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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-cultural_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cross-cultural considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-cultural_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subjective_diagnoses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subjective_diagnoses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Subjective diagnoses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subjective_diagnoses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prescription_of_psychotropic_medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prescription_of_psychotropic_medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Prescription of psychotropic medications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prescription_of_psychotropic_medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electroconvulsive_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electroconvulsive_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Electroconvulsive therapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electroconvulsive_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinder-_und_Jugendpsychiatrie_und_-psychotherapie" title="Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infana_kaj_adoleskula_psikiatrio_kaj_psikoterapio" title="Infana kaj adoleskula psikiatrio kaj psikoterapio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Infana kaj adoleskula psikiatrio kaj psikoterapio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9dopsychiatrie" title="Pédopsychiatrie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pédopsychiatrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsichiatria_infantile" title="Neuropsichiatria infantile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neuropsichiatria infantile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinder-_en_jeugdpsychiatrie" title="Kinder- en jeugdpsychiatrie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kinder- en jeugdpsychiatrie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%90%E7%AB%A5%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="児童精神医学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="児童精神医学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolalar_va_o%CA%BBsmirlar_psixiatriyasi" title="Bolalar va oʻsmirlar psixiatriyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bolalar va oʻsmirlar psixiatriyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psiquiatria_da_inf%C3%A2ncia_e_adolesc%C3%AAncia" title="Psiquiatria da infância e adolescência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Psiquiatria da infância e adolescência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihiatrie_pediatric%C4%83" title="Psihiatrie pediatrică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Psihiatrie pediatrică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastenpsykiatria" title="Lastenpsykiatria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lastenpsykiatria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn-_och_ungdomspsykiatri" title="Barn- och ungdomspsykiatri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barn- och ungdomspsykiatri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="จิตเวชศาสตร์เด็กและวัยรุ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จิตเวชศาสตร์เด็กและวัยรุ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ocuk_ve_ergen_psikiyatrisi" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Child and Adolescent Psychiatry">Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of psychiatry</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Child and adolescent psychiatry</b> (or <b>pediatric psychiatry</b>) is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a> that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental disorders">mental disorders</a> in <a href="/wiki/Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Children">children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolescents" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolescents">adolescents</a>, and their families. It investigates the <a href="/wiki/Biopsychosocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopsychosocial">biopsychosocial</a> factors that influence the development and course of psychiatric disorders and treatment responses to various interventions.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Child and adolescent psychiatrists primarily use psychotherapy and/or medication to treat mental disorders in the pediatric population. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_of_disorders">Classification of disorders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification of disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood" title="Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood">Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood</a></div> <p>There are many classifications of disorders. Developmental disorders include <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum disorder">autism spectrum disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Learning_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning disorder">learning disorders</a>, and some attention and behaviors disorders are <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder" title="Oppositional defiant disorder">oppositional defiant disorder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">conduct disorder</a>. <a href="/wiki/Childhood_schizophrenia" title="Childhood schizophrenia">Childhood schizophrenia</a> is an example of a psychotic disorder. <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_in_children" title="Bipolar disorder in children">bipolar disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persistent_depressive_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Persistent depressive disorder">persistent depressive disorder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_mood_dysregulation_disorder" title="Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder">disruptive mood dysregulation disorder</a> are under the classification of mood disorders. </p><p>A wide range of disorders that are classified as eating disorders include <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">bulimia nervosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binge_eating_disorder" title="Binge eating disorder">binge eating disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avoidant/restrictive_food_intake_disorder" title="Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder">avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder</a> (ARFID), and <a href="/wiki/Pica_(disorder)" title="Pica (disorder)">pica</a>. Some anxiety disorders are <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">phobias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a>. Lastly, <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorders</a> can be specified to specific substances, such as <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol use disorder">alcohol use disorder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_use_disorder" title="Cannabis use disorder">cannabis use disorder</a>. </p><p>Disorders are often <i>comorbid</i>. For example, an adolescent can be diagnosed with both <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a>. The incidence of psychiatric comorbidities during adolescence may vary by race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status, among other variables.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_practice">Clinical practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Clinical practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assessment">Assessment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_assessment" title="Psychiatric assessment">psychiatric assessment</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">child</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adolescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolescent">adolescent</a> starts with obtaining a <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_history" title="Psychiatric history">psychiatric history</a> by interviewing the young person and his/her parents or caregivers. The assessment includes a detailed exploration of the current concerns about the child's emotional or behavioral problems, the child's physical health and <a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">development</a>, history of parental care (including possible <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">abuse</a> and neglect), family relationships and history of parental mental illness. It is regarded as desirable to obtain information from multiple sources (for example both parents, or a parent and a grandparent) as informants may give widely differing accounts of the child's problems. Collateral information is usually obtained from the child's school with regards to academic performance, peer relationships, and behavior in the school environment.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychiatric assessment always includes a <a href="/wiki/Mental_state_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental state examination">mental state examination</a> of the child or adolescent which consists of a careful behavioral observation and a first-hand account of the young person's subjective experiences. This assessment also includes an observation of the interactions within the family, especially the interactions between the child and his/her parents.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The assessment may be supplemented by the use of behavior or symptom rating scales such as the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist or CBCL, the Behavioral Assessment System for Children or BASC, <a href="/wiki/Conners_Comprehensive_Behaviour_Rating_Scale" title="Conners Comprehensive Behaviour Rating Scale">Conners Comprehensive Behaviour Rating Scale</a> (used for diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>), Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory or MACI, and the <a href="/wiki/Strengths_and_Difficulties_Questionnaire" title="Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire">Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire</a> or SDQ. While these instruments bring a degree of objectivity and consistency to the clinical assessment,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the diagnosis of ADHD requires confirmation by a clinician experienced in the evaluation of youth with and without ADHD who supplements the findings with input from parents, teachers, and the youth themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More specialized <a href="/wiki/Psychometric_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychometric testing">psychometric testing</a> may be carried out by a psychologist, for example using the <a href="/wiki/Wechsler_Intelligence_Scale_for_Children" title="Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children">Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children</a>, to detect <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual impairment">intellectual impairment</a> or other cognitive problems which may be contributing to the child's difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnosis_and_formulation">Diagnosis and formulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diagnosis and formulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The child and adolescent psychiatrist makes a diagnosis based on the pattern of behavior and emotional symptoms, using a standardized set of diagnostic criteria such as the <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual</a> (DSM-V)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases" title="International Classification of Diseases">International Classification of Diseases</a> (ICD-11).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the DSM system is widely used, it may not adequately take into account social, cultural and contextual factors and it has been suggested that an individualized <a href="/wiki/Clinical_formulation" title="Clinical formulation">clinical formulation</a> may be more useful.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Case_formulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Case formulation">case formulation</a> is standard practice for child and adolescent psychiatrists and can be defined as a process of integrating and summarizing all the relevant factors implicated in the development of the patient's problem, including biological, psychological, social and cultural perspectives (the "<a href="/wiki/Biopsychosocial_model" title="Biopsychosocial model">biopsychosocial model</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The applicability of DSM diagnoses have also been questioned with regard to the assessment of very young children: it is argued that very young children are developing too rapidly to be adequately described by a fixed diagnosis, and furthermore that a diagnosis unhelpfully locates the problem within the child when the parent-child relationship is a more appropriate focus of assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The child and adolescent psychiatrist then designs a treatment plan which considers all the components and discusses these recommendations with the child or adolescent and family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment will usually involve one or more of the following elements: behavior therapy,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cognitive-behavior therapy,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> problem-solving therapies,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> psychodynamic therapy,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> parent training programs,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> family therapy,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and/or the use of medication.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intervention can also include consultation with pediatricians,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Primary_care_physician" title="Primary care physician">primary care physicians</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or professionals from schools, juvenile courts, social agencies or other community organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a review of existing meta-analyses and disorders on the four most frequent childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders (anxiety disorder, depression, ADHD, conduct disorder), only for ADHD was the use of medication (stimulants) considered to be the most efficacious treatment option available. For the remaining three disorders, psychotherapy is recommended as the most effective treatment of choice. A combination of psychological and pharmacological treatments is an important option in ADHD and depressive disorders. Treatments for ADHD and anxiety disorders produce higher effect-sizes than do interventions for depressive and conduct disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, Child and adolescent psychiatric training requires 4 years of medical school, at least 4 years of approved residency training in medicine, neurology, and general psychiatry with adults, and 2 years of additional specialized training in psychiatric work with children, adolescents, and their families in an accredited residency in child and adolescent psychiatry.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Child and adolescent sub-speciality training is similar in other Western countries (such as the UK, New Zealand, and Australia), in that trainees must generally demonstrate competency in general adult psychiatry prior to commencing sub-speciality training. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Certification_and_continuing_education">Certification and continuing education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Certification and continuing education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the US, having completed the child and adolescent psychiatry residency, the child and adolescent psychiatrist is eligible to take the additional certification examination in the subspecialty of child and adolescent psychiatry from the <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Psychiatry_and_Neurology" title="American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology">American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology</a> (ABPN) or the <a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Board_of_Neurology_and_Psychiatry" title="American Osteopathic Board of Neurology and Psychiatry">American Osteopathic Board of Neurology and Psychiatry</a> (AOBNP).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the ABPN and AOBNP examinations are not required for practice, they are a further assurance that the child and adolescent psychiatrist with these certifications can be expected to diagnose and treat all psychiatric conditions in patients of any age competently. Training requirements are listed on the web site of The American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shortage_of_child_and_adolescent_psychiatrists_in_the_United_States">Shortage of child and adolescent psychiatrists in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shortage of child and adolescent psychiatrists in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry" title="Talk:Child and adolescent psychiatry">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The demand for child and adolescent psychiatrists continues to far outstrip the supply worldwide. There is also a severe maldistribution of child and adolescent psychiatrists, especially in rural and poor, urban areas where access is significantly reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016, there are 7991 child and adolescent psychiatrists in the United States. A report by the US Bureau of Health Professions (2000) projected a need by the year 2020 for 12,624 child and adolescent psychiatrists, but a supply of only 8,312. In its 1998 report, the Center for Mental Health Services estimated that 9-13% of 9- to 17-year-olds had serious emotional disturbances, and 5-9% had extreme functional impairments. In 1999, however, the Surgeon General reported that "there is a dearth of child psychiatrists." Only 20% of emotionally disturbed children and adolescents received <i>any</i> mental health treatment, a small percentage of which was performed by child and adolescent psychiatrists. Furthermore, the US Bureau of Health Professions projects that the demand for child and adolescent psychiatry services will increase by 100% between 1995 and 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-cultural_considerations">Cross-cultural considerations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cross-cultural considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Steady growth in migration of immigrants to higher-income regions and countries has contributed to the growth and interest in cross-cultural psychiatry. Families of immigrants whose child has a psychiatric illness must come to understand the disorder while navigating an unfamiliar health care system.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subjective_diagnoses">Subjective diagnoses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Subjective diagnoses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One criticism against psychiatry is that psychiatric diagnoses lack complete "objectivity," particularly when compared with diagnoses in other medical specialties. However, for several major psychiatric disorders <a href="/wiki/Interrater_reliability" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrater reliability">interrater reliability</a>, which shows the degree to which psychiatrists agree on the diagnosis, is generally similar to those in other medical specialties.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Frances" title="Allen Frances">Allen Frances</a> said that "psychiatric diagnosis still relies exclusively on fallible subjective judgments rather than objective biological tests."<sup id="cite_ref-frana_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frana-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional deficit and disease models of child psychiatry have been criticized as rooted in the <a href="/wiki/Medical_model" title="Medical model">medical model</a> which conceptualizes adjustment problems in terms of disease states. It is said by these critics that these normative models explicitly characterize problematic behavior as representing a disorder within the child or young person and these commentators assert that the role of environmental influences on behavior has become increasingly neglected, leading to a decrease in the popularity of, for example, family therapy. There are criticisms of the medical model approach from within and without the psychiatric profession (see references): it is said to neglect the role of environmental, family, and cultural influences, to discount the psychological meaning of behavior and symptoms, to promote a view of the "patient" as dependent and needing to be cured or cared for and therefore undermines a sense of personal responsibility for conduct and behavior, to promote a normative conception based on adaptation to the norms of society (the ill person must adapt to society), and to be based on the shaky foundations of reliance on a classificatory system that has been shown to have problems of validity and reliability (Boorse, 1976; Jensen, 2003; Sadler et al. 1994; Timimi, 2006).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prescription_of_psychotropic_medications">Prescription of psychotropic medications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prescription of psychotropic medications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the late 1990s, use of psychiatric medication has become increasingly common for children and adolescents. In 2004 the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) issued the <a href="/wiki/Black_Box_Warning" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Box Warning">Black Box Warning</a> on <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a> prescriptions to alert patients of a research link between use of medication and apparent increased risk of suicidal thoughts, hostility, and agitation in pediatric patients. The most common diagnoses for which children receive psychiatric medication are ADHD, <a href="/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder" title="Oppositional defiant disorder">ODD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">conduct disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some research suggests that children and adolescents are sometimes given antipsychotic drugs as a first-line treatment for mental health problems or behavioral issues other than a psychotic disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-APAfive_children_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APAfive_children-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the usage of these drugs in young people has greatly increased since 2000, especially among children from low-income families.<sup id="cite_ref-APAfive_children_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APAfive_children-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More research is needed to specifically assess the efficacy and tolerability of antipsychotic medications in pediatric populations. Because of the risk of <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome" title="Metabolic syndrome">metabolic syndrome</a> and cardiovascular events with long-term antipsychotic use, use in pediatric populations is highly scrutinized and recommended in combination with psychotherapy and effective parent-training interventions.<sup id="cite_ref-APAfive_children_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APAfive_children-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electroconvulsive_therapy">Electroconvulsive therapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Electroconvulsive therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1947, child neuropsychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Lauretta_Bender" title="Lauretta Bender">Lauretta Bender</a> published a study on 98 children aged between four and eleven years old who had been treated in the previous five years with intensive courses of <a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">electroconvulsive therapy</a> (ECT). These children received ECT daily for a typical course of approximately twenty treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This formed part of an experimental trend amongst a cadre of psychiatrists to explore the therapeutic impact of intensive regimes of ECT, which is also known as either regressive ECT or annihilation therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-Shock_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shock-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s Bender abandoned ECT as a therapeutic practice for the treatment of children. In the same decade the results of her published work on the use of ECT in children was discredited after a study showing that the condition of the children so treated had either not improved or deteriorated.<sup id="cite_ref-WP1996_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP1996-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commenting on his experience as part of Bender's therapeutic program, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Chabasinski" title="Ted Chabasinski">Ted Chabasinski</a> said that, "It really made a mess of me ... I went from being a shy kid who read a lot to a terrified kid who cried all the time."<sup id="cite_ref-UPI_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPI-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his treatment, he spent ten years as an inmate of <a href="/wiki/Rockland_State_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockland State Hospital">Rockland State Hospital</a>, a psychiatric facility now known as the Rockland Psychiatric Center.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT31Oct1982_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT31Oct1982-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When psychiatrists and pediatricians first began to recognize and discuss childhood psychiatric disorders in the 19th century, they were largely influenced by literary works of the Victorian era.<sup id="cite_ref-shuttleworth_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttleworth-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authors like the <a href="/wiki/Bront%C3%AB_sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Brontë sisters">Brontë sisters</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, introduced new ways of thinking about the child mind and the potential influence early childhood experiences could have on child development and the subsequent adult mind. When the <i>Journal of Psychological Medicine and Mental Pathology</i>, the first psychiatric journal in English, was published in 1848, child psychiatry didn't exist as its own field yet. However, some of the earliest works on the possibility of nervous disorders and "insanity" in children were published in the Journal and several medical writers directly referenced works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Eyre" title="Jane Eyre">Jane Eyre</a></i> (1847), <i><a href="/wiki/Wuthering_Heights" title="Wuthering Heights">Wuthering Heights</a></i> (1847), <i><a href="/wiki/Dombey_and_Son" title="Dombey and Son">Dombey and Son</a></i> (1848), and <i><a href="/wiki/David_Copperfield" title="David Copperfield">David Copperfield</a></i> (1850), to illustrate this new conceptualization of the child mind. Until that time, it was generally accepted that children were free from nervous disorders and the "passions" that affected the adult mind.<sup id="cite_ref-shuttleworth_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttleworth-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as 1899, the term "child psychiatry" (in French) was used as a subtitle in Manheimer's monograph <i>Les Troubles Mentaux de l'Enfance</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Swiss psychiatrist Moritz Tramer (1882–1963) was probably the first to define the parameters of child psychiatry in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis within the discipline of medicine, in 1933. In 1934, Tramer founded the <i>Zeitschrift für Kinderpsychiatrie (Journal of Child Psychiatry)</i>, which later became <i>Acta Paedopsychiatria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first academic child psychiatry department in the world was founded in 1930 by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Kanner" title="Leo Kanner">Leo Kanner</a> (1894–1981), an Austrian émigré and medical graduate of the University of Berlin, under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Meyer_(psychiatrist)" title="Adolf Meyer (psychiatrist)">Adolf Meyer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jhh_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhh-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kanner was the very <i>first</i> physician to be identified as a child psychiatrist in the US and his textbook, <i>Child Psychiatry</i> (1935), is credited with introducing both the specialty and the term to the anglophone academic community.<sup id="cite_ref-jhh_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhh-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936, Kanner established the first formal elective course in child psychiatry at the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins Hospital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jhh_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhh-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944 he provided the first clinical description of early infantile <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>, otherwise known as Kanner Syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Maria Montessori</a> together with <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Ferruccio_Montesano" class="extiw" title="it:Giuseppe Ferruccio Montesano">It:Giuseppe Ferruccio Montesano</a> and Clodomiro Bonfigli, two distinguished child psychiatrists, created in 1901 in Italy the "Lega Nazionale per la Protezione del Fanciullo" (National League for the Protection of Children). She gradually developed her own pedagogic method, initially based on the "intuition that the question of the 'mentally deficient' was more pedagogic than medical".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1909, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> and her female colleagues established the Juvenile Psychopathic Institute (JPI) in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, later renamed as the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Juvenile_Research" title="Institute for Juvenile Research">Institute for Juvenile Research</a> (IJR), the world's first <a href="/wiki/Child_Guidance" title="Child Guidance">child guidance clinic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ijr_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ijr-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neurologist William Healy, M.D., its first director, was charged with not only studying the delinquent's biological aspects of brain functioning and IQ, but also the delinquent's social factors, attitudes, and motivations, thus it was the birthplace of American child psychiatry.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From its establishment in February 1923, the <a href="/wiki/Maudsley_Hospital" title="Maudsley Hospital">Maudsley Hospital</a>, a <a href="/wiki/South_London" title="South London">South London</a>-based postgraduate teaching and research psychiatric hospital, contained a small children's department.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar overall early developments took place in many other countries during the late 1920s and 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, child and adolescent psychiatry was established as a recognized medical speciality in 1953 with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry" title="American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry">American Academy of Child Psychiatry</a>, but was not established as a legitimate, board-certifiable medical speciality until 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-About_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of medication in the treatment of children also began in the 1930s, when <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bradley_(doctor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bradley (doctor)">Charles Bradley</a> opened a neuropsychiatric unit and was the first to use <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> for brain-damaged and <a href="/wiki/Hyperactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperactive">hyperactive</a> children.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it was not until the 1960s that the first NIH grant to study paediatric psychopharmacology was awarded. It went to one of Kanner's students, Leon Eisenberg, the second director of the division.<sup id="cite_ref-jhh_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhh-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discipline has relatively flourished since the 1980s, in large part, because of contributions made in the 1970s, even if the outcomes for patients have been disappointing at times. It was a decade during which child psychiatry witnessed a major evolution as a result of the work carried out by, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Frommer" title="Eva Frommer">Eva Frommer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haldane" title="Douglas Haldane">Douglas Haldane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rutter" title="Michael Rutter">Michael Rutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Skynner" title="Robin Skynner">Robin Skynner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sula_Wolff" title="Sula Wolff">Sula Wolff</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first comprehensive population survey of 9- to 11-year-olds, carried out in London and the Isle of Wight, which appeared in 1970, addressed questions that have continued to be of importance for child psychiatry; for example, rates of psychiatric disorders, the role of intellectual development and physical impairment, and specific concern for potential social influences on children's adjustment. This work was influential, especially since the investigators demonstrated specific continuities of psychopathology over time, and the influence of social and contextual factors in children's mental health, in their subsequent re-evaluation of the original cohort of children. These studies described the prevalence of ADHD (relatively low as compared to the US), identified the onset and prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Depressive_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Depressive disorder">depression</a> in mid-adolescence and the frequent co-morbidity with <a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">conduct disorder</a>, and explored the relationship between various mental disorders and scholastic achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was paralleled similarly by work on the <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_child_psychiatric_disorders" title="Epidemiology of child psychiatric disorders">epidemiology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a> that was to enormously increase the number of children diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a> in future years.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although attention had been given in the 1960s and '70s to the classification of childhood psychiatric disorders, and some issues had then been delineated, such as the distinction between neurotic and conduct disorders, the nomenclature did not parallel the growing clinical knowledge. It was claimed that this situation was altered in the late 1970s with the development of the DSM-III system of classification, although research has shown that this system of classification has problems of validity and reliability.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since then, the DSM-IV<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and DSM-IVR have altered some of the parsing of psychiatric disorders into "childhood" and "adult" disorders, on the basis that while many psychiatric disorders are not diagnosed until adulthood, they may present in <a href="/wiki/Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood">childhood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescence</a> (DSM-IV).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The American Psychiatric Association's DSM is now on its fifth edition (DSM-5). </p><p>People in the field are sometimes referred to as "neurodevelopmentalists".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2005 there was debate in the field as to whether "neurodevelopmentalist" should be made a new speciality.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of patient outcomes, there is evidence that, in the United Kingdom at least on the 70th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)" title="National Health Service (England)">NHS</a>, mental health remains a medical "Cinderella" (low priority) and the more so Child and Adolescent Health services which have been through repeated reorganisations and underinvestment all of which leads to disruption and loss of adequate provision.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Modern neuroscience, genetics, epigenetics, and public health research has presented the tantalizing possibility that it can now be said with relative certainty that much (certainly not all) is understood about why some children struggle and others soar. Although it is an oversimplification, it can now be suggested that it is possible to understand how environmental factors, both negative and positive, influence the genome or epigenome, which in turn influence the structure and function of the brain and thus human thoughts, actions, and behaviors."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">Biological psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood" title="Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood">Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Guidance" title="Child Guidance">Child Guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_psychopathology" title="Child psychopathology">Child psychopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_psychiatry" title="Liaison psychiatry">Consultation-liaison psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Developmental disorders">Developmental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model" title="Medical model">Medical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" title="Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">Anti-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopsychiatry_controversy" title="Biopsychiatry controversy">Biopsychiatry controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversy_about_ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="Controversy about ADHD">Controversy about ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health_Services" title="Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services">Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services</a> - NHS service provision in the United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennie_v._Klein" title="Rennie v. Klein">Rennie v. Klein</a> - right to refuse treatment</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSadockSadockKaplan2009" class="citation cs2">Sadock, Benjamin J; Sadock, Virginia A; Kaplan, Harold I (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUFZ9NP2GK0C&pg=PP1"><i>Kaplan and Sadock's Concise Textbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</i></a>, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781793872" title="Special:BookSources/9780781793872"><bdi>9780781793872</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaplan+and+Sadock%27s+Concise+Textbook+of+Child+and+Adolescent+Psychiatry&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780781793872&rft.aulast=Sadock&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+J&rft.au=Sadock%2C+Virginia+A&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Harold+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDUFZ9NP2GK0C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+and+adolescent+psychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellerBlanfordButler2018" class="citation journal cs1">Weller, Bridget E.; Blanford, Kathryn L.; Butler, Ashley M. (2018). "Estimated Prevalence of Psychiatric Comorbidities in U.S. Adolescents With Depression by Race/Ethnicity, 2011-2012". <i>The Journal of Adolescent Health</i>. <b>62</b> (6): 716–721. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2017.12.020">10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.12.020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1879-1972">1879-1972</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29784115">29784115</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29157841">29157841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Adolescent+Health&rft.atitle=Estimated+Prevalence+of+Psychiatric+Comorbidities+in+U.S.+Adolescents+With+Depression+by+Race%2FEthnicity%2C+2011-2012&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=716-721&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1879-1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29157841%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29784115&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2017.12.020&rft.aulast=Weller&rft.aufirst=Bridget+E.&rft.au=Blanford%2C+Kathryn+L.&rft.au=Butler%2C+Ashley+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+and+adolescent+psychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rutter, Michael and Taylor, Eric. Chapter 2, Clinical assessment and diagnostic formulation. In Rutter and Taylor (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angold, Adrian. Chapter 3, Diagnostic interviews with parents and children. In Rutter and Taylor (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verhulst, Frank and Van der Ende, Jan. Chapter 5, Rating scales. In Rutter and Taylor (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersonTrampushBrownMaglione2024" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, Bradley S.; Trampush, Joey; Brown, Morah; Maglione, Margaret; Bolshakova, Maria; Rozelle, Mary; Miles, Jeremy; Pakdaman, Sheila; Yagyu, Sachi; Motala, Aneesa; Hempel, Susanne (2024-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/153/4/e2024065854/196923/Tools-for-the-Diagnosis-of-ADHD-in-Children-and">"Tools for the Diagnosis of ADHD in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review"</a>. <i>Pediatrics</i>. <b>153</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2024-065854">10.1542/peds.2024-065854</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4005">0031-4005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38523599">38523599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Tools+for+the+Diagnosis+of+ADHD+in+Children+and+Adolescents%3A+A+Systematic+Review&rft.volume=153&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2024-04-01&rft.issn=0031-4005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38523599&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.2024-065854&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Bradley+S.&rft.au=Trampush%2C+Joey&rft.au=Brown%2C+Morah&rft.au=Maglione%2C+Margaret&rft.au=Bolshakova%2C+Maria&rft.au=Rozelle%2C+Mary&rft.au=Miles%2C+Jeremy&rft.au=Pakdaman%2C+Sheila&rft.au=Yagyu%2C+Sachi&rft.au=Motala%2C+Aneesa&rft.au=Hempel%2C+Susanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.aap.org%2Fpediatrics%2Farticle%2F153%2F4%2Fe2024065854%2F196923%2FTools-for-the-Diagnosis-of-ADHD-in-Children-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+and+adolescent+psychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sergeant, Joseph and Taylor, Eric. Chapter 6, Psychological testing and observation. In Rutter and Taylor (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Psychiatric_Association2013" class="citation book cs1">American Psychiatric Association (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596"><i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.books.9780890425596">10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-555-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-555-8"><bdi>978-0-89042-555-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.books.9780890425596&rft.isbn=978-0-89042-555-8&rft.au=American+Psychiatric+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1176%2Fappi.books.9780890425596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+and+adolescent+psychiatry" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/">"ICD-11"</a>. <i>icd.who.int</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icd.who.int&rft.atitle=ICD-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficd.who.int%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+and+adolescent+psychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRousseauMeasham,_TobyBathiche-Suidan,_Marie2008" class="citation cs2">Rousseau, Cécile; Measham, Toby; Bathiche-Suidan, Marie (2008), "DSM IV, Culture and Child Psychiatry", <i>Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</i>, <b>17</b> (2): 69–75, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2387108">2387108</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18516309">18516309</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Academy+of+Child+and+Adolescent+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=DSM+IV%2C+Culture+and+Child+Psychiatry&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=69-75&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2387108%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18516309&rft.aulast=Rousseau&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9cile&rft.au=Measham%2C+Toby&rft.au=Bathiche-Suidan%2C+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+and+adolescent+psychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintersHanson,_GraemeStoyanova,_Veneta2007" class="citation cs2">Winters, Nancy; Hanson, Graeme; Stoyanova, Veneta (January 2007), "The Case Formulation in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry", <i>Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America</i>, <b>16</b> (1): 111–132, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chc.2006.07.010">10.1016/j.chc.2006.07.010</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17141121">17141121</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+and+Adolescent+Psychiatric+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=The+Case+Formulation+in+Child+and+Adolescent+Psychiatry&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111-132&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chc.2006.07.010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17141121&rft.aulast=Winters&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Hanson%2C+Graeme&rft.au=Stoyanova%2C+Veneta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+and+adolescent+psychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgger2009" class="citation cs2">Egger, Helen (July 2009), "Psychiatric assessment of young children", <i>Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America</i>, <b>18</b> (3): 559–580, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chc.2009.02.004">10.1016/j.chc.2009.02.004</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19486838">19486838</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+and+Adolescent+Psychiatric+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Psychiatric+assessment+of+young+children&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=559-580&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chc.2009.02.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19486838&rft.aulast=Egger&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+and+adolescent+psychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert, Martin. Chapter 53, Behavioural therapies, in Rutter and Taylor (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brent, David, Gaynor, Scott and Weersing, Robin. Chapter 54, Cognitive-behavioural approaches to the treatment of depression and anxiety. In Rutter and Taylor (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compas, Bruce, Benson, Molly et al. Chapter 55, Problem-solving and problem-solving therapies, in Rutter and Taylor (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieberman_A.F.Van_Horn_P.Ippen_C.G.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lieberman A.F.; Van Horn P.; Ippen C.G. (2005). "Towards evidence-based treatment: Child-parent psychotherapy with preschoolers exposed to marital violence". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</i>. <b>44</b> (12): 1241–1248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.chi.0000181047.59702.58">10.1097/01.chi.0000181047.59702.58</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16292115">16292115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Child+and+Adolescent+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Towards+evidence-based+treatment%3A+Child-parent+psychotherapy+with+preschoolers+exposed+to+marital+violence&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1241-1248&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.chi.0000181047.59702.58&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16292115&rft.au=Lieberman+A.F.&rft.au=Van+Horn+P.&rft.au=Ippen+C.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+and+adolescent+psychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchechterWillheim2009" class="citation journal cs1">Schechter DS, Willheim E (2009). "When parenting becomes unthinkable: Intervening with traumatized parents and their toddlers". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry</i>. <b>48</b> (3): 249–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2Fchi.0b013e3181948ff1">10.1097/chi.0b013e3181948ff1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19242290">19242290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Child+%26+Adolescent+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=When+parenting+becomes+unthinkable%3A+Intervening+with+traumatized+parents+and+their+toddlers&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=249-254&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2Fchi.0b013e3181948ff1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19242290&rft.aulast=Schechter&rft.aufirst=DS&rft.au=Willheim%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+and+adolescent+psychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott, Stephen. Chapter 56, Parent training programmes, in Rutter and Taylor (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs, Brian and Peaarse, Joanna.Chapter 57, Family therapy, in Rutter and Taylor (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heyman, Isobel and Santosh, Paramala. Chapter 59, Pharmacological and other physical treatments, in Rutter and Taylor (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rauch, Paula and Jellinek, Michael. Chapter 62, Paediatric consultation, in Rutter and Taylor (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garralda, Elena. Chapter 65, Primary health care psychiatry, in Rutter and Taylor (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicol, Rory. 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class="citation journal cs1">Barrett, Susan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Frfcb.4138">"From Adult Asylums to CAMHS Community Care: the Evolution of Specialist Mental Health Care for Children and Adolescents 1948-2018"</a>. <i>Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, XXIV-3</i>. <b>XXIV</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Frfcb.4138">10.4000/rfcb.4138</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Fran%C3%A7aise+de+Civilisation+Britannique%2C+XXIV-3&rft.atitle=From+Adult+Asylums+to+CAMHS+Community+Care%3A+the+Evolution+of+Specialist+Mental+Health+Care+for+Children+and+Adolescents+1948-2018&rft.volume=XXIV&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Frfcb.4138&rft.au=Barrett%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Frfcb.4138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+and+adolescent+psychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am 26 (2017) 611–624</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutterBishopPineScott2010" class="citation cs2">Rutter, Michael; Bishop, Dorothy; Pine, Daniel; Scott, Steven; Stevenson, Jim S.; Taylor, Eric A.; Thapar, Anita (2010), <i>Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</i> (5th ed.), Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4593-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4593-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-4593-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rutter%27s+Child+and+Adolescent+Psychiatry&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-4593-0&rft.aulast=Rutter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Bishop%2C+Dorothy&rft.au=Pine%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Scott%2C+Steven&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Jim+S.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Eric+A.&rft.au=Thapar%2C+Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+and+adolescent+psychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodmanScott,_Steven2012" class="citation cs2">Goodman, Robert; Scott, Steven (2012), <i>Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</i>, Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97968-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-97968-5"><bdi>978-1-119-97968-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+and+Adolescent+Psychiatry&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-119-97968-5&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Scott%2C+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+and+adolescent+psychiatry" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.youthinmind.info/py/yiminfo/GoodmanScott3.py">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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<li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_psychiatry" title="Emergency psychiatry">Emergency psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychiatry" title="Forensic psychiatry">Forensic psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_psychiatry" title="Geriatric psychiatry">Geriatric psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immuno-psychiatry" title="Immuno-psychiatry">Immuno-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_psychiatry" title="Liaison psychiatry">Liaison psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychiatry" title="Military psychiatry">Military psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_psychiatry" title="Nutritional psychiatry">Nutritional psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" title="Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Palliative 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href="/wiki/American_Neuropsychiatric_Association" title="American Neuropsychiatric Association">American Neuropsychiatric Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Psychiatric_Abuse" title="Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse">Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Society_of_Psychiatry" title="Chinese Society of Psychiatry">Chinese Society of Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Psychiatry" title="Democratic Psychiatry">Democratic Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Psychiatric_Association" title="European Psychiatric Association">European Psychiatric Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Initiative_on_Psychiatry" title="Global Initiative on Psychiatry">Global Initiative on Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists">Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Psychiatric_Association_of_Russia" title="Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia">Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Psychiatric_Society" title="Indian Psychiatric Society">Indian Psychiatric Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Association" title="Philadelphia Association">Philadelphia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_and_New_Zealand_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists">Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Royal College of Psychiatrists">Royal College of Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Society_of_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry" title="Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry">Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Commission_to_Investigate_the_Use_of_Psychiatry_for_Political_Purposes" title="Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes">Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Psychiatric_Association" title="World Psychiatric Association">World Psychiatric Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_medicine" title="Behavioral medicine">Behavioral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neuroscience" title="Clinical neuroscience">Clinical neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_psychiatry" title="Controversies about psychiatry">Controversies about psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">Anti-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopsychiatry_controversy" title="Biopsychiatry controversy">Biopsychiatry controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">Electroconvulsive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin_shock_therapy" title="Insulin shock therapy">Insulin shock therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry" title="Political abuse of psychiatry">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_survivors_movement" title="Psychiatric survivors movement">Psychiatric survivors movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_genetics" title="Imaging genetics">Imaging genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentylenetetrazol" title="Pentylenetetrazol">Pentylenetetrazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychiatry" title="Philosophy of psychiatry">Philosophy of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_epidemiology" title="Psychiatric epidemiology">Psychiatric epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_genetics" title="Psychiatric genetics">Psychiatric genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">Psychiatric hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">Psychiatrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycho-oncology" title="Psycho-oncology">Psycho-oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopharmacology" title="Psychopharmacology">Psychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosomatic_medicine" title="Psychosomatic medicine">Psychosomatic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosurgery" title="Psychosurgery">Psychosurgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counseling_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of counseling topics">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neurological_conditions_and_disorders" title="List of neurological conditions and disorders">Neurological conditions and disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications" title="List of psychiatric medications">Psychiatric medications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications_by_condition_treated" title="List of psychiatric medications by condition treated">by condition treated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_psychiatric_survivors_movement" title="Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement">Psychiatric survivors movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychiatrists" title="List of psychiatrists">Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychiatry" title="Portal:Psychiatry">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychiatry" title="Outline of psychiatry">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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