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class="region-inner region-preface-third-inner"> </div> </div> </div> </div><div id="zone-content-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-content-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-content" class="zone zone-content clearfix container-12"> <div id="moved-sidenav-wrapper" class="moved-sidenav-wrapper grid-12"> <div id="moved-sidenav" class="moved-sidenav" data-set="append-sidenav"></div> </div> <div class="grid-9 push-3 region region-content" id="region-content"> <div class="region-inner region-content-inner"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <h1 class="title" id="page-title">Self-Guided Help & Training </h1> <div class="block block-system block-main block-system-main odd block-without-title" id="block-system-main"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <article about="/evidence-synthesis-literature-reviews/training" typeof="foaf:Document" class="node node-page node-published node-not-promoted node-not-sticky author-8281 odd clearfix" id="node-page-845742">  <span property="dc:title" content="Self-Guided Help & Training" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> <div class="content clearfix"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><div style="background-color:#eaf7f8;padding:2em;"> <h2> Evidence Synthesis Process</h2> <p>Below are the steps required to complete a rigorous evidence synthesis. <strong><a href="https://library.medicine.yale.edu/sites/default/files/evidencesynthesis-2.jpg">View this process as a graphic</a></strong></p> <div class="row"> <div class="column"> <ol> <li> <strong><a href="/evidence-synthesis-literature-reviews/education#reporting">Build</a> </strong>your evidence synthesis team</li> <li> <strong><a href="/evidence-synthesis-literature-reviews/education#reporting">Review</a></strong> reporting guidelines, best practice handbooks, and training modules</li> <li> <strong><a href="/evidence-synthesis-literature-reviews/education#tools">Formulate</a></strong> question and <strong><a href="https://rightreview.knowledgetranslation.net/">decide on review type</a></strong></li> <li> <strong><a href="/evidence-synthesis-literature-reviews/education#search">Search</a></strong> for previous published literature and protocols</li> <li> <strong><a href="/evidence-synthesis-literature-reviews/education#protocol">Develop</a> </strong>and register a protocol</li> <li> <strong><a href="/evidence-synthesis-literature-reviews/education#search">Develop</a></strong> and test search strategies</li> <li> <strong><a href="https://www.cda-amc.ca/press-peer-review-electronic-search-strategies">Peer review</a> </strong>of search strategies</li> <li> <strong><a href="https://library.medicine.yale.edu/tutorials/subjects/systematic-searches">Execute</a></strong> search</li> </ol> </div> <div class="column"> <ol start="9"> <li> De-duplicate results</li> <li> Screen title and abstracts</li> <li> Retrieve full-text articles</li> <li> Screen articles in full-text</li> <li> Search for grey literature</li> <li> <strong><a href="/evidence-synthesis-literature-reviews/education#quality">Quality</a></strong> assessment and data extraction</li> <li> Citation chasing</li> <li> Update database searches</li> <li> Synthesize data</li> <li> <strong><a href="/evidence-synthesis-literature-reviews/education#reporting">Manuscript</a></strong> development</li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> <p> </p> <h2> Review Types</h2> <p><a href="https://library.medicine.yale.edu/sites/default/files/whattypeofreview-letterv2.jpg"><img alt="What type of review could you write flowchart - see text below for content" src="https://library.medicine.yale.edu/sites/default/files/resize/whattypeofreview-letterv2-500x647.jpg" style="width: 500px; height: 647px;" width="500" height="647" /></a></p> <p> </p> <details> <summary><strong>Text of 'What Type of Review Could You Write' Flowchart</strong></summary> <p>Title: "What type of Review Could You Write"</p> <p>Top of chart begins Q: "How big is your team?"</p> <ul> <li> If "Just me" to team size, then Q: "Do you want a robust methodology?" <ul> <li> If "Yes" to robust methodology, then "Rapid Review"</li> <li> If "No to robust methodology, then "Narrative Review"</li> </ul> </li> <li> If team size is "More than one", then Q: "Is your research question close-ended or open-ended?" <ul> <li> If "Closed", then "Systematic Review" <ul> <li> If "Systematic Review", then Q: "Will you analyze results quantitatively?" <ul> <li> If "Yes", then "Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> If "Open", then "Scoping Review"</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </details> <details> <summary><strong>Descriptions of Review Types</strong></summary> <table class="ck_border striped-table" style="width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);"> <thead> <tr> <td align="center" class="ck_border" colspan="6" style="text-align: center; width: 13%; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Reproduced from: Grant MJ, Booth A. A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Info Libr J. 2009 Jun;26(2):91-108. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x. Review. PubMed PMID: 19490148.</span></span></span></h3> </td> </tr> <tr align="center" style="background: #eeeeee;" valign="top"> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <h3> <span style="color: #333333;"><strong><span style="font-size: small;">Label</span></strong></span></h3> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <h3> <span style="color: #333333;"><strong><span style="font-size: small;">Search</span></strong></span></h3> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <h3> <span style="color: #333333;"><strong><span style="font-size: small;">Appraisal</span></strong></span></h3> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <h3> <span style="color: #333333;"><strong><span style="font-size: small;">Synthesis</span></strong></span></h3> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <h3> <span style="color: #333333;"><strong><span style="font-size: small;">Analysis</span></strong></span></h3> </td> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr align="left" valign="top"> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;"><strong>Critical review</strong></span></p> <p>Aims to demonstrate writer has extensively researched literature and critically evaluated its quality. Goes beyond mere description to include degree of analysis and conceptual innovation. Typically results in hypothesis or model. </p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Seeks to identify significant items in the field.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">No formal quality assessment. Attempts to evaluate according to contribution.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Typically narrative, perhaps conceptual or chronological.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Significant component: seeks to identify conceptual contribution to embody existing or derive new theory.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr align="left" valign="top"> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;"><strong>Literature review</strong></span></p> <p>Generic term: published materials that provide examination of recent or current literature. Can cover wide range of subjects at various levels of completeness and comprehensiveness. May include research findings. </p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">May or may not include comprehensive searching.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">May or may not include quality assessment.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Typically narrative.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Analysis may be chronological, conceptual, thematic, etc.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr align="left" valign="top"> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;"><strong>Mapping review/systematic map</strong></span></p> <p>Map out and categorize existing literature from which to commission further reviews and/or primary research by identifying gaps in research literature. </p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Completeness of searching determined by time/scope constraints.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">No formal quality assessment.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">May be graphical and tabular.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Characterizes quantity and quality of literature, perhaps by study design and other key features. May identify need for primary or secondary research.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr align="left" valign="top"> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;"><strong>Meta-analysis</strong></span></p> <p>Technique thatstatistically combines the results of quantitative studies to provide a more precise effect of the results. </p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Aims for exhaustive searching. May use funnel plot to assess completeness.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Quality assessment may determine inclusion/exclusion and/or sensitivity analyses.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Graphical and tabular with narrative commentary.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Numerical analysis of measures of effect assuming absence of heterogeneity.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr align="left" valign="top"> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;"><strong>Mixed studies review/mixed methods review</strong></span></p> <p>Refers to any combination of methods where one significant component is a literature review (usually systematic). Within a review context it refers to a combination of review approaches for example combining quantitative with qualitative research or outcome with process studies. </p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Requires either very sensitive search to retrieve all studies or separately conceived quantitative and qualitative strategies.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Requires either a generic appraisal instrument or separate appraisal processes with corresponding checklists.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Typically both components will be presented as narrative and in tables. May also employ graphical means of integrating quantitative and qualitative studies.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Analysis may characterize both literatures and look for correlations between characteristics or use gap analysis to identify aspects absent in one literature but missing in the other.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr align="left" valign="top"> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;"><strong>Overview</strong></span></p> <p>Generic term: summary of the [medical] literature that attempts to survey the literature and describe its characteristics. </p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">May or may not include comprehensive searching (depends whether systematic overview or not).</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">May or may not include quality assessment (depends whether systematic overview or not).</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Synthesis depends on whether systematic or not. Typically narrative but may include tabular features.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Analysis may be chronological, conceptual, thematic, etc.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr align="left" valign="top"> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;"><strong>Qualitative systematic review/qualitative evidence synthesis</strong></span></p> <p>Method for integrating or comparing the findings from qualitative studies. It looks for ‘themes’ or ‘constructs’ that lie in or across individual qualitative studies. </p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">May employ selective or purposive sampling.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Quality assessment typically used to mediate messages not for inclusion/exclusion.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Qualitative, narrative synthesis.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Thematic analysis, may include conceptual models.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr align="left" valign="top"> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;"><strong>Rapid review</strong></span></p> <p>Assessment of what is already known about a policy or practice issue, by using systematic review methods to search and critically appraise existing research. </p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Completeness of searching determined by time constraints.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Time-limited formal quality assessment.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Typically narrative and tabular.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Quantities of literature and overall quality/direction of effect of literature.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr align="left" valign="top"> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;"><strong>Scoping review</strong></span></p> <p>Preliminary assessment of potential size and scope of available research literature. Aims to identify nature and extent of research evidence (usually including ongoing research). </p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Completeness of searching determined by time/scope constraints. May include research in progress.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">No formal quality assessment.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Typically tabular with some narrative commentary.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Characterizes quantity and quality of literature, perhaps by study design and other key features. Attempts to specify a viable review.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr align="left" valign="top"> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;"><strong>State-of-the-art review</strong></span></p> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Tend to address more current matters in contrast to other combined retrospective and current approaches. May offer new perspectives on issue or point out area for further research.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Aims for comprehensive searching of current literature.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">No formal quality assessment.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Typically narrative, may have tabular accompaniment.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Current state of knowledge and priorities for future investigation and research.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr align="left" valign="top"> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;"><strong>Systematic review</strong></span></p> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Seeks to systematically search for, appraise and synthesis research evidence, often adhering to guidelines on the conduct of a review.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Aims for exhaustive, comprehensive searching.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Quality assessment may determine inclusion/exclusion.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Typically narrative with tabular accompaniment.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">What is known; recommendations for practice. What remains unknown; uncertainty around findings, recommendations for future research.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr align="left" valign="top"> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;"><strong>Systematic search and review</strong></span></p> <p>Combines strengths of critical review with a comprehensive search process. Typically addresses broad questions to produce ‘best evidence synthesis’. </p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Aims for exhaustive, comprehensive searching.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">May or may not include quality assessment.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Minimal narrative, tabular summary of studies.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">What is known; recommendations for practice. Limitations.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr align="left" valign="top"> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;"><strong>Systematized review</strong></span></p> <p>Attempt to include elements of systematic review process while stopping short of systematic review. Typically conducted as postgraduate student assignment. </p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">May or may not include comprehensive searching.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">May or may not include quality assessment.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Typically narrative with tabular accompaniment.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">What is known; uncertainty around findings; limitations of methodology.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr align="left" valign="top"> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;"><strong>Umbrella review</strong></span></p> <p>Specifically refers to review compiling evidence from multiple reviews into one accessible and usable document. Focuses on broad condition or problem for which there are competing interventions and highlights reviews that address these interventions and their results. </p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Identification of component reviews, but no search for primary studies.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Quality assessment of studies within component reviews and/or of reviews themselves.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">Graphical and tabular with narrative commentary.</span></p> </td> <td align="left" class="ck_border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221);" valign="top"> <p><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">What is known; recommendations for practice. What remains unknown; recommendations for future research.</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </details> <p> </p> <h2> Training for Getting Started</h2> <p><strong><a href="/tutorials/subjects/systematic-searches">Medical Library Systematic Searches Tutorials</a></strong></p> <p>This series covers the fundamental concepts and general procedure of searching the health science literature to ensure your search is comprehensive, methodical, transparent and reproducible.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://www.campbellcollaboration.org/get-involved/training/">Campbell Collaboration</a></strong></p> <p>Video recordings that explain Campbell methods, for both beginners in evidence synthesis or experienced systematic reviewers.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://academy.covidence.org/">Covidence Academy</a></strong></p> <p>Learn key concepts for conducting systematic reviews, such as search strategies and data extraction.</p> <p><a href="https://library.medicine.yale.edu/services/classes"><strong>All Medical Library classes</strong></a></p> <p>Interested in learning more? 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