’s feelings,” she says. Their car and driving have “become an essential part of their life”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2017, more than 400,000 elderly people in Japan gave up their licenses, the highest number since the programme was introduced in 1998, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nippon.com\u002Fen\u002Ffeatures\u002Fh00219\u002Fmore-elderly-japanese-voluntarily-returning-driver%E2%80%99s-licenses.html\"\u003Eaccording to an analysis of National Police Agency statistics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But Hidenori Arai, president of Japan’s National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, doesn’t think the uptick in licence-surrendering is a “good trend”. In a country where the number of people living with dementia is estimated to be five million, he favours periodic cognitive tests for older drivers, as well as re-training driving skills “to extend their driving years”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELosing licences can hit elderly people in rural areas – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Fbusiness\u002Farchive\u002F2017\u002F08\u002Fjapan-rural-decline\u002F537375\u002F\"\u003Ewhere older populations are biggest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and public transport can be limited – especially hard. “Without a car, they cannot survive,” says Arai. “They cannot go shopping or see their friends and so on. To enjoy life, a car is necessary. Even [though] some older people are aware of their impaired driving skills, they need to keep driving a car for their daily life.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-how-japan-is-handling-more-ageing-drivers-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-how-japan-is-handling-more-ageing-drivers-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECompromise through innovation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo what’s being planned to curb the number of accidents, but also keep seniors active? Taxis that could drive themselves, for one.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn recent years, Japanese car and tech companies have ramped up research in this arena, focusing specifically on helping seniors. (They also want to have some of these robot taxis ready to shuttle foreign visitors between Tokyo sport venues \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Ftechnology\u002F2018\u002Faug\u002F28\u002Fdriverless-taxi-debuts-in-tokyo-in-world-first-trial-ahead-of-olympics\"\u003Ein time for the 2020 Summer Olympics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.) \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wsj.com\u002Farticles\u002Fjapan-road-tests-self-driving-cars-to-keep-aging-motorists-mobile-1453357504\"\u003ERoad tests for self-driving vehicles started in 2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, when human-free Priuses wound their way around roads in tiny seaside towns and other rural areas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EElders have long been one of the primary audiences for driverless cars. Elsewhere in the world, a start-up called Voyage has raised tens of millions of dollars to test fleets in retirement communities, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftechcrunch.com\u002F2019\u002F09\u002F12\u002Fvoyage-raises-31-million-to-bring-driverless-taxis-to-communities\u002F\"\u003Elike a 40-square-mile community of 125,000 in Florida\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-how-japan-is-handling-more-ageing-drivers-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Many people easily discuss that elderly drivers should return their driver’s licence – but we shouldn’t forget about those people’s feelings - Tomomi Makino","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-how-japan-is-handling-more-ageing-drivers-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fasia.nikkei.com\u002FBusiness\u002FStartups\u002FSelf-driving-cars-face-long-road-despite-industry-raising-35bn\"\u003Ewe’re still years away\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from self-driving cars becoming a realistic and readily available solution. In the shorter term, besides those periodic cognitive tests, police departments are trying to roll out a ‘limited driver’s licence’ for those who \u003Cem\u003Edo\u003C\u002Fem\u003E have impaired cognitive functions or driving skills. They can drive, but only certain types of cars with special, built-in safety supports: an automatic braking system, for instance. (A common cause of fatal accidents among older drivers is mixing up the brake pedal with the accelerator.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the shorter term, companies are working on tailoring new cars to fit the needs of the elderly. This month, Toyota \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnet.com\u002Froadshow\u002Fnews\u002Ftoyota-electric-city-car-japan\u002F\"\u003Edebuted a tiny two-seater electric car\u003C\u002Fa\u003E designed for short drives that tops out at 60kph, specifically targeting older motorists who want to remain active.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-how-japan-is-handling-more-ageing-drivers-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-how-japan-is-handling-more-ageing-drivers-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA solution for all\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor years, Japan has required particular bumper stickers to be placed on the cars of both beginner and elderly drivers to identify them to fellow motorists. These stickers essentially function as a heads-up to others on the road.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough these can be helpful signals in some situations, WHO’s Alana Officer says that governments have to be careful labelling either side of the age spectrum as traffic scourges without offering any solutions. Otherwise, she says, it’s a slippery slope to discriminatory laws.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor effective change, Officer echoes Arai’s call for a more comprehensive plan that enables older drivers to adapt to their new life stage and keep them driving longer. She points to continued driving education, as well as occupational therapy to help drivers with restricted head movements caused by conditions like osteoarthritis better check left and right, plus assistive technologies or car modifications.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“If you build people’s cognitive capacity, it has great promise to extend to safe driving,” she says, like safeguarding one’s ability to multitask, the key skill used in driving. “I think a lot of what we need to do is not classify older people within those categories, but [rather, look at] what is it about the ageing process that requires specific policies that enable people to continue to make choices to drive safely?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENo matter where you are in the world, coming to terms with possibly ending your driving career can be a hard pill to swallow. It’s a difficult adjustment to make, especially if there’s not sufficient policy in place to help you make it. Yet in Japan, it’s one that a growing proportion of the population will be facing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“For some, it could be nostalgia. Today’s older adults witnessed the rise of the auto industry and may have been part of the early wave of people getting driver’s licences in the 1960s and ‘70s,” says the Population Reference Bureau’s Kaneda. “It’s the end of an era, in some ways.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAdditional reporting by Chie Kobayashi in Tokyo\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBryan Lufkin is BBC Worklife's features writer. Follow him on Twitter @\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbryan_lufkin?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ebryan_lufkin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-how-japan-is-handling-more-ageing-drivers-9"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-28T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How Japan is handling more ageing drivers","headlineShort":"The car-crash crisis in ageing Japan","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"One of Earth's fastest ageing societies, Japan's grapple with a bigger population of elderly drivers might teach the rest of the world lessons about safety and inclusion.","summaryShort":"Japan, a greying country, has plans to curb spike in elder traffic accidents","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-28T01:28:28.894494Z","entity":"article","guid":"a3d3a28e-15ae-4dbc-875e-6d0975c36273","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-how-japan-is-handling-more-ageing-drivers","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-15T11:59:36.449197Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191025-how-japan-is-handling-more-ageing-drivers","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384013},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day","_id":"5ef9f94f8c532d635251a224","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"A special follow-up day to Valentine’s sees men gifting women. But what might a dip in its popularity tell us about modern Japan?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor many in the West, the red-and-pink heart-filled celebrations of Valentine’s Day are already a month old.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut in Japan, shops and consumers have been gearing up for more commercialised romance, round two: a follow-up holiday called White Day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s only been around for about 40 years, but it’s turned into a big-spending event and has even \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Fadelsteinjake\u002F2018\u002F03\u002F13\u002Fhow-japan-created-white-day-east-asias-alternate-valentines-day\u002F#386e9078348b\"\u003Efiltered into other East Asian countries like China and South Korea\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Celebrated every 14 March – one month after Valentine’s – it works as a mirror image to the holiday it precedes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOn Valentine’s Day in Japan, women give chocolates to the men in their lives. A month later, on White Day, all the men who received presents must return the favour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut these heavily marketed gender-specific holidays might be seeing a decline in popularity, amid broader changes in Japanese society.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EForced fun\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEvery 14 February in Japan, women give men “giri choco” – “giri” means “obligation”, “choco” means “chocolate”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA month later, on White Day, men give their female gift-givers something white, like marshmallows, white cake or sweets, handkerchiefs or stationery, and sometimes more expensive fare like pearl-studded jewellery.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIshimura Manseido, a sweet-making company in Japan’s southern Fukuoka prefecture, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ishimura.co.jp\u002Fwhiteday\u002Fbirth.html\"\u003Eclaims to have invented the holiday around 40 years ago\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In a country where giving gifts and showing thanks for those received are deeply entrenched, Ishimura capitalised on the popularity of Valentine’s Day, encouraging men to thank women with chocolate-filled marshmallow sweets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"What started as something for lovers has extended to include a bevy of recipients: colleagues, bosses, family members, friends. It can get pricey, fast","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut with the two holidays, what started as something for lovers has extended to include a bevy of recipients: colleagues, bosses, family members, friends. It can get pricey, fast.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“In the late ‘80s or ‘90s in the bubble economy, I experienced getting a Hermes scarf from a friend’s father who had his own business, and this person was giving out the scarf to everyone,” says Sawako Hidaka, executive director at the global not-for-profit Asia Society’s Tokyo-based Japan Center.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Now, this does not happen anymore, so my guess would be anything from 500 yen to 2,000 yen ($4.50-$18, £3.40-£14) would be average. But mind you, you are not giving it to just one person, so it does add up.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGifts given, gifts received\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOf course, arbitrary, made-up holidays exist all over the world. So-called “Hallmark holidays” in the US, for example, include “Sweetest Day”, essentially a much less popular \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcorporate.hallmark.com\u002Fholidays-occasions\u002Fsweetest-day\u002F\"\u003EValentine’s Day in October\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on which people are encouraged to buy gifts or go out to dinner.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd while White Day exists for corporations to squeeze more money out of people, it’s surprisingly connected to core values of Japanese society.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs White Day approaches, Hidaka says, “each retail outlet will try to force-sell their merchandise as ‘okaeshi’, which is deeply rooted in the culture”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Okaeshi means gifts given as thanks for receiving gifts","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOkaeshi means gifts given as thanks for receiving gifts. Presenting tokens of appreciation and love is a symbol of affection and respect the world over, but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nippon.com\u002Fen\u002Ffeatures\u002Fjg00080\u002Fthe-social-custom-of-gift-giving.html\"\u003Ethe practice takes particular importance in Japan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a country that highly values group harmony and smooth-running social and professional relationships.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGenerally speaking, “Japanese gift-giving is a time-honoured tradition or long-standing cultural practice in that if you receive a gift, you are obliged to reciprocate. It’s not based on romance per se”, says Setsu Shigematsu, associate professor of media and cultural studies at the University of California, Riverside.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Obviously, the misunderstandings that can occur here through such exchanges are readily apparent. People may be tired of the hassle that can come from this particular exchange of gifts, since it blurs the lines between romance and obligation.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe near-mandatory nature of Japanese Valentine’s Day \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-47112489\"\u003Ehas led to gift-giving burnout in recent years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Could it take White Day down with it?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDecline in popularity?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAccording to the Japan Anniversary Association, an organisation that registers and studies the nation’s events and holidays, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.kinenbilabo.jp\u002F?p=650\"\u003EWhite Day spending last year fell about 10% from 2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, from 59bn yen (around $530m, £404m) to 53bn yen ($475m). It’s expected to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.kinenbilabo.jp\u002F?p=746\"\u003Efall to 49 billion yen this year.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere’s a simple reason for the decline, the association says: Valentine’s Day spending in Japan is down, too. If there aren’t as many women giving out chocolates, there will be fewer men spending cash to thank them a month later.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe same organisation estimates that Valentine’s Day \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fnews\u002F2019\u002F02\u002F13\u002Fbusiness\u002Fnot-much-obliged-japanese-women-buying-valentines-chocolates-not-colleagues\u002F#.XH7hzNF7lTY\"\u003Espending in Japan dropped 3% last year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Still, that’s over $1bn, and not small business.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“For us, the biggest impact event in business is Christmas – in Japan, a lot of people eat Christmas cake – followed by Valentine’s Day. White Day should be the third most important,” says Mayumi Nagase, a product manager for Puratos, a Tokyo-based chocolate and pastry company. “We sell a lot of chocolate and other ingredients to patisseries for making fresh cakes.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut as the BBC reported last month, as robust as Japan’s chocolate sector is, the blowback against Valentine’s (and subsequently White Day) is apparent. Chocolatier Godiva took out an advert in 2018 that read: “Valentine's Day is supposed to be a day when you tell someone your pure feelings. It's not a day on which you're supposed to do something extra for the sake of smooth relations at work.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMight we be able to infer something about modern Japanese culture from all this?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGender roles and societal expectations\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESome people in Japan are sick of the burden and strange power dynamics at play with Valentine’s Day, especially in a context like the office. That includes men, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMou Soejima is a chef and food coordinator based in Japan. He says he doesn’t see any extra business or clients on White Day, as it’s less about going out to eat, and more about giving and receiving okaeshi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"White Day is incomprehensible – have you ever seen marshmallows more expensive than chocolate? – Mou Soejima","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Return gifts that are more expensive than chocolate [received from women on Valentine’s Day] are expected, so it is a troublesome day for males as they have to decide what to give back,” he says. “White Day is incomprehensible – have you ever seen marshmallows more expensive than chocolate?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Clearly those holidays assign specific gender roles and sexual orientation,” says Tomomi Yamaguchi, professor of sociology and anthropology at the University of Montana. “Heterosexuality is obviously the premise of the promotion of those holidays.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EShe points out that there are plenty of same-sex partners giving gifts on these holidays, or people giving gifts to platonic friends or even treats to themselves. But Japan’s twist on Valentine’s Day was, originally, entirely about women giving gifts to men.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“In those days, it was not common that women declare their love to men, but Valentine’s Day was the day of being allowed to do so,” says Mayumi Nagase.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHidaka says that it was designed to give women the chance to show their feelings. “In a macho, male-dominated era, I guess that made sense,” she says. Like White Day, the origin story behind Japanese Valentine’s Day is a bit fuzzy, but around 1970, department stores started encouraging girls to buy chocolates for boys, so they could show their interest without using words.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EShigematsu thinks that people having less discretionary income has more to do with the holidays’ decline. After all, some estimates say that the average disposable income for a Japanese worker \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nippon.com\u002Fen\u002Fnews\u002Ffnn20180814001\u002Fdisappearing-disposable-income-worker-spending-trends-since-the-bubble-economy.html\"\u003Eis the lowest it’s been in 30 years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Gender roles and gender identity are shifting in Japanese society, as elsewhere. The invented tradition of females giving gifts on Valentine’s Day, followed by a month later by males reciprocating them on White Day, is just not holding in terms of sales figures, given the other economic and social shifts happening.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYamaguchi, meanwhile, thinks that the exotic, Western allure of Valentine’s Day is running dry for modern Japanese at this point, being replaced \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fnews\u002F2018\u002F10\u002F28\u002Fnational\u002Fshibuya-prepares-host-japans-premier-raucous-halloween-celebration\u002F\"\u003Eby more recent imported celebrations like Halloween\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPuratos’s Nagase says that both Valentine’s and White Day are becoming more casual and less rigidly defined by romance: “Chocolate lovers, not only women but men, spend a lot of money to buy premium chocolates \u003Cem\u003Efor themselves\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo can White Day survive if Japan’s Valentine’s Day continues its identity crisis? Perhaps both could be rebranded for younger generations – a holiday where you treat yourself, rather than getting trapped in an expensive cycle of gift-giving.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“With the gift-giving-back culture, it does add up,” Hidaka says. “People have started to rethink.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBryan Lufkin is BBC Capital's features writer. Follow him on Twitter @\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbryan_lufkin\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ebryan_lufkin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E  page or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Enewsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"If You Only Read 6 Things This Week\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":true,"displayDate":"2019-03-14T19:10:19Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"White Day: Japan’s reverse Valentine’s Day","headlineShort":"Japan's 'reverse' Valentine's Day","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"A special follow-up day to Valentine’s sees men gifting women on 14 March. But what might a dip in its popularity tell us about modern Japan?","summaryShort":"It’s called White Day – and both holidays could be becoming less popular","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-03-13T20:04:19.845806Z","entity":"article","guid":"5368824d-0f6f-48a9-bd33-24e12cca6a62","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day","modifiedDateTime":"2019-03-13T20:04:19.845806Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384013},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube","_id":"5ef9f94e8c532d635251987f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"From Japanese anime characters to Barbie, virtual YouTubers talk and act just like people — and they could change the way we all interact forever.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA young Japanese woman sporting a giant pink bow and white opera gloves looks into the camera and gleefully greets her YouTube audience. She’s about to try and solve a puzzle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBefore diving into the game, she boasts with a smile: “Well, compared to all you humans, I can clear it much faster. No doubt about it!”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYes, this YouTube personality isn’t a real person. While she’s voiced by a human, she’s a digital, anime-style cartoon. Her name is Kizuna Ai, and she has more than two million subscribers to her channel. She’s the most-watched “virtual YouTuber” on the site.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"One company is investing tens of millions into ‘virtual talent’ and talent agencies are being established to manage these avatars","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKizuna Ai is part of an emerging trend where 3D avatars – rather than humans – are becoming celebrities on YouTube, with dedicated fanbases and corporate deals. It’s becoming so popular that one company is investing tens of millions in “virtual talent” and talent agencies are being established to manage these avatars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a movement that has big implications for the future – it could change how brands market their products and how we interact with technology. It could even let us live forever.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThey act and sound just like humans\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUsually, vloggers are people who speak directly into the camera to their fans, sharing things like beauty tips, product reviews and pop culture rants. But in the past year they have had to contend with “VTubers” like Kizuna Ai.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We saw this start to take off right at the end of 2017… and it’s continued to grow,” says Kevin Allocca, head of culture and trends at YouTube. He points to Kizuna Ai’s channel as an example of the spike in VTuber popularity: it had around 200,000 subscribers last December, but well over two million just 10 months later.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGoogle’s Earnest Pettie says the amount of daily views of VTuber videos this year \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thinkwithgoogle.com\u002Fconsumer-insights\u002Fseptember-youtube-video-trends\u002F\"\u003Eis quadruple\u003C\u002Fa\u003E last year’s figure. And while there’s no easy way to measure exactly how many VTubers there are, User Local, a Tokyo-based web analytics site, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fvirtual-youtuber.userlocal.jp\u002F\"\u003Ecounts at least 2,000\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThese include Nekomiya Hinata, a peach-haired character who plays combat video games, sprinkling in niceties in Japanese while gunning down foes. Another, Ami Yamato, is a British virtual vlogger based in London who has a penchant for Starbucks and strolls around in the “real” world, occasionally alongside live humans. She's been vlogging since 2011.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis isn’t yet a global trend – Allocca says VTubers are popular mostly in Japan. But in that country, the futuristic videos have got the attention of companies, keen to help these characters find popularity beyond YouTube.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA new industry?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGree, one of Japan’s biggest mobile app developers, plans to invest 10bn yen ($88m) over the next two years into developing virtual talent, creating more live-streaming opportunities, building filming and animation studios, and giving creators resources.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We believe that 3D avatar characters and their activities in virtual worlds will take people to the next stage of the internet – Kensuke Sugiyama","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“We believe that human beings need avatars beyond nicknames and profile pictures,” says Gree spokesman Kensuke Sugiyama. “Although virtual talent is currently only a niche area of entertainment, we believe that attractive 3D avatar characters and their activities in virtual worlds will take people to the next stage of the internet.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESugiyama says that as virtual and augmented reality technologies continue to develop, more vloggers and internet users could transform into fantastical and colourful characters – which in turn could become brands themselves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s not just Gree, either. Kao, a Japanese cosmetics and chemicals company, “hired” VTuber Tsukino Mito at a live event in Tokyo to appear \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com\u002Finterest\u002F2018-08-04\u002Flaundry-detergent-partners-with-virtual-youtuber-for-washing-machine-event\u002F.135010\"\u003Eon a washing machine’s smart screen\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to sell laundry detergent. The Ibaraki prefectural government created a virtual influencer last month \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fnews\u002F2018\u002F08\u002F23\u002Fnational\u002Fibarakis-virtual-youtuber-first-japan-used-promote-prefecture\u002F#.W7OQDlJReCR\"\u003Eto appear in tourism campaigns\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and Kizuna Ai herself was selected \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fus.jnto.go.jp\u002Fcometojapan\u002F\"\u003Eby the national tourism board\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to appear in videos to lure foreign visitors to Japan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis demand is driving associated industries: a talent agency in Japan launched \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fentum.jp\u002F\"\u003Ein April that caters exclusively to virtual avatars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It’ll help clients organise events, video collaborations with other creators and more.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHow did we get here?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA star is ‘born’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAn early adopter of this trend is a character that’s almost 60 years old.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBarbie, the doll that has appeared across toy lines and TV programmes for decades, made her own virtual vlogging debut back in 2015, before the rise of the Japanese VTubers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Hi – uh, OK, let’s see, where should I start?” Barbie says as she leans back into her seat after switching on a webcam.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“My name is Barbie Roberts, I have three sisters and we live in Los Angeles – well, Malibu, but I’m originally from Wisconsin. We moved here when I was eight years old.” She sounds and looks like many other teen vloggers on YouTube. She talks about everything from personal style, to more complex topics like why girls say “sorry” so much.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECalifornia-based toy company Mattel, which owns the Barbie brand, noticed the rise in popularity of vlogging and saw an opportunity to reach kids who want to buy Barbie products.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Barbie puts out two vlogs a month and it takes about four weeks for each new episode,” says Lisa McKnight, senior vice president and global general manager for Barbie. “A team develops each script based on topics that are relevant to a girl and authentic to Barbie the character – some vlogs tackle relevant and cultural conversations, and some vlogs play on a YouTube trend.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhether it’s Barbie or Kizuna Ai, many VTubers use similar technology to transform a human performer into a digital influencer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow YouTubers transform\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHere’s how it often works. First, an actor stands in a studio and her head, elbows and hands are outfitted with motion trackers. As the actor moves, her motions are recorded by software that recreates full body actions from just these handful of trackers. These actions are then mapped over the shape and proportions of an animated character, which can finally be rendered on a background or live-streamed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, a professional voice actor or human vlogger supplies the character’s speech.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe teams behind many VTubers don’t like to give away much more about how characters like Kizuna Ai come to life. In fact, sometimes the team themselves refer to their creations as though the characters are real people.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“All we can say is that we met each other through destiny two years ago,” says Masashi Nakano, co-founder of Tokyo-based Activ8, the digital production company that brings Kizuna Ai to life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile some content creators keep their process secret, other companies producing similar content, like Gree, are more transparent. They’re working with IKinema, a UK-based animation company that provides software to clients in a number of fields to produce animated or virtual reality content. (For example, non-VTuber actors outside and inside Japan\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20180611-the-durable-magic-of-the-voice-actor\"\u003E are increasingly using this kind of motion-capture technology as part of their performances\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in film and video games.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAlexandre Pechev is CEO of IKinema. He says demand out of Japan for this kind of technology has dramatically increased over the past year, and that the company now works with dozens of Japanese content creators making virtual avatars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHe says this new brand of interactive, virtual characters is new and gives YouTube entrepreneurs an opportunity to create content that couldn’t exist on platforms like TV.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow we’ll accept digital influencers\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo what’s the appeal?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYouTube’s Allocca credits communities that build around them. We see these around VTubers, who often hold live chats with viewers, and fan communities on Reddit and Wikia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“There's a unique quality to the content that virtual YouTubers offer… it isn't directly tethered to the problems of a real individual or identity,” says Reddit user David Kim, who’s a contributor to the Virtual YouTuber subreddit. “It's got the intrigue of character writing with the lackadaisical feel of live, organic, self-driven content.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I would say that the biggest contributor to the rise of virtual YouTube is the huge audience outside Japan who normally have interest for Japanese media and culture, such as anime,” says another fan, Kit Hakansson.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe trend within Japan of preferring digital over live-action personalities can be traced back four decades, says Izumi Tsuji, a sociology and culture professor at Chuo University. Tsuji points to a famous Japanese sociologist, Munesuke Mita, who posited that as a result of the slowed economic growth following the global oil crisis in the 1970s, many in the nation might have developed a listlessness with reality that could last to this day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“From the latter half of the 1970s, we Japanese lost a certain goal or future of our society,” Tsuji says. “We tended to love the world of fiction. From this period, we tended to love enthusiastically anime, [video] games and idols instead of realistic movie and music stars.” One example of this, Tsuji says, is Hatsune Miku, the famous holographic pop star in Japan whose voice is digitally produced.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPechev says people choose to accept virtual YouTubers at face value. When we meet real people “what we see is their personality”, he says, not the internal workings. “We accept them as real human beings. I think the same happens at the moment with virtual YouTubers.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENowadays, we’re seeing more comfort in interacting with digital avatars in place of people outside Japan too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"This is changing expectations. Our kids will be more comfortable to be communicating with avatars - Alexandre Pechev","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECompanies cashing in on the VTuber trend follow a similar pattern to those \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20180402-the-fascinating-world-of-instagrams-virtual-celebrities\"\u003Ecreating Instagram models to showcase various fashion brands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Last year, Apple announced the Animoji feature on iPhones \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theverge.com\u002F2017\u002F9\u002F12\u002F16290210\u002Fnew-iphone-emoji-animated-animoji-apple-ios-11-update\"\u003Ethat scans your face to create a cartoon animal avatar that uses your own facial expressions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. IKinema’s Pechev says it’s a step towards accepting more complex digital characters.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“This is changing expectations. Our kids will be more comfortable to be communicating with avatars,” Pechev says. “It will be accepted in the future the same way users in Japan accept virtual YouTubers to be influential.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECould they replace human YouTubers?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut why replace human vloggers in the first place?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAfter all, vlogging is one of the cheapest forms of making video – switch the camera on, talk, and upload. While there might be some editing involved, it doesn’t involve costly effects or set design. So why replicate a talking head with another – more expensive – version?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s because the virtual character can be used at scale in ways that human characters can’t: they can appear in video games and apps outside YouTube, and as VR and AR technology improves, they can even hold virtual reality concerts. (VTuber Kaguya Luna \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fyoutu.be\u002FpeDh46iR3tc?t=4m24s\"\u003Edid just that earlier this year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAmerican comedian duo Rhett & Link published \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=7OjCPGeq6ZU\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ea vlog that’s been viewed 2.5 million times\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, voicing concerns that virtual YouTubers could replace humans. After all, they never get tired. Their appearances can be changed on a whim. They never demand payment or more Patreon donations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We could train avatars to act like us without having to re-record our movements","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut never fear, humans – there are cheaper, lower-quality apps YouTubers can use on their smartphones to make virtual vloggers of themselves. FaceRig, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.indiegogo.com\u002Fprojects\u002Ffacerig#\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ea crowdfunded facial recognition app from Romania\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, is a cheap way for people to turn their facial expressions into digital cartoons and animals on their smartphone, similar to Apple’s Animoji.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis autumn, Gree is releasing a live-streaming application in which users can create a VTuber of themselves on their smartphone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Many people have the desire to ‘want to be characters’,” says Gree’s Sugiyama, pointing to the global popularity of cosplay at fan conventions. And VTubers’ success in Japan goes deeper than fandom, Sugiyama posits. “Japanese are not good at expressing themselves openly, and I think that there are many people who really want to send out [their message] to the world, but do not want to reveal their appearance.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPechev wonders just how far the digitisation of ourselves could go.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIf this develops in the future, he says, we could train avatars to act like us without having to re-record our movements. “It doesn’t have to do 100% of what we do, or even 80%,” he says – a character could be programmed with our voice and just enough of our actions, so that it could interact with friends and family after we die. “It could interact with other virtual avatars, or real people. Can we live forever?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENakano of the Kizuna Ai team says something similar: “We would like to create a world just like Ready Player One,” he says, referring to the film and novel set in a massive virtual dimension.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-24"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhat’s next for Ai-chan, as her fans call her? Nakano mentions TV adverts, a global music festival that’s held online in VR and becoming a top idol in the virtual world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd for now, you can keep up with your favourite VTuber throughout their day-to-day life or buy T-shirts from their merch shop.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut as Sugiyama says of the VTuber trend – that it “will allow all human beings to be released from physical constraints” – it could be a matter of time before you become one yourself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBryan Lufkin is BBC Capital’s features writer. Follow him on Twitter @\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbryan_lufkin?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ebryan_lufkin\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E  \u003Cem\u003Epage or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Enewsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"If You Only Read 6 Things This Week\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube-25"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-10-03T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The virtual vloggers taking over YouTube","headlineShort":"The big business of virtual celebrities","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"From Japanese anime characters to Barbie, virtual YouTubers talk and act just like people — and they could change the way we all interact forever.","summaryShort":"From Japanese anime characters to Barbie, they talk and act just like people","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2018-10-02T21:23:07.154946Z","entity":"article","guid":"e33f52f9-6fc3-4486-8be0-323d9e2a18db","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube","modifiedDateTime":"2019-11-06T21:02:53.834076Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384014},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190418-the-fatalistic-phrase-that-every-culture-has":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190418-the-fatalistic-phrase-that-every-culture-has","_id":"5ef9f9518c532d635251aa7d","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"“Shou ga nai” is a Japanese phrase that can be depressingly fatalistic on one hand. But could it — and the many phrases like it — be weirdly freeing on the other?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESometimes in life, bad stuff happens – you’re stuck in traffic and late for work, you lose your wallet or you dent your car door.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMany people would approach these situations by blowing up, shouting obscenities and devoting all their energy to finding a way out of the situation. But in Japan, it might be more likely to be met by a ubiquitous phrase with a different meaning: \u003Cem\u003Eshou ga nai\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis phrase, or a more formal variant, \u003Cem\u003Eshikata ga nai\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, is often used in common situations that are generally negative but leave you no alternative but to get over it. Its loose English translation is “it can’t be helped”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERochelle Kopp, a consultant who helps Japanese and non-Japanese companies communicate better, has dealt with the phrase plenty of times.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen working with Japanese companies, “someone I have been working with will be rotated at short notice, often with very poor timing,” she says. The response? Shou ga nai. “I realise that my likelihood of ever changing it is the same as the likelihood of my stopping the earth turning.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn such situations, she feels that “from my American cultural perspective, it sounded like people were giving up just when I thought that they should be putting up a fight.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut this phrase isn’t a cultural concept unique to Japan. Rather, it expresses a universal sentiment, says Miyako Inoue, an associate professor of anthropology at Stanford University.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“In everyday life in America, for example, I hear people expressing the same sentiment… ‘What is done is done,’, ‘Let it go and move on,’,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis phrase – and the sentiment behind it – raises some interesting questions. Is there something useful about the meaning of phrases like shou ga nai? Is there anything freeing about accepting frustrating situations, rather than trying to constantly fight them?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190418-the-fatalistic-phrase-that-every-culture-has-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190418-the-fatalistic-phrase-that-every-culture-has-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA universal concept?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere are phrases similar to shou ga nai in cultures across the world. In English, for example, we have “It is what it is”. “C’est la vie” is somewhat similar in French. Iceland’s “þetta reddast” (which loosely translates to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Fstory\u002F20180603-the-unexpected-philosophy-icelanders-live-by\"\u003E“it’ll all work out”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), too, is in a similar vein.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEach can have unique nuances and contexts within their cultures. But one thing they have a bit in common is the feeling of resignation – knowing when to accept fate rather than struggle against the status quo.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESome studies show that accepting bad things that happen can help reduce anxiety, though. For example, a 2017 study from the University of Toronto and the University of California, Berkeley “found that people who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.berkeley.edu\u002F2017\u002F08\u002F10\u002Femotionalacceptance\u002F\"\u003Ehabitually accept their negative emotions experience fewer negative emotions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which adds up to better psychological health”.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAccepting a bad situation is the sort of “cognitive reframing” that can be beneficial, says Iris Mauss, associate professor of psychology who worked on the Berkeley study.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190418-the-fatalistic-phrase-that-every-culture-has-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190418-the-fatalistic-phrase-that-every-culture-has-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“If you’re good at thinking of those [stressful daily] events in a way that minimises their emotional impact on average, you do better in terms of your wellbeing,” she says. When you learn to let go, “you feel more at peace, and you put your resources and efforts into changing situations that you can actually change.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFighting frustration\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt might be worth stepping back in frustrating situations and asking yourself: what am I actually getting stressed about? Can I change it? If I can’t – why is it worth getting stressed over in the first place? And could this be an effective strategy to deal with frustration?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe experts say it depends on the situation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E "},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190418-the-fatalistic-phrase-that-every-culture-has-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190418-the-fatalistic-phrase-that-every-culture-has-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf it’s a one-off event with little consequence, then it’s a good strategy. But “when it’s a systemic problem – like you have a terrible boss that yells at you and demeans you, or a relationship partner who is abusive – these are cases where you maybe need to find a way to eliminate the structural problem,” says Stephanie Preston, a psychology professor at the University of Michigan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe sentiment in these fatalistic phrases might be similar to a phenomenon called social defeat, she says. It’s often explored with experiments in mice. A small mouse is put in a cage with larger, more aggressive mice, and the smaller mouse acquires an almost learned helplessness. After a territorial, maybe violent confrontation with the bigger mice, the smaller mouse often shows depression-like behaviour, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.psychologytoday.com\u002Fus\u002Fblog\u002Fbrain-sense\u002F201105\u002Fsocial-defeat-changes-young-brains\"\u003Eresigning itself to the apparent social order in the cage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe good news is that humans can in many cases take action to get out of a systemically bad situation: quitting a toxic job, or leaving a toxic partner.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EStill, it’s all about context. Some systemic situations might call for resistance and change – Preston points out this is how big social revolutions can start – but what about the more day-to-day stuff, like a slow-moving traffic jam? Sometimes it’s just better to shrug and say something like “shou ga nai”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190418-the-fatalistic-phrase-that-every-culture-has-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"A sense of resignation also leads into some deeper understanding of yourself, and knowing your limits – Sachi Inoue","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190418-the-fatalistic-phrase-that-every-culture-has-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“People use those coping mechanisms [because] it’s easier than holding on and trying hard in stressful situations,” says Sachi Inoue, a psychoanalyst who runs a private practice in Berkeley and is a director of an adult outpatient clinic in San Francisco. “A sense of resignation also leads into some deeper understanding of yourself, and knowing your limits: a unique human ability, and that’s very important to maintaining feeling OK.” That’s why a phrase like “shou ga nai” can be used in both bad and good ways, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWriting for GaijinPot, a popular site geared toward expats in Japan, Japanese language teacher \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.gaijinpot.com\u002Fbeauty-phrase-shikata-ga-nai\u002F\"\u003EYumi Nakata addresses the “beauty and burden” of the phrase\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. She talks about seeing her salaryman father come home after long working hours and then using the phrase, but as she’s grown older her perspective shifted.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Although there are many things that we cannot control, we are in control of our responses,” she writes. “I used to reject the ‘shikata ga nai’ attitude entirely, but now I do embrace it and say this to simply control my natural responses to the unfairness\u002Fdiscomfort of life itself.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESomething to keep in mind the next time \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20170320-we-hate-to-admit-it-but-brits-arent-the-best-at-queuing\"\u003Eyou’re in an especially frustrating and slow-moving queue\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBryan Lufkin is BBC Capital's features writer. Follow him on Twitter @\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbryan_lufkin?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ebryan_lufkin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E  page or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Enewsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"If You Only Read 6 Things This Week\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190418-the-fatalistic-phrase-that-every-culture-has-8"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-04-19T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The fatalistic phrase that every culture has","headlineShort":"The secret power of frustration","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"“Shou ga nai” is a Japanese phrase that can be depressingly fatalistic on one hand. But could it — and the many phrases like it — be weirdly freeing on the other?","summaryShort":"Accepting things you can't change can be oddly freeing","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-04-18T22:01:29.230981Z","entity":"article","guid":"f61b2696-82da-4d57-bfc3-c9a5dece06f0","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190418-the-fatalistic-phrase-that-every-culture-has","modifiedDateTime":"2019-04-18T22:01:29.230981Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190418-the-fatalistic-phrase-that-every-culture-has","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384014},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture","_id":"5ef9f9508c532d635251a469","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin"],"bodyIntro":"From cocktails to karaoke, more Japanese people are going it alone. What's causing the huge change in the traditionally group-oriented country?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJapan is changing: a rapidly ageing society, a record-breaking influx of visitors from overseas, and more robots than ever. That's where the country's young people come in. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Ftags\u002Fgen-j\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGen J, a new series by BBC Worklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, keeps you up to speed on how the nation's next generation is shaping the Japan of tomorrow. This is the first story in that series.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA decade ago, many Japanese were so embarrassed to be seen eating alone in the school or office cafeteria that they’d opt to eat in a bathroom stall. Appearing friendless was a no-no, leading to what became known as “benjo meshi” – taking a “toilet lunch”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut many think Japan is changing in a big way. One of those people is Miki Tateishi, a bartender in Tokyo. She works at Bar Hitori, a cosy spot in the Shinjuku nightlife district that is designed for solo drinkers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe bar, which opened in mid-2018, represents an unusual opportunity in conformity-driven Japan – to go out and drink by yourself. And it’s doing well: instead of hiding in toilet stalls, people are stepping out and embracing being seen solo.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoUrn":["p080d0v8"],"id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EVideo by Shiho Fukada and Keith Bedford\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Some people want to enjoy being alone, others want to build a new community,” says Tateishi. She believes the bar’s “solo only” policy helps potential guests who might otherwise get turned off by big groups or regulars. Customers can strike up conversation with each other in a laid-back environment that accommodates about a dozen people. The flowing booze and tight quarters make for easy interactions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think this is rare,” says Kai Sugiyama, a 29-year-old who works for a manufacturing company, from his barstool. “I feel Japanese people live a life in a group, so people want to do things with other people. We don’t have much culture of doing things alone.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0808vps"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet Hitori – hitori means “one person” – is by no means the only example of how businesses are changing to accommodate people who want to do things by themselves. From dining to nightlife to travel, new options catering specifically to individuals have popped up in recent years. It’s known as the “ohitorisama” movement: people boldly choosing to do things alone, the opinions of others be damned.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe power of one\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELoosely translated, “ohitorisama” means something like “party of one”. Search for the hashtag on Instagram in Japanese and you’ll find hundreds of thousands of photos: plated restaurant meals for one, cinema hallways, pitched tents at campgrounds or transport shots highlighting solo adventures. In the last 18 months particularly, more and more people have been declaring their love of ohitorisama alone time in both the news and social media.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"A ‘super solo society’ will be the future of all countries, not only Japan - Kazuhisa Arakawa","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne recent innovation is “hitori yakiniku”. Meaning “grilled meat”, yakiniku usually involves sitting around a gridiron at a restaurant table with a group of people and communally cooking mountains of chicken, beef or pork. But with ohitorisama, the only one grilling (and eating) all that meat is you.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven karaoke is going solo – a huge change to the classic Japanese pastime. “Demand for single-person karaoke has increased to account for 30 to 40% [of all karaoke customers],” says Daiki Yamatani, a sales manager who does PR for the 1Kara solo karaoke company in Tokyo. In Japan, karaoke spots are everywhere, often big buildings with several floors of private karaoke rooms built for groups of various sizes. But demand from solitary singers has been growing, and so 1Kara swapped large group rooms for phone booth-sized personal recording studios.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Japan, drinking and nightlife activities have traditionally been shared with colleagues or friends, while food culture means dinners are often shared. So the ohitorisama movement represents a major shift. But what’s driving the change and why exactly is it considered so significant?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0808t8m"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESocial pressures\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn many nations, being solo might not seem so surprising. For example, in December, American actress Christina Hendricks \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fp\u002FB5uZkt3lHFx\u002F\"\u003Eposted photos of her #solodate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at a concert. British actress Emma Watson recently declared her love of the single life and being “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fnewsbeat-50299642\"\u003Eself-partnered\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”. Western publications have written \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thrillist.com\u002Fdrink\u002Fnation\u002Fhow-to-drink-alone-in-bars\"\u003Eguides to drinking alone and reading a book at a bar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and solo travel \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fizea.com\u002F2019\u002F01\u002F10\u002Ffemale-travel-influencers\u002F\"\u003Ehas made careers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for countless social media influencers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in a country where conformity and being part of the group have always been highly-prized, it \u003Cem\u003Eis \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ea big deal. Japan’s 125 million people are crammed into an archipelago a bit smaller than California – and four-fifths of that land is mountainous and uninhabitable. Space has long been at a premium, so emphasis has been placed on collectivity and fitting in with others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Japan is a small country, and everybody needs to coexist,” says Motoko Matsushita, a senior consultant at Japan’s largest economic research firm, Tokyo-based Nomura Research Institute. She studies ohitorisama, its origins and its future. “We need to focus on living together in harmony, which is why peer pressure [to do things in a group] has been high.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0808wc9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMatsushita says that along with the rise of social media – the way friend numbers or likes can dictate your value – this led to stifling peer pressure that stigmatised being seen alone. She says the blowback from this and the 24\u002F7 communication culture then fueled the rise of ohitorisama.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the case of benjo meshi, the sociologist who coined the term in 2008, Daisuke Tsuji of Osaka University, found that students ate in the toilet stall not because they didn’t like eating alone, but because \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcore.ac.uk\u002Fdownload\u002Fpdf\u002F156703931.pdf\"\u003Ethey didn’t want their peers to think they had no one to share a meal with\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Matsushita believes this is changing, saying negative social pressures around being alone have reduced. “’You have to get married, you have to have a child’ – these social pressures are decreasing,” she says. She cites a survey of 10,000 people she conducted that found increased attitudes toward independence and “family flexibility” from 2015 to 2018. Fewer people, for example, felt people should get married and have kids, while more felt it was OK to divorce even if you had kids. Among married couples, more people felt all right about keeping a secret from their spouse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA ‘super solo society’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPart of the equation is that Japanese society is undergoing a seismic demographic shift. The birthrate is falling: last year just \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnn.com\u002F2019\u002F12\u002F25\u002Fasia\u002Fjapan-birthrate-hnk-intl\u002Findex.html\"\u003E864,000 babies were born\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – the lowest since records began in 1899. The number of single-person households is rising, up \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.stat.go.jp\u002Fenglish\u002Fdata\u002Fkokusei\u002F1995\u002F1513.html\"\u003Efrom 25%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 1995 to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.stat.go.jp\u002Fenglish\u002Fdata\u002Fhandbook\u002Fc0117.html\"\u003Eover 35%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2015, according to census data. Declining marriage rates are contributing to the rise in people who live alone but so too is the fact that more seniors in one of the world’s fastest-greying nations are becoming widows or widowers. As a result, amid these new demographics, how consumers behave and how businesses cater to them are changing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0808sm8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The purchasing power of singletons can no longer be ignored,” says Kazuhisa Arakawa. He’s a researcher at Hakuhodo, one of Japan’s biggest advertising companies. He writes books about the economics of what he calls Japan’s “super solo society” and estimates that 50% of the population aged 15 or older will be living in single-person households by 2040. “I believe the market will not grow without capturing these solo customers,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s known as the “ohitorisama” movement: people boldly choosing to do things alone, the opinions of others be damned","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EErika Miura, a 22-year-old Tokyoite who works in IT, is an ohitorisama veteran. Sitting at Bar Hitori, she says she’s rare among her friend group for wanting to do so many things by herself. “People get put off by the idea, but I go skiing alone,” she says. She also goes to the movies and karaoke alone, because it gives her more freedom, and says there are many solo services in Tokyo. Meanwhile Go Yamaguchi, a customer at 1Kara, says that when he does karaoke with his friends he has to wait for his turn. “I’d be embarrassed if I can’t sing well,” he adds. “I can sing whatever I want when I’m by myself.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOhitorisama also offers opportunities to those who are part of a “traditional” family unit, experts say. Arakawa’s research in 2018 found that up to one in three married people do solo activities like occasionally travel alone. Matsushita, who’s married with kids, agrees, saying: “I enjoy hitori karaoke alone, sometimes.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen it comes to elderly singletons, Matsushita says that this group – especially women – have “psychological resistance” to being seen alone. But she believes that as they see the younger generation continuing to push boundaries things could change, especially as marketers of solo services know that pensioners are a demographic with both time and money.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E‘\u003Cstrong\u003EThe world is changing’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENeedless to say, it’s not just Japan that is undergoing the kind of societal changes that have contributed to ohitorisama. As birth rates slump, marriage ages climb and populations age, many nations are seeing a rise in those leading single lives. Euromonitor International, an independent London-based market research company, released a study last year \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businesswire.com\u002Fnews\u002Fhome\u002F20190401005398\u002Fen\u002FSingle-Person-Households-Record-128-Percent-Growth-2030\"\u003Ethat estimates a record 128% growth in single-person households worldwide between 2000 and 2030\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“A ‘super solo society’, characterised by young people who never get married and the elderly who become single again after being widowed, will be the future of all countries, not only Japan,” says Arakawa. “It is no longer practical to focus a business solely on families.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, in nations where doing things by yourself – dining, drinking, exploring – raises fewer eyebrows, the phenomenon of “parties of one” enjoying everything society has to offer will be less pronounced. But in Japan, its relatively rapid evolution has become a hot topic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0808tjt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EArakawa says he believes most of his fellow Japanese are naturally independent. “It would be wrong to assume there are two kinds of people: those who feel OK being left alone and those who don’t,” he says. “A majority of Japanese people inherently like to act independently.” He found that 50% of those who attended concerts or music festivals did so by themselves, connecting with new people there through a shared interest.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd it’s the combination of demographic shifts coupled with the emergence of more flexible attitudes about how lives can be lived that has helped ohitorisama to flourish. “It’s only 10 years ago they said ‘lunch in a toilet’,” says Matsushita. “But, after 10 years, we have so many [solo] services. People tend to think positively about being alone.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBack at Hitori, bartender Tateishi is familiar with the sense of connectivity to others that comes with meeting other people who are going solo. After all, before working here, she used to be a customer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“For people who used to just stay at home, they can change themselves by building a community outside the home,” she says. “They see that the world is changing.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAdditional reporting by Yoko Ishitani\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-18"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-01-15T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The rise of Japan's 'super solo' culture","headlineShort":"Japan’s rising ‘super solo’ culture","image":["p0808x91"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9ed8c532d6352571e7b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-how-japan-is-handling-more-ageing-drivers","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190313-white-day-japans-reverse-valentines-day","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20181002-the-virtual-vloggers-taking-over-youtube","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190418-the-fatalistic-phrase-that-every-culture-has"],"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fjapan"],"summaryLong":"From cocktails to karaoke, more Japanese people are going it alone. What's causing the huge change in the traditionally group-oriented country?","summaryShort":"From cocktails to karaoke, why more Japanese people are going it alone","tag":["tag\u002Fjapan-2020","tag\u002Fgen-j","tag\u002Fjapan"],"creationDateTime":"2020-01-14T21:44:53.6541Z","entity":"article","guid":"e8a9f996-c989-418e-b5f0-e1be0585ea3d","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture","modifiedDateTime":"2020-01-22T19:20:52.004796Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384013},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200130-the-life-hack-to-reduce-admin-and-carve-out-downtime":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200130-the-life-hack-to-reduce-admin-and-carve-out-downtime","_id":"5ef9f9508c532d635251a81c","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmadeleine-dore"],"bodyIntro":"Mundane chores take up our time and headspace. Bundling life admin into specific time slots - known as GYLIO - might be the ultimate act of self-care.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFrom elaborate rituals to planners, products and kits, there’s no shortage of tools and advice on how to prioritise wellbeing. But perhaps I’m not alone in dutifully clearing space in my schedule for downtime only to lie in the bath fretting about all the life admin I have to do, the entire experience turning lukewarm before the water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of us struggle with the never-ending nature of our to-do lists, explains Elizabeth Emens, author of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.penguin.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002F280\u002F280419\u002Fthe-art-of-life-admin\u002F9780241972502.html\"\u003EThe Art of Life Admin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and a New York-based professor of law at Columbia University. “A large part of why we feel overwhelmed is that life admin is endless and invisible,” she says. “We all have different types of admin that might not be recognisable to someone else – so they don't know what we are doing or that it is overwhelming.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in recent years, a cluster of Australian universities have been helping students tackle this issue through dedicated Get Your Life In Order (GYLIO) practices. Essentially, GYLIO is about bundling tasks into a single morning, day or week in order to clear your mind; learning to prioritise and find focus so that you can enjoy guilt-free downtime.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGet back on track\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe University of Melbourne has run a GYLIO week once every semester for at least a decade. It usually takes place around the middle of the semester in week five or six, and while the academic programme continues, the extensive social and partying schedule is paused to help students shift their priorities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200130-the-life-hack-to-reduce-admin-and-carve-out-downtime-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p081qn98"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200130-the-life-hack-to-reduce-admin-and-carve-out-downtime-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDr Sally Dalton-Brown, dean of the university’s Queen’s College, says GYLIO is needed because students face more distractions. “Given the many stimuli of life today, with students who are juggling the many opportunities colleges offer across all the areas from sport and culture to volunteering and leadership, having a week to ‘take a breath’ and get things done is essential,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe intention is to provide opportunities for rest and reflection rather than impart specific life skills. Students are encouraged to devise their own GYLIO to-do lists for the week, but it's not just about paying bills and doing laundry – they attend events ranging from yoga classes and succulent planting to wellbeing lectures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDuring a GYLIO week in August last year, current Queen’s College resident and student president Henri Currie, 19, created a schedule and task list to use the time to get back on track in classes where she had fallen behind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The list included updating my study notes and getting started on upcoming assignments. I also got my exercise regime back, including runs with my friends. To relax, I took some time to see a movie, call my family and chat with friends,” says Currie. She thinks GYLIO is a great way to refocus. “Even just giving it a title seems to spur students into motion and eliminate excuses,” she says. “I think it really is what you make it – no one will force you to do self-care stuff.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200130-the-life-hack-to-reduce-admin-and-carve-out-downtime-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If you have attention residue, you are basically operating with part of your cognitive resources being busy, and that can have a wide range of impacts – Sophie Leroy","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200130-the-life-hack-to-reduce-admin-and-carve-out-downtime-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor some, what started out as a week off the booze and time to reset at college has continued into working life. Now communications manager Celeste Bolte, who attended St Mary’s College at the University of Melbourne from 2012 to 2013, can spot when it’s time for GYLIO. “When parts of my life that I'm usually on top of begin to falter, say for example clothes on the floor in my bedroom, I know I need a day to sort my space out and attend to the little things,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Bolte, 27, saving up her life admin for a weekend morning is a joyful way to reduce the mental load. “I take a lot of pleasure in GYLIO, and setting a morning aside to clean the house, do the washing, cook some food, go for a run, get my banking sorted and life on track – and then have free time to go and enjoy myself without feeling like there are these things in the back of my head that you constantly need to do.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDivided focus\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFocusing on one task at a time until completion helps reduce what Sophie Leroy, associate professor of management at the University of Washington, calls “attention residue”; the way that having multiple tasks and obligations on our mind splits our attention in a way that reduces overall performance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“If you have attention residue, you are basically operating with part of your cognitive resources being busy, and that can have a wide range of impacts – you might not be as efficient in your work, you might not be as good a listener, you may get overwhelmed more easily, you might make errors, or struggle with decisions and your ability to process information.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200130-the-life-hack-to-reduce-admin-and-carve-out-downtime-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p081qn6k"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200130-the-life-hack-to-reduce-admin-and-carve-out-downtime-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile we can’t remove distractions from our lives, taking a minute to create a ‘ready to resume list’ and plan a return to a task – like scheduling a GYLIO session – is one strategy for reducing attention residue. “Asking how and when you going to attend to a task reduces uncertainty and improves self-efficacy,” says Leroy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBolte’s partner, engineer Peter Fisher, 29, says he knows when it’s time to clear his to-do list backlog. “If you are organised enough to do a little bit every day, that’s great, but for me it builds and I realise I've got to get in and clear the decks,” he says. “It’s not often fun, but I always feel relieved when I do make the time.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhether you call it an admin morning, a ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgretchenrubin.com\u002F2014\u002F02\u002Fmy-new-habit-for-tackling-nagging-tasks-power-hour\"\u003Epower hour’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or GYLIO, bundling small, unrelated chores can be a useful tool for making the invisible, visible. “It also gives people a language to talk to other people, which can contribute to the visibility,” says Emens. And if you’re a couple, it could even be a great way to share the load. “I think it would be especially great to do a GYLIO day together, so one person isn’t picking up the extra slack,” comments Emens.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200130-the-life-hack-to-reduce-admin-and-carve-out-downtime-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If you just try to take someone’s schedule for GYLIO that may not help you unless that person is really similar to you in their preferences – Elizabeth Emens","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200130-the-life-hack-to-reduce-admin-and-carve-out-downtime-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EI wondered if a GYLIO day could have positive ramifications on my adult life, too. Without the external support of a university residence, it might be harder for working people to take GYLIO time – but perhaps all the more crucial. Journalist Anne Helen Petersen named ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.buzzfeednews.com\u002Farticle\u002Fannehelenpetersen\u002Fmillennials-burnout-generation-debt-work\"\u003Eerrand paralysis’ a symptom of millennial burnout\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with an ‘always on’ culture leaving little energy for the smaller tasks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDon’t crowd the list\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo kick off my GYLIO experiment, I made an extensive list of every task I’d been avoiding. Yet I fell at the first hurdle: picking the day to do all these tasks, as other events and deadlines competed for my attention.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStudent president Henri Currie recognised my rookie error; overcrowding the list made it too daunting. “In my first year, GYLIO week ended up being stressful because I had too much to do,” she recalls. An ambitious list can also create a build-up of attention residue. “If you are going to put 22 items on your to-do list but not actually move into action, your brain is going keep thinking about those 22 things that are not done,” says Leroy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt was also advised that I make GYLIO my own; a high-tech approach to life admin, for example, could work for some but not others. “We all have different preferences for dealing with life admin,” says Emens. “If you just try to take someone's schedule for GYLIO that may not help you unless that person is really similar to you in their preferences.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo reset, I decided to limit my GYLIO to an hour and wrote a more modest list. I noticed a theme in my tasks – call the accountant, book a check-up with the dermatologist, reply to three text messages and a WhatsApp voice message, send thank-you cards – so I set up a communication morning, giving focus and clarity to my agenda.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy 09:00 the next morning, I had a spring in my step. I found telling myself that I was “getting my life in order” had the positive reinforcement of feeling like my life \u003Cem\u003Ewas\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in order – spurring me on to make my next GYLIO list.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200130-the-life-hack-to-reduce-admin-and-carve-out-downtime-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p081qprz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200130-the-life-hack-to-reduce-admin-and-carve-out-downtime-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEmens cautions that there are downsides of GYLIO – including giving you the illusion that you can take care of all your life admin in a day. “Sometimes you can't control when it needs to happen and you might be waiting on other people in order to take the next step,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother caveat is that GYLIO might encourage people to put off onerous tasks until they have a full list. Here, Emens recommends bypassing the to-do list altogether if you can. “Email someone the information she wants while she's still standing there – so it never goes on your to-do list,” she offers as an example.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEmens believes we need to find the balance between getting life admin done and safeguarding our wellbeing. “We have to recognise that these obligations are real and not invented and yet it is also true that if we don't sometimes put the self-care first, we will never get to it,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn my case, the GYLIO experiment proved that self-care is less about carving out time to relax amid chaos, and more about removing to-dos from our crowded lives. With some life admin cleared away, I had a bubble bath and enjoyed the smug delight of a life – momentarily – in order.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200130-the-life-hack-to-reduce-admin-and-carve-out-downtime-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-01-31T20:38:18Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How to reduce 'attention residue' in your life","headlineShort":"Yes, chores really are bad for you","image":["p081qmxn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5ef9f9ed8c532d6352571e7b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Mundane chores take up our time and headspace. Bundling life admin into specific time slots - known as GYLIO - might be the ultimate act of self-care.","summaryShort":"Is GYLIO the solution to ticking off mundane chores?","tag":["tag\u002Fproductivity"],"creationDateTime":"2020-01-30T21:01:55.07465Z","entity":"article","guid":"68e34b51-cb0f-4212-a190-eafb81407234","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200130-the-life-hack-to-reduce-admin-and-carve-out-downtime","modifiedDateTime":"2020-01-30T21:54:39.765085Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200130-the-life-hack-to-reduce-admin-and-carve-out-downtime","cacheLastUpdated":1593910384014},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200218-can-germans-right-to-switch-off-survive-the-digital-age":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200218-can-germans-right-to-switch-off-survive-the-digital-age","_id":"5ef9f94c8c532d635251925a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fjosie-le-blond"],"bodyIntro":"Germans take down time seriously, with an 11-hour uninterrupted break from work enshrined in law. Enter smartphones…","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe lights were all out, the corridors were deserted. Only one computer screen was still glowing at Freiburg’s Institute for Advanced Studies. Newly-arrived American academic Kristen Ghodsee was working late in her office. Then there was a knock at the door, and in came the institute’s director.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E “He wanted to know if there was something wrong,” remembers Ghodsee, 49, who is professor of Russian and East European studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Ghodsee replied she was fine, but the director looked at his watch and shook his head. It was 17:30. Why on earth would she still be working? “It was almost like he was chastising me,” the professor recalls of the conversation during a research sabbatical back in 2014. “Like: ‘You're in Germany now, go home!’”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat seemed perfectly normal to the American, working after hours, was inconceivable to the German. After all, it was \u003Cem\u003EFeierabend\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, a German term which refers both to the end of the working day and the act of switching off from work entirely.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDown time is taken very seriously in Europe’s biggest economy. That’s why, when the European Union \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feur-lex.europa.eu\u002Flegal-content\u002FEN\u002FALL\u002F?uri=CELEX:32003L0088\"\u003Eintroduced\u003C\u002Fa\u003E mandatory work and rest periods back in 2003, the Germans embraced the chance to enshrine their sacrosanct work-life balance in law.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn uninterrupted 11-hour break every 24 hours was guaranteed for all workers, bar a few exceptions. All EU member states adopted the rule, but the German \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de\u002Farbzg\u002FBJNR117100994.html\"\u003EWorking Hours Act\u003C\u002Fa\u003E allowed fewer exceptions than elsewhere.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200218-can-germans-right-to-switch-off-survive-the-digital-age-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p083thjy"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200218-can-germans-right-to-switch-off-survive-the-digital-age-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Germans are more aware of the importance of keeping work and life separate for physical and mental recovery,” says David Markworth of the University of Cologne’s Institute of Labour and Commercial Law. “We welcomed that being enforced on an EU level and kept exceptions very tight.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOnly hospital staff, carers, farmers and those working in hospitality, transport or broadcast media could shorten their breaks down to 10 hours, while CEOs and the self-employed were exempt altogether. For nearly everyone else, \u003Cem\u003EFeierabend\u003C\u002Fem\u003E was now a legal requirement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Law overtaken by reality’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut then along came the smartphone, throwing off the delicately-set German work-life balance. Suddenly, phones were in every pocket, laptops in every bag. All at once, everyone had access to work communication outside the office, on the go and at home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt wasn’t long before the digital revolution was encroaching on Germans’ sacred down time. By 2015, more than a quarter of employees \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dgb.de\u002Fthemen\u002F++co++42a9edc4-fd46-11e4-912c-52540023ef1a\"\u003Esurveyed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by the trade-union-linked Hans Böckler Foundation said bosses wanted them to be contactable at all hours.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis despite the law stating workers’ 11-hour break couldn’t be interrupted. Under current rules, even reading an email or taking a call from a colleague counts as work and should restart the clock on another 11-hour break.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200218-can-germans-right-to-switch-off-survive-the-digital-age-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"‘We need to work out how to deal with interruptions to the rest period… an 11-hour uninterrupted break is much too long’ – Claudia Knuth","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200218-can-germans-right-to-switch-off-survive-the-digital-age-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf this sounds unrealistic, it is. Legal experts say the rule is being ignored on a grand scale.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The rest period is one of our most widely contravened regulations,” says Claudia Knuth, a specialist in labour law with Lutz Abel law firm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPart of the problem is to do with enforcement, says Knuth. Companies are only disciplined if an employee complains that their rest periods are being intentionally interrupted. But with mobile devices blurring lines between work and leisure time, checking work emails has become a widespread habit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Lots of people check their work emails in their free time out of boredom,” says Knuth. “That isn’t intentional on the part of the employer. We need to work out how to deal with interruptions to the rest period. Workers need down time, but an 11-hour uninterrupted break is much too long.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt seems many employees agree the idea of an uninterrupted break is too rigid. Last year, 96% of workers \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bitkom.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2019-09\u002Fbitkom-charts-new-work-i-11-09-2019_final_0.pdf\"\u003Esurveyed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by Germany’s digital association Bitkom said they would like to organise their own work schedule to fit around their lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200218-can-germans-right-to-switch-off-survive-the-digital-age-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p083thjv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200218-can-germans-right-to-switch-off-survive-the-digital-age-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Reality has long since overtaken the legislation,” says Adél Holdampf-Wendel, Bitkom’s expert on labour law and the future of work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPeople want free afternoon hours for errands, appointments and childcare, and the option to make up the time in the evening, she adds. Others want to make late-night calls to colleagues or clients in other time zones and start work at 0900 the next day. None of this is allowed under current rules.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EProtecting workers\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut those tasked with employee protection are worried. Watering down the rules might open the door to worker abuse, says Germany’s Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAUA).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETwenty percent of those BAUA \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baua.de\u002FDE\u002FAngebote\u002FPublikationen\u002FBericht-kompakt\u002FVerkuerzte-Ruhezeiten.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=6\"\u003Esurveyed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2017 already get less than 11 hours’ rest overnight at least once a month. Of those, the agency says it suspects a number are working illegal overtime.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“A lot of the shortening of rest periods is happening because people are working such long hours, not because they are working flexibly,” says BAUA research associate Nils Backhaus. “We’re concerned those wanting shorter breaks want to make people work for longer at home.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBesides, the 11-hour rest period is also there to protect workers from themselves. Originally intended to make sure factory workers could recover physically between shifts, Backhaus says the break is just as necessary for mental regeneration.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat means no firing off work emails in front of Netflix, however bored you are.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“People think it’s not so bad if they just send a quick email,” says Backhaus. “But in most cases, they are then back at work in their thoughts for much longer, making it difficult to switch off and detach.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200218-can-germans-right-to-switch-off-survive-the-digital-age-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"‘Worker protection is just as needed in our new world of digitalisation, home office and smart phones’ – David Markworth","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200218-can-germans-right-to-switch-off-survive-the-digital-age-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd that can be damaging to health. In the same BAUA \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baua.de\u002FDE\u002FAngebote\u002FPublikationen\u002FBericht-kompakt\u002FVerkuerzte-Ruhezeiten.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=6\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, those regularly denied their 11-hour break reported more frequent episodes of insomnia, exhaustion and even back pain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECurrently, if an employee can show that interruptions to their rest periods have made them ill, that’s considered a crime on the part of the employer, says legal expert Markworth. That has led some big German firms to take drastic measures to ensure compliance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBack in 2011, Volkswagen \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.zeit.de\u002Fkarriere\u002Fberuf\u002F2011-12\u002Fvolkswagen-blackberry-mailsperre\"\u003Eannounced\u003C\u002Fa\u003E it would turn off its email server overnight to prevent the exchange of work emails out of hours. Others, including BMW and Bosch, have established guidelines for employees when it comes to contacting each other after hours.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s this awareness some fear will be lost if the law is updated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Worker protection is just as needed in our new world of digitalisation, home office and smart phones,” says Markworth. “The question is how, in this changed world of work, we continue to protect employees, both from the encroachments of employers and from themselves.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd, with constant availability increasingly the norm for workers around the world, many will be keeping a close eye on German attempts to reclaim their free time in the digital age. Ghodsee, who received a nasty reverse culture shock upon returning to the US, is sure to be one of them.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E “The \u003Cem\u003EFeierabend\u003C\u002Fem\u003E culture is really healthy,” says the American academic. “How refreshing for it to be totally okay to leave work at five o’clock and never exchange work emails on the weekend. That would be unconscionable in the US.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200218-can-germans-right-to-switch-off-survive-the-digital-age-8"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fbeyond-the-9-to-5"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-24T17:00:47Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Can Germans’ right to switch off survive the digital age?","headlineShort":"The right to switch off, German style","image":["p083thjg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. 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