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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shinto_as_political_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shinto_as_political_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Shinto as political ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shinto_as_political_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation_of_Shinto_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_of_Shinto_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Implementation of Shinto ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation_of_Shinto_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_control_of_shrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_control_of_shrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>State control of shrines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_control_of_shrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideological_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideological_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ideological origins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideological_origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideological origins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideological_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>National Teaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Promulgation_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Promulgation_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Great Promulgation Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Promulgation_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yasukuni_Shrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yasukuni_Shrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Yasukuni Shrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yasukuni_Shrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_acquired_and_occupied_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_acquired_and_occupied_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In acquired and occupied territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_acquired_and_occupied_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8C" title="রাষ্ট্রীয় শিন্তৌ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাষ্ট্রীয় শিন্তৌ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staats-Shint%C5%8D" title="Staats-Shintō – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Staats-Shintō" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinto%C3%ADsmo_estatal" title="Sintoísmo estatal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sintoísmo estatal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="شینتوی حکومتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شینتوی حکومتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto%C3%AFsme_d%27%C3%89tat" title="Shintoïsme d'État – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shintoïsme d'État" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EC%8B%A0%ED%86%A0" title="국가신토 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국가신토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto_Negara" title="Shinto Negara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Shinto Negara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintoismo_di_Stato" title="Shintoismo di Stato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shintoismo di Stato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%A5%9E%E9%81%93" title="国家神道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国家神道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsshinto" title="Statsshinto – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Statsshinto" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinto%C3%ADsmo_estatal" title="Xintoísmo estatal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xintoísmo estatal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Государственный синтоизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государственный синтоизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="State Shinto" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devlet_%C5%9Eintoizmi" title="Devlet Şintoizmi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Devlet Şintoizmi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#b0000f;"><span style="color:white">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shinto" title="Category:Shinto"> <span style="color:White;">a series</span></a> on</span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#b0000f;;font-size:150%; color:#b0000f"><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto"><span style="color:White;">Shinto</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shinto"><img alt="Shinto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg/90px-Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg/135px-Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg/180px-Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#b0000f;;background:#FFCCCB;;color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Animatism" title="Animatism">Animatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities" title="List of Japanese deities">List of deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sacred_objects_in_Japanese_mythology" title="List of sacred objects in Japanese mythology">Sacred objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">Sects and schools</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#b0000f;;background:#FFCCCB;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities#Major_kami" title="List of Japanese deities">Major kami</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ame-no-Uzume" title="Ame-no-Uzume">Ame-no-Uzume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_%C5%8Ckami" title="Inari Ōkami">Inari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izanagi" title="Izanagi">Izanagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izanami" title="Izanami">Izanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanoo-no-Mikoto" title="Susanoo-no-Mikoto">Susanoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto" title="Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto">Tsukuyomi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#b0000f;;background:#FFCCCB;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shinto_texts" title="Shinto texts">Important literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a></i> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 711 CE</span>)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></i> (720 CE)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Fudoki" title="Fudoki">Fudoki</a></i> (713–723 CE)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Shoku_Nihongi" title="Shoku Nihongi">Shoku Nihongi</a></i> (797 CE)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Kogo_Sh%C5%ABi" title="Kogo Shūi">Kogo Shūi</a></i> (807 CE)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Kujiki" title="Kujiki">Kujiki</a></i> (807–936 CE)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Engishiki" title="Engishiki">Engishiki</a></i> (927 CE)</div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#b0000f;;background:#FFCCCB;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrines</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Shinto_Shrines" title="Association of Shinto Shrines">Association of Shinto Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichinomiya" title="Ichinomiya">Ichinomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shinto_shrines" title="List of Shinto shrines">List of Shinto shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_system_of_ranked_Shinto_shrines" title="Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines">Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_architecture" title="Shinto architecture">Shinto architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Two_Shrines" title="Twenty-Two Shrines">Twenty-Two Shrines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#b0000f;;background:#FFCCCB;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannushi" title="Kannushi">Kannushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">Miko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_music" title="Shinto music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagura" title="Kagura">Ritual dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norito" title="Norito">Ritual incantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogi" title="Misogi">Ritual purification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#b0000f;;background:#FFCCCB;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Shinto" title="Category:Shinto">See also</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edo_neo-Confucianism" title="Edo neo-Confucianism">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Shinto" title="Glossary of Shinto">Glossary of Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shinto" title="History of Shinto">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko-Shint%C5%8D" title="Ko-Shintō">Ko-Shintō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_from_Japan" title="List of legendary creatures from Japan">Mythical creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Shrine_Theory" title="Secular Shrine Theory">Secular Shrine Theory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu-shūgō">Syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shinto" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shinto"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_government_small-face-value_paper_money_50_Sen_(Yasukuni_Shrine)_-_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Japanese_government_small-face-value_paper_money_50_Sen_%28Yasukuni_Shrine%29_-_front.jpg/300px-Japanese_government_small-face-value_paper_money_50_Sen_%28Yasukuni_Shrine%29_-_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Japanese_government_small-face-value_paper_money_50_Sen_%28Yasukuni_Shrine%29_-_front.jpg/450px-Japanese_government_small-face-value_paper_money_50_Sen_%28Yasukuni_Shrine%29_-_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Japanese_government_small-face-value_paper_money_50_Sen_%28Yasukuni_Shrine%29_-_front.jpg/600px-Japanese_government_small-face-value_paper_money_50_Sen_%28Yasukuni_Shrine%29_-_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>Empire of Japan's 50 sen banknote, featuring Yasukuni Shrine</figcaption></figure> <p><b>State Shintō</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">国家神道 or 國家神道</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kokka Shintō</i></span>)</span> was <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a>'s ideological use of the Japanese folk religion and traditions of <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fridell_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fridell-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 547">: 547 </span></sup> The state exercised control of shrine finances and training regimes for <a href="/wiki/Kannushi" title="Kannushi">priests</a><sup id="cite_ref-Shibata_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shibata-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhong_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keene_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120">: 120 </span></sup> to strongly encourage Shinto practices that emphasized the Emperor as a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">divine being</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Earhart_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earhart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p><p>The State Shinto ideology emerged at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a>, after government officials defined freedom of religion within the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 115">: 115 </span></sup> Imperial scholars believed Shinto reflected the historical fact of the Emperor's divine origins rather than a religious belief, and argued that it should enjoy a privileged relationship with the Japanese state.<sup id="cite_ref-Earhart_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earhart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhong_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup> The government argued that Shinto was a non-religious moral tradition and patriotic practice, to give the impression that they supported <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religious freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhong_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keene_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120">: 120 </span></sup> Though early Meiji-era attempts to unite Shinto and the state failed,<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup> this non-religious concept of ideological Shinto was incorporated into state bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 547">: 547 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sakamoto_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakamoto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shrines</a> were defined as patriotic, not religious, institutions, which served state purposes such as honoring the war dead;<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 91">: 91 </span></sup> this is known as <a href="/wiki/Secular_Shrine_Theory" title="Secular Shrine Theory">Secular Shrine Theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state also integrated local shrines into political functions, occasionally spurring local opposition and resentment.<sup id="cite_ref-Keene_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120">: 120 </span></sup> With fewer shrines financed by the state, nearly 80,000 closed or merged with neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98">: 98 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 118">: 118 </span></sup> Many shrines and shrine organizations began to independently embrace these state directives, regardless of funding.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 114">: 114 </span></sup> By 1940, Shinto priests risked persecution for performing traditionally "religious" Shinto ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beckford_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 699">: 699 </span></sup> Imperial Japan did not draw a distinction between ideological Shinto and traditional Shinto.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 100">: 100 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">US military leaders</a> introduced the term "State Shinto" to differentiate the state's ideology from traditional Shinto practices<sup id="cite_ref-Earhart_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earhart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> in the 1945 <a href="/wiki/Shinto_Directive" title="Shinto Directive">Shinto Directive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Earhart_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earhart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> That decree established Shinto as a religion, and banned further ideological uses of Shinto by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckford_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 703">: 703 </span></sup> Controversy continues to surround the use of Shinto symbols in state functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Shibata_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shibata-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 428">: 428 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beckford_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 706">: 706 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Loo_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_the_term">Origins of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Shinto&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shinto is a blend of indigenous Japanese folk practices, beliefs, court manners, and spirit-worship which dates back to at least 600 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 99">: 99 </span></sup> These beliefs were unified as "Shinto" during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> (1868–1912),<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakai_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakai-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the Chronicles of Japan<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本書紀</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> first referenced the term in the eighth century. Shinto has no fixed doctrines or founder, but draws instead from creation myths described in books such as the <a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ono_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ono-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p><p>The December 15, 1945 "<a href="/wiki/Shinto_Directive" title="Shinto Directive">Shinto Directive</a>" of the United States General Headquarters introduced the "State Shinto" distinction when it began governing Japan after the Second World War. The Shinto Directive (officially the "Abolition of Governmental Sponsorship, Support, Perpetuation, Control and Dissemination of State Shinto") defined State Shinto as "that branch of Shinto (<i>Kokka Shinto</i> or <i>Jinja Shinto</i>) which, by official acts of the Japanese government, has been differentiated from the religion of Sect Shinto (<i>Shuha Shinto</i> or <i>Kyoha Shinto</i>) and has been classified a non-religious national cult."<sup id="cite_ref-Earhart_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earhart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41–42">: 41–42 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "State Shinto" term was thus used to categorize and abolish Imperial Japanese practices that relied on Shinto to support nationalistic ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 133">: 133 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 97">: 97 </span></sup> By declining to ban Shinto practices outright, <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Japan's post-war constitution</a> was able to preserve full freedom of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 133">: 133 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Shinto&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meiji-tenno_among_kami_and_emperors.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Meiji-tenno_among_kami_and_emperors.JPG/300px-Meiji-tenno_among_kami_and_emperors.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Meiji-tenno_among_kami_and_emperors.JPG/450px-Meiji-tenno_among_kami_and_emperors.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Meiji-tenno_among_kami_and_emperors.JPG/600px-Meiji-tenno_among_kami_and_emperors.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2371" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>This 1878 engraving by <a href="/wiki/Toyohara_Chikanobu" title="Toyohara Chikanobu">Toyohara Chikanobu</a> (1838–1912) visually presents the central tenet of State Shinto (1871–1946). This Shinto variant asserted and promoted belief in the divinity of the Emperor, which arose from a genealogical family tree extending back to the first emperor and to the most important deities of Japanese mythology.</figcaption></figure> <p>The definition of State Shinto requires distinction from the term "Shinto," which was one aspect of a set of nationalist symbols integrated into the State Shinto ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-Fridell_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fridell-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 547">: 547 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woodard_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodard-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though some scholars, such as Woodard and Holtom,<sup id="cite_ref-Woodard_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodard-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holtom_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holtom-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Shinto Directive itself, use the terms "Shrine Shinto" and "State Shinto" interchangeably, most contemporary scholars use the term "Shrine Shinto" to refer to the majority of Shinto shrines which were outside of State Shinto influence, leaving "State Shinto" to refer to shrines and practices deliberately intended to reflect state ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-Fridell_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fridell-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 547">: 547 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Shinto&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg/220px-Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg/330px-Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg/440px-Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4344" data-file-height="5496" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Hirohito and General MacArthur, at their first meeting, at the U.S. Embassy, Tokyo, 27 September 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Most generally, State Shinto refers to any use of Shinto practices incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">national ideology</a> during the Meiji period starting in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 100">: 100 </span></sup> It is often described as any state-supported, Shinto-inspired ideology or practice intended to inspire national integration, unity, and loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckford_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 700">: 700 </span></sup> State Shinto is also understood to refer to the state rituals and ideology of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">Emperor-worship</a>, which was not a traditional emphasis of Shinto<sup id="cite_ref-Beckford_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 699">: 699 </span></sup> — of the 124 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Emperors_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Emperors of Japan">Japanese emperors</a>, only 20 have dedicated shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-Ono_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ono-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 80">: 80 </span></sup> </p><p>"State Shinto" was not an official designation for any practice or belief in Imperial Japan during this period. Instead, it was developed at the end of the war to describe the mixture of state support for non-religious shrine activities and immersive ideological support for the <a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a> ("National Body/Structure") policy in education, including the training of all shrine priests.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 100">: 100 </span></sup> This permitted a form of traditional religious Shinto to reflect a State Shinto position without the direct control of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 100">: 100 </span></sup> The extent to which Emperor worship was supported by the population is unclear, though scholars such as Ashizu Uzuhiko, Sakamoto Koremaru, and Nitta Hitoshi argue that the government's funding and control of shrines was never adequate enough to justify a claim to the existence of a State Shinto.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keene_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 118">: 118 </span></sup> The extent of popular support for the actions categorized as "State Shinto" is the subject of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 94">: 94 </span></sup> </p><p>Some contemporary Shinto authorities reject the concept of State Shinto, and seek to restore elements of the practice, such as naming time periods after the Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Earhart_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earhart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119">: 119 </span></sup> This view often sees "State Shinto" purely as an invention of the United States' "Shinto Directive."<sup id="cite_ref-Keene_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119">: 119 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shinto_as_political_ideology">Shinto as political ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Shinto&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shinto as political ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Secular_Shrine_Theory" title="Secular Shrine Theory">Secular Shrine Theory</a></div> <p>"Religious" practice, in its Western sense, was unknown in Japan prior to the Meiji restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-Isomae_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isomae-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a>" was understood to encompass a series of beliefs about faith and the afterlife, but also closely associated with Western power.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhong_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55–56">: 55–56 </span></sup> The Meiji restoration had re-established the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor</a>, a "religious" figure, as the head of the Japanese state.<sup id="cite_ref-Earhart_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earhart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p><p>Religious freedom was initially a response to demands of Western governments.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 115">: 115 </span></sup> Japan had allowed <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christianity)">Christian missionaries</a> under pressure from Western governments, but viewed Christianity as a foreign threat.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhong_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61–62">: 61–62 </span></sup> The state was challenged to establish a suprareligious interpretation of Shinto that incorporated, and promoted, the Emperor's divine lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-Earhart_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earhart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhong_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup> By establishing Shinto as a unique form of "suprareligious" cultural practice, it would be exempted from Meiji laws protecting freedom of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Keene_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120">: 120 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> </p><p>The "State Shinto" ideology presented Shinto as something beyond religion, "a unity of government and teaching ... not a religion."<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup> Rather than a religious practice, Shinto was understood as a form of education, which "consists of the traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">imperial house</a>, beginning in the age of gods and continuing through history."<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yasukuni_1st_Torii_20060122.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Yasukuni_1st_Torii_20060122.jpg/220px-Yasukuni_1st_Torii_20060122.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Yasukuni_1st_Torii_20060122.jpg/330px-Yasukuni_1st_Torii_20060122.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Yasukuni_1st_Torii_20060122.jpg/440px-Yasukuni_1st_Torii_20060122.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A torii gate at Yasukuni shrine</figcaption></figure> <p>Scholars, such as Sakamoto Koremaru, argue that the "State Shinto" system existed only between 1900 and 1945, corresponding to the state's creation of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Shrines" title="Bureau of Shrines">Bureau of Shrines</a>. That bureau distinguished Shinto from religions managed by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Shrines_and_Temples" title="Bureau of Shrines and Temples">Bureau of Shrines and Temples</a>, which became the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Religions" title="Bureau of Religions">Bureau of Religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 547">: 547 </span></sup> Separated through this state bureaucracy, Shinto was distinguished from Buddhist temples and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Christian</a> churches, which were formulated as religious. This marked the start of the state's official designation of Shinto shrines as "<a href="/wiki/Secular_Shrine_Theory" title="Secular Shrine Theory">suprareligious</a>" or "non-religious".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 547">: 547 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sakamoto_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakamoto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>State Shinto was thus not recognized as a "state religion" during the Meiji era.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, State Shinto is considered an appropriation of traditional Shinto through state financial support for ideologically aligned <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">shrines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keene_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 118">: 118 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beckford_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 700">: 700 </span></sup> </p><p>State Shinto combined political activism and religious thought to take actions thought by its adherents to bring the country together during and after the nadir of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_feudalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese feudalism">Japanese feudalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation_of_Shinto_ideology">Implementation of Shinto ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Shinto&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Implementation of Shinto ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Empire of Japan endeavored, through education initiatives and specific financial support for new shrines, to frame Shinto practice as a patriotic moral tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Keene_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120">: 120 </span></sup> From the early Meiji era, the divine origin of the Emperor was the official position of the state, and taught in classrooms not as myth, but as historical fact.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhong_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keene_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122">: 122 </span></sup> Shinto priests were hired to teach in public schools, and cultivated this teaching, alongside reverence for the Emperor and compulsory class trips to shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-Keene_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120">: 120 </span></sup> State Shinto practitioners also emphasized the ritual aspect as a traditional civic practice that did not explicitly call on faith to participate.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhong_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup> </p><p>By balancing a "suprareligious" understanding of Shinto as the source of divinity for both Japan and the Emperor, the state was able to compel participation in rituals from Japanese subjects while claiming to respect their freedom of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Keene_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120">: 120 </span></sup> The state was thus able to enshrine its place in civic society in ways religions could not. This included teaching its ideological strand of Shinto in public schools,<sup id="cite_ref-Shibata_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shibata-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including ceremonial recitations to the Emperor and rites involving the Emperor's portrait.<sup id="cite_ref-Keene_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120">: 120 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1926, the government organized the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shūkyō Seido Chōsakai</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">宗教制度調査会</span></span>, Religious System Investigative Committee)</span> and then the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Jinja Seido Chōsakai</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神社制度調査会</span></span>, Shrine System Investigative Committee)</span>, which further established the suprareligious "Shintogaku" ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-Isomae_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isomae-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 147">: 147 </span></sup> </p><p>To protect this non-religious distinction, practices which did not align with state functions were increasingly prohibited. This included preaching at shrines and conducting funerals. The use of the symbolic <a href="/wiki/Torii" title="Torii">torii</a> gate was restricted to government-supported shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As religious rituals without state functions were restricted, practitioners were driven underground and frequently arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-TeeuwenBreen_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeeuwenBreen-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> Alternative Shinto movements, such as <a href="/wiki/Oomoto" title="Oomoto">Omotokyo</a>, were hampered by the imprisonment of its priests in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> The status of separation of so-called "State Shinto" shrines changed in 1931; from that point, shrines were pressured to focus on the divinity of the <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a> or shrine priests could face persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beckford_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 699">: 699 </span></sup> </p><p>Some intellectuals at the time, such as Yanagita Kunio, were critics of Imperial Japan's argument at the time that Shinto was not religious.<sup id="cite_ref-TeeuwenBreen_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeeuwenBreen-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> In 1936, the Catholic Church's <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Propaganda Fide</a> agreed with the state definition, and announced that visits to shrines had "only a purely civil value".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_control_of_shrines">State control of shrines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Shinto&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: State control of shrines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Divinities" title="Institute of Divinities">Institute of Divinities</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="border-spacing: 2px; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <caption>Table: Government spending on shrines<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th align="center">Year </th> <th align="center">Shrine<br />payments<br />(Yen) </th> <th align="center">% of annual<br />budget </th></tr> <tr> <td>1902</td> <td>1,071,727</td> <td>0.43 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907</td> <td>510,432</td> <td>0.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1912</td> <td>358,012</td> <td>0.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1917</td> <td>877,063</td> <td>0.11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1922</td> <td>4,191,000</td> <td>0.29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1927</td> <td>1,774,000</td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1932</td> <td>1,373,000</td> <td>0.07 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937</td> <td>2,297,000</td> <td>0.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942</td> <td>2,081,000</td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943</td> <td>6,633,000</td> <td>0.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944</td> <td>1,331,000</td> <td>0.01 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Though the government's ideological interest in Shinto is well-known, there is debate over how much control the government had over local shrines and for how long.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shrine finances were not purely state-supported.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 114">: 114 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sakamoto_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakamoto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shinto priests, even when state-supported, had tended to avoid preaching on ideological matters until the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Divinities" title="Institute of Divinities">Institute of Divinities</a> in 1940. </p><p>In 1906, the government issued a policy to limit its financial support to one shrine per village.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98">: 98 </span></sup> This state supported shrines that followed its specific guidelines for funding, and encouraged unfunded shrines to become partners with the larger shrines. As a result of this initiative to consolidate Shinto beliefs into state-approved practices, Japan's 200,000 shrines had been reduced to 120,000 by 1914,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 118">: 118 </span></sup> consolidating control to shrines favorable to the state interpretation of Shinto.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98">: 98 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1910, graduates of state-run Shinto schools, such as <a href="/wiki/Kokugakuin_University" title="Kokugakuin University">Kokugakuin University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kogakkan_University" title="Kogakkan University">Kougakkan University</a>, were implicitly allowed to become public school teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> A greater number of better-trained priests with educations at state-supported schools, combined with a rising patriotic fervor, is believed by some to have seeded an environment in which grassroots Emperor worship was possible, even without financial support for local shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1913, official rules for Shrine priests — <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kankokuheisha ika jinja shinshoku hömu kisoku</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">官国幣社以下神社神職奉務規則</span></span>)</span> — specifically called upon "a duty to observe festivals conforming to the rituals of the state."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 114">: 114 </span></sup> Some shrines did adopt State Shinto practice independent of financial support from the government.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 114">: 114 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sakamoto_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakamoto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Shrine Associations advocated for support of "State Shinto" directives independently, including the Shrine Administration Organization, the Shrine Priest Collaboration Organization, and the Shrine Priest Training Organization.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 114">: 114 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1940, the state created the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Divinities" title="Institute of Divinities">Institute of Divinities</a>, which expanded control over state shrines and expanded the state's role. Up to that point, individual priests had been limited in their political roles, delegated to certain rituals and shrine upkeep, and rarely encouraged Emperor worship, or other aspects of state ideology, independently.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 97">: 97 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sakamoto_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakamoto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No shrine priest, or member of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Divinities" title="Institute of Divinities">Institute of Divinities</a>, had previously sought public office, which some scholars, such as Sakamoto, suggest is evidence of the state's use of Shinto to its own ends, rather than the Shinto priest's attempt to achieve political power.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 97">: 97 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sakamoto_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakamoto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideological_origins">Ideological origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Shinto&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ideological origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fukko_Shinto" title="Fukko Shinto">Fukko Shinto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Atsutane_Hirata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Portrait_of_Atsutane_Hirata.jpg/300px-Portrait_of_Atsutane_Hirata.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Portrait_of_Atsutane_Hirata.jpg/450px-Portrait_of_Atsutane_Hirata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Portrait_of_Atsutane_Hirata.jpg/600px-Portrait_of_Atsutane_Hirata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Atsutane Hirata, hanging scroll</figcaption></figure> <p>Scholar Katsurajima Nobuhiro suggests the "suprareligious" frame on State Shinto practices drew upon the state's previous failures to consolidate religious Shinto for state purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Okuyama_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okuyama-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 126">: 126 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobuhiro_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobuhiro-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a> ("National Learning") was an early attempt to develop ideological interpretations of Shinto, many of which would later form the basis of "State Shinto" ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup> Kokugaku was an <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo-period</a> educational philosophy which sought a "pure" form of Japanese Shinto, stripped of foreign influences — particularly Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p><p>In the Meiji era, scholar <a href="/wiki/Hirata_Atsutane" title="Hirata Atsutane">Hirata Atsutane</a> advocated for a return to "<a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">National Learning</a>" as a way to eliminate the influence of Buddhism and distill a nativist form of Shinto.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> From 1868 to 1884, the disciples of Atsutane, along with other priests and scholars, lead a "Great Promulgation Campaign" advocating a fusion of nationalism and Shinto through worship of the Emperor. There had been no tradition of absolute obedience to the Emperor in Shinto since the early state-formation period, prior to the introduction of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-Keene_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119">: 119 </span></sup> This initiative failed to attract public support,<sup id="cite_ref-Keene_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119">: 119 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> and intellectuals dismissed the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup> Author <a href="/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi" title="Fukuzawa Yukichi">Fukuzawa Yukichi</a> dismissed the campaign at the time as an "insignificant movement."<sup id="cite_ref-Keene_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119">: 119 </span></sup> </p><p>Despite its failure, Atsutane's nativist interpretation of Shinto would encourage a later scholar, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Ckuni_Takamasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ōkuni Takamasa (page does not exist)">Ōkuni Takamasa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%86%E6%AD%A3" class="extiw" title="ja:大国隆正">ja</a>]</span>. Takamasa advocated control and standardization of Shinto practice through the "<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Divinities" title="Department of Divinities">Department of Divinity</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> These activists urged leaders to consolidate diverse, localized Shinto practices into a standardized national practice, which they argued would unify Japan in support of the Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> </p><p>The state responded by passing the <i>Kami and Buddhas Separation Order</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神仏判然令</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shinbutsu Hanzenrei</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> in 1868 and pursuing a policy of <a href="/wiki/Haibutsu_kishaku" title="Haibutsu kishaku">Haibutsu kishaku</a> to remove Buddhist influence<sup id="cite_ref-:02_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and re-establishing direct imperial control of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Divinities" title="Department of Divinities">Department of Divinity</a> ("jingikan") in 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> This government bureaucracy encouraged the segregation of <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">Kami</a> spirits from Buddhist ones, and emphasized the divine lineage of the Emperor from the Sun Goddess, <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> This action sought to reverse what had been a <a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu-shūgō">blending of Buddhist and Shinto</a> practices in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhong_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup> That department was unsuccessful, and demoted to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Divinities" title="Ministry of Divinities">Ministry of Divinities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> In 1872, policy for shrines and other religions was taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Religion_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Religion (Japan)">Ministry of Religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> The Ministry intended to standardize rituals across shrines, and saw some small success, but fell short of its original intent.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Teaching">National Teaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Shinto&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National Teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In calling for the return of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Divinities" title="Department of Divinities">Department of Divinities</a> in 1874, a group of Shinto priests issued a collective statement calling Shinto a "National Teaching." That statement advocated for understanding Shinto as distinct from religions. Shinto, they argued, was a preservation of the traditions of the Imperial house and therefore represented the purest form of Japanese state rites.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup> These scholars wrote, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>National Teaching is teaching the codes of national government to the people without error. Japan is called the divine land because it is ruled by the heavenly deities' descendants, who consolidate the work of the deities. The Way of such consolidation and rule by divine descendants is called Shinto.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Signed by various Shinto leaders, 1874, Source material<sup id="cite_ref-Keene_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122">: 122 </span></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Signatories of the statement included Shinto leaders, practitioners and scholars such as Tanaka Yoritsune, chief priest of <a href="/wiki/Ise_Grand_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ise Grand Shrine">Ise shrine</a>; Motoori Toyokai, head of <a href="/wiki/Kanda_Shrine" title="Kanda Shrine">Kanda shrine</a>; and Hirayama Seisai, head of a major tutelary shrine in Tokyo.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68–69">: 68–69 </span></sup> Nonetheless, this concept of Shinto as a "National Learning" failed to take hold in most popular conceptions of Shinto.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 73">: 73 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Promulgation_Campaign">Great Promulgation Campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Shinto&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Great Promulgation Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Taikyo_Proclamation" title="Taikyo Proclamation">Taikyo Proclamation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyodo_Shoku" title="Kyodo Shoku">Kyodo Shoku</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taikyo_Institute" title="Taikyo Institute">Taikyo Institute</a></div> <p>The Bureau of Shinto Affairs attempted to standardize the training of priests in 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhong_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This created a division between state actors and local priests, who disagreed over the content of that standardized training. This debate concerned which kami, or spirits, to include in rituals— particularly, whether state kami should be included.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This debate marked the rise of the Ise sect, which was open to a stronger state presence in Shinto, and the Izumo sect, which was not.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhong_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Izumo sect advocated for recognition of the god <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckuninushi" title="Ōkuninushi">Ōkuninushi</a> as an equal to Amaterasu, which had theological consequences for emperor-worship. This debate, the "enshrinement debate", posed a serious ideological threat to the Meiji era government.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhong_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup> </p><p>A result of the enshrinement debate was that the <a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Ministry of the Interior</a> concentrated on distinctions of "religion" and "doctrine", stating that "Shinto rituals (<i>shinsai</i>) are performed by the state whereas religious doctrines (<i>kyōhō</i>) are to be followed by individuals and families."<sup id="cite_ref-Zhong_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup> Through this logic, Shinto rituals were a civic responsibility which all Japanese subjects were expected to participate in, whereas "religious" Shinto was a matter of personal faith and subject to freedom of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhong_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup> This debate marked an early failure in crafting of a unified national Shinto practice, and led to a sharp decline in both state grants to Shinto shrines and to the appointment of Shinto priests to government positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98">: 98 </span></sup> This was the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Secular_Shrine_Theory" title="Secular Shrine Theory">Secular Shrine Theory</a> which explained the obligations unrelated to belief, and segregation <a href="/wiki/Sect_Shinto" title="Sect Shinto">Sect Shinto</a> or groups based on beliefs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Hopefully will get a citation soon. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The <a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Ministry of Home Affairs</a> took responsibility for shrines in 1877, and began to separate Shinto religious practices from indoctrination.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhong_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup> In 1887, the Ministry stopped financial support for most shrines, aside from select Imperial shrines tied to state functions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yasukuni_Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Shinto&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Yasukuni Shrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yasukuni_Shrine_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Yasukuni_Shrine_2012.JPG/300px-Yasukuni_Shrine_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Yasukuni_Shrine_2012.JPG/450px-Yasukuni_Shrine_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Yasukuni_Shrine_2012.JPG/600px-Yasukuni_Shrine_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4206" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption>Yasukuni Shrine</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1869 <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a> was first built under the name <i>Tōkyō Shōkonsha</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">東京招魂社</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"shrine to summon the souls"</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was originally not used often. For example in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">1874 Japanese invasion of Taiwan</a> in which only 12 people were enshrined in <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However following the 1877 <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a>, the Emperor had 6,959 souls of war dead enshrined at Tōkyō Shōkonsha.<sup id="cite_ref-nippon0821a_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nippon0821a-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1879, the shrine was renamed <i>Yasukuni Jinja.</i> The name <i>Yasukuni</i>, quoted from the phrase「<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">吾以靖國也</span></span> in the classical-era Chinese text <i><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a></i> (Scroll 6, 23rd Year of Duke Xi), literally means "Pacifying the Nation" and was chosen by the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Emperor">Meiji Emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around this time, the state began to assign shrines with meanings rooted in patriotic nationalism; including a network of shrines dedicated to soldiers killed in battle. These assignments had no connection to the history of these local shrines, which led to resentment.<sup id="cite_ref-Keene_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120">: 120 </span></sup> </p><p>In contemporary times, the shrine has become a <a href="/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine">controversial symbol</a> for <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Loo_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ForeignAffairs_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ForeignAffairs-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many citizens of various political persuasions visit the site to honor relatives killed in battle, whose kami (spirits) are said to be enshrined there, so too are the kami of several <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">class-A war criminals</a>. These criminals were enshrined in a secret ceremony in 1978, which has raised the ire of Japanese <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifists</a> and the international community.<sup id="cite_ref-ForeignAffairs_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ForeignAffairs-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No Emperor has visited the shrine since, and visits by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">prime ministers</a> and government officials to the shrine have been the subject of lawsuits and media controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-Ravitch_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ravitch-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_acquired_and_occupied_territories">In acquired and occupied territories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Shinto&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In acquired and occupied territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Empire_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/450px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/600px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Empire of Japan at its peak territorial holdings, in 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hirohara_Jinja%27s_Haiden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hirohara_Jinja%27s_Haiden.jpg/220px-Hirohara_Jinja%27s_Haiden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hirohara_Jinja%27s_Haiden.jpg/330px-Hirohara_Jinja%27s_Haiden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hirohara_Jinja%27s_Haiden.jpg/440px-Hirohara_Jinja%27s_Haiden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hirohara_Shrine" title="Hirohara Shrine">Hirohara Jinja</a>'s <i>shamusho</i> remains as the last Shinto shrine structure still intact in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> after World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>As the Japanese extended their territorial holdings, shrines were constructed with the purpose of hosting Japanese <i>kami</i> in occupied lands. This practice began with <a href="/wiki/Naminoue_Shrine" title="Naminoue Shrine">Naminoue Shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a> in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major shrines built across Asia included <a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Shrine" title="Karafuto Shrine">Karafuto Shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> in 1910 and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsen_Jing%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chōsen Jingū">Chosen Shrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea</a>, in 1919; these shrines were designated just under <a href="/wiki/Ise_Grand_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ise Grand Shrine">Ise Shrine</a> in national importance.<sup id="cite_ref-Picken_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picken-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 111">: 111 </span></sup> Other shrines included <a href="/wiki/Syonan_Jinja" class="mw-redirect" title="Syonan Jinja">Shonan Shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a>, San'a Shrine in <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/China_under_Japanese_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="China under Japanese rule">China</a>), Nankai Shrine in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Shrine">Japanese Shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolonia" title="Kolonia">Kolonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>, Akatsuki Shrine in <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Saigon</a>, the Hokoku Shrine in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Java</a><sup id="cite_ref-Picken_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picken-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> and the Yorioka Shrine in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Sarawak</a>. </p><p>The Japanese built almost 400 shrines in <a href="/wiki/Shinto_in_Korea" title="Shinto in Korea">occupied Korea</a>, and worship was mandatory for Koreans.<sup id="cite_ref-Keene_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 125">: 125 </span></sup> A statement from the head of the Home Office in Korea wrote about the shrines in a directive: "…they have an existence totally distinct from religion, and worship at the shrines is an act of patriotism and loyalty, the basic moral virtues of our nation."<sup id="cite_ref-Keene_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 125">: 125 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holtom_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holtom-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1937, more than 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Jingu_Taima" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingu Taima">Jingu Taima</a> shrines had been set up across households in <a href="/wiki/Shinto_in_Taiwan" title="Shinto in Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. Out of the 68 approved places of worship, 38 were constructed between 1937 and 1943. Schools and organizations were ordered to worship there.<sup id="cite_ref-taiwanpedia_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taiwanpedia-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchuria</a>, The Japanese conducted scholarly research on the local folk religion and built 366 Shrines, although without trying to impose Shinto on the native populations as it was the case in Korea and Taiwan, as the Manchurian State was conceived as a spiritually autonomous nation. while in the rest of the Chinese territory occupied by the Japanese, it is estimated that there are at least 51 shrines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At least fifteen State Shinto shrines were established in the <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">South Seas Mandate</a> in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Shinto was primarily practised by Japanese settlers, but also by indigenous populations.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shrine at <a href="/wiki/Jabor_(Marshall_Islands)" title="Jabor (Marshall Islands)">Jabor</a> on <a href="/wiki/Jaluit_Atoll" title="Jaluit Atoll">Jaluit Atoll</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> was reportedly the easternmost shrine in the Japanese Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuster198223_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuster198223-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were seven shrines built in the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>, while other shrines were built on the more remote islands of <a href="/wiki/Kosrae" title="Kosrae">Kosrae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuuk_State" title="Chuuk State">Truk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pohnpei" title="Pohnpei">Ponape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yap" title="Yap">Yap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamotrek" title="Lamotrek">Lamotrek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuster198223_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuster198223-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest shrine in the mandate territories was the <a href="/wiki/Nan%27y%C5%8D_Shrine" title="Nan'yō Shrine">Nan'yō Shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, with its <a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_Palau" title="Japanese settlement in Palau">significant Japanese population</a>. It was located on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Koror" title="Koror">Koror</a> and dedicated in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuster198227_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuster198227-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Second World War, Shinto shrines were built across Southeast Asia as Japan expanded southwards. Countries such as the Philippines, Singapore, <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Malaya</a>, and Indonesia witnessed the presence of Shinto shrines due to the imposition of State Shinto. In Indonesia alone, 11 shrines were constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infamously was <a href="/wiki/Chinnan_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinnan Shrine">Chinnan Shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malang" title="Malang">Malang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, which stood as the southernmost Shinto shrine in Asia<sup id="cite_ref-:5_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hirohara_Shrine" title="Hirohara Shrine">Hirohara Shrine</a> in Medan, being the last still standing Shinto shrine in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war">Post-war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Shinto&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Post-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Category:Conservatism in Japan">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Japan</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Minzoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Japan" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism_(Japan)" title="Ultranationalism (Japan)">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism#Japan" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State Shinto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism#Japan" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Japan_and_Manchukuo" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushido</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility#Japan" title="Nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroism" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroism">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Japan" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yamato-damashii" title="Yamato-damashii">Yamato-damashii</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1955_System" title="1955 System">1955 System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abenomics" title="Abenomics">Abenomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Japan" title="CIA activities in Japan">CIA activities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan#History" title="Empire of Japan">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">Emperor system</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tenk%C5%8D" title="Tenkō">Tenkō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Purge" title="Red Purge">Red Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_in_Japan" title="Red Scare in Japan">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japan" title="Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan">U.S.-Japan Security Treaty</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jun_Et%C5%8D" title="Jun Etō">Etō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuneari_Fukuda" title="Tsuneari Fukuda">Fukuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasuda_Zenmei" title="Hasuda Zenmei">Hasuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirata_Atsutane" title="Hirata Atsutane">Hirata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naoki_Hyakuta" title="Naoki Hyakuta">Hyakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanokogi_Kazunobu" title="Kanokogi Kazunobu">Kanokogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideo_Kobayashi" title="Hideo Kobayashi">Kobayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimazaki_Masaki" title="Shimazaki Masaki">Masaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiro_Mayuzumi" title="Toshiro Mayuzumi">Mayuzumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatsukichi_Minobe" title="Tatsukichi Minobe">Minobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoru_Mizushima" title="Satoru Mizushima">Mizushima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyake_Setsurei" title="Miyake Setsurei">Miyake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susumu_Nishibe" title="Susumu Nishibe">Nishibe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_%C5%8Cen" title="Hayashi Ōen">Ōen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh_Sonfa" title="Oh Sonfa">Oh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunr%C5%8D_Oshikawa" title="Shunrō Oshikawa">Oshikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshiko_Sakurai" title="Yoshiko Sakurai">Sakurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiga_Shigetaka" title="Shiga Shigetaka">Shiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayako_Sono" title="Ayako Sono">Sono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Sugiyama" title="Koichi Sugiyama">Sugiyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunoda_Tadayuki" title="Tsunoda Tadayuki">Tadayuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamamoto_Tsunetomo" title="Yamamoto Tsunetomo">Tsunetomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsuro_Watsuji" title="Tetsuro Watsuji">Watsuji</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hagakure" title="Hagakure">Hagakure</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Recorded 1709–1716)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushido:_The_Soul_of_Japan" title="Bushido: The Soul of Japan">Bushido: The Soul of Japan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Tea" title="The Book of Tea">The Book of Tea</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1906)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus">An Investigation of Global Policy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patriotism_(short_story)" title="Patriotism (short story)">Patriotism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_Steel_(essay)" title="Sun and Steel (essay)">Sun and Steel</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1968)</span></li> <li>”<a href="/wiki/The_Japan_That_Can_Say_No" title="The Japan That Can Say No">The Japan That Can Say No</a>” <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dignity_of_the_Nation" title="The Dignity of the Nation">The Dignity of the Nation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Akao" title="Bin Akao">Akao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_As%C5%8D" title="Tarō Asō">Asō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Fukuda" title="Takeo Fukuda">Fukuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Hashimoto" title="Tōru Hashimoto">Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Hatoyama" title="Ichirō Hatoyama">Hatoyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Hiranuma" title="Takeo Hiranuma">Hiranuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomomi_Inada" title="Tomomi Inada">Inada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jir%C5%8D_Ishiba" title="Jirō Ishiba">Ishiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shintaro_Ishihara" title="Shintaro Ishihara">Ishihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takashi_Kawamura_(politician)" title="Takashi Kawamura (politician)">Kawamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranuma_Kiichir%C5%8D" title="Hiranuma Kiichirō">Kiichirō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuriko_Koike" title="Yuriko Koike">Koike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi" title="Junichiro Koizumi">Koizumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Konoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dichi_Nakagawa" title="Shōichi Nakagawa">Nakagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nakasone" title="Yasuhiro Nakasone">Nakasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mio_Sugita" title="Mio Sugita">Sugita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Tarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanae_Takaichi" title="Sanae Takaichi">Takaichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Tojo (Hideki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuko_Tojo" title="Yuko Tojo">Tojo (Yuko)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Japan" title="Conservative Party of Japan">Conservative Party of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_for_the_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party for the People">Democratic Party for the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Japan_Patriotic_Party" title="Greater Japan Patriotic Party">Greater Japan Patriotic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_Realization_Party" title="Happiness Realization Party">Happiness Realization Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_First_Party" title="Japan First Party">Japan First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Ishin_no_Kai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippon Ishin no Kai">Japan Innovation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomin_First_no_Kai" title="Tomin First no Kai">Tokyoites First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishin_Seito_Shimpu" title="Ishin Seito Shimpu">Restoration Political Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanseit%C5%8D" title="Sanseitō">Party of Do it Yourself</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rikken_Seiy%C5%ABkai" title="Rikken Seiyūkai">Constitutional Government Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Renewal_Party" title="Japan Renewal Party">Japan Renewal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Restoration_Party" title="Japan Restoration Party">Japan Restoration Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Conservative_Party_(Japan)" title="New Conservative Party (Japan)">New Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Japanese_Kokoro" title="Party for Japanese Kokoro">Party for Japanese Kokoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kib%C5%8D_no_T%C5%8D" title="Kibō no Tō">Party of Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_New_Party" title="People's New Party">People's New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_Party" title="Sunrise Party">Sunrise Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Your_Party" title="Your Party">Your Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dentsu" title="Dentsu">Dentsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganbare_Nippon" title="Ganbare Nippon">Ganbare Nippon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Society_for_History_Textbook_Reform" title="Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform">Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seikijuku" title="Seikijuku">Seikijuku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zaitokukai" title="Zaitokukai">Zaitokukai</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geny%C5%8Dsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Genyōsha">Genyōsha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenkokukai" title="Kenkokukai">Kenkokukai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kokury%C5%ABkai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokuryūkai">Kokuryūkai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tatenokai" title="Tatenokai">Tatenokai</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bungei_Shunj%C5%AB_(magazine)" title="Bungei Shunjū (magazine)">Bungei Shunjū</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Television" title="Fuji Television">Fuji Television</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Culture_Channel_Sakura" title="Japanese Culture Channel Sakura">Japanese Culture Channel Sakura</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sankei_Shimbun" title="Sankei Shimbun">Sankei Shimbun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shokun!" title="Shokun!">Shokun!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shufu_no_Tomo" title="Shufu no Tomo">Shufu no Tomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABkan_Shinch%C5%8D" title="Shūkan Shinchō">Shūkan Shinchō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">Yomiuri Shimbun</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Conservative_Movement" title="Action Conservative Movement">Action Conservative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_conservative" title="Anti-American conservative">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#Japan" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzoku-ha" title="Minzoku-ha">Minzoku-ha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Netto-uyoku" title="Netto-uyoku">Netto-uyoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">National essentialism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nihon_shugi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon shugi">Nihon shugi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Shōwa Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism#Japan" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Anti-Korean sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility#Japan" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">Daimyo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuge" title="Kuge">Kuge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies" title="Japanese history textbook controversies">History textbooks controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nihonjinron" title="Nihonjinron">Nihonjinron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics in Japan">Politics in Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Americanism#Japan" title="Pro-Americanism">Pro-Americanism</a> (postwar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Republic_of_China" title="Pro-Republic of China">Pro-Republic of China</a> (postwar)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uyoku_dantai" title="Uyoku dantai">Uyoku dantai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yamato_nadeshiko" title="Yamato nadeshiko">Yamato nadeshiko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">Zaibatsu</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Template:Conservatism in Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On 1 January 1946, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Shōwa</a> issued a statement, sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Humanity_Declaration" title="Humanity Declaration">Humanity Declaration</a>, in which he quoted the Five Charter Oath of Emperor Meiji, announced that he was not an <i>Akitsumikami</i> (a divinity in human form) and that Japan was not built on myths.<sup id="cite_ref-Earhart_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earhart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39">: 39 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">U.S. General Headquarters</a> quickly defined and banned practices it identified as "State Shinto", but because the U.S. saw freedom of religion as a crucial aspect of post-war Japan it did not place a full ban on Japanese religious ceremonies involving the Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckford_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 702">: 702 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">General Douglas MacArthur</a> and the State Department sought to maintain the authority of the Emperor to avoid "lasting resentment" among the Japanese people during the occupation and reconstruction of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Shibata_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shibata-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 429">: 429 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beckford_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 702">: 702 </span></sup> </p><p>The Shinto Directive stated it was established to "free the Japanese people from direct or indirect compulsion to believe or profess to believe in a religion or cult officially designated by the state" and "prevent a recurrence of the perversion of Shinto theory and beliefs into militaristic and ultranationalistic propaganda".<sup id="cite_ref-Earhart_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earhart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39">: 39 </span></sup> </p><p>Today, while the Imperial House continues to perform Shinto rituals as "private ceremonies", participation and belief are no longer obligatory for Japanese citizens, nor funded by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckford_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 703">: 703 </span></sup> </p><p>Other aspects of the government's "suprareligious" enforcement of Shinto practices, such as school trips to Shinto shrines, were forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-Shibata_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shibata-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 432">: 432 </span></sup> Many innovations of Meiji-era Shinto are present in contemporary Shinto, such as a belief among priests that Shinto is a non-religious cultural practice that encourages national unity.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardacre_6-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 161">: 161 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies">Controversies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Shinto&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Controversy has emerged during the funerals and <a href="/wiki/Shinto_wedding" title="Shinto wedding">weddings</a> of members of the Japanese Imperial Family (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House of Japan</a>), as they present a merging of Shinto and state functions. The Japanese treasury does not pay for these events, which preserves the distinction between state and shrine functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckford_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 703">: 703 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Shinto_Shrines" title="Association of Shinto Shrines">Association of Shinto Shrines</a> is politically active in encouraging support for the Emperor,<sup id="cite_ref-Beckford_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 706">: 706 </span></sup> including campaigns such as distributing <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ise_Shrine" title="Ise Shrine">Ise Shrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Breen_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breen-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ise Shrine was one of the most important shrines in State Shinto, symbolizing Amaterasu's presence and connection to the Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Loo_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the Meiji-era <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a> is frequently the target of State Shinto controversies, mostly owing to its enshrinement of <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasukuni Shrine Controversy">Japanese war criminals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Loo_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservative politicians and nationalist interest groups continue to advocate for returning the Emperor to a central political and religious position, which they believe will restore a national sense of unity.<sup id="cite_ref-Shibata_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shibata-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 428">: 428 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Okuyama_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okuyama-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Shinto&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">Shinto sects and schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasukuni Shrine Controversy">Yasukuni Shrine controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism in Shōwa Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Shrine_Theory" title="Secular Shrine Theory">Secular Shrine Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Religion in politics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Shinto&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fridell-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fridell_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fridell_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fridell_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFridell1976" class="citation journal cs1">Fridell, Wilbur M. (1976). "A Fresh Look at State Shinto". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Academy_of_Religion" title="Journal of the American Academy of Religion">Journal of the American Academy of Religion</a></i>. <b>XLIV</b> (3): 547–561. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FXLIV.3.547">10.1093/jaarel/XLIV.3.547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=A+Fresh+Look+at+State+Shinto&rft.volume=XLIV&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=547-561&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FXLIV.3.547&rft.aulast=Fridell&rft.aufirst=Wilbur+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shibata-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shibata_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shibata_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shibata_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shibata_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shibata_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shibata_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShibata2004" class="citation journal cs1">Shibata, Masako (September 2004). "Religious education reform under the US military occupation: The interpretation of state Shinto in Japan and Nazism in Germany". <i>Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education</i>. <b>34</b> (4): 425–442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0305792042000294814">10.1080/0305792042000294814</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7925">0305-7925</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218558269">218558269</a> – via EBSCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Compare%3A+A+Journal+of+Comparative+and+International+Education&rft.atitle=Religious+education+reform+under+the+US+military+occupation%3A+The+interpretation+of+state+Shinto+in+Japan+and+Nazism+in+Germany&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=425-442&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218558269%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0305-7925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0305792042000294814&rft.aulast=Shibata&rft.aufirst=Masako&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhong-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhong_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhong_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhong_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhong_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhong_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhong_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhong_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhong_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhong_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhong_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhong_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhong_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhong_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhong_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhong_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhong2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zhong, Yijiang (March 2014). "Freedom, Religion and the Making of the Modern State in Japan, 1868–89". <i>Asian Studies Review</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 53–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10357823.2013.872080">10.1080/10357823.2013.872080</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1035-7823">1035-7823</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143649480">143649480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Freedom%2C+Religion+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+State+in+Japan%2C+1868%E2%80%9389&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-70&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143649480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1035-7823&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10357823.2013.872080&rft.aulast=Zhong&rft.aufirst=Yijiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span> – via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebsco.com">EBSCO</a>'s Academic Search Complete <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keene-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeneTsunodade_Bary2006" class="citation book cs1">Keene, Donald; Tsunoda, Ryusaku; de Bary, Wm. Theodore, eds. (2006). <i>Sources of Japanese tradition</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231139182" title="Special:BookSources/9780231139182"><bdi>9780231139182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Japanese+tradition&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Columbia+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780231139182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Earhart-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Earhart_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earhart_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earhart_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earhart_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earhart_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earhart_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earhart_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earhart_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earhart_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earhart_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarhart1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._Byron_Earhart" title="H. Byron Earhart">Earhart, H. Byron</a> (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religioninjapane0000earh"><i>Religion in the Japanese experience: sources and interpretations</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Encino, Calif.: Dickenson Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822101041" title="Special:BookSources/0822101041"><bdi>0822101041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+the+Japanese+experience%3A+sources+and+interpretations&rft.place=Encino%2C+Calif.&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Dickenson+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0822101041&rft.aulast=Earhart&rft.aufirst=H.+Byron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligioninjapane0000earh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hardacre-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre_6-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardacre1991" class="citation book cs1">Hardacre, Helen (1991). <i>Shintō and the state, 1868–1988</i> (1st paperback print. ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691020525" title="Special:BookSources/9780691020525"><bdi>9780691020525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shint%C5%8D+and+the+state%2C+1868%E2%80%931988&rft.place=Princeton&rft.edition=1st+paperback+print.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780691020525&rft.aulast=Hardacre&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimazono2005" class="citation journal cs1">Shimazono, Susumu (2005-12-01). "State Shinto in the Lives of the People: The Establishment of Emperor Worship, Modern Nationalism, and Shrine Shinto in Late Meiji". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Religion</i>. <b>73</b> (4): 1077–1098. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfi115">10.1093/jaarel/lfi115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=State+Shinto+in+the+Lives+of+the+People%3A+The+Establishment+of+Emperor+Worship%2C+Modern+Nationalism%2C+and+Shrine+Shinto+in+Late+Meiji&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1077-1098&rft.date=2005-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfi115&rft.aulast=Shimazono&rft.aufirst=Susumu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sakamoto-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sakamoto_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sakamoto_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sakamoto_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sakamoto_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sakamoto_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sakamoto_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakamoto1993" class="citation book cs1">Sakamoto, Koremaru (1993). <i>Kokka Shinto taisei no seiritsu to tenkai</i>. Tokyo: Kobunda. pp. 165–202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kokka+Shinto+taisei+no+seiritsu+to+tenkai&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=165-202&rft.pub=Kobunda&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Sakamoto&rft.aufirst=Koremaru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF均2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">均, 新田 (2020-08-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520175342/https://kogakkan.repo.nii.ac.jp/index.php?active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&page_id=13&block_id=21&item_id=274&item_no=1"><bdi lang="ja">加藤玄智の国家神道観</bdi></a> [Genchi Kato's view of state Shinto]. <i>Religious Law Research (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">宗教法研究</span></span>)</i> (in Japanese) (14): 199–230. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kogakkan.repo.nii.ac.jp/index.php?active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&page_id=13&block_id=21&item_id=274&item_no=1">the original</a> on 2023-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religious+Law+Research+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29&rft.atitle=%E5%8A%A0%E8%97%A4%E7%8E%84%E6%99%BA%E3%81%AE%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%A5%9E%E9%81%93%E8%A6%B3&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=199-230&rft.date=2020-08-10&rft.aulast=%E5%9D%87&rft.aufirst=%E6%96%B0%E7%94%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkogakkan.repo.nii.ac.jp%2Findex.php%3Factive_action%3Drepository_view_main_item_detail%26page_id%3D13%26block_id%3D21%26item_id%3D274%26item_no%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckford-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beckford_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckford_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckford_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckford_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckford_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckford_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckford_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckford_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckford_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckford_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckford_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckford_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckfordDemerath2007" class="citation book cs1">Beckford, James A.; Demerath, N.J. III, eds. (2007). <i>The SAGE handbook of the sociology of religion</i>. London: SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781446206522" title="Special:BookSources/9781446206522"><bdi>9781446206522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+handbook+of+the+sociology+of+religion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781446206522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loo-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loo_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loo_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loo_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loo_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoo2010" class="citation journal cs1">Loo, Tze M. (September 2010). "Escaping its past: recasting the Grand Shrine of Ise". <i>Inter-Asia Cultural Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 375–392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14649373.2010.484175">10.1080/14649373.2010.484175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8447">1469-8447</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144103233">144103233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inter-Asia+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Escaping+its+past%3A+recasting+the+Grand+Shrine+of+Ise&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=375-392&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144103233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1469-8447&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14649373.2010.484175&rft.aulast=Loo&rft.aufirst=Tze+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span> – via ebsco.com <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nakai-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nakai_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakai2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nakai, Kate Wildman (1 January 2012). "A New History of Shinto, and: Rethinking Medieval Shintō. Special issue of Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie (16) (review)". <i>Monumenta Nipponica</i>. <b>67</b> (1): 159–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmni.2012.0014">10.1353/mni.2012.0014</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162188210">162188210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Nipponica&rft.atitle=A+New+History+of+Shinto%2C+and%3A+Rethinking+Medieval+Shint%C5%8D.+Special+issue+of+Cahiers+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Asie+%2816%29+%28review%29&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=159-64&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmni.2012.0014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162188210%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nakai&rft.aufirst=Kate+Wildman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ono-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ono_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ono_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnoWoodward2003" class="citation book cs1">Ono, Sokyo; Woodward, Walter (2003). <i>Shinto, the Kami way</i> (1. ed.). Boston, Ma.: C.E. Tuttle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804835572" title="Special:BookSources/9780804835572"><bdi>9780804835572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shinto%2C+the+Kami+way&rft.place=Boston%2C+Ma.&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=C.E.+Tuttle&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780804835572&rft.aulast=Ono&rft.aufirst=Sokyo&rft.au=Woodward%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GHQ of the Allied Powers (1960). Translations and Official Documents: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219183832/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/3229">"The Shinto Directive"</a>, <i>Contemporary Religions in Japan</i> 1 (2), 85–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodard-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodard_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodard_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard1972" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, William (1972). <i>The Allied Occupation of Japan, 1945–1952, and Japanese Religions</i>. Leiden: EJ Brill. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Allied+Occupation+of+Japan%2C+1945%E2%80%931952%2C+and+Japanese+Religions&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=EJ+Brill&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holtom-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holtom_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holtom_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltom1963" class="citation book cs1">Holtom, Daniel Clarence (1963). <i>Modern Japan and Shinto Nationalism: A Study of Present-day Trends in Japanese Religions</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Japan+and+Shinto+Nationalism%3A+A+Study+of+Present-day+Trends+in+Japanese+Religions&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Holtom&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Clarence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isomae-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Isomae_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isomae_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsomae2014" class="citation book cs1">Isomae, Jun'ichi (2014). <i>Religious Discourse in Modern Japan: Religion, State, and Shintō</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004272682" title="Special:BookSources/9789004272682"><bdi>9789004272682</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Discourse+in+Modern+Japan%3A+Religion%2C+State%2C+and+Shint%C5%8D&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789004272682&rft.aulast=Isomae&rft.aufirst=Jun%27ichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxey2014" class="citation book cs1">Maxey, Trent E. (2014). <i>The "greatest problem": religion and state formation in Meiji Japan</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674491991" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674491991"><bdi>978-0674491991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22greatest+problem%22%3A+religion+and+state+formation+in+Meiji+Japan&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0674491991&rft.aulast=Maxey&rft.aufirst=Trent+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson2012" class="citation book cs1">Josephson, Jason Ānanda (2012). <i>The Invention of Religion in Japan</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226412344" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226412344"><bdi>978-0226412344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Religion+in+Japan&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0226412344&rft.aulast=Josephson&rft.aufirst=Jason+%C4%80nanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellinghamWhittakerGrant1992" class="citation book cs1">Bellingham, David; Whittaker, Clio; Grant, John (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27192394"><i>Myths and Legends</i></a>. Secaucus, New Jersey: Wellfleet Press. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55521-812-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55521-812-1"><bdi>1-55521-812-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27192394">27192394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Legends&rft.place=Secaucus%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Wellfleet+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27192394&rft.isbn=1-55521-812-1&rft.aulast=Bellingham&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Whittaker%2C+Clio&rft.au=Grant%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F27192394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNitta2000" class="citation book cs1">Nitta, Hitoshi (2000). "Religion, Secularity, and the Articulation of the 'Indigenous' in Modernizing Japan". In John Breen (ed.). <i>Shintō in History: Ways of the Kami</i>. Shintō as a 'Non-Religion': The Origins and Development of an Idea. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700711708" title="Special:BookSources/0700711708"><bdi>0700711708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion%2C+Secularity%2C+and+the+Articulation+of+the+%27Indigenous%27+in+Modernizing+Japan&rft.btitle=Shint%C5%8D+in+History%3A+Ways+of+the+Kami&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Shint%C5%8D+as+a+%27Non-Religion%27%3A+The+Origins+and+Development+of+an+Idea&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0700711708&rft.aulast=Nitta&rft.aufirst=Hitoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TeeuwenBreen-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TeeuwenBreen_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TeeuwenBreen_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeeuwenBreen2010" class="citation book cs1">Teeuwen, Mark; Breen, John (2010). <i>A new history of shinto</i>. 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"Coming to Terms With 'Reverence at Shrines'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Bernhard Scheid (ed.). <i>Kami Ways in Nationalist Territory</i>. 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Westport, CT: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-31326432-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-31326432-0"><bdi>978-0-31326432-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sourcebook+in+shinto+%3A+selected+documents&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-31326432-0&rft.aulast=Picken&rft.aufirst=Stuart+D.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taiwanpedia-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taiwanpedia_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsai2011" class="citation web cs1">Tsai, Chintang (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130731160817/http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/en/content?ID=3803">"Kominka Movement"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Taiwan</i>. 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(1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lir.byuh.edu/index.php/pacific/article/view/2297/2223">"State Shinto in Micronesia During Japanese Rule, 1914-1945"</a>. <i>Pacific Studies</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Studies&rft.atitle=State+Shinto+in+Micronesia+During+Japanese+Rule%2C+1914-1945&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Schuster&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flir.byuh.edu%2Findex.php%2Fpacific%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2297%2F2223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuster198223-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuster198223_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuster198223_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuster1982">Schuster 1982</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuster198227-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuster198227_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuster1982">Schuster 1982</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF中島津田稲宮2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">中島, 三千男; 津田, 良樹; 稲宮, 康人 (2019-03-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kanagawa-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/12706">"旧オランダ領東印度（現インドネシア共和国）に建てられた神社について"</a> [On shrines built in the former Dutch East Indies (now Republic of Indonesia).]. <i>非文字資料研究センター News Letter</i> (in Japanese) (41): 17–23. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2432-549X">2432-549X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E9%9D%9E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC+News+Letter&rft.atitle=%E6%97%A7%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E9%A0%98%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%EF%BC%88%E7%8F%BE%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%89%E3%81%AB%E5%BB%BA%E3%81%A6%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=17-23&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft.issn=2432-549X&rft.aulast=%E4%B8%AD%E5%B3%B6&rft.aufirst=%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%83%E7%94%B7&rft.au=%E6%B4%A5%E7%94%B0%2C+%E8%89%AF%E6%A8%B9&rft.au=%E7%A8%B2%E5%AE%AE%2C+%E5%BA%B7%E4%BA%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkanagawa-u.repo.nii.ac.jp%2Frecords%2F12706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInamiyaNakajima2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Inamiya, Yasuhito; Nakajima, Michio (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801155416/https://www.kokusho.co.jp/np/isbn/9784336063427/"><i>非文字資料研究叢書２「神国」の残影｜国書刊行会</i></a> [<i>Remnants of “Sacred Country” | Photographic Records of Sites of Overseas Shrines</i>] (in Japanese). Kokusho Publishing Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-336-06342-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-336-06342-7"><bdi>978-4-336-06342-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kokusho.co.jp/np/isbn/9784336063427/">the original</a> on 2023-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%9D%9E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8%EF%BC%92+%E3%80%8C%E7%A5%9E%E5%9B%BD%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E6%AE%8B%E5%BD%B1%EF%BD%9C%E5%9B%BD%E6%9B%B8%E5%88%8A%E8%A1%8C%E4%BC%9A&rft.pub=Kokusho+Publishing+Association&rft.date=2019-11&rft.isbn=978-4-336-06342-7&rft.aulast=Inamiya&rft.aufirst=Yasuhito&rft.au=Nakajima%2C+Michio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kokusho.co.jp%2Fnp%2Fisbn%2F9784336063427%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.goo.ne.jp/bagus_2006/e/cc1381a7995a54876d386294b62930f4">"スマトラ.メダンにある日本の歴史遺産紘原神社 - 「老人タイムス」私説"</a>. <i>goo blog</i> (in Japanese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=goo+blog&rft.atitle=%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9.%E3%83%A1%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AB%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E9%81%BA%E7%94%A3+%E7%B4%98%E5%8E%9F%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE+-+%E3%80%8C%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%80%8D%E7%A7%81%E8%AA%AC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.goo.ne.jp%2Fbagus_2006%2Fe%2Fcc1381a7995a54876d386294b62930f4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breen-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Breen_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Breen, John (1 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160220221606/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2217777591.html">"Resurrecting the Sacred Land of Japan: The State of Shinto in the Twenty-First Century"</a>. <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.37.2.2010.295-315">10.18874/jjrs.37.2.2010.295-315</a></span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2217777591.html">the original</a> on 20 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/HighBeam_Research" title="HighBeam Research">HighBeam Research</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Resurrecting+the+Sacred+Land+of+Japan%3A+The+State+of+Shinto+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18874%2Fjjrs.37.2.2010.295-315&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P3-2217777591.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+Shinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_Shinto" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:State_Shinto" title="Template:State Shinto"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:State_Shinto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:State Shinto (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:State_Shinto" title="Special:EditPage/Template:State Shinto"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_Shinto" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State Shinto</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Divinities" title="Department of Divinities">Department of Divinities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Divinities" title="Ministry of Divinities">Ministry of Divinities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Office" title="Missionary Office">Missionary Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Religion_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Religion (Japan)">Ministry of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyodo_Shoku" title="Kyodo Shoku">Kyodo Shoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taikyo_Institute" title="Taikyo Institute">Taikyo Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Shinto_Affairs" title="Bureau of Shinto Affairs">Bureau of Shinto Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Shrines_and_Temples" title="Bureau of Shrines and Temples">Bureau of Shrines and Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koten_Kokyusho" title="Koten Kokyusho">Institute of Japanese Classics Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Shinto_Priests" title="National Association of Shinto Priests">National Association of Shinto Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Shrines" title="Bureau of Shrines">Bureau of Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Religions" title="Bureau of Religions">Bureau of Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Divinities" title="Institute of Divinities">Institute of Divinities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingu-kyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingu-kyo">Jingu-kyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugakuin_University" title="Kokugakuin University">Kokugakuin University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_religion_and_rule" title="Unity of religion and rule">Unity of religion and rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haibutsu_kishaku" title="Haibutsu kishaku">Haibutsu kishaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Shrine_Theory" title="Secular Shrine Theory">Secular Shrine Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gokoku_Shrines" title="Gokoku Shrines">Shōkonsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_system_of_ranked_Shinto_shrines" title="Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines">Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taikyo_Proclamation" title="Taikyo Proclamation">Taikyo Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">Shinbutsu bunri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_Consolidation_Policy" title="Shrine Consolidation Policy">Shrine Consolidation Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Organizations_Law" title="Religious Organizations Law">Religious Organizations Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_Parishioner_Registration" title="Shrine Parishioner Registration">Shrine Parishioner Registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_Declaration" title="Humanity Declaration">Humanity Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_Directive" title="Shinto Directive">Shinto Directive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Shinto_Shrines" title="Association of Shinto Shrines">Association of Shinto Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugakuin_University" title="Kokugakuin University">Kokugakuin University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_Taikyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinto Taikyo">Shinto Taikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokoku_Shrines" title="Gokoku Shrines">Gokoku Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_Shinto" title="Shrine Shinto">Shrine Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukko_Shinto" title="Fukko Shinto">Fukko Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United<br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Radical right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empire_of_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan#Prewar_period" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_production_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Industrial production in Shōwa Japan">Industrial production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1914%E2%80%931944)" title="Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Imperial Seal of Japan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mutsuhito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō <span style="font-size:85%;">(Yoshihito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hirohito)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_seals_of_Japan" title="National seals of Japan">National seals of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Japan" title="Government Seal of Japan">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political parties of the Empire of Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan">Supreme Court of Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Airways" title="Imperial Japanese Airways">Imperial Japanese Airways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Administration<br />(ministries)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Imperial Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Ministry" title="Army Ministry">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce">Agriculture and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)">Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Munitions (Japan)">Munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Colonial_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)">Colonial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board (Kōain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Legislative and<br />deliberative bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet#History" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Representatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senjinkun_military_code" title="Senjinkun military code"><i>Senjinkun</i> military code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Japanese nuclear weapons program">Nuclear weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)" title="Supreme War Council (Japan)">Supreme War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Japan (page does not exist)">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Section" title="Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section">Railways and Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)" title="Imperial Guard (Japan)">Imperial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Army_of_Japan" title="Taiwan Army of Japan">Taiwan Army of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Control Faction (Tōseiha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_Keisatsutai" title="Tokubetsu Keisatsutai">Tokkeitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Japanese_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Japanese Alliance">Anglo–Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Entry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberian Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Election_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="General Election Law">General Election Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria%E2%80%93Mongolia_problem" title="Manchuria–Mongolia problem">Manchuria–Mongolia problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Taishō Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapani_incident" title="Tapani incident">Tapani incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truku_War" title="Truku War">Truku War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherland_controversy" title="Motherland controversy">Motherland controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Naichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naichi">naichi</a></i> after 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Chōsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kantō-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">Occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yen_bloc" title="Yen bloc">Yen bloc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">Fukoku kyōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Japanese_industrial_co-operation_before_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Japanese industrial co-operation before World War II">German pre–World War II industrial co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan" title="Shōwa Modan">Shōwa Modan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_thought_in_Imperial_Japan" title="Socialist thought in Imperial Japan">Socialist thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_politics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_and_politics" title="Template talk:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Religion in politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_and_Freemasonry" title="Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry">Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_references_to_God" title="Constitutional references to God">Constitutional references to God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine rule">Divine rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Engaged Spirituality">Engaged Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political religion">Political religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious anarchism">Religious anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Religious_anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Religious anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anti-Zionism" title="Religious anti-Zionism">Religious anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Religious_attitudes" title="Pacifism">Religious pacifism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_police" title="Religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_rejection_of_politics" title="Religious rejection of politics">Religious rejection of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism#Religious" title="Separatism">Religious separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_same-sex_marriage" title="Religious views on same-sex marriage">Religious views on same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_left" title="Spiritual left">Spiritual left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Christianity_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Catholics" title="Anti-communism">Christian anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Freemasonry_within_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Freemasonry within Christianity">Christian anti-Masonry</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Christian" title="Anti-Zionism">Christian anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Christianity" title="Corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">Christian egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christian environmentalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical environmentalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians (movement)</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reich_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reich Church">Protestant Reich Church</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon feminism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law">Christian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking#Christianity" title="Peacemaking">Christian peacemaking</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialism_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Socialism in Utah">In Utah</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpinism" title="Cisalpinism">Cisalpinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Theology">Dominion Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_politics" title="Maronite politics">Maronite politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal state">Papal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations between the Catholic Church and the state</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Church–state relations in Argentina">In Argentina</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Temporal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Neo-ultramontanism" title="Neo-ultramontanism">Neo-ultramontanism</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islam_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Islam and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui_pan-nationalism" title="Hui pan-nationalism">Hui pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic anarchism">Islamic anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Freemasonry#Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of Freemasonry">Islamic anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Muslim" title="Anti-Zionism">Islamic anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic fascism">Islamic fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Application_of_Islamic_law_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Application of Islamic law by country">by country</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">In Pakistan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">In South Asia</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Islamic pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Islamic Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat">Khilafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_quietism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political quietism">Political quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Judaism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Judaism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Jewish_anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Jewish anti-Zionism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish democracy</a></li> <li>Jewish fascism <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Judaism" title="Pacifism">Jewish pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish right">Jewish right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Jewish secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish socialism">Jewish socialism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hinduism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu politics">Hinduism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_feminism" title="Feminism in India">Hindu feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism#Religion" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Hindu modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Rashtra">Hindu Rashtra</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revolution" title="Hindu revolution">Hindu revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revivalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu revivalism">Hindu revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism#Hinduism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Hindu environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Aryans">Indigenous Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama#Rama_Rajya" title="Rama">Rama Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th 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