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1 Samuel 31 Berean Study Bible
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><title>1 Samuel 31 Berean Study Bible</title><link href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Cardo&subset=greek-ext' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'><link rel="stylesheet" href="/chapnew2.css" type="text/css" media="Screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/print.css" type="text/css" media="Print" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="../spec.css" type="text/css" media="Screen" /></head><body><div id="fx"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx2"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="30" scrolling="no" src="../cmenus/1_samuel/31.htm" align="left" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div><div id="blnk"></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable"><tr><td><div id="fx5"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx6"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="245" scrolling="no" src="//biblehu.com/bmgrkheb//1_samuel/31-1.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable3"><tr><td><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" id="announce"><tr><td><div id="l1"><div id="breadcrumbs"><a href="https://biblehub.com">Bible</a> > <a href="../">Berean Study Bible</a> > 1 Samuel 31</div><div id="anc"><iframe src="/anc.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></div><div id="anc2"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><iframe src="/anc2.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></div></td></tr></table><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><iframe src="../menu.htm" width="100%" height="48" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table><div id="movebox2"><table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><div id="topheading"><a href="../1_samuel/30.htm" title="1 Samuel 30">◄</a> 1 Samuel 31 <a href="../2_samuel/1.htm" title="2 Samuel 1">►</a></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center" class="maintable2"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><div id="leftbox"><div class="padleft"><div class="vheading">Berean Study Bible</div><div class="chap"><div align="center"><h2>Saul’s Overthrow and Death</h2></div><div align="center"><h3><a href="/1_samuel/31-1.htm"><b>1 Samuel 31:1</b></a></h3></div><b>Now the Philistines fought against Israel</b><br />The Philistines were a significant adversarial force against Israel throughout the Old Testament. The Hebrew root for "Philistines" is "Peleshet," which refers to a group of people known for their advanced military technology and organization. Historically, the Philistines were part of the Sea Peoples who settled along the coastal regions of Canaan. Their conflict with Israel represents the ongoing struggle between the people of God and the surrounding pagan nations. This battle is a culmination of the hostilities that have been building throughout the reign of King Saul, highlighting the spiritual and physical warfare faced by God's people.<p><b>and the men of Israel fled before the Philistines</b><br />The phrase "fled before" indicates a retreat, a moment of fear and defeat for the Israelites. In Hebrew, "fled" is derived from the root "nus," which conveys a sense of fleeing in terror. This retreat signifies not just a physical defeat but also a spiritual one, as the Israelites' lack of faith and disobedience to God under Saul's leadership led to their downfall. Historically, this reflects the consequences of turning away from God's commandments and the importance of relying on divine strength rather than human might.<p><b>and fell slain on Mount Gilboa</b><br />Mount Gilboa is a significant geographical location in Israel's history. The Hebrew word for "fell" is "naphal," which means to fall or be cast down, often used in the context of death or defeat. The mention of Mount Gilboa is poignant, as it becomes a symbol of Israel's tragic loss and the end of Saul's reign. Archaeologically, Mount Gilboa is a real location, providing a tangible connection to the biblical narrative. Theologically, this event marks a turning point, paving the way for David's rise to kingship and the establishment of a more faithful leadership in Israel. The fall of Saul and his men serves as a somber reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the need for steadfast faith in God's promises. <div align="center"><h3><a href="/1_samuel/31-2.htm"><b>1 Samuel 31:2</b></a></h3></div><b>The Philistines pursued</b><br />The Philistines were a formidable sea-faring people, often at odds with Israel. Their pursuit of Saul signifies a relentless and aggressive military strategy. Historically, the Philistines were known for their advanced weaponry and chariots, which gave them a tactical advantage. The Hebrew root for "pursued" (רדף, radaph) implies a determined chase, reflecting the Philistines' intent to utterly defeat Israel's leadership.<p><b>Saul and his sons</b><br />Saul, the first king of Israel, was anointed by the prophet Samuel. His reign was marked by initial success but later marred by disobedience to God. The mention of "his sons" highlights the familial tragedy and the end of Saul's dynastic hopes. Saul's failure to fully obey God led to his downfall, a sobering reminder of the consequences of straying from divine commands.<p><b>and they killed</b><br />The act of killing here is not just a physical defeat but a symbolic one. The Hebrew word used for "killed" (מות, muth) often denotes a violent death. This reflects the brutal nature of ancient warfare and the Philistines' intent to decimate Israel's leadership. It also signifies the fulfillment of God's judgment on Saul's house, as prophesied by Samuel.<p><b>his sons Jonathan, Abinadab, and Malchishua</b><br />Jonathan, Saul's eldest son, was a noble and faithful friend to David, Israel's future king. His death marks the loss of a righteous and courageous leader. Abinadab and Malchishua, though less is known about them, represent the extinguishing of Saul's lineage. The mention of each son by name underscores the personal and national tragedy. Jonathan's loyalty to David and his tragic end serve as a poignant reminder of the cost of loyalty and the complexities of divine providence. <div align="center"><h3><a href="/1_samuel/31-3.htm"><b>1 Samuel 31:3</b></a></h3></div><b>When the battle intensified</b><br />The phrase "when the battle intensified" suggests a turning point in the conflict, indicating a moment of heightened danger and urgency. In the Hebrew text, the word for "intensified" can be linked to the idea of pressing or becoming severe. This reflects the increasing pressure and desperation faced by Saul and his forces. Historically, this battle against the Philistines was a culmination of ongoing hostilities, and the intensification signifies the critical nature of this confrontation. It serves as a reminder of the relentless nature of spiritual battles in the life of a believer, where perseverance and reliance on God are essential.<p><b>against Saul</b><br />The focus on "against Saul" highlights the personal nature of the conflict. Saul, as the first king of Israel, was anointed by God but later rejected due to his disobedience. This battle represents not just a physical struggle but also a spiritual one, where Saul's leadership and relationship with God are tested. Theologically, it underscores the consequences of turning away from God's commands and the inevitable challenges that arise when one is not aligned with divine will.<p><b>the archers overtook him</b><br />The mention of "the archers" provides a vivid image of the method of attack. Archers, skilled in long-range combat, symbolize an unavoidable and precise threat. The Hebrew term for "overtook" implies being caught or reached, suggesting that Saul could not escape the impending danger. This can be seen as a metaphor for the inescapable consequences of sin and disobedience. In a broader spiritual context, it serves as a warning to remain vigilant and prepared against the attacks of the enemy, which can come unexpectedly and with precision.<p><b>and wounded him critically</b><br />The phrase "wounded him critically" indicates the severity of Saul's condition. The Hebrew root for "wounded" conveys the idea of being pierced or fatally struck. This critical wounding marks the beginning of the end for Saul, both as a king and as a man. It is a poignant reminder of the fragility of human life and the ultimate accountability before God. Spiritually, it reflects the deep wounds that sin can inflict on one's soul, emphasizing the need for repentance and healing through God's grace. <div align="center"><h3><a href="/1_samuel/31-4.htm"><b>1 Samuel 31:4</b></a></h3></div><b>Then Saul said to his armor-bearer</b><br />In ancient Israel, an armor-bearer was more than just a servant; he was a trusted companion in battle, responsible for carrying and maintaining the king's weapons. The Hebrew word for armor-bearer, "נֹשֵׂא כֵּלִים" (nose kelim), indicates a role of significant trust and responsibility. Saul's reliance on his armor-bearer in this moment of desperation underscores the gravity of his situation and the intimacy of their relationship. Historically, this reflects the hierarchical military structures of the time, where loyalty and bravery were paramount.<p><b>Draw your sword and run me through with it</b><br />The phrase "draw your sword" (שְׁלֹף חַרְבְּךָ, shlof charbeka) is a direct command, reflecting the urgency and desperation of Saul's situation. The act of being "run through" (דָּקַר, daqar) is a violent and immediate death, which Saul seeks to avoid falling into the hands of his enemies. This request highlights Saul's fear of humiliation and torture at the hands of the Philistines, who were known for their brutality. It also reflects the ancient Near Eastern honor-shame culture, where dying by one's own hand was preferable to capture and disgrace.<p><b>or these uncircumcised men will come</b><br />The term "uncircumcised" (עֲרֵלִים, arelim) is used pejoratively to describe the Philistines, emphasizing their status as outsiders to the covenant community of Israel. Circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and Abraham's descendants, and calling the Philistines "uncircumcised" underscores their spiritual and cultural separation from God's chosen people. This distinction is crucial in understanding the enmity between Israel and the Philistines, as it was not just a physical battle but a spiritual one as well.<p><b>and run me through and torture me</b><br />Saul's fear of being tortured (עִנּוּי, inui) by the Philistines reveals his awareness of their reputation for cruelty. The historical context of warfare in the ancient Near East often involved brutal treatment of captured enemies, including torture and public humiliation. Saul's desire to avoid such a fate reflects his concern for his dignity and the legacy he would leave behind. This moment also highlights the tragic end of Saul's reign, marked by fear and desperation rather than faith and trust in God.<p><b>But his armor-bearer was terrified and refused to do it</b><br />The armor-bearer's terror (יָרֵא, yare) is significant, as it shows his reverence for the king and possibly for the sanctity of life. His refusal to kill Saul, despite the king's command, indicates a moral or ethical dilemma, possibly rooted in the commandment "You shall not murder" (<a href="/exodus/20-13.htm">Exodus 20:13</a>). This moment of hesitation reflects the broader theme of divine sovereignty and human agency, as the armor-bearer chooses not to take the life of the Lord's anointed, even at the king's behest.<p><b>So Saul took his own sword and fell on it</b><br />Saul's decision to take his own life by falling on his sword (נָפַל עַל חַרְבּוֹ, nafal al charbo) is a tragic conclusion to his reign. This act of suicide is a final assertion of control over his fate, yet it also signifies his ultimate despair and loss of hope. In the broader biblical narrative, Saul's death marks the end of his troubled kingship and paves the way for David's rise. Theologically, it serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the importance of faithfulness to God's commands. Saul's tragic end invites reflection on the nature of leadership, the dangers of pride, and the need for reliance on God. <div align="center"><h3><a href="/1_samuel/31-5.htm"><b>1 Samuel 31:5</b></a></h3></div><b>When his armor bearer saw</b><br />The role of an armor bearer in ancient Israel was one of great trust and responsibility. This individual was not only responsible for carrying the king's armor but also for his safety in battle. The Hebrew word for "saw" here is "ra'ah," which implies more than just physical sight; it suggests a deep understanding or realization. The armor bearer, upon witnessing Saul's death, comprehends the gravity of the situation and the end of an era for Israel.<p><b>that Saul was dead</b><br />Saul, the first king of Israel, chosen by God but later rejected due to his disobedience, meets his tragic end. The Hebrew word for "dead" is "muwth," which signifies not just physical death but also a spiritual and national loss. Saul's death marks the conclusion of his tumultuous reign and the beginning of a new chapter for Israel under David's leadership. This moment is pivotal in Israel's history, as it transitions from a monarchy under Saul to the establishment of David's dynasty.<p><b>he also fell on his own sword</b><br />The act of falling on one's sword is a deliberate choice, often associated with honor or despair. The armor bearer's decision reflects the deep loyalty and bond he shared with Saul. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such an act could be seen as a way to avoid the shame of capture or to remain faithful to one's leader even in death. This phrase underscores the themes of loyalty and the tragic consequences of Saul's reign.<p><b>and died with him</b><br />The phrase "died with him" highlights the shared fate of Saul and his armor bearer. The Hebrew word "muwth" is repeated, emphasizing the finality and completeness of their deaths. This act of dying together signifies the end of their journey and the profound loyalty the armor bearer had for Saul. It also serves as a somber reminder of the cost of leadership and the impact of Saul's choices on those around him. <div align="center"><h3><a href="/1_samuel/31-6.htm"><b>1 Samuel 31:6</b></a></h3></div><b>So on that day</b><br />This phrase marks a definitive moment in Israel's history, a day of great tragedy and transition. The Hebrew word for "day" (יוֹם, yom) often signifies not just a 24-hour period but a significant event or era. This day was pivotal, marking the end of Saul's reign and the beginning of a new chapter for Israel. It serves as a reminder of the consequences of disobedience to God, as Saul's downfall was prophesied due to his failure to fully obey God's commands.<p><b>Saul died</b><br />The death of Saul, Israel's first king, is a sobering moment. Saul's name in Hebrew (שָׁאוּל, Sha'ul) means "asked for" or "prayed for," reflecting Israel's request for a king to lead them like other nations. Saul's death signifies the end of a reign that began with promise but ended in tragedy due to his disobedience and rejection of God's guidance. His death is a poignant reminder of the importance of faithfulness and obedience to God.<p><b>together with his three sons</b><br />The mention of Saul's sons, particularly Jonathan, highlights the personal and national loss. Jonathan, whose name means "Yahweh has given," was a noble and faithful friend to David, despite his father's animosity towards David. The death of Saul's sons alongside him underscores the complete collapse of Saul's dynasty and the fulfillment of God's judgment against his house. It also foreshadows the rise of David, who was anointed by God to be king.<p><b>his armor bearer</b><br />The armor bearer, a trusted companion in battle, signifies loyalty and the close relationships formed in the crucible of conflict. In ancient warfare, the armor bearer was responsible for the king's safety, yet even he could not prevent Saul's demise. This highlights the futility of relying on human strength and protection when one is outside of God's will. It serves as a metaphor for the spiritual armor that believers must carry, emphasizing reliance on God rather than human means.<p><b>and all his men</b><br />The phrase "all his men" indicates the totality of the defeat. Saul's army, once a formidable force, was decimated, illustrating the consequences of leadership that strays from God's commands. The Hebrew word for "men" (אִישׁ, ish) can also mean "warriors" or "mighty men," emphasizing the loss of Israel's military strength. This collective downfall serves as a cautionary tale about the importance of godly leadership and the impact of a leader's spiritual state on the people they lead. <div align="center"><h2>The Philistines Possess the Towns</h2></div><div align="center"><h3><a href="/1_samuel/31-7.htm"><b>1 Samuel 31:7</b></a></h3></div><b>When the Israelites along the valley</b><br />This phrase sets the geographical context of the narrative. The "valley" likely refers to the Jezreel Valley, a significant and fertile region in ancient Israel. Historically, this area was a strategic location for military campaigns due to its open terrain. The Israelites living here would have been acutely aware of the ongoing conflict with the Philistines, a persistent enemy throughout the period of the Judges and the early monarchy.<p><b>and those across the Jordan</b><br />This phrase indicates the broader scope of the Israelite territory affected by the events. "Across the Jordan" refers to the tribes settled on the eastern side of the Jordan River, such as Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. This highlights the widespread impact of the defeat, affecting not just the immediate battlefield but the entire nation.<p><b>saw that the men of Israel had fled</b><br />The act of fleeing signifies a complete military rout. In ancient warfare, the sight of an army in retreat often led to panic and demoralization among the people. The Hebrew root for "fled" (נוס, nus) conveys a sense of haste and fear, underscoring the desperation of the situation. This retreat would have been a devastating blow to the morale of the Israelites.<p><b>and that Saul and his sons were dead</b><br />The death of Saul and his sons, including Jonathan, marks a tragic turning point for Israel. Saul, the first king of Israel, was anointed to lead and protect the nation. His death, along with his heirs, signifies not only a military defeat but also a leadership vacuum. This event fulfills Samuel's prophecy about Saul's downfall due to his disobedience to God (<a href="/1_samuel/15-28.htm">1 Samuel 15:28</a>).<p><b>they abandoned their cities and fled</b><br />The abandonment of cities indicates a complete breakdown of societal order. In ancient times, cities were centers of security and community life. The Hebrew word for "abandoned" (עזב, azav) suggests a forsaking or leaving behind, reflecting the people's fear and loss of hope. This mass exodus would have left the cities vulnerable to enemy occupation.<p><b>Then the Philistines came and occupied them</b><br />The Philistines, long-time adversaries of Israel, seize the opportunity to expand their territory. The occupation of Israelite cities by the Philistines represents not just a military victory but also a cultural and spiritual challenge. The Philistines were known for their advanced technology and pagan practices, which often tempted the Israelites away from their covenant with God. This occupation sets the stage for the future struggles of Israel to reclaim their land and identity under God's guidance. <div align="center"><h3><a href="/1_samuel/31-8.htm"><b>1 Samuel 31:8</b></a></h3></div><b>The next day</b><br />This phrase indicates the passage of time following the battle between the Israelites and the Philistines. In the Hebrew context, the day after a battle was often a time for assessing the aftermath. The Philistines, having achieved victory, would naturally wait until the next day to ensure safety and to begin the grim task of stripping the dead. This reflects the brutal reality of ancient warfare, where the victors would claim spoils from the fallen.<p><b>when the Philistines came</b><br />The Philistines were a significant adversary of Israel throughout the Old Testament. Their presence in this narrative highlights the ongoing conflict between the two nations. Historically, the Philistines were a sea-faring people, known for their military prowess and iron weaponry, which often gave them an advantage over the Israelites. Their coming to the battlefield signifies their dominance and control over the region at this time.<p><b>to strip the dead</b><br />This phrase refers to the common ancient practice of taking armor, weapons, and valuables from the bodies of fallen soldiers. It was both a practical and symbolic act, demonstrating the complete defeat of the enemy. In a spiritual sense, this act can be seen as a stripping away of earthly power and glory, reminding us of the transient nature of human achievements and the ultimate sovereignty of God.<p><b>they found Saul and his three sons</b><br />The discovery of Saul and his sons' bodies is a poignant moment in the narrative. Saul, the first king of Israel, had been anointed by God but ultimately fell due to his disobedience and failure to fully trust in the Lord. The death of Saul and his sons marks the end of his dynasty and sets the stage for David's rise to kingship. This moment is a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's commands.<p><b>fallen on Mount Gilboa</b><br />Mount Gilboa is a significant geographical location in the biblical narrative. It is here that the tragic end of Saul's reign occurs. The mountain serves as a symbol of both the physical and spiritual downfall of Saul. In a broader theological context, Mount Gilboa represents the consequences of pride and disobedience, as Saul's failure to follow God's will ultimately led to his demise. The mention of this location underscores the gravity of the events and the fulfillment of God's judgment. <div align="center"><h3><a href="/1_samuel/31-9.htm"><b>1 Samuel 31:9</b></a></h3></div><b>They cut off his head</b><br />This phrase describes the brutal act of decapitation, a common practice in ancient warfare to signify total victory over an enemy. The Hebrew root for "cut off" is "כרת" (karat), which often implies a decisive and covenantal action. In this context, it symbolizes the Philistines' complete triumph over Saul, Israel's first king. Historically, decapitation served as a public display of dominance and a warning to others. Spiritually, it marks the tragic end of Saul's reign, a king who started with promise but ended in disobedience and defeat.<p><b>and stripped off his armor</b><br />The removal of Saul's armor signifies the stripping away of his royal and military identity. Armor in ancient times was not only protective but also a symbol of status and power. The Hebrew word for "armor" is "כלי" (keli), which can also mean "vessel" or "instrument." This act of stripping Saul of his armor represents the loss of his God-given role as the protector of Israel. It serves as a somber reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's commands.<p><b>Then they sent messengers</b><br />The Philistines' act of sending messengers indicates their desire to spread the news of their victory far and wide. The Hebrew word for "messengers" is "מלאכים" (mal'akhim), which can also mean "angels" or "envoys." This highlights the importance of the message being delivered. In a spiritual sense, it contrasts with the divine messages sent by God through His prophets, emphasizing the worldly and pagan nature of the Philistines' announcement.<p><b>throughout the land of the Philistines</b><br />This phrase underscores the extent of the Philistines' influence and control. The Philistines were a significant power in the region, and their land stretched along the coastal plains of Canaan. By spreading the news throughout their territory, they aimed to consolidate their victory and demoralize the Israelites. Historically, this reflects the ongoing struggle between the Israelites and the Philistines for dominance in the region.<p><b>to proclaim the news</b><br />The act of proclaiming the news is a public declaration meant to celebrate and solidify the Philistines' victory. The Hebrew word "בשר" (basar) means "to bring news" or "to announce," often with a connotation of good news. Ironically, what was good news for the Philistines was a devastating blow to Israel. This proclamation serves as a reminder of the spiritual battle between God's people and the forces opposed to His will.<p><b>in the temple of their idols</b><br />The mention of the temple of idols highlights the religious and spiritual dimensions of the Philistines' victory. The Hebrew word for "idols" is "עצבים" (atsabim), which can also mean "pain" or "sorrow," reflecting the emptiness of idol worship. By celebrating in their temples, the Philistines attribute their victory to their false gods, contrasting sharply with the Israelites' worship of the one true God. This serves as a caution against idolatry and a reminder of the spiritual warfare that underlies physical conflicts.<p><b>and among the people</b><br />The dissemination of the news among the people indicates the Philistines' intent to rally their nation and reinforce their cultural and religious identity. The Hebrew word "עם" (am) means "people" or "nation," emphasizing the collective nature of this celebration. For the Israelites, this public humiliation would have been a call to repentance and a return to faithfulness to God. It serves as a reminder of the importance of national unity under God's covenant and the dangers of straying from His path. <div align="center"><h3><a href="/1_samuel/31-10.htm"><b>1 Samuel 31:10</b></a></h3></div><b>They put his armor</b><br />The phrase "they put his armor" refers to the Philistines' act of taking King Saul's armor after his death. In ancient times, armor was not only a means of protection but also a symbol of a warrior's strength and status. The Hebrew word for armor, "keli," can also mean vessel or instrument, indicating the importance and personal nature of these items. By taking Saul's armor, the Philistines were not only stripping him of his physical protection but also his royal dignity and honor. This act symbolizes the complete defeat and humiliation of Israel's king.<p><b>in the temple of the Ashtoreths</b><br />The "temple of the Ashtoreths" refers to a place of worship dedicated to the Canaanite goddess Ashtoreth, also known as Astarte or Ishtar in other cultures. Ashtoreth was associated with war and fertility, and her worship often involved rituals that were abhorrent to the Israelites. The Philistines placing Saul's armor in this temple signifies their belief that their gods had triumphed over the God of Israel. This act of desecration highlights the spiritual battle between the worship of Yahweh and the pagan deities of the surrounding nations.<p><b>and hung his body</b><br />The phrase "and hung his body" describes the Philistines' further desecration of Saul's corpse. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, the treatment of a body after death was of utmost importance, and to leave a body unburied or to display it publicly was considered a great dishonor. The Hebrew word "talah," meaning to hang or suspend, indicates a deliberate act of humiliation. This act was intended to demonstrate the Philistines' dominance and to instill fear and shame in the Israelites.<p><b>on the wall of Beth-shan</b><br />"Beth-shan" was a strategically located city in the Jordan Valley, serving as a key military and trade center. By hanging Saul's body on the wall of Beth-shan, the Philistines were making a public spectacle of their victory. The city's location would have ensured that many travelers and traders witnessed this display, spreading the news of Israel's defeat far and wide. This act was not only a physical humiliation but also a psychological tactic to demoralize the Israelites and assert Philistine supremacy. <div align="center"><h2>Jabesh-gilead’s Tribute to Saul</h2></div><div align="center"><h3><a href="/1_samuel/31-11.htm"><b>1 Samuel 31:11</b></a></h3></div><b>When the people of Jabesh-gilead</b><br />The mention of "Jabesh-gilead" is significant in the historical and covenantal context of Israel. Jabesh-gilead was a city east of the Jordan River, in the territory of Gilead. The people of Jabesh-gilead had a special relationship with Saul, as he had previously rescued them from the Ammonites (1 Samuel 11). This act of deliverance created a bond of loyalty and gratitude towards Saul. The Hebrew root for "Jabesh" means "dry," which may refer to the geographical features of the area. The loyalty of Jabesh-gilead to Saul is a testament to the enduring nature of gratitude and covenantal relationships in the biblical narrative.<p><b>heard</b><br />The word "heard" in this context implies more than just the act of listening; it suggests a response to the news received. In the Hebrew tradition, hearing often implies obedience or action. The people of Jabesh-gilead did not merely hear passively; they were moved to act upon the news of Saul's demise. This reflects the biblical principle that true hearing involves a readiness to respond, aligning with the Shema in <a href="/deuteronomy/6-4.htm">Deuteronomy 6:4</a>, which calls for hearing and obeying God's commandments.<p><b>what the Philistines had done</b><br />The Philistines were a perennial enemy of Israel, often representing the forces of chaos and opposition to God's people. The phrase "what the Philistines had done" refers to their desecration of Saul's body and the bodies of his sons, which was a common practice in ancient warfare to humiliate the defeated. This act was not only a personal affront to Saul and his family but also a national disgrace for Israel. The Philistines' actions highlight the spiritual and physical battles that God's people face, reminding believers of the need for vigilance and faithfulness in the face of opposition.<p><b>to Saul</b><br />Saul, the first king of Israel, is a complex figure in the biblical narrative. His reign began with promise but ended in tragedy due to his disobedience to God. The mention of "Saul" here evokes a sense of loss and the consequences of turning away from God's commands. Saul's life serves as a cautionary tale about the importance of faithfulness and the dangers of pride and disobedience. Despite his failures, the people of Jabesh-gilead's loyalty to him in death reflects the biblical theme of honoring those who have served, even imperfectly, in God's plan. <div align="center"><h3><a href="/1_samuel/31-12.htm"><b>1 Samuel 31:12</b></a></h3></div><b>all their men of valor</b><br />This phrase highlights the bravery and courage of the men from Jabesh-gilead. The Hebrew word for "valor" is "חַיִל" (chayil), which denotes strength, efficiency, and ability. These men were not only physically strong but also morally courageous, willing to risk their lives to honor their fallen king. Historically, the men of Jabesh-gilead had a special bond with Saul, as he had once rescued them from the Ammonites (1 Samuel 11). Their valor is a testament to their loyalty and gratitude.<p><b>set out</b><br />The decision to "set out" indicates a deliberate and purposeful action. The Hebrew root "קוּם" (qum) means to arise or stand up, suggesting a readiness and determination to act. This was not a spontaneous decision but a calculated move to honor Saul and his sons, reflecting a deep sense of duty and respect.<p><b>journeyed all night</b><br />Traveling "all night" underscores the urgency and dedication of these men. The Hebrew word "לַיְלָה" (laylah) for "night" often symbolizes danger and uncertainty. Yet, these men were undeterred by the risks, driven by a mission to retrieve the bodies. This nocturnal journey also reflects the strategic need to avoid detection by the Philistines, who occupied the area.<p><b>retrieved the bodies of Saul and his sons</b><br />The act of retrieving the bodies was significant both culturally and religiously. In ancient Israel, proper burial was a sacred duty, and leaving bodies exposed was considered a great dishonor. The Hebrew word "לָקַח" (laqach) means to take or fetch, indicating a respectful and careful action. This retrieval was an act of defiance against the Philistines and a restoration of dignity to Saul and his sons.<p><b>from the wall of Beth-shan</b><br />Beth-shan was a strategic city in the Jezreel Valley, and its walls were a symbol of Philistine triumph. The display of the bodies was meant to humiliate Israel. Archaeological findings confirm Beth-shan's significance as a fortified city. By removing the bodies, the men of Jabesh-gilead were reclaiming honor for Israel and rejecting the Philistine narrative of victory.<p><b>They went to Jabesh</b><br />Returning to Jabesh-gilead, the men brought the bodies to a place of safety and respect. Jabesh-gilead was a city with historical ties to Saul, and this act of bringing the bodies there was a fulfillment of their communal responsibility. It was a return to their roots, a place where Saul's legacy was honored.<p><b>and burned the bodies there</b><br />The burning of the bodies was an unusual practice for Israelites, who typically buried their dead. However, this act was likely a practical decision to prevent further desecration by the Philistines. The Hebrew word "שָׂרַף" (saraph) means to burn or consume with fire. This act, while atypical, was done with reverence and care, ensuring that Saul and his sons were treated with dignity in death. <div align="center"><h3><a href="/1_samuel/31-13.htm"><b>1 Samuel 31:13</b></a></h3></div><b>Then they took their bones</b><br />This phrase refers to the remains of Saul and his sons, who had fallen in battle against the Philistines. The act of retrieving their bones signifies a deep respect and honor for the deceased, a practice deeply rooted in ancient Israelite culture. The Hebrew word for "bones" (עֲצָמוֹת, 'atzamot) often symbolizes the essence or core of a person, indicating that even in death, the dignity of Saul and his sons was preserved by their people.<p><b>and buried them</b><br />Burial was a significant act in ancient Israel, reflecting beliefs about the afterlife and the importance of resting with one's ancestors. The Hebrew word for "buried" (קָבַר, qabar) implies a sense of finality and peace. This act of burial underlines the community's commitment to honoring their leaders, despite Saul's troubled reign, and ensuring they were laid to rest with dignity.<p><b>under the tamarisk tree</b><br />The tamarisk tree (אֵשֶׁל, eshel) is mentioned several times in the Old Testament and is often associated with significant events or places. In this context, the tree serves as a landmark and a place of remembrance. The choice of a tamarisk tree may symbolize endurance and resilience, as these trees are known for their ability to thrive in harsh conditions, much like the enduring legacy of Saul's kingship despite its challenges.<p><b>in Jabesh</b><br />Jabesh-Gilead was a city in the territory of Israel that had a special connection to Saul. Earlier in his reign, Saul had rescued the city from the Ammonites (1 Samuel 11), and this act of valor had endeared him to its people. The burial in Jabesh signifies a full-circle moment, where the people of Jabesh-Gilead repay Saul's earlier kindness by ensuring he and his sons receive a proper burial.<p><b>and they fasted seven days</b><br />Fasting for seven days was a traditional period of mourning in ancient Israel, reflecting deep sorrow and respect for the deceased. The number seven often represents completeness or perfection in the Bible, indicating that the mourning period was thorough and heartfelt. This communal act of fasting underscores the collective grief of the Israelites and their recognition of the gravity of losing their king and his sons.</div></div><div id="botbox"><div class="padbot"><div align="center">This is a draft of the Berean Study Bible. 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