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srcset="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/_static/images/toolbar/wayback-toolbar-logo-100.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB,https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/_static/images/toolbar/wayback-toolbar-logo-150.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB 1.5x,https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/_static/images/toolbar/wayback-toolbar-logo-200.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB 2x" alt="Wayback Machine" style="width:100px" border="0"></a> </div> <div class="c" style="display:flex;flex-flow:column nowrap;justify-content:space-between;flex:1;"> <form class="u" style="display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;" target="_top" method="get" action="/web/submit" name="wmtb" id="wmtb"> <input type="text" name="url" id="wmtbURL" value="https://plus.google.com/%2BBrianKoberlein" onfocus="this.focus();this.select();" style="flex:1;"><input type="hidden" name="type" value="replay"><input type="hidden" name="date" value="20160805050502"><input type="submit" value="Go"> </form> <div style="display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap;align-items:flex-end;"> <div class="s" id="wm-nav-captures" style="flex:1;"><a class="t" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502*/https://plus.google.com/%2BBrianKoberlein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="See a list of every capture for this URL">85 captures</a> <div class="r" title="Timespan for captures of this URL"> 16 Nov 2013 - 20 Aug 2021 </div> </div> <div class="k"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" id="wm-graph-anchor"> <div id="wm-ipp-sparkline" title="Explore captures for this URL" style="position: relative"> <canvas id="wm-sparkline-canvas" width="725" height="27" border="0"></canvas> </div></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="n"> <table> <tbody><!-- NEXT/PREV MONTH NAV AND MONTH INDICATOR --> <tr class="m"> <td class="b" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160609063152/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="09 Jun 2016"><strong>Jun</strong></a></td> <td class="c" id="displayMonthEl" title="You are here: 05:05:02 Aug 05, 2016">AUG</td> <td class="f" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20170217165303/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17 Feb 2017"><strong>Feb</strong></a></td> </tr><!-- NEXT/PREV CAPTURE NAV AND DAY OF MONTH INDICATOR --> <tr class="d"> <td class="b" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160802074557/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="07:45:57 Aug 02, 2016"><img src="/_static/images/toolbar/wm_tb_prv_on.png" alt="Previous capture" width="14" height="16" border="0"></a></td> <td class="c" id="displayDayEl" style="width:34px;font-size:22px;white-space:nowrap;" title="You are here: 05:05:02 Aug 05, 2016">05</td> <td class="f" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20170217165303/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16:53:03 Feb 17, 2017"><img src="/_static/images/toolbar/wm_tb_nxt_on.png" alt="Next capture" width="14" height="16" border="0"></a></td> </tr><!-- NEXT/PREV YEAR NAV AND YEAR INDICATOR --> <tr class="y"> <td class="b" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20150803021032/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="03 Aug 2015"><strong>2015</strong></a></td> <td class="c" id="displayYearEl" title="You are here: 05:05:02 Aug 05, 2016">2016</td> <td class="f" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210820064540/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20 Aug 2021"><strong>2021</strong></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="r" style="display:flex;flex-flow:column nowrap;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:space-between;"> <div id="wm-btns" style="text-align:right;height:23px;"><span class="xxs"> <div id="wm-save-snapshot-success"> success </div> <div id="wm-save-snapshot-fail"> fail </div><a id="wm-save-snapshot-open" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#" title="Share via My Web Archive"> <span class="iconochive-web"></span> </a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/account/login.php" title="Sign In" id="wm-sign-in"> <span class="iconochive-person"></span> </a> <span id="wm-save-snapshot-in-progress" class="iconochive-web"></span> </span> <a class="xxs" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://faq.web.archive.org/" title="Get some help using the Wayback Machine" style="top:-6px;"><span class="iconochive-question" style="color:rgb(87,186,244);font-size:160%;"></span></a> <a id="wm-tb-close" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#close" style="top:-2px;" title="Close the toolbar"><span class="iconochive-remove-circle" style="color:#888888;font-size:240%;"></span></a> </div> <div id="wm-share" class="xxs"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://plus.google.com/%2BBrianKoberlein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" id="wm-screenshot" title="screenshot"> <span class="wm-icon-screen-shot"></span> </a> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#" id="wm-video" title="video"> <span class="iconochive-movies"></span> </a> <a id="wm-share-facebook" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#" data-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein" title="Share on Facebook" style="margin-right:5px;" target="_blank"><span class="iconochive-facebook" style="color:#3b5998;font-size:160%;"></span></a> <a id="wm-share-twitter" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#" data-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein" title="Share on Twitter" style="margin-right:5px;" target="_blank"><span class="iconochive-twitter" style="color:#1dcaff;font-size:160%;"></span></a> </div> <div style="padding-right:2px;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><a id="wm-expand" class="wm-btn wm-closed" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#expand"><span id="wm-expand-icon" class="iconochive-down-solid"></span> <span class="xxs" style="font-size:80%;">About this capture</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wm-capinfo" style="border-top:1px solid #777;display:none; overflow: hidden"> <div id="wm-capinfo-notice" source="api"></div> <div id="wm-capinfo-collected-by"> <div style="background-color:#666;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"> COLLECTED BY </div> <div style="padding:3px;position:relative" id="wm-collected-by-content"> <div style="display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:49%;"><span class="c-logo" style="background-image:url(https://archive.org/services/img/wikipediaoutlinks00004)"></span> <div> Collection: <a style="color:#33f;" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/wikipediaoutlinks00004" target="_new"><span class="wm-title">Wikipedia Outlinks March 2016</span></a> </div> <div style="max-height:75px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:75px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,0) 90%,rgba(255,255,255,255) 100%);"></div> Crawl of outlinks from wikipedia.org started March, 2016. These files are currently not publicly accessible. Properties of this collection. It has been several years since the last time we did this. For this collection, several things were done: 1. Turned off duplicate detection. This collection will be complete, as there is a good chance we will share the data, and sharing data with pointers to random other collections, is a complex problem. 2. For the first time, did all the different wikis. The original runs were just against the enwiki. This one, the seed list was built from all 865 collections. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wm-capinfo-timestamps"> <div style="background-color:#666;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:center" title="Timestamps for the elements of this page"> TIMESTAMPS </div> <div> <div id="wm-capresources" style="margin:0 5px 5px 5px;max-height:250px;overflow-y:scroll !important"></div> <div id="wm-capresources-loading" style="text-align:left;margin:0 20px 5px 5px;display:none"> <img src="/_static/images/loading.gif" alt="loading"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wm-ipp-print"> The Wayback Machine - https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein </div> <script type="text/javascript">//<![CDATA[ __wm.bt(725,27,25,2,"web","https://plus.google.com/%2BBrianKoberlein","20160805050502",1996,"/_static/",["/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt","/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv"], false); __wm.rw(1); //]]></script><!-- END WAYBACK TOOLBAR INSERT --> <input type="text" name="hist_state" id="hist_state" style="display:none;"><iframe id="hist_frame" name="hist_frame778136422" class="ss" tabindex="-1"></iframe> <script>window['OZ_wizstart'] && window['OZ_wizstart']()</script> <script> function ozIpStart() { OZ_start && OZ_start(); } </script> <script id="base-js" src="/web/20160805050502js_/https://plus.google.com/_/scs/apps-static/_/js/k=oz.home.en_US.Z_yMACk-b-8.O/m=b,prc/am=LBCHQ2SAAg/rt=j/d=1/rs=AGLTcCP_aPKRNEeWGbtineD-zqtf-mujFA" async onload="ozIpStart();"></script> <div id="notify-widget-pane" class="Fba PzIwMb" aria-live="assertive"></div> <div class="Z0"> <div class="Of ooe"> <div id="gb"> <script>window.gbar&&gbar.eli&&gbar.eli()</script> <div id="gbw"> <div id="gbz"> <span class="gbtcb"></span> <ol id="gbzc" class="gbtc"> <li class="gbt"><a target="_blank" onclick="gbar.logger.il(1,{t:1});" class="gbzt" id="gb_1" 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href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://play.google.com/?hl=en&tab=X8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"><span class="gbtb2"></span><span class="gbts">Play</span></a></li> <li class="gbt"><a target="_blank" onclick="gbar.logger.il(1,{t:36});" class="gbzt" id="gb_36" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://www.youtube.com/?tab=X1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"><span class="gbtb2"></span><span class="gbts">YouTube</span></a></li> <li class="gbt"><a target="_blank" onclick="gbar.logger.il(1,{t:5});" class="gbzt" id="gb_5" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://news.google.com/nwshp?hl=en&tab=Xn&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"><span class="gbtb2"></span><span class="gbts">News</span></a></li> <li class="gbt"><a target="_blank" onclick="gbar.logger.il(1,{t:23});" class="gbzt" id="gb_23" 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id="gbmm" class="gbmcc gbsbic"> <li class="gbmtc"><a target="_blank" onclick="gbar.logger.il(1,{t:24});" class="gbmt" id="gb_24" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://www.google.com/calendar?tab=Xc&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Calendar</a></li> <li class="gbmtc"><a target="_blank" onclick="gbar.logger.il(1,{t:51});" class="gbmt" id="gb_51" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://translate.google.com/?hl=en&tab=XT&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Translate</a></li> <li class="gbmtc"><a target="_blank" onclick="gbar.logger.il(1,{t:17});" class="gbmt" id="gb_17" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/mobile/?hl=en&tab=XD&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mobile</a></li> <li class="gbmtc"><a target="_blank" onclick="gbar.logger.il(1,{t:10});" class="gbmt" id="gb_10" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://books.google.com/bkshp?hl=en&tab=Xp&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Books</a></li> <li class="gbmtc"><a target="_blank" onclick="gbar.logger.il(1,{t:212});" class="gbmt" id="gb_212" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://wallet.google.com/manage/?tab=Xa&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Wallet</a></li> <li class="gbmtc"><a target="_blank" onclick="gbar.logger.il(1,{t:6});" class="gbmt" id="gb_6" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/shopping?hl=en&tab=Xf&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Shopping</a></li> <li class="gbmtc"><a target="_blank" onclick="gbar.logger.il(1,{t:30});" class="gbmt" id="gb_30" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://www.blogger.com/?tab=Xj&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Blogger</a></li> <li class="gbmtc"><a target="_blank" 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Why is that? Lot’s of ideas have been proposed, such as the idea that aliens are being intentionally silent, or that intelligent life kills itself off in a short time. But another idea is simply that we’re the first civilization to appear. Someone has to be first, so why not us? <br><br> It’s generally thought that the existence of intelligent life should become more likely over time. As the Universe evolves, more heavy elements are created and become available, and stellar systems with heavy elements (like our solar system) are more likely to form. Life also takes time to arise and evolve, and over time it has a greater chance of achieving the complexity necessary for intelligence. So it seems reasonable that the odds of sentient life increase with cosmic age. Of course, after trillions of years star production will have died off, and even small red dwarfs will start to cool and fade, meaning that the likelihood of life arising at that point is basically zero. So somewhere between the big bang and the ends of time there should be a period of time where intelligent life is most likely to evolve.<br><br> A new paper looks at just when this “peak sentience” might occur. In this work they formulate an equation calculating the probability for life to form on a potentially habitable planet in a particular volume of space. It’s similar to the Drake equation, and includes similar factors such as the number of stars, and the number of habitable planets, but looks at how the overall probability changes over time. All things being equal (and only assuming life similar to that on Earth) the equation predicts that life is most likely to arise about 10 trillion years from now around small red dwarfs. In the grand scheme of things, the appearance of life on Earth occurred quite early, so we might just be the first civilization to arise.<br><br> All that said, there are reasons not to take this work too seriously. Key to the conclusion is the idea that all things are equal. Specifically that potentially habitable planets around small red dwarfs are just as likely to have life than Earth-like planets around Sun-like stars. That skews the data a bit, because small red dwarfs are much, much more common than stars like our Sun. But red dwarfs are also known to have large solar flares that could seriously harm any life on a close planet, and red dwarfs are so cool that habitable worlds would need to be very close to the star. So close that they would likely be tidally locked, with one side always facing toward the star. It’s quite likely that red dwarfs aren’t very life friendly, so they really shouldn’t be included in the tally. If you just include Sun-like stars, then the peak occurs roughly around now, which would mean life on Earth could be rather typical, and arose at a pretty typical time. So this work doesn’t answer the question of where life is out there as much as it raises an interesting question about the origin of life over time.<br><br> Still, it’s fun to imagine that trillions of years from now an alien species might find remnants of a great intergalactic civilization they refer to as the first ones, never knowing that we called ourselves human.<br><br> Paper: Abraham Loeb, et al. Relative Likelihood for Life as a Function of Cosmic Time. arXiv:1606.08448 [astro-ph.CO] (2016)<br><br> </div> </div><span role="button" class="d-s Yv on gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s Xv zt gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> <div class="yx Nf"> <div class="q9 yg"> <div class="s9Oc9"> <div class="sp ej xI A8Hhid" style="width:426px;height:238px;max-height:238px;"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/08/04/the-first-ones/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor Ks" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/AF5fACsWco3yIVLDPQCt6wAqdRCHZP4Y_FtwFSaK3n7WrmfPyLFZhZLMJ5wTM4zTCIUn-Ov7mPio4YKq_Lah-oujZKz2SDki=w426-h238-p" class="ar Mc" style="max-height:238px; max-width:426px;" itemprop="image"> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="//lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/AF5fACsWco3yIVLDPQCt6wAqdRCHZP4Y_FtwFSaK3n7WrmfPyLFZhZLMJ5wTM4zTCIUn-Ov7mPio4YKq_Lah-oujZKz2SDki=w426-h238-p"></a> </div> <div class="VwVwbf"> <div class="rCauNb"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/08/04/the-first-ones/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor" title="The First Ones - One Universe at a Time" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow">The First Ones - One Universe at a Time</a> </div> <div class="YPIndd"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/08/04/the-first-ones/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow">briankoberlein.com</a> </div> <div class="f34nqb"> Are we the first civilization to arise in the cosmos? </div> </div> </div> <div class="lr"></div> <div class="ko"></div> <div class="kr"></div> <div class="jo"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Qg"> <div id="po-z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas" href="javascript:void(0);?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" tabindex="0" role="button" jscontroller="qG1h8c" jsaction="click:JIbuQc;gcRodd:mVjlY;" class="esw eswd qk Gc" g:token="AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip" aria-pressed="false" aria-label="+1 this post"> <span dir="ltr" class="tf yda"><span class="gr"></span><span class="H3" jsname="NnAfwf">160</span></span> </div> <div class="Ut Dg" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Share this post" jscontroller="tH7URd" jsaction="click:KjsqPd; mouseenter:OPtno; focus:OPtno;wA70zd:AX4Iqd;JO8x0b:mTq7Qc"> <span class="tf"><span class="iI"></span><span class="MM jI">15</span></span> </div> <div role="button" tabindex="0" class="LK RF IM KH" aria-label="Activity on this post" jsname="RTPDDc"> <div class="IH"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-VEw16UsBXZw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAhY/8hmd_NHl2NY/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Tom Flynn's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="101210278730439828153" title="Tom Flynn" hc="off"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/uFp_tsTJboUY7kue5XAsGA=s28" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Akeelah Hall's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="114230948292536089065" title="Akeelah Hall" hc="off"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/uFp_tsTJboUY7kue5XAsGA=s28" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Glenn Wood's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="106424087771332944066" title="Glenn Wood" hc="off"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/uFp_tsTJboUY7kue5XAsGA=s28" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Vahur Krouverk's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="107475656730937780989" title="Vahur Krouverk" hc="off"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="DM"> <div class="Cx fr"> <div class="Ar vt"></div> <div class="Wp O9"> <div class="GK HK TC"> <div class="WR"> <span role="button" class="d-s vy" tabindex="0"><span class="cr Rs">44</span><span class="Ss"> comments</span></span> <div class="TR"> <span class="d-s vq Bl "></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Dx EP lC"> <div class="KK gR"> <span role="button" class="d-s ww ZR" style="display:none;" tabindex="0"></span> <div class="JK"> <div id="z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470373415967100" tabindex="-1" class="Ik Wv" jsmodel="mrYqlc"> <div class="Wi lg "> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/107475656730937780989?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="107475656730937780989" aria-hidden="true"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/uFp_tsTJboUY7kue5XAsGA=s28" width="28px" height="28px" alt="" class="go wi Wh" oid="107475656730937780989"></a> <div class="Jx"> <div class="eR"> <div class="fR"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/107475656730937780989?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob tv Ub TD" rel="nofollow" oid="107475656730937780989">Vahur Krouverk</a> <div class="Nba Cw"></div> <div class="wO"> <span class="dE Jj"></span><span class="DI wp"> <div class="Id"> <div class="CI zh o-U-s-vg" style="visibility:hidden" tabindex="0" title="People who +1'd this"> <div dir="ltr" class="YC"> <div class="Rp"> + </div> <div class="St Vk"> 0<br> 1<br> 0<br> </div> </div> </div> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="HA"> <span role="button" class="d-s Kv dR" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Reply</span> </div> </div> <div class="Aq DK Bt UR gA"> <div class="tG QF"> </div> <div class="Ct"> Maybe other civilizations are too busy with their smartphones to notice us 😀. Or they have moved on to virtual reality and do not care about physical world. Maybe they don't have physical body at all anymore, just bits somewhere. </div> </div> </div> <div class="YR"> <span role="button" class="d-s nq on dp" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s mq dp" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Tt bj"> <div class="Dt wu" tabindex="0" role="button"> Add a comment... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="update-z13twnlximundvt1z23ws1ggdta1i3f1q" tabindex="-1" class="Yp yt Xa" jscontroller="LeWvCf" jsmodel="XNmfOc" jslog="6941; 1:update-z13twnlximundvt1z23ws1ggdta1i3f1q; track:impression,click" data-render-context="%.@.3,null,null,null,null,null,null,true,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,[null,440,520] ] " jsaction=" click:Qrv4Te(RTPDDc),zzwwld(lUFH9b),iQMaZe(A5O8Yc);O1htCb:BpK2Q;PR4gi:I6kmac;UJtr3c:vwifpf;wA70zd:Fz0Y3e;"> <div class="sda je" jsname="GpsYP" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="0"></div> <div class="Ee BK ge" aria-hidden="false" jsname="P3RoXc" role="article"> <div class="GM hf N0iIpb shhjtd FpFo5e"> <div class="gi xda WGE4Rd" guidedhelpid="stream_pinned_header"> <div class="WhGCNb"> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/collection/4oyNa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" jslog="12086; track:click" dir="ltr">Our Universe</a><span class="ewua7e" aria-label="Collections icon" style="background-image: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png);"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ki ve" jsname="MxEsy"> <div class="ys"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="100479352836033641546" aria-hidden="true"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/s46-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="46px" height="46px" alt="" class="Uk wi hE" oid="100479352836033641546"></a> <div class="f5 wy"> <header class="lea"> <h3 class="zi"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob tv Ub Hf" oid="100479352836033641546">Brian Koberlein</a></h3><span class="uG Ve"><span role="button" class="d-s Vt Hm dk Q9" title="Sharing details" tabindex="0" jsname="lUFH9b" aria-haspopup="true">Shared publicly</span> - <span class="uv PL"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/BfmyLj7N4pz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="o-U-s FI Rg" style="display:none">2016-07-30</a></span></span> </header> </div> </div> <div class="Al pf"> <div class="Xx xJ"> <div class="Ig At dn"> <div class="Bt Pm"> <div class="tG QF"> </div> <div class="Ct"> <b>Big Dreams</b><br><br> In the early 1970s, as the Apollo missions to the Moon were coming to a close, there were plans to explore even further into the Universe. Not simply to Mars, or even the outer solar system, but a mission to another star. It became known as Project Daedalus. <br><br> Project Daedalus was hugely ambitious. In order to reach Barnard’s star within 50 years, Daedalus would rely upon nuclear fusion rather than chemical rockets. Pellets of deuterium and helium-3 would be detonated 250 times a second, and the plasma exhaust would be directed away from the rocket by a magnetic field. As a two-stage rocket this would accelerate the ship to 12% of the speed of light.<br><br> To gather the 50,000 tonnes of fuel necessary for the journey, there were plans to harvest helium-3 from the atmosphere of Jupiter using hot air balloons. The helium-3 could also be mined from the lunar surface. Construction of the spacecraft itself would require the development of new materials capable of surviving a range of temperatures from 1,600 K to the cold of deep space. Since there would be no crew for the mission, robotic technology would need to be developed to explore the Barnard system.<br><br> Needless to say, the Daedalus mission never got off the ground. It was so ambitious that it was intended more as a proof of concept rather than a mission feasible for its time. But the project inspired later ideas for interstellar missions, and when the first human spacecraft reach the stars their success will be based in part on the efforts of wild ideas like Project Daedalus.<br><br> As we focus more practical ideas on a return to the Moon and a mission to Mars, it’s worth keeping in mind that big dreams like Daedalus can spur us to keep pushing the envelope of what is possible.<br> </div> </div><span role="button" class="d-s Yv on gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s Xv zt gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> <div class="yx Nf"> <div class="q9 yg"> <div class="s9Oc9"> <div class="sp ej xI A8Hhid" style="width:426px;height:239px;max-height:239px;"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/30/big-dreams/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor Ks" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/h6GV3-euixKpll0OcExH0GajRrdHhZqxaaE-3m8Yxj2MGxRk9hxZtmPomuDD28mlOb_hGM1BGTyGA7H3B4P1T39UDUsvHki3QQ=w426-h239-p" class="ar Mc" style="max-height:239px; 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mouseenter:OPtno; focus:OPtno;wA70zd:AX4Iqd;JO8x0b:mTq7Qc"> <span class="tf"><span class="iI"></span><span class="MM jI">29</span></span> </div> <div role="button" tabindex="0" class="LK RF IM KH" aria-label="Activity on this post" jsname="RTPDDc"> <div class="IH"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-5bU_O__FEuM/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAARXQ/6OaqUCvH0n4/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Ruka “lil cinnamon-roll nerd” Urishibara's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="114391966523039906257" title="Ruka “lil cinnamon-roll nerd” Urishibara" hc="off"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-Q7A5zw60duc/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAFY/MJ2i6IyVl6Y/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Scellow Mcineka's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="105511806796363134846" title="Scellow Mcineka" hc="off"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/uFp_tsTJboUY7kue5XAsGA=s28" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Sidney Brookes's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="110215035734523911950" title="Sidney Brookes" hc="off"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="DM"> <div class="Cx fr"> <div class="Ar vt"></div> <div class="Wp O9"> <div class="GK HK TC"> <div class="WR"> <span role="button" class="d-s vy" tabindex="0"><span class="cr Rs">33</span><span class="Ss"> comments</span></span> <div class="TR"> <span class="d-s vq Bl "></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Dx EP lC"> <div class="KK gR"> <span role="button" class="d-s ww ZR" style="display:none;" tabindex="0"></span> <div class="JK"> <div id="z13twnlximundvt1z23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1470088334000916" tabindex="-1" class="Ik Wv" jsmodel="mrYqlc"> <div class="Wi lg "> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/110215035734523911950?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="110215035734523911950" aria-hidden="true"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/uFp_tsTJboUY7kue5XAsGA=s28" width="28px" height="28px" alt="" class="go wi Wh" oid="110215035734523911950"></a> <div class="Jx"> <div class="eR"> <div class="fR"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/110215035734523911950?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob tv Ub TD" rel="nofollow" oid="110215035734523911950">Sidney Brookes</a> <div class="Nba Cw"></div> <div class="wO"> <span class="dE Jj"></span><span class="DI wp"> <div class="Id"> <div class="CI zh o-U-s-vg" style="visibility:hidden" tabindex="0" title="People who +1'd this"> <div dir="ltr" class="YC"> <div class="Rp"> + </div> <div class="St Vk"> 0<br> 1<br> 0<br> </div> </div> </div> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="HA"> <span role="button" class="d-s Kv dR" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Reply</span> </div> </div> <div class="Aq DK Bt UR gA"> <div class="tG QF"> </div> <div class="Ct"> Some dream I hope to see it done in my lifetime </div> </div> </div> <div class="YR"> <span role="button" class="d-s nq on dp" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s mq dp" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Tt bj"> <div class="Dt wu" tabindex="0" role="button"> Add a comment... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="update-z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q" tabindex="-1" class="Yp yt Xa" jscontroller="LeWvCf" jsmodel="XNmfOc" jslog="6941; 1:update-z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q; track:impression,click" data-render-context="%.@.3,null,null,null,null,null,null,true,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,[null,440,520] ] " jsaction=" click:Qrv4Te(RTPDDc),zzwwld(lUFH9b),iQMaZe(A5O8Yc);O1htCb:BpK2Q;PR4gi:I6kmac;UJtr3c:vwifpf;wA70zd:Fz0Y3e;"> <div class="sda je" jsname="GpsYP" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="0"></div> <div class="Ee BK ge" aria-hidden="false" jsname="P3RoXc" role="article"> <div class="GM hf N0iIpb shhjtd FpFo5e"> <div class="gi xda WGE4Rd" guidedhelpid="stream_pinned_header"> <div class="WhGCNb"> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/collection/4oyNa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" jslog="12086; track:click" dir="ltr">Our Universe</a><span class="ewua7e" aria-label="Collections icon" style="background-image: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png);"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ki ve" jsname="MxEsy"> <div class="ys"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="100479352836033641546" aria-hidden="true"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/s46-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="46px" height="46px" alt="" class="Uk wi hE" oid="100479352836033641546"></a> <div class="f5 wy"> <header class="lea"> <h3 class="zi"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob tv Ub Hf" oid="100479352836033641546">Brian Koberlein</a></h3><span class="uG Ve"><span role="button" class="d-s Vt Hm dk Q9" title="Sharing details" tabindex="0" jsname="lUFH9b" aria-haspopup="true">Shared publicly</span> - <span class="uv PL"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/BjyqBijBTeG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="o-U-s FI Rg" style="display:none">2016-07-28</a></span></span> </header> </div> </div> <div class="Al pf"> <div class="Xx xJ"> <div class="Ig At dn"> <div class="Bt Pm"> <div class="tG QF"> </div> <div class="Ct"> <b>The Old Ones</b><br><br> After the Big Bang when the Universe was a dense fireball it began to cool. It now has an average temperature of about 3 K, but there was a time when it had a temperature of about 273 K and 373 K. In other words, the average temperature of the cosmos was just the right temperature for liquid water to exist. Since liquid water is necessary for life as we know it, this raises an interesting question. Could life have arisen in the early Universe? <br><br> This period is known as the habitable epoch of the early Universe, and it existed between 10 to 17 million years after the Big Bang. While it was the right temperature for liquid water during that time, that doesn’t mean that liquid water existed. The first elements of the Universe were primarily hydrogen and helium. To produce oxygen necessary for water, very young large stars would have needed to fuse oxygen in their core, then exploded as a supernova within the first 10 million years of the Universe. If such a thing did occur, it would have been extremely rare. Forming water from oxygen and hydrogen is pretty easy in space, but there would need to be sufficient water and other matter for it to gather in liquid form, rather than vapor.<br><br> Then there is the issue of time. The epoch itself only spans 7 million years, which isn’t nearly long enough for complex life to evolve (at least if Earth is a reasonable example). Add to this the fact that life also needs other elements like carbon and nitrogen in addition to water, and it doesn’t look particularly likely. It is, however, and interesting example of how life might have arisen in ways we wouldn’t expect. We think of life as evolving around a typical star when the Universe was already billions of years old, but in the earliest cosmological moments it’s possible that life, uh, found a way to arise.<br><br> In a recent paper presenting the idea, the purpose was not to argue that such early life was likely, but rather as a discussion of the anthropic principle. The anthropic principle comes in many forms, but one of the more controversial versions argues that if the various parameters of the cosmos were different then life wouldn’t arise. It’s almost as if the structure of the Universe was specifically tweaked for life to exist. But if life could arise in the early Universe, in period radically different from the present Universe, then it shows that life isn’t as delicate as we might think. A different set a cosmic parameters could allow for life to arise in radically different ways.<br><br> While I don’t think it’s likely life appeared just a few million years after the Big Bang, it is an interesting idea. It’s also a great example of why we shouldn’t presume that the story of life on Earth is the only story life could have.<br><br> Paper: Abraham Loeb. The Habitable Epoch of the Early Universe. International Journal of Astrobiology 13 (4): 337–339 (2014) doi:10.1017/S1473550414000196<br> </div> </div><span role="button" class="d-s Yv on gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s Xv zt gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> <div class="yx Nf"> <div class="q9 yg"> <div class="s9Oc9"> <div class="sp ej xI A8Hhid" style="width:426px;height:284px;max-height:284px;"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/28/the-old-ones/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor Ks" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/mvyllkiiFw2qVUOdq2sH42NmFA_PrbgpnmPxMhx5oJ6_jvJJzp9yXzWlxzJ0JwGTC0BuVtqF4NDu1u7Mnl1IcP33OZpy=w426-h284" class="ar Mc" style="max-height:284px; max-width:426px;" itemprop="image"> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="//lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/mvyllkiiFw2qVUOdq2sH42NmFA_PrbgpnmPxMhx5oJ6_jvJJzp9yXzWlxzJ0JwGTC0BuVtqF4NDu1u7Mnl1IcP33OZpy=w426-h284"></a> </div> <div class="VwVwbf"> <div class="rCauNb"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/28/the-old-ones/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor" title="The Old Ones - One Universe at a Time" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow">The Old Ones - One Universe at a Time</a> </div> <div class="YPIndd"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/28/the-old-ones/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow">briankoberlein.com</a> </div> <div class="f34nqb"> Could life have appeared in the Universe just a few million years after the Big Bang? </div> </div> </div> <div class="lr"></div> <div class="ko"></div> <div class="kr"></div> <div class="jo"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Qg"> <div id="po-z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q" href="javascript:void(0);?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" tabindex="0" role="button" jscontroller="qG1h8c" jsaction="click:JIbuQc;gcRodd:mVjlY;" class="esw eswd qk Gc" g:token="AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip" aria-pressed="false" aria-label="+1 this post"> <span dir="ltr" class="tf yda"><span class="gr"></span><span class="H3" jsname="NnAfwf">449</span></span> </div> <div class="Ut Dg" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Share this post" jscontroller="tH7URd" jsaction="click:KjsqPd; mouseenter:OPtno; focus:OPtno;wA70zd:AX4Iqd;JO8x0b:mTq7Qc"> <span class="tf"><span class="iI"></span><span class="MM jI">33</span></span> </div> <div role="button" tabindex="0" class="LK RF IM KH" aria-label="Activity on this post" jsname="RTPDDc"> <div class="IH"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-wc96bkjvPvw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAEE/8qlFfuhJprs/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Dwight Jenkins's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="102785409433950197306" title="Dwight Jenkins" hc="off"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="DM"> <div class="Cx fr"> <div class="Ar vt"></div> <div class="Wp O9"> <div class="GK HK TC"> <div class="WR"> <span role="button" class="d-s vy" tabindex="0"><span class="cr Rs">43</span><span class="Ss"> comments</span></span> <div class="TR"> <span class="d-s vq Bl "></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Dx EP lC"> <div class="KK gR"> <span role="button" class="d-s ww ZR" style="display:none;" tabindex="0"></span> <div class="JK"> <div id="z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469919754909540" tabindex="-1" class="Ik Wv" jsmodel="mrYqlc"> <div class="Wi lg "> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/102785409433950197306?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="102785409433950197306" aria-hidden="true"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-wc96bkjvPvw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAEE/8qlFfuhJprs/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="" class="go wi Wh" oid="102785409433950197306"></a> <div class="Jx"> <div class="eR"> <div class="fR"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/102785409433950197306?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob tv Ub TD" rel="nofollow" oid="102785409433950197306">Dwight Jenkins</a> <div class="Nba Cw"></div> <div class="wO"> <span class="dE Jj"></span><span class="DI wp"> <div class="Id"> <div class="CI zh o-U-s-vg" style="visibility:hidden" tabindex="0" title="People who +1'd this"> <div dir="ltr" class="YC"> <div class="Rp"> + </div> <div class="St Vk"> 0<br> 1<br> 0<br> </div> </div> </div> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="HA"> <span role="button" class="d-s Kv dR" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Reply</span> </div> </div> <div class="Aq DK Bt UR gA"> <div class="tG QF"> </div> <div class="Ct"> The only solution to the problem. Technology </div> </div> </div> <div class="YR"> <span role="button" class="d-s nq on dp" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s mq dp" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Tt bj"> <div class="Dt wu" tabindex="0" role="button"> Add a comment... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="update-z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q" tabindex="-1" class="Yp yt Xa" jscontroller="LeWvCf" jsmodel="XNmfOc" jslog="6941; 1:update-z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q; track:impression,click" data-render-context="%.@.3,null,null,null,null,null,null,true,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,[null,440,520] ] " jsaction=" click:Qrv4Te(RTPDDc),zzwwld(lUFH9b),iQMaZe(A5O8Yc);O1htCb:BpK2Q;PR4gi:I6kmac;UJtr3c:vwifpf;wA70zd:Fz0Y3e;"> <div class="sda je" jsname="GpsYP" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="0"></div> <div class="Ee BK ge" aria-hidden="false" jsname="P3RoXc" role="article"> <div class="GM hf N0iIpb shhjtd FpFo5e"> <div class="gi xda WGE4Rd" guidedhelpid="stream_pinned_header"> <div class="WhGCNb"> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/collection/4oyNa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" jslog="12086; track:click" dir="ltr">Our Universe</a><span class="ewua7e" aria-label="Collections icon" style="background-image: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png);"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ki ve" jsname="MxEsy"> <div class="ys"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="100479352836033641546" aria-hidden="true"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/s46-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="46px" height="46px" alt="" class="Uk wi hE" oid="100479352836033641546"></a> <div class="f5 wy"> <header class="lea"> <h3 class="zi"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob tv Ub Hf" oid="100479352836033641546">Brian Koberlein</a></h3><span class="uG Ve"><span role="button" class="d-s Vt Hm dk Q9" title="Sharing details" tabindex="0" jsname="lUFH9b" aria-haspopup="true">Shared publicly</span> - <span class="uv PL"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/AHp2TGy7Red?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="o-U-s FI Rg" style="display:none">2016-07-27</a></span></span> </header> </div> </div> <div class="Al pf"> <div class="Xx xJ"> <div class="Ig At dn"> <div class="Bt Pm"> <div class="tG QF"> </div> <div class="Ct"> <b>Fading Star</b><br><br> Two thousand light years from Earth is a star known as Epsilon Aurigae. It’s a third magnitude star most of the time, but about every 27 years it dims to about half its brightness for nearly two years. The cause of the dimming is a bit of a mystery. <br><br> It’s long been thought that the dimming is the result of Epsilon Aurigae being a binary system. With a companion star in a large orbit, it could pass in front of the primary star, making it appear to dim. The star is indeed a binary star (if not a multiple star) but the details of the dimming mechanism have been difficult to pin down.<br><br> Historically there have been two main ideas. The first is that Epsilon Aurigae is yellow supergiant about 15 times the mass of the Sun, with a companion of similar mass obscured somewhat by dust. This idea is supported by the fact that the spectrum of Epsilon Aurigae has many of the signatures common to yellow supergiants. However the companion star has a spectral signature more similar to a B-type main sequence star.<br><br> The other idea is that Epsilon Aurigae is much smaller, with a mass of 2 to 4 solar masses. This would make it smaller than the B-type companion with a mass of about 6 solar masses. In order for the companion to be much dimmer than Epsilon Aurigae, it would have to be surrounded by a thick disk of dust, and that disk would have to be aligned edge on when seen from Earth. It would be odd for a main sequence star to have a thick dusty disk, since they are more commonly seen around young stars that are still forming.<br><br> When the most recent dimming occurred in 2009 – 20011, both amateur astronomy groups and the Spitzer infrared telescope made observations of the transit. It now seems that both models were at least partly right. The model that now seems to best fit the data assumes Epsilon Aurigae is only about 10 solar masses, but it moving toward the end of its life. This means it is much brighter than a main sequence star of similar mass. The B-type companion is therefore much dimmer by comparison. With smaller masses, the two stars would be close enough that the companion would capture gas and dust pushed away from Epsilon Aurigae, thus explaining the companion’s dusty disk.<br> </div> </div><span role="button" class="d-s Yv on gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s Xv zt gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> <div class="yx Nf"> <div class="q9 yg"> <div class="s9Oc9"> <div class="sp ej xI A8Hhid" style="width:426px;height:334px;max-height:334px;"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/27/fading-star/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor Ks" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/yTmgBHJF5CQjX2lJlYTcyYZ7-7E0aeuFcsHHpKQAlUX-hQWIPpmozfpVo5pPUoa315KqNllKuKhycd-qZbelpA9FugT0q2U07E3xpzHDt4Y-=w426-h334-p" class="ar Mc" style="max-height:334px; max-width:426px;" itemprop="image"> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="//lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/yTmgBHJF5CQjX2lJlYTcyYZ7-7E0aeuFcsHHpKQAlUX-hQWIPpmozfpVo5pPUoa315KqNllKuKhycd-qZbelpA9FugT0q2U07E3xpzHDt4Y-=w426-h334-p"></a> </div> <div class="VwVwbf"> <div class="rCauNb"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/27/fading-star/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor" title="Fading Star - One Universe at a Time" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow">Fading Star - One Universe at a Time</a> </div> <div class="YPIndd"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/27/fading-star/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow">briankoberlein.com</a> </div> <div class="f34nqb"> Epsilon Aurigae dims every 27 years. It's still a bit of a mystery why. </div> </div> </div> <div class="lr"></div> <div class="ko"></div> <div class="kr"></div> <div class="jo"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Qg"> <div id="po-z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q" href="javascript:void(0);?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" tabindex="0" role="button" jscontroller="qG1h8c" jsaction="click:JIbuQc;gcRodd:mVjlY;" class="esw eswd qk Gc" g:token="AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip" aria-pressed="false" aria-label="+1 this post"> <span dir="ltr" class="tf yda"><span class="gr"></span><span class="H3" jsname="NnAfwf">367</span></span> </div> <div class="Ut Dg" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Share this post" jscontroller="tH7URd" jsaction="click:KjsqPd; mouseenter:OPtno; focus:OPtno;wA70zd:AX4Iqd;JO8x0b:mTq7Qc"> <span class="tf"><span class="iI"></span><span class="MM jI">31</span></span> </div> <div role="button" tabindex="0" class="LK RF IM KH" aria-label="Activity on this post" jsname="RTPDDc"> <div class="IH"> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/uFp_tsTJboUY7kue5XAsGA=s28" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Diane Batie's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="106587032983338508656" title="Diane Batie" hc="off"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/uFp_tsTJboUY7kue5XAsGA=s28" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Mary Christian's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="103527146961545483269" title="Mary Christian" hc="off"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-LVX8OMTaW64/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAABY/JAC5tqix6IY/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Xuân Nguyễn Hoài's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="112137783068012502287" title="Xuân Nguyễn Hoài" hc="off"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-nYX0l_JbX0o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAADM/AsIM3LYxqVs/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Soleil Normil's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="116669290193680992677" title="Soleil Normil" hc="off"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="DM"> <div class="Cx fr"> <div class="Ar vt"></div> <div class="Wp O9"> <div class="GK HK TC"> <div class="WR"> <span role="button" class="d-s vy" tabindex="0"><span class="cr Rs">27</span><span class="Ss"> comments</span></span> <div class="TR"> <span class="d-s vq Bl "></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Dx EP lC"> <div class="KK gR"> <span role="button" class="d-s ww ZR" style="display:none;" tabindex="0"></span> <div class="JK"> <div id="z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1470016242644549" tabindex="-1" class="Ik Wv" jsmodel="mrYqlc"> <div class="Wi lg "> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/116669290193680992677?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="116669290193680992677" aria-hidden="true"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-nYX0l_JbX0o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAADM/AsIM3LYxqVs/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="" class="go wi Wh" oid="116669290193680992677"></a> <div class="Jx"> <div class="eR"> <div class="fR"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/116669290193680992677?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob tv Ub TD" rel="nofollow" oid="116669290193680992677">Soleil Normil</a> <div class="Nba Cw"></div> <div class="wO"> <span class="dE Jj"></span><span class="DI wp"> <div class="Id"> <div class="CI zh o-U-s-vg" style="visibility:hidden" tabindex="0" title="People who +1'd this"> <div dir="ltr" class="YC"> <div class="Rp"> + </div> <div class="St Vk"> 0<br> 1<br> 0<br> </div> </div> </div> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="HA"> <span role="button" class="d-s Kv dR" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Reply</span> </div> </div> <div class="Aq DK Bt UR gA"> <div class="tG QF"> </div> <div class="Ct"> Ok sooo </div> </div> </div> <div class="YR"> <span role="button" class="d-s nq on dp" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s mq dp" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Tt bj"> <div class="Dt wu" tabindex="0" role="button"> Add a comment... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="update-z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas" tabindex="-1" class="Yp yt Xa" jscontroller="LeWvCf" jsmodel="XNmfOc" jslog="6941; 1:update-z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas; track:impression,click" data-render-context="%.@.3,null,null,null,null,null,null,true,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,[null,440,520] ] " jsaction=" click:Qrv4Te(RTPDDc),zzwwld(lUFH9b),iQMaZe(A5O8Yc);O1htCb:BpK2Q;PR4gi:I6kmac;UJtr3c:vwifpf;wA70zd:Fz0Y3e;"> <div class="sda je" jsname="GpsYP" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="0"></div> <div class="Ee BK ge" aria-hidden="false" jsname="P3RoXc" role="article"> <div class="GM hf N0iIpb shhjtd FpFo5e"> <div class="gi xda WGE4Rd" guidedhelpid="stream_pinned_header"> <div class="WhGCNb"> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/collection/4oyNa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" jslog="12086; track:click" dir="ltr">Our Universe</a><span class="ewua7e" aria-label="Collections icon" style="background-image: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png);"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ki ve" jsname="MxEsy"> <div class="ys"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="100479352836033641546" aria-hidden="true"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/s46-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="46px" height="46px" alt="" class="Uk wi hE" oid="100479352836033641546"></a> <div class="f5 wy"> <header class="lea"> <h3 class="zi"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob tv Ub Hf" oid="100479352836033641546">Brian Koberlein</a></h3><span class="uG Ve"><span role="button" class="d-s Vt Hm dk Q9" title="Sharing details" tabindex="0" jsname="lUFH9b" aria-haspopup="true">Shared publicly</span> - <span class="uv PL"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/WaZr2n2GBuo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="o-U-s FI Rg" style="display:none">2016-07-25</a></span></span> </header> </div> </div> <div class="Al pf"> <div class="Xx xJ"> <div class="Ig At dn"> <div class="Bt Pm"> <div class="tG QF"> </div> <div class="Ct"> <b>Size Matters Not</b><br><br> The new Star Wars movie Rogue One won’t arrive until December, but hype for the movie is already at a fever pitch. A new teaser poster has been released showing the Death Star looming over the horizon of an alien world. It makes for a foreboding shot, but could a Death Star really appear so large in the sky?<br><br> In the original Star Wars movie, the Death Star has the appearance of a “small moon.” The size of this Imperial superweapon isn’t specifically mentioned, but the technical specifications list its diameter as about 120 kilometers. That’s larger than the moons of Mars, but tiny compared to our own Moon, which has a diameter of about 3,400 km. If the Death Star orbited Earth at the same distance as our Moon, it would have the same apparent size as Venus at it’s brightest. In other words, it would look like a bright planet rather than a moon.<br><br> In the words of Master Yoda, “size matters not.” Or more accurately, size is only one factor among many. The key is what’s known as apparent size, which depends upon both the actual size of an object and its distance from you. A small but close object can appear bigger than a larger object far away. So what if it’s simply a matter of the Death Star being close to the planet? While that would help, it wouldn’t solve all the problem. In the Rogue One teaser poster it looks like the Death Star spans about 40 degrees across the sky. With a bit of basic trigonometry we find it would need to be about 180 km away to have such a large apparent size. That’s closer than the International Space Station, and so close that atmospheric drag would be a serious problem.<br><br> So the Death Star can’t be so close it spans half the sky, but it could be close enough to appear larger than our Moon. For example, if the superweapon were 1,000 kilometers above the Earth, its apparent size would be about 8 times that of the Moon, making it by far the largest object in the sky. We would be able to see surface features of the Death Star such as those depicted in the poster. To our minds it would appear huge, but its actual apparent size would still be pretty small. The Moon itself has an apparent size of only half a degree. If you held your pinky up at arms length it would easily cover the Moon. Even if the Death Star had an apparent diameter 8 times larger, you could still cover it with two fingers at arms length.<br><br> While the Death Star couldn’t appear so large in real life, there is still a way to give it a deceptively large appearance. Photographers do it with our Moon all the time. The trick is to use a telephoto lens to focus on a distant object near the horizon, such as a building or tree line. The apparent angle of a distant building is small, but zooming in makes it look big. This also makes the Moon look much larger than it actually is. Using this trick the Death Star could be made to loom over a battlefield, as depicted in the poster.<br><br> In the Star Wars universe a good photographer might be able to such a shot after all.<br> </div> </div><span role="button" class="d-s Yv on gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s Xv zt gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> <div class="yx Nf"> <div class="q9 yg"> <div class="s9Oc9"> <div class="sp ej xI A8Hhid" style="width:426px;height:240px;max-height:240px;"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/24/size-matters-not/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor Ks" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/nsidHKTHjSNG_Y45eWzRjkxBxxGot9i5RUD3Rq8iHEhHj_Am9b1hvetJDXSF7QKXbH2SXEfmWkuuh65Sk-r00tOAR_xMJ5aonSNK=w426-h240" class="ar Mc" style="max-height:240px; max-width:426px;" itemprop="image"> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="//lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/nsidHKTHjSNG_Y45eWzRjkxBxxGot9i5RUD3Rq8iHEhHj_Am9b1hvetJDXSF7QKXbH2SXEfmWkuuh65Sk-r00tOAR_xMJ5aonSNK=w426-h240"></a> </div> <div class="VwVwbf"> <div class="rCauNb"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/24/size-matters-not/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor" title="Size Matters Not - One Universe at a Time" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow">Size Matters Not - One Universe at a Time</a> </div> <div class="YPIndd"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/24/size-matters-not/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow">briankoberlein.com</a> </div> <div class="f34nqb"> The Death Star appears huge in a new poster for Rogue One. Could a death star actually appear so large in real life? </div> </div> </div> <div class="lr"></div> <div class="ko"></div> <div class="kr"></div> <div class="jo"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Qg"> <div id="po-z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas" href="javascript:void(0);?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" tabindex="0" role="button" jscontroller="qG1h8c" jsaction="click:JIbuQc;gcRodd:mVjlY;" class="esw eswd qk Gc" g:token="AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip" aria-pressed="false" aria-label="+1 this post"> <span dir="ltr" class="tf yda"><span class="gr"></span><span class="H3" jsname="NnAfwf">370</span></span> </div> <div class="Ut Dg" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Share this post" jscontroller="tH7URd" jsaction="click:KjsqPd; mouseenter:OPtno; focus:OPtno;wA70zd:AX4Iqd;JO8x0b:mTq7Qc"> <span class="tf"><span class="iI"></span><span class="MM jI">22</span></span> </div> <div role="button" tabindex="0" class="LK RF IM KH" aria-label="Activity on this post" jsname="RTPDDc"> <div class="IH"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-Ep608jDupe4/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAEL8/0hNWu4V_tNc/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="nisha khan's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="103444401740659493426" title="nisha khan" hc="off"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-Q3CWqCbwjqo/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAA4/O7bfPm-BwpY/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Phillipcruz Felipcruice's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="117215090157203642565" title="Phillipcruz Felipcruice" hc="off"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-deZwLyEH16c/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAFlk/qfDnJsc2cLY/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Flinch Fu's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="118026962712502859269" title="Flinch Fu" hc="off"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-mj_EKSrMqTk/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAARNY/w7ZGhzndXzg/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Rachel Suárez's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="113924686991514227166" title="Rachel Suárez" hc="off"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="DM"> <div class="Cx fr"> <div class="Ar vt"></div> <div class="Wp O9"> <div class="GK HK TC"> <div class="WR"> <span role="button" class="d-s vy" tabindex="0"><span class="cr Rs">31</span><span class="Ss"> comments</span></span> <div class="TR"> <span class="d-s vq Bl "></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Dx EP lC"> <div class="KK gR"> <span role="button" class="d-s ww ZR" style="display:none;" tabindex="0"></span> <div class="JK"> <div id="z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469865455283722" tabindex="-1" class="Ik Wv" jsmodel="mrYqlc"> <div class="Wi lg "> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/113924686991514227166?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="113924686991514227166" aria-hidden="true"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-mj_EKSrMqTk/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAARNY/w7ZGhzndXzg/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="" class="go wi Wh" oid="113924686991514227166"></a> <div class="Jx"> <div class="eR"> <div class="fR"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/113924686991514227166?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob tv Ub TD" rel="nofollow" oid="113924686991514227166">Rachel Suárez</a> <div class="Nba Cw"></div> <div class="wO"> <span class="dE Jj"></span><span class="DI wp"> <div class="Id"> <div class="CI zh o-U-s-vg" style="visibility:hidden" tabindex="0" title="People who +1'd this"> <div dir="ltr" class="YC"> <div class="Rp"> + </div> <div class="St Vk"> 0<br> 1<br> 0<br> </div> </div> </div> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="HA"> <span role="button" class="d-s Kv dR" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Reply</span> </div> </div> <div class="Aq DK Bt UR gA"> <div class="tG QF"> </div> <div class="Ct"> <a rel="nofollow" class="ot-hashtag aaTEdf" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/s/%23indeed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">#indeed</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="YR"> <span role="button" class="d-s nq on dp" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s mq dp" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Tt bj"> <div class="Dt wu" tabindex="0" role="button"> Add a comment... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="update-z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q" tabindex="-1" class="Yp yt Xa" jscontroller="LeWvCf" jsmodel="XNmfOc" jslog="6941; 1:update-z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q; track:impression,click" data-render-context="%.@.3,null,null,null,null,null,null,true,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,[null,440,520] ] " jsaction=" click:Qrv4Te(RTPDDc),zzwwld(lUFH9b),iQMaZe(A5O8Yc);O1htCb:BpK2Q;PR4gi:I6kmac;UJtr3c:vwifpf;wA70zd:Fz0Y3e;"> <div class="sda je" jsname="GpsYP" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="0"></div> <div class="Ee BK ge" aria-hidden="false" jsname="P3RoXc" role="article"> <div class="GM hf N0iIpb shhjtd FpFo5e"> <div class="gi xda WGE4Rd" guidedhelpid="stream_pinned_header"> <div class="WhGCNb"> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/collection/4oyNa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" jslog="12086; track:click" dir="ltr">Our Universe</a><span class="ewua7e" aria-label="Collections icon" style="background-image: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png);"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ki ve" jsname="MxEsy"> <div class="ys"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="100479352836033641546" aria-hidden="true"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/s46-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="46px" height="46px" alt="" class="Uk wi hE" oid="100479352836033641546"></a> <div class="f5 wy"> <header class="lea"> <h3 class="zi"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob tv Ub Hf" oid="100479352836033641546">Brian Koberlein</a></h3><span class="uG Ve"><span role="button" class="d-s Vt Hm dk Q9" title="Sharing details" tabindex="0" jsname="lUFH9b" aria-haspopup="true">Shared publicly</span> - <span class="uv PL"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/EnbDAX4NnGJ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="o-U-s FI Rg" style="display:none">2016-07-19</a></span></span> </header> </div> </div> <div class="Al pf"> <div class="Xx xJ"> <div class="Ig At dn"> <div class="Bt Pm"> <div class="tG QF"> </div> <div class="Ct"> <b>Bouncing Back</b><br><br> The Universe began with a big bang. Not an explosion from a single point, but rather an early dense state. Of course an obvious question this raises is what came before the big bang? While it’s possible that the answer is “nothing,” that hasn’t stopped some theorists from postulating an earlier cause for the Universe. One of these ideas is known as the big bounce. <br><br> The basic idea of the big bounce is that the Universe goes through a series of expansions and contractions. Right now we live in an expanding Universe, but at some point, the model argues, the Universe will start to contract. Eventually it will contract to a dense fireball again, and this will trigger a new big bang. This solves the “what came before” problem of the big bang by postulating an infinite series of big bangs, but it’s not without problems. For one, as we currently understand dark energy the Universe will likely continue to expand forever. For another, if the Universe did re-collapse into a dense state, we have no idea how it would trigger a new big bang.<br><br> A new work in Physical Review Letters proposes a solution to this second problem. The key to the idea is to introduce quantum theory into the mix. In a purely classical model, a shrinking universe will eventually collapse into a singularity. It’s long been thought that quantum theory could provide a solution to this problem, but the devil is in the details. To prevent the formation of a singularity, the work introduces a symmetry known as conformal invariance. As long as the Universe has this symmetry during its dense period, it could enter the dense period at the end of one “universe” and re-expand to form a new “universe.” The authors call this a perfect bounce.<br><br> So with the right conditions it’s possible that our Universe could simply be the period between bounces.<br><br> Paper: Steffen Gielen et al. Perfect Quantum Cosmological Bounce. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 021301 (2016). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.021301<br> </div> </div><span role="button" class="d-s Yv on gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s Xv zt gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> <div class="yx Nf"> <div class="q9 yg"> <div class="s9Oc9"> <div class="sp ej xI A8Hhid" style="width:426px;height:237px;max-height:237px;"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/19/bouncing-back/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor Ks" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/JVUw7EoiiY_lQutDVI6EzcghqfaLwon4ouJe14FDaetXzbIC89hCbtC-2U_HiR8udf41VUrc8Ap1TzPc6592a9oomZMQqrkdVtrsP0dVE6M=w426-h237" class="ar Mc" style="max-height:237px; max-width:426px;" itemprop="image"> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="//lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/JVUw7EoiiY_lQutDVI6EzcghqfaLwon4ouJe14FDaetXzbIC89hCbtC-2U_HiR8udf41VUrc8Ap1TzPc6592a9oomZMQqrkdVtrsP0dVE6M=w426-h237"></a> </div> <div class="VwVwbf"> <div class="rCauNb"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/19/bouncing-back/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor" title="Bouncing Back - One Universe at a Time" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow">Bouncing Back - One Universe at a Time</a> </div> <div class="YPIndd"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/19/bouncing-back/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow">briankoberlein.com</a> </div> <div class="f34nqb"> Perhaps the Universe began with a big bounce rather than a big bang. </div> </div> </div> <div class="lr"></div> <div class="ko"></div> <div class="kr"></div> <div class="jo"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Qg"> <div id="po-z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q" href="javascript:void(0);?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" tabindex="0" role="button" jscontroller="qG1h8c" jsaction="click:JIbuQc;gcRodd:mVjlY;" class="esw eswd qk Gc" g:token="AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip" aria-pressed="false" aria-label="+1 this post"> <span dir="ltr" class="tf yda"><span class="gr"></span><span class="H3" jsname="NnAfwf">283</span></span> </div> <div class="Ut Dg" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Share this post" jscontroller="tH7URd" jsaction="click:KjsqPd; mouseenter:OPtno; focus:OPtno;wA70zd:AX4Iqd;JO8x0b:mTq7Qc"> <span class="tf"><span class="iI"></span><span class="MM jI">36</span></span> </div> <div role="button" tabindex="0" class="LK RF IM KH" aria-label="Activity on this post" jsname="RTPDDc"> <div class="IH"> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/uFp_tsTJboUY7kue5XAsGA=s28" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Joe Nyc's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="111035095581031057074" title="Joe Nyc" hc="off"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-ZpsqJcWa0rE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAACNY/kgLp51d8Hos/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="ayath naaim's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="106686943268582416572" title="ayath naaim" hc="off"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-UEMRHewh4j8/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAABA/mP11OKISSQM/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Ryan Lowe's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="118116985053209233971" title="Ryan Lowe" hc="off"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-3-AbKLVGzGw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAADUM/pPIijpoC9ZM/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Boris Borcic's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="107066054408580467483" title="Boris Borcic" hc="off"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="DM"> <div class="Cx fr"> <div class="Ar vt"></div> <div class="Wp O9"> <div class="GK HK TC"> <div class="WR"> <span role="button" class="d-s vy" tabindex="0"><span class="cr Rs">106</span><span class="Ss"> comments</span></span> <div class="TR"> <span class="d-s vq Bl "></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Dx EP lC"> <div class="KK gR"> <span role="button" class="d-s ww ZR" style="display:none;" tabindex="0"></span> <div class="JK"> <div id="z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469656201278696" tabindex="-1" class="Ik Wv" jsmodel="mrYqlc"> <div class="Wi lg "> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/107066054408580467483?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="107066054408580467483" aria-hidden="true"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-3-AbKLVGzGw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAADUM/pPIijpoC9ZM/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="" class="go wi Wh" oid="107066054408580467483"></a> <div class="Jx"> <div class="eR"> <div class="fR"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/107066054408580467483?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob tv Ub TD" rel="nofollow" oid="107066054408580467483">Boris Borcic</a> <div class="Nba Cw"></div> <div class="wO"> <span class="dE Jj"></span><span class="DI wp"> <div class="Id"> <div class="CI zh o-U-s-vg" style="visibility:hidden" tabindex="0" title="People who +1'd this"> <div dir="ltr" class="YC"> <div class="Rp"> + </div> <div class="St Vk"> 0<br> 1<br> 0<br> </div> </div> </div> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="HA"> <span role="button" class="d-s Kv dR" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Reply</span> </div> </div> <div class="Aq DK Bt UR gA"> <div class="tG QF"> </div> <div class="Ct"> <span class="proflinkWrapper"><span class="proflinkPrefix">+</span><a class="proflink aaTEdf" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/106686943268582416572?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" oid="106686943268582416572">ayath naaim</a></span> Genesis tells us that God wanted <b>not</b> for humans to learn morals thanks to a supernatural fruit stolen from him -- that fruit represents sacred books, or at least their use as canon of morals. So where the Bible is most accurate is with an advice of not looking to the Bible for accurate answers to moral questions -- what makes a lot of sense, because sacred books are frozen texts. Like software is frozen if you don't update it. What happens when you don't update software for too long illustrates the problem with sacred texts. </div> </div> </div> <div class="YR"> <span role="button" class="d-s nq on dp" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s mq dp" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Tt bj"> <div class="Dt wu" tabindex="0" role="button"> Add a comment... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Ypa jw Yc am"> <div data-iid="sii2:119" tabindex="-1" class="nja"> <div class="Ue qAd"> <div> <div class="n5a wna"> <div class="akb"> <div class="Xqc Cr"> Have him in circles </div> <div class="bkb"> <span role="button" class="d-s o5a" tabindex="0">39,200 people</span> </div> </div> <div class="Wqc"> <div class="ikb"> <div class="QVb"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/109429617784231809561?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="109429617784231809561"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-2CNit8A5RAg/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/BoRKutt48Qk/s46-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="46px" height="46px" alt="Ve Ca's profile photo" class="ho PQc" oid="109429617784231809561"></a> </div> <div class="QVb"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/109411298952284014034?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="109411298952284014034"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-Ul-snh1y42c/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/mpekcahdXpU/s46-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="46px" height="46px" alt="Jennifer Durant's profile photo" class="ho PQc" oid="109411298952284014034"></a> </div> <div class="QVb"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/115727996132812559271?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="115727996132812559271"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-9efNHUgFhT8/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/hcvQvtPm8RI/s46-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="46px" height="46px" alt="M. 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1:update-z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas; track:impression,click" data-render-context="%.@.3,null,null,null,null,null,null,true,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,[null,440,520] ] " jsaction=" click:Qrv4Te(RTPDDc),zzwwld(lUFH9b),iQMaZe(A5O8Yc);O1htCb:BpK2Q;PR4gi:I6kmac;UJtr3c:vwifpf;wA70zd:Fz0Y3e;"> <div class="sda je" jsname="GpsYP" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="0"></div> <div class="Ee BK ge" aria-hidden="false" jsname="P3RoXc" role="article"> <div class="GM hf N0iIpb shhjtd FpFo5e"> <div class="gi xda WGE4Rd" guidedhelpid="stream_pinned_header"> <div class="WhGCNb"> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/collection/4oyNa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" jslog="12086; track:click" dir="ltr">Our Universe</a><span class="ewua7e" aria-label="Collections icon" style="background-image: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png);"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ki ve" jsname="MxEsy"> <div class="ys"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="100479352836033641546" aria-hidden="true"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/s46-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="46px" height="46px" alt="" class="Uk wi hE" oid="100479352836033641546"></a> <div class="f5 wy"> <header class="lea"> <h3 class="zi"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob tv Ub Hf" oid="100479352836033641546">Brian Koberlein</a></h3><span class="uG Ve"><span role="button" class="d-s Vt Hm dk Q9" title="Sharing details" tabindex="0" jsname="lUFH9b" aria-haspopup="true">Shared publicly</span> - <span class="uv PL"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/djuR2VPWP2r?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="o-U-s FI Rg" style="display:none">2016-07-31</a></span></span> </header> </div> </div> <div class="Al pf"> <div class="Xx xJ"> <div class="Ig At dn"> <div class="Bt Pm"> <div class="tG QF"> </div> <div class="Ct"> <b>To The Edge Of Night</b><br><br> The rings of Saturn are incredibly thin. The most visible portions of the rings span 280,000 kilometers, and yet they are only about a kilometer thick. The rings aren’t solid, but rather a collection of icy particles and moonlets. Because of this, starlight can pass through the rings. We don’t normally notice it because the rings are so bright, but when the Cassini spacecraft passes into the shadow of the rings, it can watch a star as its light twinkles through the rings. <br><br> Stars have a known brightness, so when a star is seen passing through Saturn’s rings, the amount the light dims is a measure of how much light is absorbed by the rings. Known as the optical depth, it is a good measure of how thick and dense the rings are at different distances. This allows us to look for patterns that aren’t easy to see just by looking at the rings. While we’ve done this type of thing with stars as seen from Earth, Cassini has the advantage of watching different stars as their light passes through the rings at different angles, which gives us a much richer picture than Earth-based observations alone.<br> </div> </div><span role="button" class="d-s Yv on gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s Xv zt gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> <div class="yx Nf"> <div class="q9 yg"> <div class="s9Oc9"> <div class="sp ej xI A8Hhid" style="width:426px;height:319px;max-height:319px;"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/31/to-the-edge-of-night/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor Ks" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/Bdsy5rWMHrzfs2RcbjVevRd1wB8VaoJacinYnaA9BGSdQ_AIGm8tdLZV_MZf91Myzzd7lpQDwbyD5BfJNDGwmwPsE574IglkmY0=w426-h319-p" class="ar Mc" style="max-height:319px; 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1:update-z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q; track:impression,click" data-render-context="%.@.3,null,null,null,null,null,null,true,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,[null,440,520] ] " jsaction=" click:Qrv4Te(RTPDDc),zzwwld(lUFH9b),iQMaZe(A5O8Yc);O1htCb:BpK2Q;PR4gi:I6kmac;UJtr3c:vwifpf;wA70zd:Fz0Y3e;"> <div class="sda je" jsname="GpsYP" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="0"></div> <div class="Ee BK ge" aria-hidden="false" jsname="P3RoXc" role="article"> <div class="GM hf N0iIpb shhjtd FpFo5e"> <div class="gi xda WGE4Rd" guidedhelpid="stream_pinned_header"> <div class="WhGCNb"> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/collection/4oyNa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" jslog="12086; track:click" dir="ltr">Our Universe</a><span class="ewua7e" aria-label="Collections icon" style="background-image: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png);"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ki ve" jsname="MxEsy"> <div class="ys"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="100479352836033641546" aria-hidden="true"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/s46-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="46px" height="46px" alt="" class="Uk wi hE" oid="100479352836033641546"></a> <div class="f5 wy"> <header class="lea"> <h3 class="zi"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob tv Ub Hf" oid="100479352836033641546">Brian Koberlein</a></h3><span class="uG Ve"><span role="button" class="d-s Vt Hm dk Q9" title="Sharing details" tabindex="0" jsname="lUFH9b" aria-haspopup="true">Shared publicly</span> - <span class="uv PL"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/KKzv62ukhjc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="o-U-s FI Rg" style="display:none">2016-07-29</a></span></span> </header> </div> </div> <div class="Al pf"> <div class="Xx xJ"> <div class="Ig At dn"> <div class="Bt Pm"> <div class="tG QF"> </div> <div class="Ct"> <b>To Boldly Go</b><br><br> You’re the captain of a Federation starship, ready to seek out new life and new adventures. As you travel through the galaxy, how do you know where you are? How do you find your way home? <br><br> On Earth, your position is given by latitude and longitude. They are measured in angles about the center of the Earth, where latitude is the angle north or south of the equator, and longitude is the angle east or west of the Prime Meridian, which runs through Greenwich, England. It’s fairly easy to determine your latitude, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. Since the north star Polaris is almost directly above the North Pole, you can simply measure the angle of Polaris above the horizon, and that’s your latitude. You can also use a sextant to measure the altitude of the Sun above the horizon at noon, and calculate your latitude from that.<br><br> Longitude is much more difficult. Since stars rise and set over the course of a night and the night sky shifts over the course of a year, there isn’t a fixed reference point against which you can measure longitude. Instead, early navigators either had to compare the shift of stars with measured distances between cities. It wasn’t particularly accurate, and you can see that in early maps of Europe. Things got easier when Galileo discovered the moons of Jupiter. Their clockwork motion could be used as a celestial clock, and by comparing their motion to the rotation of the Earth cartographers finally had an accurate tool for measuring longitude. Unfortunately, this method wasn’t useful at sea, so it took the development of accurate clocks to bring accurate longitude to sea-faring vessels. Nowadays we can simply use the global positioning system (GPS). The GPS consists of more than 30 satellites that continually transmit their location and time. By picking up the signal of at least four of these satellites, your phone can triangulate your position on Earth.<br><br> Defining your position in the Milky Way can be done with galactic latitude and longitude. Simply define a galactic equator and a prime meridian, and determine your position relative to them. For galactic coordinates astronomers define the galactic equator (0° longitude) as the plane of the Milky Way running through its center. The prime meridian (0° latitude) is defined by a line running from the Sun to galactic center. In astronomy the sky can be treated as a celestial sphere, so the apparent position of a star can be given by its galactic coordinates. Your position in the galaxy could thus be given by three numbers: your galactic latitude, galactic longitude, and your distance from the Sun.<br><br> The Star Trek universe is a bit fuzzy on the subject of galactic navigation, and there isn’t a definitively canon version. The most popular version is based upon the galactic coordinates astronomers use, with some slight differences. The prime meridian is still a line running from the Sun to galactic center, but rather than simply using galactic latitude and longitude, the Milky Way is divided into quadrants. Under this definition the Sun would lie on the line dividing the Alpha and Beta quadrant, and the Earth would cross between these two quadrants as it orbits the Sun. In the Next Generation episode “Relics” it is stated that Earth is in the Alpha quadrant, and is less than 90 light years from the Beta quadrant. That probably means the Alpha quadrant is extended around the Sun to put our local cluster of stars within the Alpha quadrant. We’ve done a similar thing with the international date line on Earth to ensure that countries aren’t divided by it.<br><br> Of course a coordinate system is only useful if you can determine what your coordinates are. Star Trek is again fuzzy on just how starships find their way. It’s possible that they calculate their position based upon some kind of stellar map, but identifying particular stars seems a bit impractical. It turns out there is an effective way to determine your position in the galaxy, and it’s one we’ve actually used.<br><br> It’s basically a galactic GPS. Neutron stars are dense old stars with strong magnetic fields. As a result beams of radio energy stream from their magnetic poles. As a neutron star rotates, those beams sweep across the sky like a lighthouse, and if their beams happen to point in our direction we see them as pulsing radio objects known as pulsars.<br><br> The radio pulse pattern of each pulsar is unique, and we know there positions in the galaxy quite well. If your starship can detect enough known pulsars, you can use that information to calculate your position in the galaxy. So if the Enterprise drops out of warp unexpectedly, or if Q sends it to a strange part of the galaxy, the navigators just need to look for pulsars to find their way home. What’s interesting is that a neutron star’s rotation slows down over time, so older pulsars pulse more slowly than younger ones. This means you can use pulsars not only to determine your position in the galaxy, but also your stardate. It’s a useful trick when your plot of the week involves time travel.<br> </div> </div><span role="button" class="d-s Yv on gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s Xv zt gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> <div class="yx Nf"> <div class="q9 yg"> <div class="s9Oc9"> <div class="sp ej xI A8Hhid" style="width:426px;height:224px;max-height:237px;"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/29/to-boldly-go/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor Ks" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/T7KAHdw36zgvzEf_VZERHVuOkscJpdRTrRPrViR3c9U8Sgek-IfILTJuDKlC29Ry9nSC16H2Xa4m2fvU4J28PTqp7NGzGg=w426-h237" class="ar Mc" style="max-height:237px; max-width:426px;" itemprop="image"> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="//lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/T7KAHdw36zgvzEf_VZERHVuOkscJpdRTrRPrViR3c9U8Sgek-IfILTJuDKlC29Ry9nSC16H2Xa4m2fvU4J28PTqp7NGzGg=w426-h237"></a> </div> <div class="VwVwbf"> <div class="rCauNb"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/29/to-boldly-go/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor" title="To Boldly Go - One Universe at a Time" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow">To Boldly Go - One Universe at a Time</a> </div> <div class="YPIndd"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/29/to-boldly-go/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow">briankoberlein.com</a> </div> <div class="f34nqb"> If you're the captain of a starship exploring the galaxy, how do you find your way home? </div> </div> </div> <div class="lr"></div> <div class="ko"></div> <div class="kr"></div> <div class="jo"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Qg"> <div id="po-z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q" href="javascript:void(0);?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" tabindex="0" role="button" jscontroller="qG1h8c" jsaction="click:JIbuQc;gcRodd:mVjlY;" class="esw eswd qk Gc" g:token="AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip" aria-pressed="false" aria-label="+1 this post"> <span dir="ltr" class="tf yda"><span class="gr"></span><span class="H3" jsname="NnAfwf">289</span></span> </div> <div class="Ut Dg" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Share this post" jscontroller="tH7URd" jsaction="click:KjsqPd; 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1:update-z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas; track:impression,click" data-render-context="%.@.3,null,null,null,null,null,null,true,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,[null,440,520] ] " jsaction=" click:Qrv4Te(RTPDDc),zzwwld(lUFH9b),iQMaZe(A5O8Yc);O1htCb:BpK2Q;PR4gi:I6kmac;UJtr3c:vwifpf;wA70zd:Fz0Y3e;"> <div class="sda je" jsname="GpsYP" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="0"></div> <div class="Ee BK ge" aria-hidden="false" jsname="P3RoXc" role="article"> <div class="ki ve" jsname="MxEsy"> <div class="ys"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="100479352836033641546" aria-hidden="true"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/s46-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="46px" height="46px" alt="" class="Uk wi hE" oid="100479352836033641546"></a> <div class="f5 wy"> <header class="lea"> <h3 class="zi"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob tv Ub Hf" oid="100479352836033641546">Brian Koberlein</a></h3><span class="uG Ve"><span role="button" class="d-s Vt Hm dk Q9" title="Sharing details" tabindex="0" jsname="lUFH9b" aria-haspopup="true">Shared publicly</span> - <span class="uv PL"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/hseYLNqJXDf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="o-U-s FI Rg" style="display:none">2016-07-27</a></span></span> </header> </div> </div> <div class="Al pf"> <div class="Xx xJ"> <div class="Ig At dn"> <div class="Bt Pm"> <div class="tG QF"> </div> <div class="Ct"> <b>Your Secret Is Safe With Us</b><br><br> Yesterday I had an issue logging into a particular university press website. I emailed them for support and they kindly send me my login and password over email. In plain text.<br><br> When I pointed out that this was bad form, they assured me my password isn't stored in plain text. It is securely encrypted, and they just use a SQL query to decrypt passwords to email to folks who might forget their password. <br><br> If I want to change my password, I can always request a new account, since they don't have a mechanism for users to change their password.<br><br> Good to know my financial information is under their watchful eye...<br> </div> </div><span role="button" class="d-s Yv on gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s Xv zt gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> <div class="yx Nf"> <div class="q9 yg"> <div class="sp ej xI Zo" style="max-width:426px;height:570px;max-height:570px;"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/photos/100479352836033641546/albums/6312021238767777105/6312021237466761506?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_top" class="d-s ob Ks" tabindex="0"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-rtjgztXajx8/V5jN33ntiSI/AAAAAAAA1UE/aiElsEXUTL4g8ubwyt9h2_Wdrw6cz4R8A/w426-h570/lift-for-free-mongoose.jpg" class="TH" style="max-height:570px; 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1:update-z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas; track:impression,click" data-render-context="%.@.3,null,null,null,null,null,null,true,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,[null,440,520] ] " jsaction=" click:Qrv4Te(RTPDDc),zzwwld(lUFH9b),iQMaZe(A5O8Yc);O1htCb:BpK2Q;PR4gi:I6kmac;UJtr3c:vwifpf;wA70zd:Fz0Y3e;"> <div class="sda je" jsname="GpsYP" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="0"></div> <div class="Ee BK ge" aria-hidden="false" jsname="P3RoXc" role="article"> <div class="GM hf N0iIpb shhjtd FpFo5e"> <div class="gi xda WGE4Rd" guidedhelpid="stream_pinned_header"> <div class="WhGCNb"> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/collection/4oyNa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" jslog="12086; track:click" dir="ltr">Our Universe</a><span class="ewua7e" aria-label="Collections icon" style="background-image: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png);"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ki ve" jsname="MxEsy"> <div class="ys"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="100479352836033641546" aria-hidden="true"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/s46-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="46px" height="46px" alt="" class="Uk wi hE" oid="100479352836033641546"></a> <div class="f5 wy"> <header class="lea"> <h3 class="zi"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob tv Ub Hf" oid="100479352836033641546">Brian Koberlein</a></h3><span class="uG Ve"><span role="button" class="d-s Vt Hm dk Q9" title="Sharing details" tabindex="0" jsname="lUFH9b" aria-haspopup="true">Shared publicly</span> - <span class="uv PL"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/gniVjRa4jXY?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="o-U-s FI Rg" style="display:none">2016-07-26</a></span></span> </header> </div> </div> <div class="Al pf"> <div class="Xx xJ"> <div class="Ig At dn"> <div class="Bt Pm"> <div class="tG QF"> </div> <div class="Ct"> <b>Einstein's Top</b><br><br> The central idea of Einstein’s theory of gravity is the principle of equivalence. That is, objects will fall at the same rate under gravity regardless of their mass or composition. As long as there isn’t air resistance, a feather and a bowling ball dropped at the same time will strike the ground simultaneously. But what if one object is rotating and another is not? Will they fall at the same rate? <br><br> We know that the rotation of a body can affect how things fall. When a body such as Earth rotates, it creates an effect known as frame dragging, which twists space and time slightly. Computer simulations of merging black holes show that two rotating black holes would merge at a different rate than if they weren’t rotating. So on a large scale gravity is affected by rotation.<br><br> This has led some theorists to wonder whether such a rotational effect might be a way to connect Einstein’s gravity with the quantum theory of atoms and molecules. It turns out that atoms and other quantum particles have a property known as spin. If we imagined an atom as a small sphere, we can imagine its spin as the rotation of that spin. The catch is that atoms are not little spheres, and spin is not physical rotation. Spin is an inherent property of a quantum object that behaves similar to the type of rotation we see every day.<br><br> So, would an atom with spin fall at a different rate than one without spin? More specifically, does the principle of equivalence hold for quantum objects with spin? A recent experiment tested this question by comparing the free fall of rubidium atoms with different orientations of spin.<br><br> The team compared the gravitational acceleration of atoms with spin +1 and -1. To use our rotating sphere analogy, this would be like comparing a sphere rotating clockwise about its north pole vs one rotating counterclockwise. They found that the two orientations of spin fall at the same rate to within 1 part in 10 million, which was the limit of observation for their experiment. In other words, spin has no affect on the rate at which an atom falls.<br><br> This result isn’t entirely unexpected. It’s been generally thought that the equivalence principle holds for both classical and quantum objects. The experiment does, however, rule out some of the more radical models trying to unify gravity and quantum theory.<br><br> Now we know the equivalence principle holds even for a quantum top.<br><br> Paper: Xiao-Chun Duan, et al. Test of the Universality of Free Fall with Atoms in Different Spin Orientations. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 023001 (2016). arXiv:1602.06377 [physics.atom-ph]<br><br> </div> </div><span role="button" class="d-s Yv on gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s Xv zt gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> <div class="yx Nf"> <div class="q9 yg"> <div class="s9Oc9"> <div class="sp ej xI A8Hhid" style="width:426px;height:319px;max-height:319px;"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/26/einsteins-top/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor Ks" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/WAbZYAFjuN04sBXzJLUultEQInqjxQ5_kStUvSjMzE2d2qGr7w5iNDAXWa3Vk_CpfpxEUJKgQsuORfrAheTVXgHz6SDcI9LQy-XAmq47snqw1w8G7cl7DLk=w426-h319-p" class="ar Mc" style="max-height:319px; max-width:426px;" itemprop="image"> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="//lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/WAbZYAFjuN04sBXzJLUultEQInqjxQ5_kStUvSjMzE2d2qGr7w5iNDAXWa3Vk_CpfpxEUJKgQsuORfrAheTVXgHz6SDcI9LQy-XAmq47snqw1w8G7cl7DLk=w426-h319-p"></a> </div> <div class="VwVwbf"> <div class="rCauNb"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/26/einsteins-top/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor" title="Einstein's Top - One Universe at a Time" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow">Einstein's Top - One Universe at a Time</a> </div> <div class="YPIndd"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/26/einsteins-top/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow">briankoberlein.com</a> </div> <div class="f34nqb"> Einstein said everything falls at the same rate. Is that also true for a quantum top? </div> </div> </div> <div class="lr"></div> <div class="ko"></div> <div class="kr"></div> <div class="jo"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Qg"> <div id="po-z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas" href="javascript:void(0);?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" tabindex="0" role="button" jscontroller="qG1h8c" jsaction="click:JIbuQc;gcRodd:mVjlY;" class="esw eswd qk Gc" g:token="AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip" aria-pressed="false" aria-label="+1 this post"> <span dir="ltr" class="tf yda"><span class="gr"></span><span class="H3" jsname="NnAfwf">316</span></span> </div> <div class="Ut Dg" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Share this post" jscontroller="tH7URd" jsaction="click:KjsqPd; mouseenter:OPtno; focus:OPtno;wA70zd:AX4Iqd;JO8x0b:mTq7Qc"> <span class="tf"><span class="iI"></span><span class="MM jI">36</span></span> </div> <div role="button" tabindex="0" class="LK RF IM KH" aria-label="Activity on this post" jsname="RTPDDc"> <div class="IH"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-731azJkT3kk/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAxQ/fZth_RgBROM/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Rogers Runels's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="117030270851210454652" title="Rogers Runels" hc="off"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/uFp_tsTJboUY7kue5XAsGA=s28" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Samuel Vegas's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="109294942307771195614" title="Samuel Vegas" hc="off"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-hjFAdXRtdKQ/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAo/ycjVnikcjeg/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Chelsea Marie Thomas's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="116061582747327725632" title="Chelsea Marie Thomas" hc="off"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-S9bzB4yUdns/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAmw/9BX5mIrx4Og/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Nick Earl's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="115305418492282263368" title="Nick Earl" hc="off"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="DM"> <div class="Cx fr"> <div class="Ar vt"></div> <div class="Wp O9"> <div class="GK HK TC"> <div class="WR"> <span role="button" class="d-s vy" tabindex="0"><span class="cr Rs">22</span><span class="Ss"> comments</span></span> <div class="TR"> <span class="d-s vq Bl "></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Dx EP lC"> <div class="KK gR"> <span role="button" class="d-s ww ZR" style="display:none;" tabindex="0"></span> <div class="JK"> <div id="z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470012342570023" tabindex="-1" class="Ik Wv" jsmodel="mrYqlc"> <div class="Wi lg "> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/115305418492282263368?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="115305418492282263368" aria-hidden="true"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-S9bzB4yUdns/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAmw/9BX5mIrx4Og/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="" class="go wi Wh" oid="115305418492282263368"></a> <div class="Jx"> <div class="eR"> <div class="fR"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/115305418492282263368?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob tv Ub TD" rel="nofollow" oid="115305418492282263368">Nick Earl</a> <div class="Nba Cw"></div> <div class="wO"> <span class="dE Jj"></span><span class="DI wp"> <div class="Id"> <div class="CI zh o-U-s-vg" style="visibility:hidden" tabindex="0" title="People who +1'd this"> <div dir="ltr" class="YC"> <div class="Rp"> + </div> <div class="St Vk"> 0<br> 1<br> 0<br> </div> </div> </div> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="HA"> <span role="button" class="d-s Kv dR" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Reply</span> </div> </div> <div class="Aq DK Bt UR gA"> <div class="tG QF"> </div> <div class="Ct"> Brian, "They found that the two orientations of spin fall at the same rate to within 1 part in 10 million, which was the limit of observation for their experiment. In other words, spin has no affect on the rate at which an atom falls."<br><br> This is impressive, but I'm wondering if just it's a matter of precision. Are differences larger than 1:10^7 really that big for free-falling atoms with varying spin? Or is this where we can say we exclude certain models but not necessarily others? Do other models make predictions for order of magnitude of this effect? </div> </div> </div> <div class="YR"> <span role="button" class="d-s nq on dp" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s mq dp" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Tt bj"> <div class="Dt wu" tabindex="0" role="button"> Add a comment... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="update-z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q" tabindex="-1" class="Yp yt Xa" jscontroller="LeWvCf" jsmodel="XNmfOc" jslog="6941; 1:update-z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q; track:impression,click" data-render-context="%.@.3,null,null,null,null,null,null,true,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,[null,440,520] ] " jsaction=" click:Qrv4Te(RTPDDc),zzwwld(lUFH9b),iQMaZe(A5O8Yc);O1htCb:BpK2Q;PR4gi:I6kmac;UJtr3c:vwifpf;wA70zd:Fz0Y3e;"> <div class="sda je" jsname="GpsYP" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="0"></div> <div class="Ee BK ge" aria-hidden="false" jsname="P3RoXc" role="article"> <div class="GM hf N0iIpb shhjtd FpFo5e"> <div class="gi xda WGE4Rd" guidedhelpid="stream_pinned_header"> <div class="WhGCNb"> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/collection/4oyNa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" jslog="12086; track:click" dir="ltr">Our Universe</a><span class="ewua7e" aria-label="Collections icon" style="background-image: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png);"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ki ve" jsname="MxEsy"> <div class="ys"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="100479352836033641546" aria-hidden="true"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/s46-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="46px" height="46px" alt="" class="Uk wi hE" oid="100479352836033641546"></a> <div class="f5 wy"> <header class="lea"> <h3 class="zi"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob tv Ub Hf" oid="100479352836033641546">Brian Koberlein</a></h3><span class="uG Ve"><span role="button" class="d-s Vt Hm dk Q9" title="Sharing details" tabindex="0" jsname="lUFH9b" aria-haspopup="true">Shared publicly</span> - <span class="uv PL"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/5Ez3azuZGzb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="o-U-s FI Rg" style="display:none">2016-07-20</a></span></span> </header> </div> </div> <div class="Al pf"> <div class="Xx xJ"> <div class="Ig At dn"> <div class="Bt Pm"> <div class="tG QF"> </div> <div class="Ct"> <b>A Dwarf By Any Other Name</b><br><br> A new solar system body has been discovered recently. It currently has the not-so-memorable name 2015 RR245. From its orbit we know it is a member of the Kuiper belt. It’s estimated size is about 700 km in diameter, which would it in the category of a dwarf planet. Given what little we know about it, what would make this world a dwarf planet rather than a planet or large asteroid? <br><br> It all comes down to the International Astronomical Union (IAU), which defines planets as objects orbiting the Sun on its own with the following conditions:<br><br> 1. It is massive enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.<br><br> 2. It has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.<br><br> The latter condition is what removed Pluto from the list of planets. The first condition is basically the requirement that they are at least roughly spherical. Objects that only satisfy the first condition are considered dwarf planets. Currently there are five objects the IAU recognizes as dwarf planets: Pluto, Ceres, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris. The smallest of these is Ceres, with a diameter of 950 kilometers. So is 700 km large enough to be considered a dwarf planet?<br><br> Very probably. In addition to the official dwarf planets, there are 10 candidate dwarf planets. Of these the smallest is Varuna, which has an estimated diameter of about 700 km. So it’s reasonable to consider 2015 RR245 a candidate dwarf planet. Of course the diameter of Varuna is an estimate, just as it is for 2015 RR245. Determining the size of these distant worlds is difficult, because a small bright object would look similar to a larger dark object. The estimated size of these worlds depends in part on their estimated brightness (or albedo).<br><br> Perhaps a better question would be to ask what the minimum size requirement is for hydrostatic equilibrium. The cutoff would depend somewhat upon the composition of a body, but the IAU guidelines state that objects with a mass of 5×1020 kg and a diameter of 800 km will be considered to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, but smaller object may be considered by observation. This new world is likely below that limit, but the cutoff is intentionally fuzzy. Of the worlds we have a good handle on, Ceres is the smallest body to be clearly above that line, and has a mass of about 9×10^20 kg.<br><br> There are, however lots of moons below that cutoff that certainly appear to be under hydrostatic equilibrium. For example Enceladus has a diameter of of only 500 km and a mass of only 1×10^20 kg, and clearly has a spherical shape. Mimas is even smaller, with a diameter of about 400 km, and has a fairly spherical shape, although Neptune’s moon Proteus is of a similar size and is clearly irregular. Since any distant world like 2015 RR245 could have a similar composition to Pluto and the moons of the outer solar system, it’s probably safe to assume that anything bigger than Enceladus would likely be under hydrostatic equilibrium. So it’s fair to consider 2015 RR245 a dwarf planet.<br><br> There are about twenty Kuiper belt objects above that cutoff, and that’s just the ones that we’ve found. There are likely more objects further out that are currently too dim to be detected.<br> </div> </div><span role="button" class="d-s Yv on gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s Xv zt gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> <div class="yx Nf"> <div class="q9 yg"> <div class="s9Oc9"> <div class="sp ej xI A8Hhid" style="width:426px;height:266px;max-height:266px;"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/20/a-dwarf-by-any-other-name/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor Ks" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/jhbibSGpslUX9xIHLDGGWU9X2YAiR-kw6RnoxplsSWB-UuATi1puYXSdSP1WvmRa7A6myvrU3xtNZmaSNM92QxSVroYS8wILNG582DqRBXARy4g=w426-h266-p" class="ar Mc" style="max-height:266px; max-width:426px;" itemprop="image"> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="//lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/jhbibSGpslUX9xIHLDGGWU9X2YAiR-kw6RnoxplsSWB-UuATi1puYXSdSP1WvmRa7A6myvrU3xtNZmaSNM92QxSVroYS8wILNG582DqRBXARy4g=w426-h266-p"></a> </div> <div class="VwVwbf"> <div class="rCauNb"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/20/a-dwarf-by-any-other-name/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor" title="A Dwarf By Any Other Name - One Universe at a Time" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow">A Dwarf By Any Other Name - One Universe at a Time</a> </div> <div class="YPIndd"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/20/a-dwarf-by-any-other-name/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow">briankoberlein.com</a> </div> <div class="f34nqb"> How big must a solar system body be to be considered a dwarf planet. </div> </div> </div> <div class="lr"></div> <div class="ko"></div> <div class="kr"></div> <div class="jo"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Qg"> <div id="po-z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q" href="javascript:void(0);?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" tabindex="0" role="button" jscontroller="qG1h8c" jsaction="click:JIbuQc;gcRodd:mVjlY;" class="esw eswd qk Gc" g:token="AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip" aria-pressed="false" aria-label="+1 this post"> <span dir="ltr" class="tf yda"><span class="gr"></span><span class="H3" jsname="NnAfwf">283</span></span> </div> <div class="Ut Dg" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Share this post" jscontroller="tH7URd" jsaction="click:KjsqPd; mouseenter:OPtno; focus:OPtno;wA70zd:AX4Iqd;JO8x0b:mTq7Qc"> <span class="tf"><span class="iI"></span><span class="MM jI">19</span></span> </div> <div role="button" tabindex="0" class="LK RF IM KH" aria-label="Activity on this post" jsname="RTPDDc"> <div class="IH"> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/uFp_tsTJboUY7kue5XAsGA=s28" width="28px" height="28px" alt="bunga ludi's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="106017888897133407335" title="bunga ludi" hc="off"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/uFp_tsTJboUY7kue5XAsGA=s28" width="28px" height="28px" alt="vandy Schweizer's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="100869657017925847900" title="vandy Schweizer" hc="off"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-Ypwdx0LPP6E/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAADc/wDye13dsoCA/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="Tony Wells's profile photo" class="ho JH HM" oid="106619479449197105387" title="Tony Wells" hc="off"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="DM"> <div class="Cx fr"> <div class="Ar vt"></div> <div class="Wp O9"> <div class="GK HK TC"> <div class="WR"> <span role="button" class="d-s vy" tabindex="0"><span class="cr Rs">27</span><span class="Ss"> comments</span></span> <div class="TR"> <span class="d-s vq Bl "></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Dx EP lC"> <div class="KK gR"> <span role="button" class="d-s ww ZR" style="display:none;" tabindex="0"></span> <div class="JK"> <div id="z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469235098953110" tabindex="-1" class="Ik Wv" jsmodel="mrYqlc"> <div class="Wi lg "> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/106619479449197105387?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="106619479449197105387" aria-hidden="true"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-Ypwdx0LPP6E/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAADc/wDye13dsoCA/s28-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="28px" height="28px" alt="" class="go wi Wh" oid="106619479449197105387"></a> <div class="Jx"> <div class="eR"> <div class="fR"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/106619479449197105387?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob tv Ub TD" rel="nofollow" oid="106619479449197105387">Tony Wells</a> <div class="Nba Cw"></div> <div class="wO"> <span class="dE Jj"></span><span class="DI wp"> <div class="Id"> <div class="CI zh o-U-s-vg" tabindex="0" title="People who +1'd this"> <div dir="ltr" class="YC"> <div class="Rp"> + </div> <div class="St Vk"> 1<br> 2<br> 1<br> </div> </div> </div> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="HA"> <span role="button" class="d-s Kv dR" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Reply</span> </div> </div> <div class="Aq DK Bt UR gA"> <div class="tG QF"> </div> <div class="Ct"> <span class="proflinkWrapper"><span class="proflinkPrefix">+</span><a class="proflink aaTEdf" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/106017888897133407335?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" oid="106017888897133407335">bunga ludi</a></span> The point is Mimas (in the picture) only has a diameter of 400km and a mass less than 10^20 kg but is still in hydrostatic equilibrium (spherical) and so other planetoids this size could be candidate dwarf planets. There may be hundreds of dwarf planets! </div> </div> </div> <div class="YR"> <span role="button" class="d-s nq on dp" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s mq dp" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Tt bj"> <div class="Dt wu" tabindex="0" role="button"> Add a comment... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="update-z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas" tabindex="-1" class="Yp yt Xa" jscontroller="LeWvCf" jsmodel="XNmfOc" jslog="6941; 1:update-z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas; track:impression,click" data-render-context="%.@.3,null,null,null,null,null,null,true,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,[null,440,520] ] " jsaction=" click:Qrv4Te(RTPDDc),zzwwld(lUFH9b),iQMaZe(A5O8Yc);O1htCb:BpK2Q;PR4gi:I6kmac;UJtr3c:vwifpf;wA70zd:Fz0Y3e;"> <div class="sda je" jsname="GpsYP" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="0"></div> <div class="Ee BK ge" aria-hidden="false" jsname="P3RoXc" role="article"> <div class="GM hf N0iIpb shhjtd FpFo5e"> <div class="gi xda WGE4Rd" guidedhelpid="stream_pinned_header"> <div class="WhGCNb"> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/collection/4oyNa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" jslog="12086; track:click" dir="ltr">Our Universe</a><span class="ewua7e" aria-label="Collections icon" style="background-image: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png);"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ki ve" jsname="MxEsy"> <div class="ys"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob Jk" oid="100479352836033641546" aria-hidden="true"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/s46-c-k-no/photo.jpg" width="46px" height="46px" alt="" class="Uk wi hE" oid="100479352836033641546"></a> <div class="f5 wy"> <header class="lea"> <h3 class="zi"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100479352836033641546?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="ob tv Ub Hf" oid="100479352836033641546">Brian Koberlein</a></h3><span class="uG Ve"><span role="button" class="d-s Vt Hm dk Q9" title="Sharing details" tabindex="0" jsname="lUFH9b" aria-haspopup="true">Shared publicly</span> - <span class="uv PL"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/PZSVptqMfxG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="o-U-s FI Rg" style="display:none">2016-07-17</a></span></span> </header> </div> </div> <div class="Al pf"> <div class="Xx xJ"> <div class="Ig At dn"> <div class="Bt Pm"> <div class="tG QF"> </div> <div class="Ct"> <b>Year of the Quiet Sun</b><br><br> Sunspots are one way we can track the activity of the Sun. There have been fewer sunspots than usual in recent years, and that may point toward an historic solar minimum.<br><br> Sunspots are dark patches that occasionally appear on the surface of the Sun. They aren’t actually dark. If you could see a sunspot by itself it would appear bright red, but since sunspots are about a quarter as bright as the rest of the Sun, they appear as dark regions. Since the early 1600s astronomers have counted the number of sunspots over the years, and we’ve noticed a few patterns. One is that sunspot counts vary between maximum and minimum over an 11-year period. There are other patterns as well, such as the Gleisberg Cycle, which lasts 80 – 90 years.<br><br> There are times when the pattern seems to break down, and the Sun can enter into an extended period of little sunspot activity. The most famous is the Maunder minimum of the 1600s. While we don’t have direct sunspot counts before the early 1600s, we can look at the levels of carbon-14 as measured from tree rings. Since carbon-14 levels have a good correlation to sunspot counts, we can get a handle on a much longer history of sunspots. It turns out there have been other periods of minimum activity, such as the Wolf minimum of the 1300s. In general, the sunspot activity of the Sun in recent centuries is somewhat higher than most, except for a period during the middle ages known as the Medieval maximum.<br><br> For the past couple of cycles the sunspot maximums have been lower than usual. The pattern is similar to the early stages of the Dalton minimum in the early 1800s, which has raised the question of whether we are entering a period of reduced sunspot activity. This may also have some effect on global temperatures. The Dalton minimum saw a brief period of colder temperatures, and the Maunder minimum was marked by the “little ice age” where Europe and North America experienced a colder period. It should be stressed that connections between sunspot activity and global temperatures is still not clear. The Dalton cold period for example, saw the explosion of Mount Tambora, which would also contribute to cooler temperatures.<br><br> What is clear is that periods of minimal sunspot activity are notoriously difficult to predict. While the pattern of the past few cycles has similarities with the early Dalton minimum, it could also be a small fluke before a return to cycles as normal.<br> </div> </div><span role="button" class="d-s Yv on gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Read more</span><span role="button" class="d-s Xv zt gj" style="display:none;" tabindex="0">Show less</span> </div> </div> <div class="yx Nf"> <div class="q9 yg"> <div class="s9Oc9"> <div class="sp ej xI A8Hhid" style="width:426px;height:319px;max-height:319px;"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/17/quiet-sun/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor Ks" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502im_/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/-n-57dL2Ds5_UHDsN6kkSYipAPOaS3GeQmNqv2frf7gJi10mNAcIX3umEm2T38cpGT82opxCfX14gesLZaLHiXOlTpeTPf4nRUCDKsXgbm7JJIZGpH8DORCH=w426-h319-p" class="ar Mc" style="max-height:319px; max-width:426px;" itemprop="image"> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="//lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/-n-57dL2Ds5_UHDsN6kkSYipAPOaS3GeQmNqv2frf7gJi10mNAcIX3umEm2T38cpGT82opxCfX14gesLZaLHiXOlTpeTPf4nRUCDKsXgbm7JJIZGpH8DORCH=w426-h319-p"></a> </div> <div class="VwVwbf"> <div class="rCauNb"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/17/quiet-sun/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor" title="Year Of The Quiet Sun - One Universe at a Time" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow">Year Of The Quiet Sun - One Universe at a Time</a> </div> <div class="YPIndd"> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/17/quiet-sun/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="_blank" class="d-s ot-anchor" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow">briankoberlein.com</a> </div> <div class="f34nqb"> The Sun occasionally enters an extended period of minimum sunspot activity. 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Author of "Astrophysics Through Computation" with David Meisel. Creator of the science outreach project <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/http://proveyourworld.org/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Prove Your World</a>, developing a science television show for children. <div> <br> </div> <div> If you like my writing, consider <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160805050502/http://www.patreon.com/BrianKoberlein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">supporting me on Patreon</a>.<br> <div> <div> <br> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="Iqc"></div> </div> <div id="12" class="Ee i5a vna CVb" role="article"> <div class="ZYa ukoEtf"> <div class="Lqc"> <div class="F9a"> Places </div> <div class="miIoOb Cdmn9d"></div> </div> </div> <div class="Uia"> <div class="nec Iqc"> <div> <div class="y4"> <div> <img class="MLa V3c" alt="Map of the places this user has lived" id="oz-profile-location-map-360" 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,"//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://maps-api-ssl.google.com/maps/api/staticmap?size\u003d375x175\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026language\u003den\u0026markers\u003dsize:small%7Ccolor:blue%7C43.16103,-77.610922\u0026zoom\u003d6\u0026client\u003dgoogle-profiles\u0026signature\u003dUQAC44_psSzXLlnmTQ7IpVf88yA%3D",[[] ,[null,null,null,null,[] ,6] ,[null,null,null,null,[] ,6] ] ,[[null,null,null,null,[] ,6] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,[] ,[] ,null,[] ,[] ] ,[[null,null,null,null,[] ,6] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,[] ,[] ,null,[] ,[] ] ,[[null,null,null,null,[] ,6] ,"An astrophysicist and physics professor at Rochester Institute of Technology. Author of \u0026quot;Astrophysics Through Computation\u0026quot; with David Meisel. Creator of the science outreach project \u003ca href\u003d\"http://proveyourworld.org\" rel\u003d\"nofollow\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eProve Your World\u003c/a\u003e, developing a science television show for children.\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv\u003eIf you like my writing, consider \u003ca href\u003d\"http://www.patreon.com/BrianKoberlein\" rel\u003d\"nofollow\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003esupporting me on Patreon\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"] ,[] ,[[null,null,null,null,[] ,6] ,"",0] ,[[null,null,null,null,[] ,6] ,1] ,null,[[null,null,null,null,[] ,6] ,""] ,null,null,[[null,null,null,null,[] ,6] ,0,1] ,[[null,null,null,null,[] ,6] ,[] ] ,[[null,null,null,null,[] ,6] ,0] ,[[null,null,null,null,[] ,6] ,0] ,[[null,null,null,null,[] ,6] ,1] ,[] ,[] ,null,"100479352836033641546",1,null,[[null,null,null,null,[] ,6] ,"The Universe is amazing, let me tell you."] 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Didn't know about the Voyager episode. Will have to check that out.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470370729782,"z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470370729782757",null,"114230948292536089065","z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Akeelah Hall","114230948292536089065",0,0,"","./114230948292536089065",null,null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Omg eww wait is that\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470373020713,"z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470373020713925",null,"106424087771332944066","z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,1470373374397,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Glenn Wood","106424087771332944066",0,0,"","./106424087771332944066","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"We may or may not be first but we won't be the last.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470373415967,"z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470373415967100",null,"107475656730937780989","z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Vahur Krouverk","107475656730937780989",0,0,"","./107475656730937780989","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Maybe other civilizations are too busy with their smartphones to notice us 😀. Or they have moved on to virtual reality and do not care about physical world. Maybe they don't have physical body at all anymore, just bits somewhere.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"The First Ones\n\nThere’s a lot of potentially habitable worlds in the Universe, and yet we haven’t found any evidence of intelligent civilizations other than our own. Why is that? Lot’s of ideas have been proposed, such as the idea that aliens are being intentionally silent, or that intelligent life kills itself off in a short time. But another idea is simply that we’re the first civilization to appear. Someone has to be first, so why not us?\n\nIt’s generally thought that the existence of intelligent life should become more likely over time. As the Universe evolves, more heavy elements are created and become available, and stellar systems with heavy elements (like our solar system) are more likely to form. Life also takes time to arise and evolve, and over time it has a greater chance of achieving the complexity necessary for intelligence. So it seems reasonable that the odds of sentient life increase with cosmic age. Of course, after trillions of years star production will have died off, and even small red dwarfs will start to cool and fade, meaning that the likelihood of life arising at that point is basically zero. So somewhere between the big bang and the ends of time there should be a period of time where intelligent life is most likely to evolve.\n\nA new paper looks at just when this “peak sentience” might occur. In this work they formulate an equation calculating the probability for life to form on a potentially habitable planet in a particular volume of space. It’s similar to the Drake equation, and includes similar factors such as the number of stars, and the number of habitable planets, but looks at how the overall probability changes over time. All things being equal (and only assuming life similar to that on Earth) the equation predicts that life is most likely to arise about 10 trillion years from now around small red dwarfs. In the grand scheme of things, the appearance of life on Earth occurred quite early, so we might just be the first civilization to arise.\n\nAll that said, there are reasons not to take this work too seriously. Key to the conclusion is the idea that all things are equal. Specifically that potentially habitable planets around small red dwarfs are just as likely to have life than Earth-like planets around Sun-like stars. That skews the data a bit, because small red dwarfs are much, much more common than stars like our Sun. But red dwarfs are also known to have large solar flares that could seriously harm any life on a close planet, and red dwarfs are so cool that habitable worlds would need to be very close to the star. So close that they would likely be tidally locked, with one side always facing toward the star. It’s quite likely that red dwarfs aren’t very life friendly, so they really shouldn’t be included in the tally. If you just include Sun-like stars, then the peak occurs roughly around now, which would mean life on Earth could be rather typical, and arose at a pretty typical time. So this work doesn’t answer the question of where life is out there as much as it raises an interesting question about the origin of life over time.\n\nStill, it’s fun to imagine that trillions of years from now an alien species might find remnants of a great intergalactic civilization they refer to as the first ones, never knowing that we called ourselves human.\n\nPaper: Abraham Loeb, et al. Relative Likelihood for Life as a Function of Cosmic Time. arXiv:1606.08448 [astro-ph.CO] (2016)","+BrianKoberlein/posts/bNjjrkf38Fk",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1470334675939,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsn4v3ni1xayy3ljdlrkw3fh5o30h33hdr30hfghll3cwtpihoaisfn/",4,null,null,null,null,1.47037285074216E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[160.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,160,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-08-04",44,0,null,15,[[391,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/08/04/the-first-ones/",null,null,null,null,[1470334641675,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/08/04/the-first-ones/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/08/04/the-first-ones/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/08/04/the-first-ones/",[] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/08/04/the-first-ones/",{"42397230":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/08/04/the-first-ones/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Lorien.jpg","The First Ones - One Universe at a Time","Are we the first civilization to arise in the cosmos?",null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/AF5fACsWco3yIVLDPQCt6wAqdRCHZP4Y_FtwFSaK3n7WrmfPyLFZhZLMJ5wTM4zTCIUn-Ov7mPio4YKq_Lah-oujZKz2SDki\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,283,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/AF5fACsWco3yIVLDPQCt6wAqdRCHZP4Y_FtwFSaK3n7WrmfPyLFZhZLMJ5wTM4zTCIUn-Ov7mPio4YKq_Lah-oujZKz2SDki\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,"//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://s2.googleusercontent.com/s2/favicons?domain\u003dbriankoberlein.com",[[[350,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",{"41007156":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ] }] ] ,null,null,[] ,"briankoberlein.com",null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[[339,338,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Lorien.jpg",{"40265033":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Lorien.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Lorien.jpg",null,null,null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/AF5fACsWco3yIVLDPQCt6wAqdRCHZP4Y_FtwFSaK3n7WrmfPyLFZhZLMJ5wTM4zTCIUn-Ov7mPio4YKq_Lah-oujZKz2SDki\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,283,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/AF5fACsWco3yIVLDPQCt6wAqdRCHZP4Y_FtwFSaK3n7WrmfPyLFZhZLMJ5wTM4zTCIUn-Ov7mPio4YKq_Lah-oujZKz2SDki\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,1200,672,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ] }] ,null,null,null,null,null,"2016-08-04T14:16:35-04:00",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/08/04/the-first-ones/"] }] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[["Vahur Krouverk","107475656730937780989",1,1,"","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/107475656730937780989","other"] ,["Glenn Wood","106424087771332944066",1,1,"","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/106424087771332944066","other"] ,["Akeelah Hall","114230948292536089065",1,1,"","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/114230948292536089065","other"] ,["Tom Flynn","101210278730439828153",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-VEw16UsBXZw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAhY/8hmd_NHl2NY/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/101210278730439828153","other"] ] ,null,null,0,9,null,0,[] ,0,[] ,0,0,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/bNjjrkf38Fk",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"The First Ones",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"There’s a lot of potentially habitable worlds in the Universe, and yet we haven’t found any evidence of intelligent civilizations other than our own. Why is that? Lot’s of ideas have been proposed, such as the idea that aliens are being intentionally silent, or that intelligent life kills itself off in a short time. But another idea is simply that we’re the first civilization to appear. Someone has to be first, so why not us? "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"It’s generally thought that the existence of intelligent life should become more likely over time. As the Universe evolves, more heavy elements are created and become available, and stellar systems with heavy elements (like our solar system) are more likely to form. Life also takes time to arise and evolve, and over time it has a greater chance of achieving the complexity necessary for intelligence. So it seems reasonable that the odds of sentient life increase with cosmic age. Of course, after trillions of years star production will have died off, and even small red dwarfs will start to cool and fade, meaning that the likelihood of life arising at that point is basically zero. So somewhere between the big bang and the ends of time there should be a period of time where intelligent life is most likely to evolve."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"A new paper looks at just when this “peak sentience” might occur. In this work they formulate an equation calculating the probability for life to form on a potentially habitable planet in a particular volume of space. It’s similar to the Drake equation, and includes similar factors such as the number of stars, and the number of habitable planets, but looks at how the overall probability changes over time. All things being equal (and only assuming life similar to that on Earth) the equation predicts that life is most likely to arise about 10 trillion years from now around small red dwarfs. In the grand scheme of things, the appearance of life on Earth occurred quite early, so we might just be the first civilization to arise."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"All that said, there are reasons not to take this work too seriously. Key to the conclusion is the idea that all things are equal. Specifically that potentially habitable planets around small red dwarfs are just as likely to have life than Earth-like planets around Sun-like stars. That skews the data a bit, because small red dwarfs are much, much more common than stars like our Sun. But red dwarfs are also known to have large solar flares that could seriously harm any life on a close planet, and red dwarfs are so cool that habitable worlds would need to be very close to the star. So close that they would likely be tidally locked, with one side always facing toward the star. It’s quite likely that red dwarfs aren’t very life friendly, so they really shouldn’t be included in the tally. If you just include Sun-like stars, then the peak occurs roughly around now, which would mean life on Earth could be rather typical, and arose at a pretty typical time. So this work doesn’t answer the question of where life is out there as much as it raises an interesting question about the origin of life over time."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Still, it’s fun to imagine that trillions of years from now an alien species might find remnants of a great intergalactic civilization they refer to as the first ones, never knowing that we called ourselves human."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Paper: Abraham Loeb, et al. Relative Likelihood for Life as a Function of Cosmic Time. arXiv:1606.08448 [astro-ph.CO] (2016)"] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,null,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["217553","Stars",1] ,["443226","Red dwarf",1] ,["152290","Life",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1469996204753,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1470227427573,"z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470227427573406",null,"117406738801389797314","z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Tykeisha Sims","117406738801389797314",0,0,"","./117406738801389797314","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Why's \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470250797736,"z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470250797736888",null,"111922914750531460061","z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Angela Walls","111922914750531460061",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-lE1HYkw5s9c/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAACg/S6Cf8mXg28I/photo.jpg","./111922914750531460061","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Beautiful \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470290139505,"z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470290139505113",null,"109437782038111102890","z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["than aung","109437782038111102890",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-fST_Q6nW7OQ/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAA6I/z3XaUj5r5Oo/photo.jpg","./109437782038111102890",null,null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Send me more info."] ,[1] ,[0,"Thank you Sir.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470332052065,"z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470332052065524",null,"115245859741844567650","z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,["5/jcsn4w3qj1mnegvmgptbigvjj5v30h33hdr30hfghll3cwtpihoaisfn4gsnchtkagtn4g1pacs3ghdpacu0/asbe#comment#1470332052065524",5,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[1.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,1,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Bechu Sahani","115245859741844567650",0,0,"","./115245859741844567650","male",null,0] ,["und",0,"Unknown Language"] ,[[[0,"Dil"] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"wala"] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"..\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"To The Edge Of Night\n\nThe rings of Saturn are incredibly thin. The most visible portions of the rings span 280,000 kilometers, and yet they are only about a kilometer thick. The rings aren’t solid, but rather a collection of icy particles and moonlets. Because of this, starlight can pass through the rings. We don’t normally notice it because the rings are so bright, but when the Cassini spacecraft passes into the shadow of the rings, it can watch a star as its light twinkles through the rings.\n\nStars have a known brightness, so when a star is seen passing through Saturn’s rings, the amount the light dims is a measure of how much light is absorbed by the rings. Known as the optical depth, it is a good measure of how thick and dense the rings are at different distances. This allows us to look for patterns that aren’t easy to see just by looking at the rings. While we’ve done this type of thing with stars as seen from Earth, Cassini has the advantage of watching different stars as their light passes through the rings at different angles, which gives us a much richer picture than Earth-based observations alone.","+BrianKoberlein/posts/djuR2VPWP2r",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1469996204753,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsn4w3qj1mnegvmgptbigvjj5v30h33hdr30hfghll3cwtpihoaisfn/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470366770994161E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[314.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,314,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-31",20,0,null,15,[[391,336,335,0] 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,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/djuR2VPWP2r",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"To The Edge Of Night",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The rings of Saturn are incredibly thin. The most visible portions of the rings span 280,000 kilometers, and yet they are only about a kilometer thick. The rings aren’t solid, but rather a collection of icy particles and moonlets. Because of this, starlight can pass through the rings. We don’t normally notice it because the rings are so bright, but when the Cassini spacecraft passes into the shadow of the rings, it can watch a star as its light twinkles through the rings. "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Stars have a known brightness, so when a star is seen passing through Saturn’s rings, the amount the light dims is a measure of how much light is absorbed by the rings. Known as the optical depth, it is a good measure of how thick and dense the rings are at different distances. This allows us to look for patterns that aren’t easy to see just by looking at the rings. While we’ve done this type of thing with stars as seen from Earth, Cassini has the advantage of watching different stars as their light passes through the rings at different angles, which gives us a much richer picture than Earth-based observations alone."] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,null,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["148740","Light",1] ] ] ] }] ,[2,null,[119,null,0,null,1,{"44801125":[0,[[null,null,null,null,[] ,6] ,1] ,[[0,[] ] ,[0,[] ] ,[39200,[["109429617784231809561","/109429617784231809561","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-2CNit8A5RAg/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/BoRKutt48Qk/photo.jpg","Ve Ca",0] ,["109411298952284014034","/109411298952284014034","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-Ul-snh1y42c/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/mpekcahdXpU/photo.jpg","Jennifer Durant",0] ,["115727996132812559271","/115727996132812559271","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-9efNHUgFhT8/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/hcvQvtPm8RI/photo.jpg","M. Irshad Iqbal Rao",0] ,["108776331805964456850","/108776331805964456850","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-Q6CjlB1JQTs/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/GsQKPvtG9tc/photo.jpg","Robert Norton",0] ,["112181287809350163086","/112181287809350163086","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-UTQrxa_RXTQ/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/KA-QjqPAWbs/photo.jpg","Rogerio Marques Mendes",0] ,["112469978306351064506","/112469978306351064506","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-VHO64p_AIE4/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/6AtJYyUJAfs/photo.jpg","Jacques Manjarrez",0] ,["100453812811076539253","/100453812811076539253","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-RmSbxNP9lF4/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/zTwSEkHEM8E/photo.jpg","Hikaru Machida",0] ,["111733862671336819340","/111733862671336819340","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-p7EnZ49R0yY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/TeYkl_dpsHc/photo.jpg","Zach Xanders",0] ,["111199531218768543139","/111199531218768543139","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-YD0i3yT9xu0/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/au4DUwgsv1g/photo.jpg","C Jones",0] ,["117843280704701166808","/117843280704701166808","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-s454BiTOe7w/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/kLa9o-z9Q8c/photo.jpg","Edward Winfrey",0] ] ] ] ,null,0,0,0] }] ] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z13twnlximundvt1z23ws1ggdta1i3f1q"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1469888258799,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1470050499349,"z13twnlximundvt1z23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1470050499349924",null,"114391966523039906257","z13twnlximundvt1z23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Ruka “lil cinnamon-roll nerd” Urishibara","114391966523039906257",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-5bU_O__FEuM/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAARXQ/6OaqUCvH0n4/photo.jpg","./114391966523039906257","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Cool\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470062269674,"z13twnlximundvt1z23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1470062269674899",null,"114391966523039906257","z13twnlximundvt1z23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,["5/jcsnax3rhtqbkufhipracxnoa5x34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2ctlakvn0g1qact3gidqawu3kidt/asbe#comment#1470062269674899",5,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[1.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,1,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Ruka “lil cinnamon-roll nerd” Urishibara","114391966523039906257",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-5bU_O__FEuM/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAARXQ/6OaqUCvH0n4/photo.jpg","./114391966523039906257","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Still could be done \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470076634855,"z13twnlximundvt1z23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1470076634855521",null,"105511806796363134846","z13twnlximundvt1z23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,1470111394031,["5/jcsnax3rhtqbkufhipracxnoa5x34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2ctlakvn0g1rasv3ah1saounegll/asbe#comment#1470076634855521",5,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[1.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,1,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Scellow Mcineka","105511806796363134846",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-Q7A5zw60duc/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAFY/MJ2i6IyVl6Y/photo.jpg","./105511806796363134846","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"I always find it hard to comprehend how 70s tech managed to dream so big - as to put a man on the moon, yet with today's tech (+50yrs later) we seem to be forever contemplating putting a man on Mars."] ,[1] ,[0,"However, I'm really impressed by the Cassini, Rosetta \u0026 Curiosity missions (to mention a few)."] ,[1] ,[0,"But still I feel there should be more, something like a \"2001 space odyssey\" film at the very least.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470088334000,"z13twnlximundvt1z23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1470088334000916",null,"110215035734523911950","z13twnlximundvt1z23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Sidney Brookes","110215035734523911950",0,0,"","./110215035734523911950","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Some dream I hope to see it done in my lifetime \ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z13twnlximundvt1z23ws1ggdta1i3f1q","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"Big Dreams\n\nIn the early 1970s, as the Apollo missions to the Moon were coming to a close, there were plans to explore even further into the Universe. Not simply to Mars, or even the outer solar system, but a mission to another star. It became known as Project Daedalus.\n\nProject Daedalus was hugely ambitious. In order to reach Barnard’s star within 50 years, Daedalus would rely upon nuclear fusion rather than chemical rockets. Pellets of deuterium and helium-3 would be detonated 250 times a second, and the plasma exhaust would be directed away from the rocket by a magnetic field. As a two-stage rocket this would accelerate the ship to 12% of the speed of light.\n\nTo gather the 50,000 tonnes of fuel necessary for the journey, there were plans to harvest helium-3 from the atmosphere of Jupiter using hot air balloons. The helium-3 could also be mined from the lunar surface. Construction of the spacecraft itself would require the development of new materials capable of surviving a range of temperatures from 1,600 K to the cold of deep space. Since there would be no crew for the mission, robotic technology would need to be developed to explore the Barnard system.\n\nNeedless to say, the Daedalus mission never got off the ground. It was so ambitious that it was intended more as a proof of concept rather than a mission feasible for its time. But the project inspired later ideas for interstellar missions, and when the first human spacecraft reach the stars their success will be based in part on the efforts of wild ideas like Project Daedalus.\n\nAs we focus more practical ideas on a return to the Moon and a mission to Mars, it’s worth keeping in mind that big dreams like Daedalus can spur us to keep pushing the envelope of what is possible.","+BrianKoberlein/posts/BfmyLj7N4pz",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1469888258799,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsnax3rhtqbkufhipracxnoa5x34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470345123493779E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[417.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,417,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-30",33,0,null,29,[[391,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/30/big-dreams/",null,null,null,null,[1469888233563,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/30/big-dreams/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/30/big-dreams/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/30/big-dreams/",[] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/30/big-dreams/",{"42397230":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/30/big-dreams/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/YYRdR2P.jpg","Big Dreams - One Universe at a Time","As the Apollo missions came to a close, some dreamed of an even bigger mission to reach the stars.",null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/h6GV3-euixKpll0OcExH0GajRrdHhZqxaaE-3m8Yxj2MGxRk9hxZtmPomuDD28mlOb_hGM1BGTyGA7H3B4P1T39UDUsvHki3QQ\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,284,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/h6GV3-euixKpll0OcExH0GajRrdHhZqxaaE-3m8Yxj2MGxRk9hxZtmPomuDD28mlOb_hGM1BGTyGA7H3B4P1T39UDUsvHki3QQ\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,"//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://s2.googleusercontent.com/s2/favicons?domain\u003dbriankoberlein.com",[[[350,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",{"41007156":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ] }] ] ,null,null,[] ,"briankoberlein.com",null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] 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,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/YYRdR2P.jpg",{"40265033":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/YYRdR2P.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/YYRdR2P.jpg",null,null,null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/h6GV3-euixKpll0OcExH0GajRrdHhZqxaaE-3m8Yxj2MGxRk9hxZtmPomuDD28mlOb_hGM1BGTyGA7H3B4P1T39UDUsvHki3QQ\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,284,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/h6GV3-euixKpll0OcExH0GajRrdHhZqxaaE-3m8Yxj2MGxRk9hxZtmPomuDD28mlOb_hGM1BGTyGA7H3B4P1T39UDUsvHki3QQ\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,1280,720,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] 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Brookes","110215035734523911950",1,1,"","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/110215035734523911950","other"] ,["Scellow Mcineka","105511806796363134846",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-Q7A5zw60duc/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAFY/MJ2i6IyVl6Y/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/105511806796363134846","other"] ,["Ruka “lil cinnamon-roll nerd” Urishibara","114391966523039906257",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-5bU_O__FEuM/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAARXQ/6OaqUCvH0n4/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+RukaUrishibara","other"] ] ,null,null,0,9,null,0,[] ,0,[] ,0,0,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/BfmyLj7N4pz",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"Big Dreams",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"In the early 1970s, as the Apollo missions to the Moon were coming to a close, there were plans to explore even further into the Universe. Not simply to Mars, or even the outer solar system, but a mission to another star. It became known as Project Daedalus. "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Project Daedalus was hugely ambitious. In order to reach Barnard’s star within 50 years, Daedalus would rely upon nuclear fusion rather than chemical rockets. Pellets of deuterium and helium-3 would be detonated 250 times a second, and the plasma exhaust would be directed away from the rocket by a magnetic field. As a two-stage rocket this would accelerate the ship to 12% of the speed of light."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"To gather the 50,000 tonnes of fuel necessary for the journey, there were plans to harvest helium-3 from the atmosphere of Jupiter using hot air balloons. The helium-3 could also be mined from the lunar surface. Construction of the spacecraft itself would require the development of new materials capable of surviving a range of temperatures from 1,600 K to the cold of deep space. Since there would be no crew for the mission, robotic technology would need to be developed to explore the Barnard system."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Needless to say, the Daedalus mission never got off the ground. It was so ambitious that it was intended more as a proof of concept rather than a mission feasible for its time. But the project inspired later ideas for interstellar missions, and when the first human spacecraft reach the stars their success will be based in part on the efforts of wild ideas like Project Daedalus."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"As we focus more practical ideas on a return to the Moon and a mission to Mars, it’s worth keeping in mind that big dreams like Daedalus can spur us to keep pushing the envelope of what is possible."] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,null,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z13twnlximundvt1z23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["121627","Helium-3",1] ,["2967510","Project Daedalus",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1469797212225,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1470028765093,"z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1470028765093239",null,"105972976555535846832","z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,["5/jcsn4unugdmqmvfgj5uqggvhgto34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2ctlakvn0g1mb0vnghdkb4tn4gtt/asbe#comment#1470028765093239",5,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[3.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,3,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Jason Simpson","105972976555535846832",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-RtJd4AFxgk8/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABKA/olW-EEkWlyk/photo.jpg","./105972976555535846832","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Pulsar navigation tends to be a bit unreliable when dealing with stellar distances. For instance, the time it takes for the pulses to reach Earth from 100,000 light years away is 100,000 years. Traveling at warp, you exceed the speed of light and as a result the object you are referencing suddenly is much older as you approach it or younger as you move away from it. A far more reliable set of reference points would be known galaxies, as the distance is much farther and therefore more reliable on fixing location within three dimensional space.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470047092181,"z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1470047092181640",null,"113386922880090903724","z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Ronald Stepp","113386922880090903724",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-1m8HnLMO9L8/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAe8/XldsRvZVDeg/photo.jpg","./113386922880090903724","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"I wonder if it isn't possible to resolve those star-lines while you are in warp so that you are updating your navigation data continuously? It's not like they ever show the Enterprise in a solid gray void space in warp.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470052796840,"z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1470052796840460",null,"113528924960969415934","z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Arbab Irfan","113528924960969415934",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-vHB2cMf9v4w/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAB14/nxOMHPReDLY/photo.jpg","./113528924960969415934","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"3 dimensional space and fix location of stars (galaxies) are better and ideal for navigation in deep space, been ages... they haven't change or have some slighter change to their location. but 3d calculation of space will confuse some 2d spacetime noobs, . :)\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470089932933,"z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1470089932933943",null,"106910038478697488776","z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Chidumebi Okeke","106910038478697488776",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-v5zg_Pwc23s/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAABM/iCa_7l_J_8o/photo.jpg","./106910038478697488776","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Ok\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"To Boldly Go\n\nYou’re the captain of a Federation starship, ready to seek out new life and new adventures. As you travel through the galaxy, how do you know where you are? How do you find your way home?\n\nOn Earth, your position is given by latitude and longitude. They are measured in angles about the center of the Earth, where latitude is the angle north or south of the equator, and longitude is the angle east or west of the Prime Meridian, which runs through Greenwich, England. It’s fairly easy to determine your latitude, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. Since the north star Polaris is almost directly above the North Pole, you can simply measure the angle of Polaris above the horizon, and that’s your latitude. You can also use a sextant to measure the altitude of the Sun above the horizon at noon, and calculate your latitude from that.\n\nLongitude is much more difficult. Since stars rise and set over the course of a night and the night sky shifts over the course of a year, there isn’t a fixed reference point against which you can measure longitude. Instead, early navigators either had to compare the shift of stars with measured distances between cities. It wasn’t particularly accurate, and you can see that in early maps of Europe. Things got easier when Galileo discovered the moons of Jupiter. Their clockwork motion could be used as a celestial clock, and by comparing their motion to the rotation of the Earth cartographers finally had an accurate tool for measuring longitude. Unfortunately, this method wasn’t useful at sea, so it took the development of accurate clocks to bring accurate longitude to sea-faring vessels. Nowadays we can simply use the global positioning system (GPS). The GPS consists of more than 30 satellites that continually transmit their location and time. By picking up the signal of at least four of these satellites, your phone can triangulate your position on Earth.\n\nDefining your position in the Milky Way can be done with galactic latitude and longitude. Simply define a galactic equator and a prime meridian, and determine your position relative to them. For galactic coordinates astronomers define the galactic equator (0° longitude) as the plane of the Milky Way running through its center. The prime meridian (0° latitude) is defined by a line running from the Sun to galactic center. In astronomy the sky can be treated as a celestial sphere, so the apparent position of a star can be given by its galactic coordinates. Your position in the galaxy could thus be given by three numbers: your galactic latitude, galactic longitude, and your distance from the Sun.\n\nThe Star Trek universe is a bit fuzzy on the subject of galactic navigation, and there isn’t a definitively canon version. The most popular version is based upon the galactic coordinates astronomers use, with some slight differences. The prime meridian is still a line running from the Sun to galactic center, but rather than simply using galactic latitude and longitude, the Milky Way is divided into quadrants. Under this definition the Sun would lie on the line dividing the Alpha and Beta quadrant, and the Earth would cross between these two quadrants as it orbits the Sun. In the Next Generation episode “Relics” it is stated that Earth is in the Alpha quadrant, and is less than 90 light years from the Beta quadrant. That probably means the Alpha quadrant is extended around the Sun to put our local cluster of stars within the Alpha quadrant. We’ve done a similar thing with the international date line on Earth to ensure that countries aren’t divided by it.\n\nOf course a coordinate system is only useful if you can determine what your coordinates are. Star Trek is again fuzzy on just how starships find their way. It’s possible that they calculate their position based upon some kind of stellar map, but identifying particular stars seems a bit impractical. It turns out there is an effective way to determine your position in the galaxy, and it’s one we’ve actually used.\n\nIt’s basically a galactic GPS. Neutron stars are dense old stars with strong magnetic fields. As a result beams of radio energy stream from their magnetic poles. As a neutron star rotates, those beams sweep across the sky like a lighthouse, and if their beams happen to point in our direction we see them as pulsing radio objects known as pulsars.\n\nThe radio pulse pattern of each pulsar is unique, and we know there positions in the galaxy quite well. If your starship can detect enough known pulsars, you can use that information to calculate your position in the galaxy. So if the Enterprise drops out of warp unexpectedly, or if Q sends it to a strange part of the galaxy, the navigators just need to look for pulsars to find their way home. What’s interesting is that a neutron star’s rotation slows down over time, so older pulsars pulse more slowly than younger ones. This means you can use pulsars not only to determine your position in the galaxy, but also your stardate. It’s a useful trick when your plot of the week involves time travel.","+BrianKoberlein/posts/KKzv62ukhjc",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1469797212225,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsn4unugdmqmvfgj5uqggvhgto34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470372518444105E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[289.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,289,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-29",40,0,null,28,[[391,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/29/to-boldly-go/",null,null,null,null,[1469797124392,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/29/to-boldly-go/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/29/to-boldly-go/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/29/to-boldly-go/",[] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/29/to-boldly-go/",{"42397230":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/29/to-boldly-go/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/crew.jpg","To Boldly Go - One Universe at a Time","If you're the captain of a starship exploring the galaxy, how do you find your way home?",null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/T7KAHdw36zgvzEf_VZERHVuOkscJpdRTrRPrViR3c9U8Sgek-IfILTJuDKlC29Ry9nSC16H2Xa4m2fvU4J28PTqp7NGzGg\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,265,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/T7KAHdw36zgvzEf_VZERHVuOkscJpdRTrRPrViR3c9U8Sgek-IfILTJuDKlC29Ry9nSC16H2Xa4m2fvU4J28PTqp7NGzGg\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,"//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://s2.googleusercontent.com/s2/favicons?domain\u003dbriankoberlein.com",[[[350,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",{"41007156":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ] }] ] ,null,null,[] ,"briankoberlein.com",null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] 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Okeke","106910038478697488776",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-v5zg_Pwc23s/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAABM/iCa_7l_J_8o/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/106910038478697488776","other"] ,["Arbab Irfan","113528924960969415934",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-vHB2cMf9v4w/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAB14/nxOMHPReDLY/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/113528924960969415934","other"] ,["Ronald Stepp","113386922880090903724",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-1m8HnLMO9L8/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAe8/XldsRvZVDeg/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+RonaldStepp","other"] ,["Jason Simpson","105972976555535846832",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-RtJd4AFxgk8/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABKA/olW-EEkWlyk/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+JasonSimpson1966","other"] ] ,null,null,0,9,null,0,[] ,0,[] ,0,0,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/KKzv62ukhjc",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"To Boldly Go",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"You’re the captain of a Federation starship, ready to seek out new life and new adventures. As you travel through the galaxy, how do you know where you are? How do you find your way home? "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"On Earth, your position is given by latitude and longitude. They are measured in angles about the center of the Earth, where latitude is the angle north or south of the equator, and longitude is the angle east or west of the Prime Meridian, which runs through Greenwich, England. It’s fairly easy to determine your latitude, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. Since the north star Polaris is almost directly above the North Pole, you can simply measure the angle of Polaris above the horizon, and that’s your latitude. You can also use a sextant to measure the altitude of the Sun above the horizon at noon, and calculate your latitude from that."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Longitude is much more difficult. Since stars rise and set over the course of a night and the night sky shifts over the course of a year, there isn’t a fixed reference point against which you can measure longitude. Instead, early navigators either had to compare the shift of stars with measured distances between cities. It wasn’t particularly accurate, and you can see that in early maps of Europe. Things got easier when Galileo discovered the moons of Jupiter. Their clockwork motion could be used as a celestial clock, and by comparing their motion to the rotation of the Earth cartographers finally had an accurate tool for measuring longitude. Unfortunately, this method wasn’t useful at sea, so it took the development of accurate clocks to bring accurate longitude to sea-faring vessels. Nowadays we can simply use the global positioning system (GPS). The GPS consists of more than 30 satellites that continually transmit their location and time. By picking up the signal of at least four of these satellites, your phone can triangulate your position on Earth."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Defining your position in the Milky Way can be done with galactic latitude and longitude. Simply define a galactic equator and a prime meridian, and determine your position relative to them. For galactic coordinates astronomers define the galactic equator (0° longitude) as the plane of the Milky Way running through its center. The prime meridian (0° latitude) is defined by a line running from the Sun to galactic center. In astronomy the sky can be treated as a celestial sphere, so the apparent position of a star can be given by its galactic coordinates. Your position in the galaxy could thus be given by three numbers: your galactic latitude, galactic longitude, and your distance from the Sun."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The Star Trek universe is a bit fuzzy on the subject of galactic navigation, and there isn’t a definitively canon version. The most popular version is based upon the galactic coordinates astronomers use, with some slight differences. The prime meridian is still a line running from the Sun to galactic center, but rather than simply using galactic latitude and longitude, the Milky Way is divided into quadrants. Under this definition the Sun would lie on the line dividing the Alpha and Beta quadrant, and the Earth would cross between these two quadrants as it orbits the Sun. In the Next Generation episode “Relics” it is stated that Earth is in the Alpha quadrant, and is less than 90 light years from the Beta quadrant. That probably means the Alpha quadrant is extended around the Sun to put our local cluster of stars within the Alpha quadrant. We’ve done a similar thing with the international date line on Earth to ensure that countries aren’t divided by it."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Of course a coordinate system is only useful if you can determine what your coordinates are. Star Trek is again fuzzy on just how starships find their way. It’s possible that they calculate their position based upon some kind of stellar map, but identifying particular stars seems a bit impractical. It turns out there is an effective way to determine your position in the galaxy, and it’s one we’ve actually used."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"It’s basically a galactic GPS. Neutron stars are dense old stars with strong magnetic fields. As a result beams of radio energy stream from their magnetic poles. As a neutron star rotates, those beams sweep across the sky like a lighthouse, and if their beams happen to point in our direction we see them as pulsing radio objects known as pulsars."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The radio pulse pattern of each pulsar is unique, and we know there positions in the galaxy quite well. If your starship can detect enough known pulsars, you can use that information to calculate your position in the galaxy. So if the Enterprise drops out of warp unexpectedly, or if Q sends it to a strange part of the galaxy, the navigators just need to look for pulsars to find their way home. What’s interesting is that a neutron star’s rotation slows down over time, so older pulsars pulse more slowly than younger ones. This means you can use pulsars not only to determine your position in the galaxy, but also your stardate. It’s a useful trick when your plot of the week involves time travel."] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,[[[0,"To Boldly Go",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"You’re the captain of a Federation starship, ready to seek out new life and new adventures. As you travel through the galaxy, how do you know where you are? How do you find your way home? "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"On Earth, your position is given by latitude and longitude. They are measured in angles about the center of the Earth, where latitude is the angle north or south of the equator, and longitude is the angle east or west of the Prime Meridian, which runs through Greenwich, England. It’s fairly easy to determine your latitude, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. Since the north star Polaris is almost directly above the North Pole, you can simply measure the angle of Polaris above the horizon, and that’s your latitude. You can also use a sextant to measure the altitude of the Sun above the horizon..."] ] ] ,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["146045","Longitude",1] ,["390982","Galactic coordinate system",1] ,["217553","Stars",1] ,["146029","Latitude",1] ,["8064267","Milky Way",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1469713238681,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1469919246436,"z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469919246436351",null,"102785409433950197306","z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Dwight Jenkins","102785409433950197306",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-wc96bkjvPvw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAEE/8qlFfuhJprs/photo.jpg","./102785409433950197306","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Will there be any other type of diseases\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469919359645,"z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469919359645418",null,"102785409433950197306","z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Dwight Jenkins","102785409433950197306",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-wc96bkjvPvw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAEE/8qlFfuhJprs/photo.jpg","./102785409433950197306","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"That we can prevent from having \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469919754909,"z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469919754909540",null,"102785409433950197306","z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Dwight Jenkins","102785409433950197306",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-wc96bkjvPvw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAEE/8qlFfuhJprs/photo.jpg","./102785409433950197306","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"The only solution to the problem. Technology\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"The Old Ones\n\nAfter the Big Bang when the Universe was a dense fireball it began to cool. It now has an average temperature of about 3 K, but there was a time when it had a temperature of about 273 K and 373 K. In other words, the average temperature of the cosmos was just the right temperature for liquid water to exist. Since liquid water is necessary for life as we know it, this raises an interesting question. Could life have arisen in the early Universe?\n\nThis period is known as the habitable epoch of the early Universe, and it existed between 10 to 17 million years after the Big Bang. While it was the right temperature for liquid water during that time, that doesn’t mean that liquid water existed. The first elements of the Universe were primarily hydrogen and helium. To produce oxygen necessary for water, very young large stars would have needed to fuse oxygen in their core, then exploded as a supernova within the first 10 million years of the Universe. If such a thing did occur, it would have been extremely rare. Forming water from oxygen and hydrogen is pretty easy in space, but there would need to be sufficient water and other matter for it to gather in liquid form, rather than vapor.\n\nThen there is the issue of time. The epoch itself only spans 7 million years, which isn’t nearly long enough for complex life to evolve (at least if Earth is a reasonable example). Add to this the fact that life also needs other elements like carbon and nitrogen in addition to water, and it doesn’t look particularly likely. It is, however, and interesting example of how life might have arisen in ways we wouldn’t expect. We think of life as evolving around a typical star when the Universe was already billions of years old, but in the earliest cosmological moments it’s possible that life, uh, found a way to arise.\n\nIn a recent paper presenting the idea, the purpose was not to argue that such early life was likely, but rather as a discussion of the anthropic principle. The anthropic principle comes in many forms, but one of the more controversial versions argues that if the various parameters of the cosmos were different then life wouldn’t arise. It’s almost as if the structure of the Universe was specifically tweaked for life to exist. But if life could arise in the early Universe, in period radically different from the present Universe, then it shows that life isn’t as delicate as we might think. A different set a cosmic parameters could allow for life to arise in radically different ways.\n\nWhile I don’t think it’s likely life appeared just a few million years after the Big Bang, it is an interesting idea. It’s also a great example of why we shouldn’t presume that the story of life on Earth is the only story life could have.\n\nPaper: Abraham Loeb. The Habitable Epoch of the Early Universe. International Journal of Astrobiology 13 (4): 337–339 (2014) doi:10.1017/S1473550414000196","+BrianKoberlein/posts/BjyqBijBTeG",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1469713238681,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsnavvuaou3csvthotakw31ios34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[449.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,449,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-28",43,0,null,33,[[391,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/28/the-old-ones/",null,null,null,null,[1469713211067,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/28/the-old-ones/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/28/the-old-ones/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/28/the-old-ones/",[] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/28/the-old-ones/",{"42397230":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/28/the-old-ones/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/img.jpg","The Old Ones - One Universe at a Time","Could life have appeared in the Universe just a few million years after the Big Bang?",null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/mvyllkiiFw2qVUOdq2sH42NmFA_PrbgpnmPxMhx5oJ6_jvJJzp9yXzWlxzJ0JwGTC0BuVtqF4NDu1u7Mnl1IcP33OZpy\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,337,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/mvyllkiiFw2qVUOdq2sH42NmFA_PrbgpnmPxMhx5oJ6_jvJJzp9yXzWlxzJ0JwGTC0BuVtqF4NDu1u7Mnl1IcP33OZpy\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,"//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://s2.googleusercontent.com/s2/favicons?domain\u003dbriankoberlein.com",[[[350,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",{"41007156":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ] }] ] ,null,null,[] ,"briankoberlein.com",null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[[339,338,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/img.jpg",{"40265033":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/img.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/img.jpg",null,null,null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/mvyllkiiFw2qVUOdq2sH42NmFA_PrbgpnmPxMhx5oJ6_jvJJzp9yXzWlxzJ0JwGTC0BuVtqF4NDu1u7Mnl1IcP33OZpy\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,337,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/mvyllkiiFw2qVUOdq2sH42NmFA_PrbgpnmPxMhx5oJ6_jvJJzp9yXzWlxzJ0JwGTC0BuVtqF4NDu1u7Mnl1IcP33OZpy\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,2000,1334,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ] }] ,null,null,null,null,null,"2016-07-28T09:39:30-04:00",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/28/the-old-ones/"] }] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[["Dwight Jenkins","102785409433950197306",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-wc96bkjvPvw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAEE/8qlFfuhJprs/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/102785409433950197306","other"] ] ,null,null,0,9,null,0,[] ,0,[] ,0,0,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/BjyqBijBTeG",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"The Old Ones",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"After the Big Bang when the Universe was a dense fireball it began to cool. It now has an average temperature of about 3 K, but there was a time when it had a temperature of about 273 K and 373 K. In other words, the average temperature of the cosmos was just the right temperature for liquid water to exist. Since liquid water is necessary for life as we know it, this raises an interesting question. Could life have arisen in the early Universe? "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"This period is known as the habitable epoch of the early Universe, and it existed between 10 to 17 million years after the Big Bang. While it was the right temperature for liquid water during that time, that doesn’t mean that liquid water existed. The first elements of the Universe were primarily hydrogen and helium. To produce oxygen necessary for water, very young large stars would have needed to fuse oxygen in their core, then exploded as a supernova within the first 10 million years of the Universe. If such a thing did occur, it would have been extremely rare. Forming water from oxygen and hydrogen is pretty easy in space, but there would need to be sufficient water and other matter for it to gather in liquid form, rather than vapor."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Then there is the issue of time. The epoch itself only spans 7 million years, which isn’t nearly long enough for complex life to evolve (at least if Earth is a reasonable example). Add to this the fact that life also needs other elements like carbon and nitrogen in addition to water, and it doesn’t look particularly likely. It is, however, and interesting example of how life might have arisen in ways we wouldn’t expect. We think of life as evolving around a typical star when the Universe was already billions of years old, but in the earliest cosmological moments it’s possible that life, uh, found a way to arise."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"In a recent paper presenting the idea, the purpose was not to argue that such early life was likely, but rather as a discussion of the anthropic principle. The anthropic principle comes in many forms, but one of the more controversial versions argues that if the various parameters of the cosmos were different then life wouldn’t arise. It’s almost as if the structure of the Universe was specifically tweaked for life to exist. But if life could arise in the early Universe, in period radically different from the present Universe, then it shows that life isn’t as delicate as we might think. A different set a cosmic parameters could allow for life to arise in radically different ways."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"While I don’t think it’s likely life appeared just a few million years after the Big Bang, it is an interesting idea. It’s also a great example of why we shouldn’t presume that the story of life on Earth is the only story life could have."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Paper: Abraham Loeb. The Habitable Epoch of the Early Universe. International Journal of Astrobiology 13 (4): 337–339 (2014) doi:10.1017/S1473550414000196"] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,null,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["152290","Life",1] ,["265485","Water",1] ,["256235","Universe",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1469631967864,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1469745269064,"z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469745269064548",null,"102107307442655268728","z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Hassan Elwardi","102107307442655268728",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-BDm-lD7ArMM/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAADc/dUablrsbXXI/photo.jpg","./102107307442655268728","male",null,0] ,["ar",1,"Arabic"] ,[[[0,".سلم.وعليك.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470061174247,"z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470061174247806",null,"109830558164732334015","z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Steve S","109830558164732334015",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-AHDnOTt7fmk/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAA4c/2L79ngXLyE4/photo.jpg","./109830558164732334015","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[3,"Adam Alexander",null,null,[null,"108092398927794216860"] ] ,[0," Thank you for saving me the trouble of ranting about how salted hashes are just the beginning.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470373457208,"z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470373457208700",null,"102785409433950197306","z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Dwight Jenkins","102785409433950197306",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-wc96bkjvPvw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAEE/8qlFfuhJprs/photo.jpg","./102785409433950197306","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"I think you're the greatest person in the world we need more people like you\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470373489561,"z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470373489561453",null,"102785409433950197306","z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Dwight Jenkins","102785409433950197306",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-wc96bkjvPvw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAEE/8qlFfuhJprs/photo.jpg","./102785409433950197306","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Keep up the good work technology is all we have I support the USA the United States of America we shall move forward\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"Your Secret Is Safe With Us\n\nYesterday I had an issue logging into a particular university press website. I emailed them for support and they kindly send me my login and password over email. In plain text.\n\nWhen I pointed out that this was bad form, they assured me my password isn't stored in plain text. It is securely encrypted, and they just use a SQL query to decrypt passwords to email to folks who might forget their password.\n\nIf I want to change my password, I can always request a new account, since they don't have a mechanism for users to change their password.\n\nGood to know my financial information is under their watchful eye...","+BrianKoberlein/posts/hseYLNqJXDf",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,"6312021238767777105",0,1469631967864,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,["4/jcsn4unea5nq2uvhhppbkxnaidrn0h33hdr30hfghll3cwtpihoaisfn/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470349604729853E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[164.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,164,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,39061,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-27",48,0,null,13,[[344,339,437,338,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/photos/100479352836033641546/albums/6312021238767777105/6312021237466761506?authkey\u003dCLrp7OrQ7YXGuwE",null,null,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/photos/100479352836033641546/albums/6312021238767777105/6312021237466761506?authkey\u003dCLrp7OrQ7YXGuwE",{"40655821":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/photos/100479352836033641546/albums/6312021238767777105/6312021237466761506","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-rtjgztXajx8/V5jN33ntiSI/AAAAAAAA1UE/aiElsEXUTL4g8ubwyt9h2_Wdrw6cz4R8A/w478-h640/lift-for-free-mongoose.jpg","lift-for-free-mongoose.jpg","Your Secret Is Safe With Us\n\nYesterday I had an issue logging into a particular university press website. I emailed them for support and they kindly send me my login and password over email. In plain text.\n\nWhen I pointed out that this was bad form, they assured me my password isn't stored in plain text. It is securely encrypted, and they just use a SQL query to decrypt passwords to email to folks who might forget their password.\n\nIf I want to",null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-rtjgztXajx8/V5jN33ntiSI/AAAAAAAA1UE/aiElsEXUTL4g8ubwyt9h2_Wdrw6cz4R8A/w506-h750/lift-for-free-mongoose.jpg",506,750,null,null,null,null,640,[1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-rtjgztXajx8/V5jN33ntiSI/AAAAAAAA1UE/aiElsEXUTL4g8ubwyt9h2_Wdrw6cz4R8A/w800-h800/lift-for-free-mongoose.jpg"] ] ,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,"plus.google.com",null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,478,640,null,null,null,null,"100479352836033641546",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"6312021238767777105","6312021237466761506",null,1,[] ,null,null,null,"photos/100479352836033641546/albums/6312021238767777105/6312021237466761506",[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[[339,338,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-rtjgztXajx8/V5jN33ntiSI/AAAAAAAA1UE/aiElsEXUTL4g8ubwyt9h2_Wdrw6cz4R8A/w478-h640/lift-for-free-mongoose.jpg",{"40265033":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-rtjgztXajx8/V5jN33ntiSI/AAAAAAAA1UE/aiElsEXUTL4g8ubwyt9h2_Wdrw6cz4R8A/w478-h640/lift-for-free-mongoose.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-rtjgztXajx8/V5jN33ntiSI/AAAAAAAA1UE/aiElsEXUTL4g8ubwyt9h2_Wdrw6cz4R8A/w478-h640/lift-for-free-mongoose.jpg",null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ] }] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"-0.75985664","640","478"] }] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"100479352836033641546",[["Dwight Jenkins","102785409433950197306",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-wc96bkjvPvw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAEE/8qlFfuhJprs/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/102785409433950197306","other"] ,["Steve S","109830558164732334015",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-AHDnOTt7fmk/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAA4c/2L79ngXLyE4/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+SteveSIsBack","other"] ,["Hassan Elwardi","102107307442655268728",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-BDm-lD7ArMM/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAADc/dUablrsbXXI/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/102107307442655268728","other"] ,["Neike Taika-Tessaro","104395999534489748002",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-a8uIs2MwVLY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAEw/mlj3gmcj9Zc/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/104395999534489748002","other"] ] ,null,null,0,9,null,0,[] ,0,[] ,0,0,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/hseYLNqJXDf",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"Your Secret Is Safe With Us",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Yesterday I had an issue logging into a particular university press website. I emailed them for support and they kindly send me my login and password over email. In plain text."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"When I pointed out that this was bad form, they assured me my password isn't stored in plain text. It is securely encrypted, and they just use a SQL query to decrypt passwords to email to folks who might forget their password. "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"If I want to change my password, I can always request a new account, since they don't have a mechanism for users to change their password."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Good to know my financial information is under their watchful eye..."] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,null,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas",null,null,null,null,null,[[["198873","Passwords",1] ,["90003577","Login",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1469626174421,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1469994693408,"z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469994693408917",null,"103527146961545483269","z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Mary Christian","103527146961545483269",0,0,"","./103527146961545483269",null,null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Beautiful\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469999874649,"z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469999874649790",null,"116669290193680992677","z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Soleil Normil","116669290193680992677",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-nYX0l_JbX0o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAADM/AsIM3LYxqVs/photo.jpg","./116669290193680992677","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"I never seen the fading ish star\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470015842979,"z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1470015842979136",null,"112137783068012502287","z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Xuân Nguyễn Hoài","112137783068012502287",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-LVX8OMTaW64/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAABY/JAC5tqix6IY/photo.jpg","./112137783068012502287","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"I like your explanation. I like the picture!\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470016242644,"z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1470016242644549",null,"116669290193680992677","z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Soleil Normil","116669290193680992677",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-nYX0l_JbX0o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAADM/AsIM3LYxqVs/photo.jpg","./116669290193680992677","female",null,0] ,["und",0,"Unknown Language"] ,[[[0,"Ok sooo\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"Fading Star\n\nTwo thousand light years from Earth is a star known as Epsilon Aurigae. It’s a third magnitude star most of the time, but about every 27 years it dims to about half its brightness for nearly two years. The cause of the dimming is a bit of a mystery.\n\nIt’s long been thought that the dimming is the result of Epsilon Aurigae being a binary system. With a companion star in a large orbit, it could pass in front of the primary star, making it appear to dim. The star is indeed a binary star (if not a multiple star) but the details of the dimming mechanism have been difficult to pin down.\n\nHistorically there have been two main ideas. The first is that Epsilon Aurigae is yellow supergiant about 15 times the mass of the Sun, with a companion of similar mass obscured somewhat by dust. This idea is supported by the fact that the spectrum of Epsilon Aurigae has many of the signatures common to yellow supergiants. However the companion star has a spectral signature more similar to a B-type main sequence star.\n\nThe other idea is that Epsilon Aurigae is much smaller, with a mass of 2 to 4 solar masses. This would make it smaller than the B-type companion with a mass of about 6 solar masses. In order for the companion to be much dimmer than Epsilon Aurigae, it would have to be surrounded by a thick disk of dust, and that disk would have to be aligned edge on when seen from Earth. It would be odd for a main sequence star to have a thick dusty disk, since they are more commonly seen around young stars that are still forming.\n\nWhen the most recent dimming occurred in 2009 – 20011, both amateur astronomy groups and the Spitzer infrared telescope made observations of the transit. It now seems that both models were at least partly right. The model that now seems to best fit the data assumes Epsilon Aurigae is only about 10 solar masses, but it moving toward the end of its life. This means it is much brighter than a main sequence star of similar mass. The B-type companion is therefore much dimmer by comparison. With smaller masses, the two stars would be close enough that the companion would capture gas and dust pushed away from Epsilon Aurigae, thus explaining the companion’s dusty disk.","+BrianKoberlein/posts/AHp2TGy7Red",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1469626174421,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsn4xnbagsqywfsahqact3gglt34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[367.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,367,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-27",27,0,null,31,[[391,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/27/fading-star/",null,null,null,null,[1469626144971,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/27/fading-star/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/27/fading-star/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/27/fading-star/",[] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/27/fading-star/",{"42397230":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/27/fading-star/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Epsilon_Aurigae.jpg","Fading Star - One Universe at a Time","Epsilon Aurigae dims every 27 years. It's still a bit of a mystery why.",null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/yTmgBHJF5CQjX2lJlYTcyYZ7-7E0aeuFcsHHpKQAlUX-hQWIPpmozfpVo5pPUoa315KqNllKuKhycd-qZbelpA9FugT0q2U07E3xpzHDt4Y-\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,397,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/yTmgBHJF5CQjX2lJlYTcyYZ7-7E0aeuFcsHHpKQAlUX-hQWIPpmozfpVo5pPUoa315KqNllKuKhycd-qZbelpA9FugT0q2U07E3xpzHDt4Y-\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,"//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://s2.googleusercontent.com/s2/favicons?domain\u003dbriankoberlein.com",[[[350,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",{"41007156":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ] }] ] ,null,null,[] ,"briankoberlein.com",null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] 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,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Epsilon_Aurigae.jpg",{"40265033":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Epsilon_Aurigae.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Epsilon_Aurigae.jpg",null,null,null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/yTmgBHJF5CQjX2lJlYTcyYZ7-7E0aeuFcsHHpKQAlUX-hQWIPpmozfpVo5pPUoa315KqNllKuKhycd-qZbelpA9FugT0q2U07E3xpzHDt4Y-\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,397,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/yTmgBHJF5CQjX2lJlYTcyYZ7-7E0aeuFcsHHpKQAlUX-hQWIPpmozfpVo5pPUoa315KqNllKuKhycd-qZbelpA9FugT0q2U07E3xpzHDt4Y-\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,4200,3300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ] }] ,null,null,null,null,null,"2016-07-27T07:00:22-04:00",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/27/fading-star/"] }] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[["Soleil Normil","116669290193680992677",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-nYX0l_JbX0o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAADM/AsIM3LYxqVs/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/116669290193680992677","other"] ,["Xuân Nguyễn Hoài","112137783068012502287",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-LVX8OMTaW64/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAABY/JAC5tqix6IY/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/112137783068012502287","other"] ,["Mary Christian","103527146961545483269",1,1,"","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/103527146961545483269","other"] ,["Diane Batie","106587032983338508656",1,1,"","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/106587032983338508656","other"] ] ,null,null,0,9,null,0,[] ,0,[] ,0,0,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/AHp2TGy7Red",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"Fading Star",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Two thousand light years from Earth is a star known as Epsilon Aurigae. It’s a third magnitude star most of the time, but about every 27 years it dims to about half its brightness for nearly two years. The cause of the dimming is a bit of a mystery. "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"It’s long been thought that the dimming is the result of Epsilon Aurigae being a binary system. With a companion star in a large orbit, it could pass in front of the primary star, making it appear to dim. The star is indeed a binary star (if not a multiple star) but the details of the dimming mechanism have been difficult to pin down."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Historically there have been two main ideas. The first is that Epsilon Aurigae is yellow supergiant about 15 times the mass of the Sun, with a companion of similar mass obscured somewhat by dust. This idea is supported by the fact that the spectrum of Epsilon Aurigae has many of the signatures common to yellow supergiants. However the companion star has a spectral signature more similar to a B-type main sequence star."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The other idea is that Epsilon Aurigae is much smaller, with a mass of 2 to 4 solar masses. This would make it smaller than the B-type companion with a mass of about 6 solar masses. In order for the companion to be much dimmer than Epsilon Aurigae, it would have to be surrounded by a thick disk of dust, and that disk would have to be aligned edge on when seen from Earth. It would be odd for a main sequence star to have a thick dusty disk, since they are more commonly seen around young stars that are still forming."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"When the most recent dimming occurred in 2009 – 20011, both amateur astronomy groups and the Spitzer infrared telescope made observations of the transit. It now seems that both models were at least partly right. The model that now seems to best fit the data assumes Epsilon Aurigae is only about 10 solar masses, but it moving toward the end of its life. This means it is much brighter than a main sequence star of similar mass. The B-type companion is therefore much dimmer by comparison. With smaller masses, the two stars would be close enough that the companion would capture gas and dust pushed away from Epsilon Aurigae, thus explaining the companion’s dusty disk."] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,null,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["6921798","Epsilon Aurigae",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1469537216359,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1469746650367,"z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469746650367078",null,"109294942307771195614","z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Samuel Vegas","109294942307771195614",0,0,"","./109294942307771195614","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"So awesome!!!!!\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469754641489,"z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469754641489172",null,"116061582747327725632","z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,["5/jcsnau3pitur4unihdkrghfrgdo30h33hdr30hfghll3cwtpihoaisfn4gsnchltawunchloa4u3kidlawt0/asbe#comment#1469754641489172",5,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[1.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,1,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Chelsea Marie Thomas","116061582747327725632",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-hjFAdXRtdKQ/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAo/ycjVnikcjeg/photo.jpg","./116061582747327725632","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"So cute"] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469754668630,"z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469754668630195",null,"116061582747327725632","z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Chelsea Marie Thomas","116061582747327725632",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-hjFAdXRtdKQ/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAo/ycjVnikcjeg/photo.jpg","./116061582747327725632","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Hi\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470012342570,"z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470012342570023",null,"115305418492282263368","z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Nick Earl","115305418492282263368",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-S9bzB4yUdns/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAmw/9BX5mIrx4Og/photo.jpg","./115305418492282263368","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Brian, \"They found that the two orientations of spin fall at the same rate to within 1 part in 10 million, which was the limit of observation for their experiment. In other words, spin has no affect on the rate at which an atom falls.\""] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"This is impressive, but I'm wondering if just it's a matter of precision. Are differences larger than 1:10^7 really that big for free-falling atoms with varying spin? Or is this where we can say we exclude certain models but not necessarily others? Do other models make predictions for order of magnitude of this effect?\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"Einstein's Top\n\nThe central idea of Einstein’s theory of gravity is the principle of equivalence. That is, objects will fall at the same rate under gravity regardless of their mass or composition. As long as there isn’t air resistance, a feather and a bowling ball dropped at the same time will strike the ground simultaneously. But what if one object is rotating and another is not? Will they fall at the same rate?\n\nWe know that the rotation of a body can affect how things fall. When a body such as Earth rotates, it creates an effect known as frame dragging, which twists space and time slightly. Computer simulations of merging black holes show that two rotating black holes would merge at a different rate than if they weren’t rotating. So on a large scale gravity is affected by rotation.\n\nThis has led some theorists to wonder whether such a rotational effect might be a way to connect Einstein’s gravity with the quantum theory of atoms and molecules. It turns out that atoms and other quantum particles have a property known as spin. If we imagined an atom as a small sphere, we can imagine its spin as the rotation of that spin. The catch is that atoms are not little spheres, and spin is not physical rotation. Spin is an inherent property of a quantum object that behaves similar to the type of rotation we see every day.\n\nSo, would an atom with spin fall at a different rate than one without spin? More specifically, does the principle of equivalence hold for quantum objects with spin? A recent experiment tested this question by comparing the free fall of rubidium atoms with different orientations of spin.\n\nThe team compared the gravitational acceleration of atoms with spin +1 and -1. To use our rotating sphere analogy, this would be like comparing a sphere rotating clockwise about its north pole vs one rotating counterclockwise. They found that the two orientations of spin fall at the same rate to within 1 part in 10 million, which was the limit of observation for their experiment. In other words, spin has no affect on the rate at which an atom falls.\n\nThis result isn’t entirely unexpected. It’s been generally thought that the equivalence principle holds for both classical and quantum objects. The experiment does, however, rule out some of the more radical models trying to unify gravity and quantum theory.\n\nNow we know the equivalence principle holds even for a quantum top.\n\nPaper: Xiao-Chun Duan, et al. Test of the Universality of Free Fall with Atoms in Different Spin Orientations. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 023001 (2016). arXiv:1602.06377 [physics.atom-ph]","+BrianKoberlein/posts/gniVjRa4jXY",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1469537216359,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsnau3pitur4unihdkrghfrgdo30h33hdr30hfghll3cwtpihoaisfn/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[316.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,316,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-26",22,0,null,36,[[391,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/26/einsteins-top/",null,null,null,null,[1469537179439,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/26/einsteins-top/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/26/einsteins-top/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/26/einsteins-top/",[] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/26/einsteins-top/",{"42397230":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/26/einsteins-top/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Spinning_top_5448672388.jpg","Einstein's Top - One Universe at a Time","Einstein said everything falls at the same rate. Is that also true for a quantum top?",null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/WAbZYAFjuN04sBXzJLUultEQInqjxQ5_kStUvSjMzE2d2qGr7w5iNDAXWa3Vk_CpfpxEUJKgQsuORfrAheTVXgHz6SDcI9LQy-XAmq47snqw1w8G7cl7DLk\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,379,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/WAbZYAFjuN04sBXzJLUultEQInqjxQ5_kStUvSjMzE2d2qGr7w5iNDAXWa3Vk_CpfpxEUJKgQsuORfrAheTVXgHz6SDcI9LQy-XAmq47snqw1w8G7cl7DLk\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,"//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://s2.googleusercontent.com/s2/favicons?domain\u003dbriankoberlein.com",[[[350,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",{"41007156":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ] }] ] ,null,null,[] ,"briankoberlein.com",null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] 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,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Spinning_top_5448672388.jpg",{"40265033":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Spinning_top_5448672388.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Spinning_top_5448672388.jpg",null,null,null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/WAbZYAFjuN04sBXzJLUultEQInqjxQ5_kStUvSjMzE2d2qGr7w5iNDAXWa3Vk_CpfpxEUJKgQsuORfrAheTVXgHz6SDcI9LQy-XAmq47snqw1w8G7cl7DLk\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,379,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/WAbZYAFjuN04sBXzJLUultEQInqjxQ5_kStUvSjMzE2d2qGr7w5iNDAXWa3Vk_CpfpxEUJKgQsuORfrAheTVXgHz6SDcI9LQy-XAmq47snqw1w8G7cl7DLk\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] 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,null,null,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[["Nick Earl","115305418492282263368",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-S9bzB4yUdns/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAmw/9BX5mIrx4Og/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/115305418492282263368","other"] ,["Chelsea Marie Thomas","116061582747327725632",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-hjFAdXRtdKQ/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAo/ycjVnikcjeg/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/116061582747327725632","other"] ,["Samuel Vegas","109294942307771195614",1,1,"","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/109294942307771195614","other"] ,["Rogers Runels","117030270851210454652",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-731azJkT3kk/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAxQ/fZth_RgBROM/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/117030270851210454652","other"] ] ,null,null,0,9,null,0,[] ,0,[] ,0,0,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/gniVjRa4jXY",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"Einstein's Top",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The central idea of Einstein’s theory of gravity is the principle of equivalence. That is, objects will fall at the same rate under gravity regardless of their mass or composition. As long as there isn’t air resistance, a feather and a bowling ball dropped at the same time will strike the ground simultaneously. But what if one object is rotating and another is not? Will they fall at the same rate? "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"We know that the rotation of a body can affect how things fall. When a body such as Earth rotates, it creates an effect known as frame dragging, which twists space and time slightly. Computer simulations of merging black holes show that two rotating black holes would merge at a different rate than if they weren’t rotating. So on a large scale gravity is affected by rotation."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"This has led some theorists to wonder whether such a rotational effect might be a way to connect Einstein’s gravity with the quantum theory of atoms and molecules. It turns out that atoms and other quantum particles have a property known as spin. If we imagined an atom as a small sphere, we can imagine its spin as the rotation of that spin. The catch is that atoms are not little spheres, and spin is not physical rotation. Spin is an inherent property of a quantum object that behaves similar to the type of rotation we see every day."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"So, would an atom with spin fall at a different rate than one without spin? More specifically, does the principle of equivalence hold for quantum objects with spin? A recent experiment tested this question by comparing the free fall of rubidium atoms with different orientations of spin."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The team compared the gravitational acceleration of atoms with spin +1 and -1. To use our rotating sphere analogy, this would be like comparing a sphere rotating clockwise about its north pole vs one rotating counterclockwise. They found that the two orientations of spin fall at the same rate to within 1 part in 10 million, which was the limit of observation for their experiment. In other words, spin has no affect on the rate at which an atom falls."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"This result isn’t entirely unexpected. It’s been generally thought that the equivalence principle holds for both classical and quantum objects. The experiment does, however, rule out some of the more radical models trying to unify gravity and quantum theory."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Now we know the equivalence principle holds even for a quantum top."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Paper: Xiao-Chun Duan, et al. Test of the Universality of Free Fall with Atoms in Different Spin Orientations. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 023001 (2016). arXiv:1602.06377 [physics.atom-ph]"] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,null,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["18226","Atoms",1] ,["324230","Rotations",1] ,["314209","Gravity",1] ,["3661832","Equivalence principle",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1469447133294,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1469745068838,"z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469745068838244",null,"117215090157203642565","z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Phillipcruz Felipcruice","117215090157203642565",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-Q3CWqCbwjqo/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAA4/O7bfPm-BwpY/photo.jpg","./117215090157203642565","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"What works can u ping you. PC company\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469745710696,"z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469745710696903",null,"117215090157203642565","z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Phillipcruz Felipcruice","117215090157203642565",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-Q3CWqCbwjqo/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAA4/O7bfPm-BwpY/photo.jpg","./117215090157203642565","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"First coded your everywhere stay say with us dreamworld PC "] ,[1] ,[0,"Love you too \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469861216294,"z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469861216294123",null,"118026962712502859269","z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Flinch Fu","118026962712502859269",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-deZwLyEH16c/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAFlk/qfDnJsc2cLY/photo.jpg","./118026962712502859269","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[3,"Greg Roelofs",null,null,[null,"102938548682146483736"] ] ,[0," Milkdromeda happened already? Wow, I haven't been paying attention... time flies as I get older...\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469865455283,"z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469865455283722",null,"113924686991514227166","z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Rachel Suárez","113924686991514227166",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-mj_EKSrMqTk/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAARNY/w7ZGhzndXzg/photo.jpg","./113924686991514227166","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[4,"#indeed",null,["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/s/%23indeed"] ,null,["indeed"] ] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"Size Matters Not\n\nThe new Star Wars movie Rogue One won’t arrive until December, but hype for the movie is already at a fever pitch. A new teaser poster has been released showing the Death Star looming over the horizon of an alien world. It makes for a foreboding shot, but could a Death Star really appear so large in the sky?\n\nIn the original Star Wars movie, the Death Star has the appearance of a “small moon.” The size of this Imperial superweapon isn’t specifically mentioned, but the technical specifications list its diameter as about 120 kilometers. That’s larger than the moons of Mars, but tiny compared to our own Moon, which has a diameter of about 3,400 km. If the Death Star orbited Earth at the same distance as our Moon, it would have the same apparent size as Venus at it’s brightest. In other words, it would look like a bright planet rather than a moon.\n\nIn the words of Master Yoda, “size matters not.” Or more accurately, size is only one factor among many. The key is what’s known as apparent size, which depends upon both the actual size of an object and its distance from you. A small but close object can appear bigger than a larger object far away. So what if it’s simply a matter of the Death Star being close to the planet? While that would help, it wouldn’t solve all the problem. In the Rogue One teaser poster it looks like the Death Star spans about 40 degrees across the sky. With a bit of basic trigonometry we find it would need to be about 180 km away to have such a large apparent size. That’s closer than the International Space Station, and so close that atmospheric drag would be a serious problem.\n\nSo the Death Star can’t be so close it spans half the sky, but it could be close enough to appear larger than our Moon. For example, if the superweapon were 1,000 kilometers above the Earth, its apparent size would be about 8 times that of the Moon, making it by far the largest object in the sky. We would be able to see surface features of the Death Star such as those depicted in the poster. To our minds it would appear huge, but its actual apparent size would still be pretty small. The Moon itself has an apparent size of only half a degree. If you held your pinky up at arms length it would easily cover the Moon. Even if the Death Star had an apparent diameter 8 times larger, you could still cover it with two fingers at arms length.\n\nWhile the Death Star couldn’t appear so large in real life, there is still a way to give it a deceptively large appearance. Photographers do it with our Moon all the time. The trick is to use a telephoto lens to focus on a distant object near the horizon, such as a building or tree line. The apparent angle of a distant building is small, but zooming in makes it look big. This also makes the Moon look much larger than it actually is. Using this trick the Death Star could be made to loom over a battlefield, as depicted in the poster.\n\nIn the Star Wars universe a good photographer might be able to such a shot after all.","+BrianKoberlein/posts/WaZr2n2GBuo",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1469447133294,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsn4vn4ahur0ynqg5lbgxnpj1pn0h33hdr30hfghll3cwtpihoaisfn/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[370.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,370,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-25",31,0,null,22,[[391,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/24/size-matters-not/",null,null,null,null,[1469447088870,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/24/size-matters-not/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/24/size-matters-not/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/24/size-matters-not/",[] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/24/size-matters-not/",{"42397230":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/24/size-matters-not/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/deathstar.jpg","Size Matters Not - One Universe at a Time","The Death Star appears huge in a new poster for Rogue One. Could a death star actually appear so large in real life?",null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/nsidHKTHjSNG_Y45eWzRjkxBxxGot9i5RUD3Rq8iHEhHj_Am9b1hvetJDXSF7QKXbH2SXEfmWkuuh65Sk-r00tOAR_xMJ5aonSNK\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,285,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/nsidHKTHjSNG_Y45eWzRjkxBxxGot9i5RUD3Rq8iHEhHj_Am9b1hvetJDXSF7QKXbH2SXEfmWkuuh65Sk-r00tOAR_xMJ5aonSNK\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,"//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://s2.googleusercontent.com/s2/favicons?domain\u003dbriankoberlein.com",[[[350,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",{"41007156":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ] }] ] ,null,null,[] ,"briankoberlein.com",null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] 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,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/deathstar.jpg",{"40265033":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/deathstar.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/deathstar.jpg",null,null,null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/nsidHKTHjSNG_Y45eWzRjkxBxxGot9i5RUD3Rq8iHEhHj_Am9b1hvetJDXSF7QKXbH2SXEfmWkuuh65Sk-r00tOAR_xMJ5aonSNK\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,285,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/nsidHKTHjSNG_Y45eWzRjkxBxxGot9i5RUD3Rq8iHEhHj_Am9b1hvetJDXSF7QKXbH2SXEfmWkuuh65Sk-r00tOAR_xMJ5aonSNK\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,1296,730,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] 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Suárez","113924686991514227166",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-mj_EKSrMqTk/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAARNY/w7ZGhzndXzg/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/113924686991514227166","other"] ,["Flinch Fu","118026962712502859269",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-deZwLyEH16c/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAFlk/qfDnJsc2cLY/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/118026962712502859269","other"] ,["Phillipcruz Felipcruice","117215090157203642565",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-Q3CWqCbwjqo/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAA4/O7bfPm-BwpY/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/117215090157203642565","other"] ,["nisha khan","103444401740659493426",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-Ep608jDupe4/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAEL8/0hNWu4V_tNc/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/103444401740659493426","other"] ] ,null,null,0,9,null,0,[] ,0,[] ,0,0,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/WaZr2n2GBuo",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"Size Matters Not",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The new Star Wars movie Rogue One won’t arrive until December, but hype for the movie is already at a fever pitch. A new teaser poster has been released showing the Death Star looming over the horizon of an alien world. It makes for a foreboding shot, but could a Death Star really appear so large in the sky?"] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"In the original Star Wars movie, the Death Star has the appearance of a “small moon.” The size of this Imperial superweapon isn’t specifically mentioned, but the technical specifications list its diameter as about 120 kilometers. That’s larger than the moons of Mars, but tiny compared to our own Moon, which has a diameter of about 3,400 km. If the Death Star orbited Earth at the same distance as our Moon, it would have the same apparent size as Venus at it’s brightest. In other words, it would look like a bright planet rather than a moon."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"In the words of Master Yoda, “size matters not.” Or more accurately, size is only one factor among many. The key is what’s known as apparent size, which depends upon both the actual size of an object and its distance from you. A small but close object can appear bigger than a larger object far away. So what if it’s simply a matter of the Death Star being close to the planet? While that would help, it wouldn’t solve all the problem. In the Rogue One teaser poster it looks like the Death Star spans about 40 degrees across the sky. With a bit of basic trigonometry we find it would need to be about 180 km away to have such a large apparent size. That’s closer than the International Space Station, and so close that atmospheric drag would be a serious problem."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"So the Death Star can’t be so close it spans half the sky, but it could be close enough to appear larger than our Moon. For example, if the superweapon were 1,000 kilometers above the Earth, its apparent size would be about 8 times that of the Moon, making it by far the largest object in the sky. We would be able to see surface features of the Death Star such as those depicted in the poster. To our minds it would appear huge, but its actual apparent size would still be pretty small. The Moon itself has an apparent size of only half a degree. If you held your pinky up at arms length it would easily cover the Moon. Even if the Death Star had an apparent diameter 8 times larger, you could still cover it with two fingers at arms length."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"While the Death Star couldn’t appear so large in real life, there is still a way to give it a deceptively large appearance. Photographers do it with our Moon all the time. The trick is to use a telephoto lens to focus on a distant object near the horizon, such as a building or tree line. The apparent angle of a distant building is small, but zooming in makes it look big. This also makes the Moon look much larger than it actually is. Using this trick the Death Star could be made to loom over a battlefield, as depicted in the poster."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"In the Star Wars universe a good photographer might be able to such a shot after all."] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,[[[0,"Size Matters Not",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The new Star Wars movie Rogue One won’t arrive until December, but hype for the movie is already at a fever pitch. A new teaser poster has been released showing the Death Star looming over the horizon of an alien world. It makes for a foreboding shot, but could a Death Star really appear so large in the sky?"] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"In the original Star Wars movie, the Death Star has the appearance of a “small moon.” The size of this Imperial superweapon isn’t specifically mentioned, but the technical specifications list its diameter as about 120 kilometers. That’s larger than the moons of Mars, but tiny compared to our own Moon, which has a diameter of about 3,400 km. If the Death Star orbited Earth at the same distance as our Moon, it would have the same apparent size as Venus at it’s brightest. In..."] ] ] ,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["429125","Death Star",1] ,["3580559","Angular diameter",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1469026889043,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1469204650880,"z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469204650880704",null,"100869657017925847900","z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["vandy Schweizer","100869657017925847900",0,0,"","./100869657017925847900","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Interesting\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469233793756,"z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469233793756858",null,"106017888897133407335","z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,1469233875849,["5/jcsnah34i1oa4g3uadqbiu3aghu34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2ctlakv3mglnagvnmgtraov3khds/asbe#comment#1469233793756858",5,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[1.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,1,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["bunga ludi","106017888897133407335",0,0,"","./106017888897133407335","unknown",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"That is not a dwarf planet, that as we all know is a moon in the orbit of Saturn duh\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469233870334,"z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469233870334574",null,"100869657017925847900","z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,["5/jcsnah34i1oa4g3uadqbiu3aghu34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2ctlakv3mglnagw3ig1nagu3ehto/asbe#comment#1469233870334574",5,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[1.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,1,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["vandy Schweizer","100869657017925847900",0,0,"","./100869657017925847900","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[3,"Tony Wells",null,null,[null,"106619479449197105387"] ] ,[0," flat Stanley \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469235098953,"z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469235098953110",null,"106619479449197105387","z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,["5/jcsnah34i1oa4g3uadqbiu3aghu34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2ctlakv3mglnaos3mi1taotn2gdk/asbe#comment#1469235098953110",5,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[1.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,1,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Tony Wells","106619479449197105387",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-Ypwdx0LPP6E/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAADc/wDye13dsoCA/photo.jpg","./106619479449197105387","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[3,"bunga ludi",null,null,[null,"106017888897133407335"] ] ,[0," The point is Mimas (in the picture) only has a diameter of 400km and a mass less than 10^20 kg but is still in hydrostatic equilibrium (spherical) and so other planetoids this size could be candidate dwarf planets. There may be hundreds of dwarf planets!\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"A Dwarf By Any Other Name\n\nA new solar system body has been discovered recently. It currently has the not-so-memorable name 2015 RR245. From its orbit we know it is a member of the Kuiper belt. It’s estimated size is about 700 km in diameter, which would it in the category of a dwarf planet. Given what little we know about it, what would make this world a dwarf planet rather than a planet or large asteroid?\n\nIt all comes down to the International Astronomical Union (IAU), which defines planets as objects orbiting the Sun on its own with the following conditions:\n\n1. It is massive enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.\n\n2. It has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.\n\nThe latter condition is what removed Pluto from the list of planets. The first condition is basically the requirement that they are at least roughly spherical. Objects that only satisfy the first condition are considered dwarf planets. Currently there are five objects the IAU recognizes as dwarf planets: Pluto, Ceres, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris. The smallest of these is Ceres, with a diameter of 950 kilometers. So is 700 km large enough to be considered a dwarf planet?\n\nVery probably. In addition to the official dwarf planets, there are 10 candidate dwarf planets. Of these the smallest is Varuna, which has an estimated diameter of about 700 km. So it’s reasonable to consider 2015 RR245 a candidate dwarf planet. Of course the diameter of Varuna is an estimate, just as it is for 2015 RR245. Determining the size of these distant worlds is difficult, because a small bright object would look similar to a larger dark object. The estimated size of these worlds depends in part on their estimated brightness (or albedo).\n\nPerhaps a better question would be to ask what the minimum size requirement is for hydrostatic equilibrium. The cutoff would depend somewhat upon the composition of a body, but the IAU guidelines state that objects with a mass of 5×1020 kg and a diameter of 800 km will be considered to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, but smaller object may be considered by observation. This new world is likely below that limit, but the cutoff is intentionally fuzzy. Of the worlds we have a good handle on, Ceres is the smallest body to be clearly above that line, and has a mass of about 9×10^20 kg.\n\nThere are, however lots of moons below that cutoff that certainly appear to be under hydrostatic equilibrium. For example Enceladus has a diameter of of only 500 km and a mass of only 1×10^20 kg, and clearly has a spherical shape. Mimas is even smaller, with a diameter of about 400 km, and has a fairly spherical shape, although Neptune’s moon Proteus is of a similar size and is clearly irregular. Since any distant world like 2015 RR245 could have a similar composition to Pluto and the moons of the outer solar system, it’s probably safe to assume that anything bigger than Enceladus would likely be under hydrostatic equilibrium. So it’s fair to consider 2015 RR245 a dwarf planet.\n\nThere are about twenty Kuiper belt objects above that cutoff, and that’s just the ones that we’ve found. There are likely more objects further out that are currently too dim to be detected.","+BrianKoberlein/posts/5Ez3azuZGzb",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1469026889043,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,1469027289208000,null,null,["4/jcsnah34i1oa4g3uadqbiu3aghu34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[283.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,283,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-20",27,0,null,19,[[391,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/20/a-dwarf-by-any-other-name/",null,null,null,null,[1469026827370,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/20/a-dwarf-by-any-other-name/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/20/a-dwarf-by-any-other-name/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/20/a-dwarf-by-any-other-name/",[] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/20/a-dwarf-by-any-other-name/",{"42397230":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/20/a-dwarf-by-any-other-name/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/PIA12739-1440x900.jpg","A Dwarf By Any Other Name - One Universe at a Time","How big must a solar system body be to be considered a dwarf planet.",null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/jhbibSGpslUX9xIHLDGGWU9X2YAiR-kw6RnoxplsSWB-UuATi1puYXSdSP1WvmRa7A6myvrU3xtNZmaSNM92QxSVroYS8wILNG582DqRBXARy4g\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,316,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/jhbibSGpslUX9xIHLDGGWU9X2YAiR-kw6RnoxplsSWB-UuATi1puYXSdSP1WvmRa7A6myvrU3xtNZmaSNM92QxSVroYS8wILNG582DqRBXARy4g\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,"//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://s2.googleusercontent.com/s2/favicons?domain\u003dbriankoberlein.com",[[[350,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",{"41007156":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ] }] ] ,null,null,[] ,"briankoberlein.com",null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[[339,338,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/PIA12739-1440x900.jpg",{"40265033":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/PIA12739-1440x900.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/PIA12739-1440x900.jpg",null,null,null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/jhbibSGpslUX9xIHLDGGWU9X2YAiR-kw6RnoxplsSWB-UuATi1puYXSdSP1WvmRa7A6myvrU3xtNZmaSNM92QxSVroYS8wILNG582DqRBXARy4g\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,316,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/jhbibSGpslUX9xIHLDGGWU9X2YAiR-kw6RnoxplsSWB-UuATi1puYXSdSP1WvmRa7A6myvrU3xtNZmaSNM92QxSVroYS8wILNG582DqRBXARy4g\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,1440,900,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ] }] ,null,null,null,null,null,"2016-07-20T07:00:45-04:00",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/20/a-dwarf-by-any-other-name/"] }] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[["Tony Wells","106619479449197105387",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-Ypwdx0LPP6E/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAADc/wDye13dsoCA/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/106619479449197105387","other"] ,["vandy Schweizer","100869657017925847900",1,1,"","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100869657017925847900","other"] ,["bunga ludi","106017888897133407335",1,1,"","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/106017888897133407335","other"] ] ,null,null,0,9,null,0,[] ,0,[] ,0,0,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/5Ez3azuZGzb",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"A Dwarf By Any Other Name",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"A new solar system body has been discovered recently. It currently has the not-so-memorable name 2015 RR245. From its orbit we know it is a member of the Kuiper belt. It’s estimated size is about 700 km in diameter, which would it in the category of a dwarf planet. Given what little we know about it, what would make this world a dwarf planet rather than a planet or large asteroid? "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"It all comes down to the International Astronomical Union (IAU), which defines planets as objects orbiting the Sun on its own with the following conditions:"] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"1. It is massive enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"2. It has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The latter condition is what removed Pluto from the list of planets. The first condition is basically the requirement that they are at least roughly spherical. Objects that only satisfy the first condition are considered dwarf planets. Currently there are five objects the IAU recognizes as dwarf planets: Pluto, Ceres, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris. The smallest of these is Ceres, with a diameter of 950 kilometers. So is 700 km large enough to be considered a dwarf planet?"] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Very probably. In addition to the official dwarf planets, there are 10 candidate dwarf planets. Of these the smallest is Varuna, which has an estimated diameter of about 700 km. So it’s reasonable to consider 2015 RR245 a candidate dwarf planet. Of course the diameter of Varuna is an estimate, just as it is for 2015 RR245. Determining the size of these distant worlds is difficult, because a small bright object would look similar to a larger dark object. The estimated size of these worlds depends in part on their estimated brightness (or albedo)."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Perhaps a better question would be to ask what the minimum size requirement is for hydrostatic equilibrium. The cutoff would depend somewhat upon the composition of a body, but the IAU guidelines state that objects with a mass of 5×1020 kg and a diameter of 800 km will be considered to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, but smaller object may be considered by observation. This new world is likely below that limit, but the cutoff is intentionally fuzzy. Of the worlds we have a good handle on, Ceres is the smallest body to be clearly above that line, and has a mass of about 9×10^20 kg."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"There are, however lots of moons below that cutoff that certainly appear to be under hydrostatic equilibrium. For example Enceladus has a diameter of of only 500 km and a mass of only 1×10^20 kg, and clearly has a spherical shape. Mimas is even smaller, with a diameter of about 400 km, and has a fairly spherical shape, although Neptune’s moon Proteus is of a similar size and is clearly irregular. Since any distant world like 2015 RR245 could have a similar composition to Pluto and the moons of the outer solar system, it’s probably safe to assume that anything bigger than Enceladus would likely be under hydrostatic equilibrium. So it’s fair to consider 2015 RR245 a dwarf planet."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"There are about twenty Kuiper belt objects above that cutoff, and that’s just the ones that we’ve found. There are likely more objects further out that are currently too dim to be detected."] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,null,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["14804953","Dwarf planets",1] ,["186751","Planets",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1468933812972,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1469593919580,"z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469593919580481",null,"111035095581031057074","z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,1469594037868,["5/jcsnagfrillqyvvhicsrou3cgpqn4gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2ctlakv3mhdtagwn2idpb0s3ci1l/asbe#comment#1469593919580481",5,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[1.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,1,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Joe Nyc","111035095581031057074",0,0,"","./111035095581031057074","unknown",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"My god is the universe and I know that I am biologically connected with all living things, chemically connected with the earth, and atomically connected with the universe. And just as the person who started the discussion said this is about science not rather you believe in god or not. He may very well believe in god or not but that is not what this is about. It is about science as he stated. \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469654638594,"z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469654638594409",null,"106686943268582416572","z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["ayath naaim","106686943268582416572",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-ZpsqJcWa0rE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAACNY/kgLp51d8Hos/photo.jpg","./106686943268582416572","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Read Quran and Bible there is accurate answer \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469654818335,"z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469654818335893",null,"118116985053209233971","z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Ryan Lowe","118116985053209233971",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-UEMRHewh4j8/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAABA/mP11OKISSQM/photo.jpg","./118116985053209233971","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[3,"ayath naaim",null,null,[null,"106686943268582416572"] ] ,[0," "] ,[1] ,[0,"To what exactly, reasons to murder people or are there the correct equations telling us the density of dark matter? \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469656201278,"z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469656201278696",null,"107066054408580467483","z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Boris Borcic","107066054408580467483",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-3-AbKLVGzGw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAADUM/pPIijpoC9ZM/photo.jpg","./107066054408580467483","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[3,"ayath naaim",null,null,[null,"106686943268582416572"] ] ,[0," Genesis tells us that God wanted "] ,[0,"not",[1] ] ,[0," for humans to learn morals thanks to a supernatural fruit stolen from him -- that fruit represents sacred books, or at least their use as canon of morals. So where the Bible is most accurate is with an advice of not looking to the Bible for accurate answers to moral questions -- what makes a lot of sense, because sacred books are frozen texts. Like software is frozen if you don't update it. What happens when you don't update software for too long illustrates the problem with sacred texts.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"Bouncing Back\n\nThe Universe began with a big bang. Not an explosion from a single point, but rather an early dense state. Of course an obvious question this raises is what came before the big bang? While it’s possible that the answer is “nothing,” that hasn’t stopped some theorists from postulating an earlier cause for the Universe. One of these ideas is known as the big bounce.\n\nThe basic idea of the big bounce is that the Universe goes through a series of expansions and contractions. Right now we live in an expanding Universe, but at some point, the model argues, the Universe will start to contract. Eventually it will contract to a dense fireball again, and this will trigger a new big bang. This solves the “what came before” problem of the big bang by postulating an infinite series of big bangs, but it’s not without problems. For one, as we currently understand dark energy the Universe will likely continue to expand forever. For another, if the Universe did re-collapse into a dense state, we have no idea how it would trigger a new big bang.\n\nA new work in Physical Review Letters proposes a solution to this second problem. The key to the idea is to introduce quantum theory into the mix. In a purely classical model, a shrinking universe will eventually collapse into a singularity. It’s long been thought that quantum theory could provide a solution to this problem, but the devil is in the details. To prevent the formation of a singularity, the work introduces a symmetry known as conformal invariance. As long as the Universe has this symmetry during its dense period, it could enter the dense period at the end of one “universe” and re-expand to form a new “universe.” The authors call this a perfect bounce.\n\nSo with the right conditions it’s possible that our Universe could simply be the period between bounces.\n\nPaper: Steffen Gielen et al. Perfect Quantum Cosmological Bounce. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 021301 (2016). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.021301","+BrianKoberlein/posts/EnbDAX4NnGJ",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1468933812972,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsnagfrillqyvvhicsrou3cgpqn4gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[283.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,283,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-19",106,0,null,36,[[391,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/19/bouncing-back/",null,null,null,null,[1468933784069,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/19/bouncing-back/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/19/bouncing-back/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/19/bouncing-back/",[] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/19/bouncing-back/",{"42397230":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/19/bouncing-back/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Big-Bounce.png","Bouncing Back - One Universe at a Time","Perhaps the Universe began with a big bounce rather than a big 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Borcic","107066054408580467483",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-3-AbKLVGzGw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAADUM/pPIijpoC9ZM/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BorisBorcic","other"] ,["Ryan Lowe","118116985053209233971",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-UEMRHewh4j8/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAABA/mP11OKISSQM/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/118116985053209233971","other"] ,["ayath naaim","106686943268582416572",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-ZpsqJcWa0rE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAACNY/kgLp51d8Hos/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/106686943268582416572","other"] ,["Joe Nyc","111035095581031057074",1,1,"","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/111035095581031057074","other"] ,["Zachary “Clorox” Carr","112289575042842376116",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-bnYJVN3B3OU/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAGXs/ZzNilytIW0s/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/112289575042842376116","other"] ] ,null,null,0,9,null,0,[] ,0,[] ,0,0,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/EnbDAX4NnGJ",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"Bouncing Back",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The Universe began with a big bang. Not an explosion from a single point, but rather an early dense state. Of course an obvious question this raises is what came before the big bang? While it’s possible that the answer is “nothing,” that hasn’t stopped some theorists from postulating an earlier cause for the Universe. One of these ideas is known as the big bounce. "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The basic idea of the big bounce is that the Universe goes through a series of expansions and contractions. Right now we live in an expanding Universe, but at some point, the model argues, the Universe will start to contract. Eventually it will contract to a dense fireball again, and this will trigger a new big bang. This solves the “what came before” problem of the big bang by postulating an infinite series of big bangs, but it’s not without problems. For one, as we currently understand dark energy the Universe will likely continue to expand forever. For another, if the Universe did re-collapse into a dense state, we have no idea how it would trigger a new big bang."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"A new work in Physical Review Letters proposes a solution to this second problem. The key to the idea is to introduce quantum theory into the mix. In a purely classical model, a shrinking universe will eventually collapse into a singularity. It’s long been thought that quantum theory could provide a solution to this problem, but the devil is in the details. To prevent the formation of a singularity, the work introduces a symmetry known as conformal invariance. As long as the Universe has this symmetry during its dense period, it could enter the dense period at the end of one “universe” and re-expand to form a new “universe.” The authors call this a perfect bounce."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"So with the right conditions it’s possible that our Universe could simply be the period between bounces."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Paper: Steffen Gielen et al. Perfect Quantum Cosmological Bounce. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 021301 (2016). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.021301"] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,[[[0,"Bouncing Back",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The Universe began with a big bang. Not an explosion from a single point, but rather an early dense state. Of course an obvious question this raises is what came before the big bang? While it’s possible that the answer is “nothing,” that hasn’t stopped some theorists from postulating an earlier cause for the Universe. One of these ideas is known as the big bounce. "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The basic idea of the big bounce is that the Universe goes through a series of expansions and contractions. Right now we live in an expanding Universe, but at some point, the model argues, the Universe will start to contract. Eventually it will contract to a dense fireball again, and this will trigger a new big bang. This solves the “what came before” problem of the big bang by postulating an infinite series of big bangs..."] ] ] ,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["43453","Big Bang",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1468765553708,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1468999893515,"z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1468999893515459",null,"101872517335316187605","z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Asim Virk","101872517335316187605",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-voJpn8GVcuM/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAANI/cne5eZeLvx0/photo.jpg","./101872517335316187605","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Nice\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469024552356,"z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469024552356564",null,"113571007860578370247","z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Trey Ducksworth Jr ","113571007860578370247",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-_Xk8NWZHBOw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAc/zyyyz2h4YWc/photo.jpg","./113571007860578370247","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Nice \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469149685875,"z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469149685875272",null,"111364339057683442605","z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Robert Gillespie","111364339057683442605",0,0,"","./111364339057683442605","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Thank god it shut up \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469636850351,"z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469636850351077",null,"102053548706917655211","z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Sanjoy Mitter","102053548706917655211",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-3aA8ftbJf5U/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABFA/i-2fQoESq-M/photo.jpg","./102053548706917655211","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Not for long fools it will erupt soon\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"Year of the Quiet Sun\n\nSunspots are one way we can track the activity of the Sun. There have been fewer sunspots than usual in recent years, and that may point toward an historic solar minimum.\n\nSunspots are dark patches that occasionally appear on the surface of the Sun. They aren’t actually dark. If you could see a sunspot by itself it would appear bright red, but since sunspots are about a quarter as bright as the rest of the Sun, they appear as dark regions. Since the early 1600s astronomers have counted the number of sunspots over the years, and we’ve noticed a few patterns. One is that sunspot counts vary between maximum and minimum over an 11-year period. There are other patterns as well, such as the Gleisberg Cycle, which lasts 80 – 90 years.\n\nThere are times when the pattern seems to break down, and the Sun can enter into an extended period of little sunspot activity. The most famous is the Maunder minimum of the 1600s. While we don’t have direct sunspot counts before the early 1600s, we can look at the levels of carbon-14 as measured from tree rings. Since carbon-14 levels have a good correlation to sunspot counts, we can get a handle on a much longer history of sunspots. It turns out there have been other periods of minimum activity, such as the Wolf minimum of the 1300s. In general, the sunspot activity of the Sun in recent centuries is somewhat higher than most, except for a period during the middle ages known as the Medieval maximum.\n\nFor the past couple of cycles the sunspot maximums have been lower than usual. The pattern is similar to the early stages of the Dalton minimum in the early 1800s, which has raised the question of whether we are entering a period of reduced sunspot activity. This may also have some effect on global temperatures. The Dalton minimum saw a brief period of colder temperatures, and the Maunder minimum was marked by the “little ice age” where Europe and North America experienced a colder period. It should be stressed that connections between sunspot activity and global temperatures is still not clear. The Dalton cold period for example, saw the explosion of Mount Tambora, which would also contribute to cooler temperatures.\n\nWhat is clear is that periods of minimal sunspot activity are notoriously difficult to predict. While the pattern of the past few cycles has similarities with the early Dalton minimum, it could also be a small fluke before a return to cycles as normal.","+BrianKoberlein/posts/PZSVptqMfxG",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1468765553708,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsn4ufsgduqitftjctbmsnqixkn0h33hdr30hfghll3cwtpihoaisfn/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[363.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,363,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-17",41,0,null,37,[[391,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/17/quiet-sun/",null,null,null,null,[1468765504939,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/17/quiet-sun/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/17/quiet-sun/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/17/quiet-sun/",[] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/17/quiet-sun/",{"42397230":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/17/quiet-sun/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Cycle22Cycle23Cycle24big.gif","Year Of The Quiet Sun - One Universe at a Time","The Sun occasionally enters an extended period of minimum sunspot activity. Is another minimum period coming soon?",null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/-n-57dL2Ds5_UHDsN6kkSYipAPOaS3GeQmNqv2frf7gJi10mNAcIX3umEm2T38cpGT82opxCfX14gesLZaLHiXOlTpeTPf4nRUCDKsXgbm7JJIZGpH8DORCH\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,379,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/-n-57dL2Ds5_UHDsN6kkSYipAPOaS3GeQmNqv2frf7gJi10mNAcIX3umEm2T38cpGT82opxCfX14gesLZaLHiXOlTpeTPf4nRUCDKsXgbm7JJIZGpH8DORCH\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,"//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://s2.googleusercontent.com/s2/favicons?domain\u003dbriankoberlein.com",[[[350,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",{"41007156":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ] }] ] ,null,null,[] ,"briankoberlein.com",null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] 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There have been fewer sunspots than usual in recent years, and that may point toward an historic solar minimum."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Sunspots are dark patches that occasionally appear on the surface of the Sun. They aren’t actually dark. If you could see a sunspot by itself it would appear bright red, but since sunspots are about a quarter as bright as the rest of the Sun, they appear as dark regions. Since the early 1600s astronomers have counted the number of sunspots over the years, and we’ve noticed a few patterns. One is that sunspot counts vary between maximum and minimum over an 11-year period. There are other patterns as well, such as the Gleisberg Cycle, which lasts 80 – 90 years."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"There are times when the pattern seems to break down, and the Sun can enter into an extended period of little sunspot activity. The most famous is the Maunder minimum of the 1600s. While we don’t have direct sunspot counts before the early 1600s, we can look at the levels of carbon-14 as measured from tree rings. Since carbon-14 levels have a good correlation to sunspot counts, we can get a handle on a much longer history of sunspots. It turns out there have been other periods of minimum activity, such as the Wolf minimum of the 1300s. In general, the sunspot activity of the Sun in recent centuries is somewhat higher than most, except for a period during the middle ages known as the Medieval maximum."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"For the past couple of cycles the sunspot maximums have been lower than usual. The pattern is similar to the early stages of the Dalton minimum in the early 1800s, which has raised the question of whether we are entering a period of reduced sunspot activity. This may also have some effect on global temperatures. The Dalton minimum saw a brief period of colder temperatures, and the Maunder minimum was marked by the “little ice age” where Europe and North America experienced a colder period. It should be stressed that connections between sunspot activity and global temperatures is still not clear. The Dalton cold period for example, saw the explosion of Mount Tambora, which would also contribute to cooler temperatures."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"What is clear is that periods of minimal sunspot activity are notoriously difficult to predict. 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,null,0,2,null,null,0,null,15,null,[[1002,2] ,[119,127,110,120,132,135,115,138,142] ,0,0] ,null,null,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,1,1,1] ,null,[] ,null,null,[[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1470334675939,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1470369735815,"z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470369735815572",null,"101210278730439828153","z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Tom Flynn","101210278730439828153",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-VEw16UsBXZw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAhY/8hmd_NHl2NY/photo.jpg","./101210278730439828153","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[3,"Kenneth Schmandt",null,null,[null,"106945957126869602600"] ] ,[0," , the pic Brian has in the post is from B5. Didn't know about the Voyager episode. Will have to check that out.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470370729782,"z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470370729782757",null,"114230948292536089065","z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Akeelah Hall","114230948292536089065",0,0,"","./114230948292536089065",null,null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Omg eww wait is that\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470373020713,"z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470373020713925",null,"106424087771332944066","z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,1470373374397,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Glenn Wood","106424087771332944066",0,0,"","./106424087771332944066","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"We may or may not be first but we won't be the last.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470373415967,"z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470373415967100",null,"107475656730937780989","z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Vahur Krouverk","107475656730937780989",0,0,"","./107475656730937780989","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Maybe other civilizations are too busy with their smartphones to notice us 😀. Or they have moved on to virtual reality and do not care about physical world. Maybe they don't have physical body at all anymore, just bits somewhere.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"The First Ones\n\nThere’s a lot of potentially habitable worlds in the Universe, and yet we haven’t found any evidence of intelligent civilizations other than our own. Why is that? Lot’s of ideas have been proposed, such as the idea that aliens are being intentionally silent, or that intelligent life kills itself off in a short time. But another idea is simply that we’re the first civilization to appear. Someone has to be first, so why not us?\n\nIt’s generally thought that the existence of intelligent life should become more likely over time. As the Universe evolves, more heavy elements are created and become available, and stellar systems with heavy elements (like our solar system) are more likely to form. Life also takes time to arise and evolve, and over time it has a greater chance of achieving the complexity necessary for intelligence. So it seems reasonable that the odds of sentient life increase with cosmic age. Of course, after trillions of years star production will have died off, and even small red dwarfs will start to cool and fade, meaning that the likelihood of life arising at that point is basically zero. So somewhere between the big bang and the ends of time there should be a period of time where intelligent life is most likely to evolve.\n\nA new paper looks at just when this “peak sentience” might occur. In this work they formulate an equation calculating the probability for life to form on a potentially habitable planet in a particular volume of space. It’s similar to the Drake equation, and includes similar factors such as the number of stars, and the number of habitable planets, but looks at how the overall probability changes over time. All things being equal (and only assuming life similar to that on Earth) the equation predicts that life is most likely to arise about 10 trillion years from now around small red dwarfs. In the grand scheme of things, the appearance of life on Earth occurred quite early, so we might just be the first civilization to arise.\n\nAll that said, there are reasons not to take this work too seriously. Key to the conclusion is the idea that all things are equal. Specifically that potentially habitable planets around small red dwarfs are just as likely to have life than Earth-like planets around Sun-like stars. That skews the data a bit, because small red dwarfs are much, much more common than stars like our Sun. But red dwarfs are also known to have large solar flares that could seriously harm any life on a close planet, and red dwarfs are so cool that habitable worlds would need to be very close to the star. So close that they would likely be tidally locked, with one side always facing toward the star. It’s quite likely that red dwarfs aren’t very life friendly, so they really shouldn’t be included in the tally. If you just include Sun-like stars, then the peak occurs roughly around now, which would mean life on Earth could be rather typical, and arose at a pretty typical time. So this work doesn’t answer the question of where life is out there as much as it raises an interesting question about the origin of life over time.\n\nStill, it’s fun to imagine that trillions of years from now an alien species might find remnants of a great intergalactic civilization they refer to as the first ones, never knowing that we called ourselves human.\n\nPaper: Abraham Loeb, et al. Relative Likelihood for Life as a Function of Cosmic Time. arXiv:1606.08448 [astro-ph.CO] (2016)","+BrianKoberlein/posts/bNjjrkf38Fk",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1470334675939,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsn4v3ni1xayy3ljdlrkw3fh5o30h33hdr30hfghll3cwtpihoaisfn/",4,null,null,null,null,1.47037285074216E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[160.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,160,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-08-04",44,0,null,15,[[391,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/08/04/the-first-ones/",null,null,null,null,[1470334641675,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/08/04/the-first-ones/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/08/04/the-first-ones/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/08/04/the-first-ones/",[] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/08/04/the-first-ones/",{"42397230":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/08/04/the-first-ones/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Lorien.jpg","The First Ones - One Universe at a Time","Are we the first civilization to arise in the cosmos?",null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/AF5fACsWco3yIVLDPQCt6wAqdRCHZP4Y_FtwFSaK3n7WrmfPyLFZhZLMJ5wTM4zTCIUn-Ov7mPio4YKq_Lah-oujZKz2SDki\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,283,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/AF5fACsWco3yIVLDPQCt6wAqdRCHZP4Y_FtwFSaK3n7WrmfPyLFZhZLMJ5wTM4zTCIUn-Ov7mPio4YKq_Lah-oujZKz2SDki\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,"//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://s2.googleusercontent.com/s2/favicons?domain\u003dbriankoberlein.com",[[[350,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",{"41007156":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ] }] ] ,null,null,[] ,"briankoberlein.com",null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[[339,338,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Lorien.jpg",{"40265033":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Lorien.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Lorien.jpg",null,null,null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/AF5fACsWco3yIVLDPQCt6wAqdRCHZP4Y_FtwFSaK3n7WrmfPyLFZhZLMJ5wTM4zTCIUn-Ov7mPio4YKq_Lah-oujZKz2SDki\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,283,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/AF5fACsWco3yIVLDPQCt6wAqdRCHZP4Y_FtwFSaK3n7WrmfPyLFZhZLMJ5wTM4zTCIUn-Ov7mPio4YKq_Lah-oujZKz2SDki\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,1200,672,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ] }] ,null,null,null,null,null,"2016-08-04T14:16:35-04:00",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/08/04/the-first-ones/"] }] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[["Vahur Krouverk","107475656730937780989",1,1,"","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/107475656730937780989","other"] ,["Glenn Wood","106424087771332944066",1,1,"","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/106424087771332944066","other"] ,["Akeelah Hall","114230948292536089065",1,1,"","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/114230948292536089065","other"] ,["Tom Flynn","101210278730439828153",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-VEw16UsBXZw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAhY/8hmd_NHl2NY/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/101210278730439828153","other"] ] ,null,null,0,9,null,0,[] ,0,[] ,0,0,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/bNjjrkf38Fk",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"The First Ones",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"There’s a lot of potentially habitable worlds in the Universe, and yet we haven’t found any evidence of intelligent civilizations other than our own. Why is that? Lot’s of ideas have been proposed, such as the idea that aliens are being intentionally silent, or that intelligent life kills itself off in a short time. But another idea is simply that we’re the first civilization to appear. Someone has to be first, so why not us? "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"It’s generally thought that the existence of intelligent life should become more likely over time. As the Universe evolves, more heavy elements are created and become available, and stellar systems with heavy elements (like our solar system) are more likely to form. Life also takes time to arise and evolve, and over time it has a greater chance of achieving the complexity necessary for intelligence. So it seems reasonable that the odds of sentient life increase with cosmic age. Of course, after trillions of years star production will have died off, and even small red dwarfs will start to cool and fade, meaning that the likelihood of life arising at that point is basically zero. So somewhere between the big bang and the ends of time there should be a period of time where intelligent life is most likely to evolve."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"A new paper looks at just when this “peak sentience” might occur. In this work they formulate an equation calculating the probability for life to form on a potentially habitable planet in a particular volume of space. It’s similar to the Drake equation, and includes similar factors such as the number of stars, and the number of habitable planets, but looks at how the overall probability changes over time. All things being equal (and only assuming life similar to that on Earth) the equation predicts that life is most likely to arise about 10 trillion years from now around small red dwarfs. In the grand scheme of things, the appearance of life on Earth occurred quite early, so we might just be the first civilization to arise."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"All that said, there are reasons not to take this work too seriously. Key to the conclusion is the idea that all things are equal. Specifically that potentially habitable planets around small red dwarfs are just as likely to have life than Earth-like planets around Sun-like stars. That skews the data a bit, because small red dwarfs are much, much more common than stars like our Sun. But red dwarfs are also known to have large solar flares that could seriously harm any life on a close planet, and red dwarfs are so cool that habitable worlds would need to be very close to the star. So close that they would likely be tidally locked, with one side always facing toward the star. It’s quite likely that red dwarfs aren’t very life friendly, so they really shouldn’t be included in the tally. If you just include Sun-like stars, then the peak occurs roughly around now, which would mean life on Earth could be rather typical, and arose at a pretty typical time. So this work doesn’t answer the question of where life is out there as much as it raises an interesting question about the origin of life over time."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Still, it’s fun to imagine that trillions of years from now an alien species might find remnants of a great intergalactic civilization they refer to as the first ones, never knowing that we called ourselves human."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Paper: Abraham Loeb, et al. Relative Likelihood for Life as a Function of Cosmic Time. arXiv:1606.08448 [astro-ph.CO] (2016)"] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,null,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z12lspzoxqzcxpkih04cjn05llb4s5shgas",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["217553","Stars",1] ,["443226","Red dwarf",1] ,["152290","Life",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1469996204753,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1470227427573,"z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470227427573406",null,"117406738801389797314","z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Tykeisha Sims","117406738801389797314",0,0,"","./117406738801389797314","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Why's \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470250797736,"z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470250797736888",null,"111922914750531460061","z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Angela Walls","111922914750531460061",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-lE1HYkw5s9c/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAACg/S6Cf8mXg28I/photo.jpg","./111922914750531460061","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Beautiful \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470290139505,"z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470290139505113",null,"109437782038111102890","z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["than aung","109437782038111102890",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-fST_Q6nW7OQ/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAA6I/z3XaUj5r5Oo/photo.jpg","./109437782038111102890",null,null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Send me more info."] ,[1] ,[0,"Thank you Sir.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470332052065,"z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470332052065524",null,"115245859741844567650","z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,["5/jcsn4w3qj1mnegvmgptbigvjj5v30h33hdr30hfghll3cwtpihoaisfn4gsnchtkagtn4g1pacs3ghdpacu0/asbe#comment#1470332052065524",5,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[1.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,1,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Bechu Sahani","115245859741844567650",0,0,"","./115245859741844567650","male",null,0] ,["und",0,"Unknown Language"] ,[[[0,"Dil"] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"wala"] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"..\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"To The Edge Of Night\n\nThe rings of Saturn are incredibly thin. The most visible portions of the rings span 280,000 kilometers, and yet they are only about a kilometer thick. The rings aren’t solid, but rather a collection of icy particles and moonlets. Because of this, starlight can pass through the rings. We don’t normally notice it because the rings are so bright, but when the Cassini spacecraft passes into the shadow of the rings, it can watch a star as its light twinkles through the rings.\n\nStars have a known brightness, so when a star is seen passing through Saturn’s rings, the amount the light dims is a measure of how much light is absorbed by the rings. Known as the optical depth, it is a good measure of how thick and dense the rings are at different distances. This allows us to look for patterns that aren’t easy to see just by looking at the rings. While we’ve done this type of thing with stars as seen from Earth, Cassini has the advantage of watching different stars as their light passes through the rings at different angles, which gives us a much richer picture than Earth-based observations alone.","+BrianKoberlein/posts/djuR2VPWP2r",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1469996204753,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsn4w3qj1mnegvmgptbigvjj5v30h33hdr30hfghll3cwtpihoaisfn/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470366770994161E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[314.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,314,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-31",20,0,null,15,[[391,336,335,0] 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,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/djuR2VPWP2r",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"To The Edge Of Night",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The rings of Saturn are incredibly thin. The most visible portions of the rings span 280,000 kilometers, and yet they are only about a kilometer thick. The rings aren’t solid, but rather a collection of icy particles and moonlets. Because of this, starlight can pass through the rings. We don’t normally notice it because the rings are so bright, but when the Cassini spacecraft passes into the shadow of the rings, it can watch a star as its light twinkles through the rings. "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Stars have a known brightness, so when a star is seen passing through Saturn’s rings, the amount the light dims is a measure of how much light is absorbed by the rings. Known as the optical depth, it is a good measure of how thick and dense the rings are at different distances. This allows us to look for patterns that aren’t easy to see just by looking at the rings. While we’ve done this type of thing with stars as seen from Earth, Cassini has the advantage of watching different stars as their light passes through the rings at different angles, which gives us a much richer picture than Earth-based observations alone."] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,null,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z12pvxe53rerw3oyv04cjn05llb4s5shgas",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["148740","Light",1] ] ] ] }] ,[2,null,[119,null,0,null,1,{"44801125":[0,[[null,null,null,null,[] ,6] ,1] ,[[0,[] ] ,[0,[] ] ,[39200,[["109429617784231809561","/109429617784231809561","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-2CNit8A5RAg/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/BoRKutt48Qk/photo.jpg","Ve Ca",0] ,["109411298952284014034","/109411298952284014034","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-Ul-snh1y42c/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/mpekcahdXpU/photo.jpg","Jennifer Durant",0] ,["115727996132812559271","/115727996132812559271","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-9efNHUgFhT8/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/hcvQvtPm8RI/photo.jpg","M. 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as to put a man on the moon, yet with today's tech (+50yrs later) we seem to be forever contemplating putting a man on Mars."] ,[1] ,[0,"However, I'm really impressed by the Cassini, Rosetta \u0026 Curiosity missions (to mention a few)."] ,[1] ,[0,"But still I feel there should be more, something like a \"2001 space odyssey\" film at the very least.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470088334000,"z13twnlximundvt1z23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1470088334000916",null,"110215035734523911950","z13twnlximundvt1z23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Sidney Brookes","110215035734523911950",0,0,"","./110215035734523911950","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Some dream I hope to see it done in my lifetime \ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z13twnlximundvt1z23ws1ggdta1i3f1q","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"Big Dreams\n\nIn the early 1970s, as the Apollo missions to the Moon were coming to a close, there were plans to explore even further into the Universe. Not simply to Mars, or even the outer solar system, but a mission to another star. It became known as Project Daedalus.\n\nProject Daedalus was hugely ambitious. In order to reach Barnard’s star within 50 years, Daedalus would rely upon nuclear fusion rather than chemical rockets. Pellets of deuterium and helium-3 would be detonated 250 times a second, and the plasma exhaust would be directed away from the rocket by a magnetic field. As a two-stage rocket this would accelerate the ship to 12% of the speed of light.\n\nTo gather the 50,000 tonnes of fuel necessary for the journey, there were plans to harvest helium-3 from the atmosphere of Jupiter using hot air balloons. The helium-3 could also be mined from the lunar surface. Construction of the spacecraft itself would require the development of new materials capable of surviving a range of temperatures from 1,600 K to the cold of deep space. Since there would be no crew for the mission, robotic technology would need to be developed to explore the Barnard system.\n\nNeedless to say, the Daedalus mission never got off the ground. It was so ambitious that it was intended more as a proof of concept rather than a mission feasible for its time. But the project inspired later ideas for interstellar missions, and when the first human spacecraft reach the stars their success will be based in part on the efforts of wild ideas like Project Daedalus.\n\nAs we focus more practical ideas on a return to the Moon and a mission to Mars, it’s worth keeping in mind that big dreams like Daedalus can spur us to keep pushing the envelope of what is possible.","+BrianKoberlein/posts/BfmyLj7N4pz",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1469888258799,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsnax3rhtqbkufhipracxnoa5x34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470345123493779E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[417.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,417,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] 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Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"Big Dreams",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"In the early 1970s, as the Apollo missions to the Moon were coming to a close, there were plans to explore even further into the Universe. Not simply to Mars, or even the outer solar system, but a mission to another star. It became known as Project Daedalus. "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Project Daedalus was hugely ambitious. In order to reach Barnard’s star within 50 years, Daedalus would rely upon nuclear fusion rather than chemical rockets. Pellets of deuterium and helium-3 would be detonated 250 times a second, and the plasma exhaust would be directed away from the rocket by a magnetic field. As a two-stage rocket this would accelerate the ship to 12% of the speed of light."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"To gather the 50,000 tonnes of fuel necessary for the journey, there were plans to harvest helium-3 from the atmosphere of Jupiter using hot air balloons. The helium-3 could also be mined from the lunar surface. Construction of the spacecraft itself would require the development of new materials capable of surviving a range of temperatures from 1,600 K to the cold of deep space. Since there would be no crew for the mission, robotic technology would need to be developed to explore the Barnard system."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Needless to say, the Daedalus mission never got off the ground. It was so ambitious that it was intended more as a proof of concept rather than a mission feasible for its time. But the project inspired later ideas for interstellar missions, and when the first human spacecraft reach the stars their success will be based in part on the efforts of wild ideas like Project Daedalus."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"As we focus more practical ideas on a return to the Moon and a mission to Mars, it’s worth keeping in mind that big dreams like Daedalus can spur us to keep pushing the envelope of what is possible."] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,null,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z13twnlximundvt1z23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["121627","Helium-3",1] ,["2967510","Project Daedalus",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1469797212225,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1470028765093,"z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1470028765093239",null,"105972976555535846832","z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,["5/jcsn4unugdmqmvfgj5uqggvhgto34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2ctlakvn0g1mb0vnghdkb4tn4gtt/asbe#comment#1470028765093239",5,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[3.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,3,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Jason Simpson","105972976555535846832",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-RtJd4AFxgk8/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABKA/olW-EEkWlyk/photo.jpg","./105972976555535846832","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Pulsar navigation tends to be a bit unreliable when dealing with stellar distances. For instance, the time it takes for the pulses to reach Earth from 100,000 light years away is 100,000 years. Traveling at warp, you exceed the speed of light and as a result the object you are referencing suddenly is much older as you approach it or younger as you move away from it. A far more reliable set of reference points would be known galaxies, as the distance is much farther and therefore more reliable on fixing location within three dimensional space.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470047092181,"z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1470047092181640",null,"113386922880090903724","z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Ronald Stepp","113386922880090903724",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-1m8HnLMO9L8/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAe8/XldsRvZVDeg/photo.jpg","./113386922880090903724","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"I wonder if it isn't possible to resolve those star-lines while you are in warp so that you are updating your navigation data continuously? It's not like they ever show the Enterprise in a solid gray void space in warp.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470052796840,"z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1470052796840460",null,"113528924960969415934","z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Arbab Irfan","113528924960969415934",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-vHB2cMf9v4w/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAB14/nxOMHPReDLY/photo.jpg","./113528924960969415934","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"3 dimensional space and fix location of stars (galaxies) are better and ideal for navigation in deep space, been ages... they haven't change or have some slighter change to their location. but 3d calculation of space will confuse some 2d spacetime noobs, . :)\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470089932933,"z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1470089932933943",null,"106910038478697488776","z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Chidumebi Okeke","106910038478697488776",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-v5zg_Pwc23s/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAABM/iCa_7l_J_8o/photo.jpg","./106910038478697488776","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Ok\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"To Boldly Go\n\nYou’re the captain of a Federation starship, ready to seek out new life and new adventures. As you travel through the galaxy, how do you know where you are? How do you find your way home?\n\nOn Earth, your position is given by latitude and longitude. They are measured in angles about the center of the Earth, where latitude is the angle north or south of the equator, and longitude is the angle east or west of the Prime Meridian, which runs through Greenwich, England. It’s fairly easy to determine your latitude, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. Since the north star Polaris is almost directly above the North Pole, you can simply measure the angle of Polaris above the horizon, and that’s your latitude. You can also use a sextant to measure the altitude of the Sun above the horizon at noon, and calculate your latitude from that.\n\nLongitude is much more difficult. Since stars rise and set over the course of a night and the night sky shifts over the course of a year, there isn’t a fixed reference point against which you can measure longitude. Instead, early navigators either had to compare the shift of stars with measured distances between cities. It wasn’t particularly accurate, and you can see that in early maps of Europe. Things got easier when Galileo discovered the moons of Jupiter. Their clockwork motion could be used as a celestial clock, and by comparing their motion to the rotation of the Earth cartographers finally had an accurate tool for measuring longitude. Unfortunately, this method wasn’t useful at sea, so it took the development of accurate clocks to bring accurate longitude to sea-faring vessels. Nowadays we can simply use the global positioning system (GPS). The GPS consists of more than 30 satellites that continually transmit their location and time. By picking up the signal of at least four of these satellites, your phone can triangulate your position on Earth.\n\nDefining your position in the Milky Way can be done with galactic latitude and longitude. Simply define a galactic equator and a prime meridian, and determine your position relative to them. For galactic coordinates astronomers define the galactic equator (0° longitude) as the plane of the Milky Way running through its center. The prime meridian (0° latitude) is defined by a line running from the Sun to galactic center. In astronomy the sky can be treated as a celestial sphere, so the apparent position of a star can be given by its galactic coordinates. Your position in the galaxy could thus be given by three numbers: your galactic latitude, galactic longitude, and your distance from the Sun.\n\nThe Star Trek universe is a bit fuzzy on the subject of galactic navigation, and there isn’t a definitively canon version. The most popular version is based upon the galactic coordinates astronomers use, with some slight differences. The prime meridian is still a line running from the Sun to galactic center, but rather than simply using galactic latitude and longitude, the Milky Way is divided into quadrants. Under this definition the Sun would lie on the line dividing the Alpha and Beta quadrant, and the Earth would cross between these two quadrants as it orbits the Sun. In the Next Generation episode “Relics” it is stated that Earth is in the Alpha quadrant, and is less than 90 light years from the Beta quadrant. That probably means the Alpha quadrant is extended around the Sun to put our local cluster of stars within the Alpha quadrant. We’ve done a similar thing with the international date line on Earth to ensure that countries aren’t divided by it.\n\nOf course a coordinate system is only useful if you can determine what your coordinates are. Star Trek is again fuzzy on just how starships find their way. It’s possible that they calculate their position based upon some kind of stellar map, but identifying particular stars seems a bit impractical. It turns out there is an effective way to determine your position in the galaxy, and it’s one we’ve actually used.\n\nIt’s basically a galactic GPS. Neutron stars are dense old stars with strong magnetic fields. As a result beams of radio energy stream from their magnetic poles. As a neutron star rotates, those beams sweep across the sky like a lighthouse, and if their beams happen to point in our direction we see them as pulsing radio objects known as pulsars.\n\nThe radio pulse pattern of each pulsar is unique, and we know there positions in the galaxy quite well. If your starship can detect enough known pulsars, you can use that information to calculate your position in the galaxy. So if the Enterprise drops out of warp unexpectedly, or if Q sends it to a strange part of the galaxy, the navigators just need to look for pulsars to find their way home. What’s interesting is that a neutron star’s rotation slows down over time, so older pulsars pulse more slowly than younger ones. This means you can use pulsars not only to determine your position in the galaxy, but also your stardate. It’s a useful trick when your plot of the week involves time travel.","+BrianKoberlein/posts/KKzv62ukhjc",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1469797212225,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsn4unugdmqmvfgj5uqggvhgto34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470372518444105E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[289.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,289,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-29",40,0,null,28,[[391,336,335,0] 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Okeke","106910038478697488776",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-v5zg_Pwc23s/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAABM/iCa_7l_J_8o/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/106910038478697488776","other"] ,["Arbab Irfan","113528924960969415934",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-vHB2cMf9v4w/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAB14/nxOMHPReDLY/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/113528924960969415934","other"] ,["Ronald Stepp","113386922880090903724",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-1m8HnLMO9L8/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAe8/XldsRvZVDeg/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+RonaldStepp","other"] ,["Jason Simpson","105972976555535846832",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-RtJd4AFxgk8/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABKA/olW-EEkWlyk/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+JasonSimpson1966","other"] ] ,null,null,0,9,null,0,[] ,0,[] ,0,0,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/KKzv62ukhjc",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"To Boldly Go",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"You’re the captain of a Federation starship, ready to seek out new life and new adventures. As you travel through the galaxy, how do you know where you are? How do you find your way home? "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"On Earth, your position is given by latitude and longitude. They are measured in angles about the center of the Earth, where latitude is the angle north or south of the equator, and longitude is the angle east or west of the Prime Meridian, which runs through Greenwich, England. It’s fairly easy to determine your latitude, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. Since the north star Polaris is almost directly above the North Pole, you can simply measure the angle of Polaris above the horizon, and that’s your latitude. You can also use a sextant to measure the altitude of the Sun above the horizon at noon, and calculate your latitude from that."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Longitude is much more difficult. Since stars rise and set over the course of a night and the night sky shifts over the course of a year, there isn’t a fixed reference point against which you can measure longitude. Instead, early navigators either had to compare the shift of stars with measured distances between cities. It wasn’t particularly accurate, and you can see that in early maps of Europe. Things got easier when Galileo discovered the moons of Jupiter. Their clockwork motion could be used as a celestial clock, and by comparing their motion to the rotation of the Earth cartographers finally had an accurate tool for measuring longitude. Unfortunately, this method wasn’t useful at sea, so it took the development of accurate clocks to bring accurate longitude to sea-faring vessels. Nowadays we can simply use the global positioning system (GPS). The GPS consists of more than 30 satellites that continually transmit their location and time. By picking up the signal of at least four of these satellites, your phone can triangulate your position on Earth."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Defining your position in the Milky Way can be done with galactic latitude and longitude. Simply define a galactic equator and a prime meridian, and determine your position relative to them. For galactic coordinates astronomers define the galactic equator (0° longitude) as the plane of the Milky Way running through its center. The prime meridian (0° latitude) is defined by a line running from the Sun to galactic center. In astronomy the sky can be treated as a celestial sphere, so the apparent position of a star can be given by its galactic coordinates. Your position in the galaxy could thus be given by three numbers: your galactic latitude, galactic longitude, and your distance from the Sun."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The Star Trek universe is a bit fuzzy on the subject of galactic navigation, and there isn’t a definitively canon version. The most popular version is based upon the galactic coordinates astronomers use, with some slight differences. The prime meridian is still a line running from the Sun to galactic center, but rather than simply using galactic latitude and longitude, the Milky Way is divided into quadrants. Under this definition the Sun would lie on the line dividing the Alpha and Beta quadrant, and the Earth would cross between these two quadrants as it orbits the Sun. In the Next Generation episode “Relics” it is stated that Earth is in the Alpha quadrant, and is less than 90 light years from the Beta quadrant. That probably means the Alpha quadrant is extended around the Sun to put our local cluster of stars within the Alpha quadrant. We’ve done a similar thing with the international date line on Earth to ensure that countries aren’t divided by it."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Of course a coordinate system is only useful if you can determine what your coordinates are. Star Trek is again fuzzy on just how starships find their way. It’s possible that they calculate their position based upon some kind of stellar map, but identifying particular stars seems a bit impractical. It turns out there is an effective way to determine your position in the galaxy, and it’s one we’ve actually used."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"It’s basically a galactic GPS. Neutron stars are dense old stars with strong magnetic fields. As a result beams of radio energy stream from their magnetic poles. As a neutron star rotates, those beams sweep across the sky like a lighthouse, and if their beams happen to point in our direction we see them as pulsing radio objects known as pulsars."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The radio pulse pattern of each pulsar is unique, and we know there positions in the galaxy quite well. If your starship can detect enough known pulsars, you can use that information to calculate your position in the galaxy. So if the Enterprise drops out of warp unexpectedly, or if Q sends it to a strange part of the galaxy, the navigators just need to look for pulsars to find their way home. What’s interesting is that a neutron star’s rotation slows down over time, so older pulsars pulse more slowly than younger ones. This means you can use pulsars not only to determine your position in the galaxy, but also your stardate. It’s a useful trick when your plot of the week involves time travel."] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,[[[0,"To Boldly Go",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"You’re the captain of a Federation starship, ready to seek out new life and new adventures. As you travel through the galaxy, how do you know where you are? How do you find your way home? "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"On Earth, your position is given by latitude and longitude. They are measured in angles about the center of the Earth, where latitude is the angle north or south of the equator, and longitude is the angle east or west of the Prime Meridian, which runs through Greenwich, England. It’s fairly easy to determine your latitude, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. Since the north star Polaris is almost directly above the North Pole, you can simply measure the angle of Polaris above the horizon, and that’s your latitude. You can also use a sextant to measure the altitude of the Sun above the horizon..."] ] ] ,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z12jzbeimlyuf3mfh23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["146045","Longitude",1] ,["390982","Galactic coordinate system",1] ,["217553","Stars",1] ,["146029","Latitude",1] ,["8064267","Milky Way",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1469713238681,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1469919246436,"z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469919246436351",null,"102785409433950197306","z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Dwight Jenkins","102785409433950197306",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-wc96bkjvPvw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAEE/8qlFfuhJprs/photo.jpg","./102785409433950197306","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Will there be any other type of diseases\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469919359645,"z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469919359645418",null,"102785409433950197306","z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Dwight Jenkins","102785409433950197306",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-wc96bkjvPvw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAEE/8qlFfuhJprs/photo.jpg","./102785409433950197306","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"That we can prevent from having \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469919754909,"z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469919754909540",null,"102785409433950197306","z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Dwight Jenkins","102785409433950197306",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-wc96bkjvPvw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAEE/8qlFfuhJprs/photo.jpg","./102785409433950197306","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"The only solution to the problem. Technology\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"The Old Ones\n\nAfter the Big Bang when the Universe was a dense fireball it began to cool. It now has an average temperature of about 3 K, but there was a time when it had a temperature of about 273 K and 373 K. In other words, the average temperature of the cosmos was just the right temperature for liquid water to exist. Since liquid water is necessary for life as we know it, this raises an interesting question. Could life have arisen in the early Universe?\n\nThis period is known as the habitable epoch of the early Universe, and it existed between 10 to 17 million years after the Big Bang. While it was the right temperature for liquid water during that time, that doesn’t mean that liquid water existed. The first elements of the Universe were primarily hydrogen and helium. To produce oxygen necessary for water, very young large stars would have needed to fuse oxygen in their core, then exploded as a supernova within the first 10 million years of the Universe. If such a thing did occur, it would have been extremely rare. Forming water from oxygen and hydrogen is pretty easy in space, but there would need to be sufficient water and other matter for it to gather in liquid form, rather than vapor.\n\nThen there is the issue of time. The epoch itself only spans 7 million years, which isn’t nearly long enough for complex life to evolve (at least if Earth is a reasonable example). Add to this the fact that life also needs other elements like carbon and nitrogen in addition to water, and it doesn’t look particularly likely. It is, however, and interesting example of how life might have arisen in ways we wouldn’t expect. We think of life as evolving around a typical star when the Universe was already billions of years old, but in the earliest cosmological moments it’s possible that life, uh, found a way to arise.\n\nIn a recent paper presenting the idea, the purpose was not to argue that such early life was likely, but rather as a discussion of the anthropic principle. The anthropic principle comes in many forms, but one of the more controversial versions argues that if the various parameters of the cosmos were different then life wouldn’t arise. It’s almost as if the structure of the Universe was specifically tweaked for life to exist. But if life could arise in the early Universe, in period radically different from the present Universe, then it shows that life isn’t as delicate as we might think. A different set a cosmic parameters could allow for life to arise in radically different ways.\n\nWhile I don’t think it’s likely life appeared just a few million years after the Big Bang, it is an interesting idea. It’s also a great example of why we shouldn’t presume that the story of life on Earth is the only story life could have.\n\nPaper: Abraham Loeb. The Habitable Epoch of the Early Universe. International Journal of Astrobiology 13 (4): 337–339 (2014) doi:10.1017/S1473550414000196","+BrianKoberlein/posts/BjyqBijBTeG",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1469713238681,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsnavvuaou3csvthotakw31ios34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[449.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,449,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-28",43,0,null,33,[[391,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/28/the-old-ones/",null,null,null,null,[1469713211067,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/28/the-old-ones/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/28/the-old-ones/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/28/the-old-ones/",[] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/28/the-old-ones/",{"42397230":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/28/the-old-ones/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/img.jpg","The Old Ones - One Universe at a Time","Could life have appeared in the Universe just a few million years after the Big Bang?",null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/mvyllkiiFw2qVUOdq2sH42NmFA_PrbgpnmPxMhx5oJ6_jvJJzp9yXzWlxzJ0JwGTC0BuVtqF4NDu1u7Mnl1IcP33OZpy\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,337,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/mvyllkiiFw2qVUOdq2sH42NmFA_PrbgpnmPxMhx5oJ6_jvJJzp9yXzWlxzJ0JwGTC0BuVtqF4NDu1u7Mnl1IcP33OZpy\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,"//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://s2.googleusercontent.com/s2/favicons?domain\u003dbriankoberlein.com",[[[350,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",{"41007156":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ] }] ] ,null,null,[] ,"briankoberlein.com",null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[[339,338,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/img.jpg",{"40265033":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/img.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/img.jpg",null,null,null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/mvyllkiiFw2qVUOdq2sH42NmFA_PrbgpnmPxMhx5oJ6_jvJJzp9yXzWlxzJ0JwGTC0BuVtqF4NDu1u7Mnl1IcP33OZpy\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,337,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/mvyllkiiFw2qVUOdq2sH42NmFA_PrbgpnmPxMhx5oJ6_jvJJzp9yXzWlxzJ0JwGTC0BuVtqF4NDu1u7Mnl1IcP33OZpy\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,2000,1334,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ] }] ,null,null,null,null,null,"2016-07-28T09:39:30-04:00",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/28/the-old-ones/"] }] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[["Dwight Jenkins","102785409433950197306",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-wc96bkjvPvw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAEE/8qlFfuhJprs/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/102785409433950197306","other"] ] ,null,null,0,9,null,0,[] ,0,[] ,0,0,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/BjyqBijBTeG",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"The Old Ones",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"After the Big Bang when the Universe was a dense fireball it began to cool. It now has an average temperature of about 3 K, but there was a time when it had a temperature of about 273 K and 373 K. In other words, the average temperature of the cosmos was just the right temperature for liquid water to exist. Since liquid water is necessary for life as we know it, this raises an interesting question. Could life have arisen in the early Universe? "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"This period is known as the habitable epoch of the early Universe, and it existed between 10 to 17 million years after the Big Bang. While it was the right temperature for liquid water during that time, that doesn’t mean that liquid water existed. The first elements of the Universe were primarily hydrogen and helium. To produce oxygen necessary for water, very young large stars would have needed to fuse oxygen in their core, then exploded as a supernova within the first 10 million years of the Universe. If such a thing did occur, it would have been extremely rare. Forming water from oxygen and hydrogen is pretty easy in space, but there would need to be sufficient water and other matter for it to gather in liquid form, rather than vapor."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Then there is the issue of time. The epoch itself only spans 7 million years, which isn’t nearly long enough for complex life to evolve (at least if Earth is a reasonable example). Add to this the fact that life also needs other elements like carbon and nitrogen in addition to water, and it doesn’t look particularly likely. It is, however, and interesting example of how life might have arisen in ways we wouldn’t expect. We think of life as evolving around a typical star when the Universe was already billions of years old, but in the earliest cosmological moments it’s possible that life, uh, found a way to arise."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"In a recent paper presenting the idea, the purpose was not to argue that such early life was likely, but rather as a discussion of the anthropic principle. The anthropic principle comes in many forms, but one of the more controversial versions argues that if the various parameters of the cosmos were different then life wouldn’t arise. It’s almost as if the structure of the Universe was specifically tweaked for life to exist. But if life could arise in the early Universe, in period radically different from the present Universe, then it shows that life isn’t as delicate as we might think. A different set a cosmic parameters could allow for life to arise in radically different ways."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"While I don’t think it’s likely life appeared just a few million years after the Big Bang, it is an interesting idea. It’s also a great example of why we shouldn’t presume that the story of life on Earth is the only story life could have."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Paper: Abraham Loeb. The Habitable Epoch of the Early Universe. International Journal of Astrobiology 13 (4): 337–339 (2014) doi:10.1017/S1473550414000196"] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,null,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z13oz544cym2hpau023ws1ggdta1i3f1q",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["152290","Life",1] ,["265485","Water",1] ,["256235","Universe",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1469631967864,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1469745269064,"z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469745269064548",null,"102107307442655268728","z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Hassan Elwardi","102107307442655268728",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-BDm-lD7ArMM/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAADc/dUablrsbXXI/photo.jpg","./102107307442655268728","male",null,0] ,["ar",1,"Arabic"] ,[[[0,".سلم.وعليك.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470061174247,"z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470061174247806",null,"109830558164732334015","z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Steve S","109830558164732334015",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-AHDnOTt7fmk/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAA4c/2L79ngXLyE4/photo.jpg","./109830558164732334015","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[3,"Adam Alexander",null,null,[null,"108092398927794216860"] ] ,[0," Thank you for saving me the trouble of ranting about how salted hashes are just the beginning.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470373457208,"z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470373457208700",null,"102785409433950197306","z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Dwight Jenkins","102785409433950197306",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-wc96bkjvPvw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAEE/8qlFfuhJprs/photo.jpg","./102785409433950197306","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"I think you're the greatest person in the world we need more people like you\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470373489561,"z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470373489561453",null,"102785409433950197306","z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Dwight Jenkins","102785409433950197306",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-wc96bkjvPvw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAEE/8qlFfuhJprs/photo.jpg","./102785409433950197306","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Keep up the good work technology is all we have I support the USA the United States of America we shall move forward\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"Your Secret Is Safe With Us\n\nYesterday I had an issue logging into a particular university press website. I emailed them for support and they kindly send me my login and password over email. In plain text.\n\nWhen I pointed out that this was bad form, they assured me my password isn't stored in plain text. It is securely encrypted, and they just use a SQL query to decrypt passwords to email to folks who might forget their password.\n\nIf I want to change my password, I can always request a new account, since they don't have a mechanism for users to change their password.\n\nGood to know my financial information is under their watchful eye...","+BrianKoberlein/posts/hseYLNqJXDf",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,"6312021238767777105",0,1469631967864,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,["4/jcsn4unea5nq2uvhhppbkxnaidrn0h33hdr30hfghll3cwtpihoaisfn/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470349604729853E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[164.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,164,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,39061,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-27",48,0,null,13,[[344,339,437,338,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/photos/100479352836033641546/albums/6312021238767777105/6312021237466761506?authkey\u003dCLrp7OrQ7YXGuwE",null,null,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/photos/100479352836033641546/albums/6312021238767777105/6312021237466761506?authkey\u003dCLrp7OrQ7YXGuwE",{"40655821":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/photos/100479352836033641546/albums/6312021238767777105/6312021237466761506","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-rtjgztXajx8/V5jN33ntiSI/AAAAAAAA1UE/aiElsEXUTL4g8ubwyt9h2_Wdrw6cz4R8A/w478-h640/lift-for-free-mongoose.jpg","lift-for-free-mongoose.jpg","Your Secret Is Safe With Us\n\nYesterday I had an issue logging into a particular university press website. I emailed them for support and they kindly send me my login and password over email. In plain text.\n\nWhen I pointed out that this was bad form, they assured me my password isn't stored in plain text. It is securely encrypted, and they just use a SQL query to decrypt passwords to email to folks who might forget their password.\n\nIf I want to",null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-rtjgztXajx8/V5jN33ntiSI/AAAAAAAA1UE/aiElsEXUTL4g8ubwyt9h2_Wdrw6cz4R8A/w506-h750/lift-for-free-mongoose.jpg",506,750,null,null,null,null,640,[1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-rtjgztXajx8/V5jN33ntiSI/AAAAAAAA1UE/aiElsEXUTL4g8ubwyt9h2_Wdrw6cz4R8A/w800-h800/lift-for-free-mongoose.jpg"] ] ,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,"plus.google.com",null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,478,640,null,null,null,null,"100479352836033641546",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"6312021238767777105","6312021237466761506",null,1,[] ,null,null,null,"photos/100479352836033641546/albums/6312021238767777105/6312021237466761506",[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[[339,338,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-rtjgztXajx8/V5jN33ntiSI/AAAAAAAA1UE/aiElsEXUTL4g8ubwyt9h2_Wdrw6cz4R8A/w478-h640/lift-for-free-mongoose.jpg",{"40265033":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-rtjgztXajx8/V5jN33ntiSI/AAAAAAAA1UE/aiElsEXUTL4g8ubwyt9h2_Wdrw6cz4R8A/w478-h640/lift-for-free-mongoose.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-rtjgztXajx8/V5jN33ntiSI/AAAAAAAA1UE/aiElsEXUTL4g8ubwyt9h2_Wdrw6cz4R8A/w478-h640/lift-for-free-mongoose.jpg",null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ] }] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"-0.75985664","640","478"] }] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"100479352836033641546",[["Dwight Jenkins","102785409433950197306",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-wc96bkjvPvw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAEE/8qlFfuhJprs/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/102785409433950197306","other"] ,["Steve S","109830558164732334015",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-AHDnOTt7fmk/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAA4c/2L79ngXLyE4/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+SteveSIsBack","other"] ,["Hassan Elwardi","102107307442655268728",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-BDm-lD7ArMM/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAADc/dUablrsbXXI/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/102107307442655268728","other"] ,["Neike Taika-Tessaro","104395999534489748002",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-a8uIs2MwVLY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAEw/mlj3gmcj9Zc/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/104395999534489748002","other"] ] ,null,null,0,9,null,0,[] ,0,[] ,0,0,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/hseYLNqJXDf",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"Your Secret Is Safe With Us",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Yesterday I had an issue logging into a particular university press website. I emailed them for support and they kindly send me my login and password over email. In plain text."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"When I pointed out that this was bad form, they assured me my password isn't stored in plain text. It is securely encrypted, and they just use a SQL query to decrypt passwords to email to folks who might forget their password. "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"If I want to change my password, I can always request a new account, since they don't have a mechanism for users to change their password."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Good to know my financial information is under their watchful eye..."] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,null,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z12jj1gakmmjxvfro04cjn05llb4s5shgas",null,null,null,null,null,[[["198873","Passwords",1] ,["90003577","Login",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1469626174421,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1469994693408,"z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469994693408917",null,"103527146961545483269","z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Mary Christian","103527146961545483269",0,0,"","./103527146961545483269",null,null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Beautiful\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469999874649,"z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469999874649790",null,"116669290193680992677","z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Soleil Normil","116669290193680992677",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-nYX0l_JbX0o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAADM/AsIM3LYxqVs/photo.jpg","./116669290193680992677","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"I never seen the fading ish star\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470015842979,"z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1470015842979136",null,"112137783068012502287","z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Xuân Nguyễn Hoài","112137783068012502287",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-LVX8OMTaW64/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAABY/JAC5tqix6IY/photo.jpg","./112137783068012502287","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"I like your explanation. I like the picture!\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470016242644,"z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1470016242644549",null,"116669290193680992677","z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Soleil Normil","116669290193680992677",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-nYX0l_JbX0o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAADM/AsIM3LYxqVs/photo.jpg","./116669290193680992677","female",null,0] ,["und",0,"Unknown Language"] ,[[[0,"Ok sooo\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"Fading Star\n\nTwo thousand light years from Earth is a star known as Epsilon Aurigae. It’s a third magnitude star most of the time, but about every 27 years it dims to about half its brightness for nearly two years. The cause of the dimming is a bit of a mystery.\n\nIt’s long been thought that the dimming is the result of Epsilon Aurigae being a binary system. With a companion star in a large orbit, it could pass in front of the primary star, making it appear to dim. The star is indeed a binary star (if not a multiple star) but the details of the dimming mechanism have been difficult to pin down.\n\nHistorically there have been two main ideas. The first is that Epsilon Aurigae is yellow supergiant about 15 times the mass of the Sun, with a companion of similar mass obscured somewhat by dust. This idea is supported by the fact that the spectrum of Epsilon Aurigae has many of the signatures common to yellow supergiants. However the companion star has a spectral signature more similar to a B-type main sequence star.\n\nThe other idea is that Epsilon Aurigae is much smaller, with a mass of 2 to 4 solar masses. This would make it smaller than the B-type companion with a mass of about 6 solar masses. In order for the companion to be much dimmer than Epsilon Aurigae, it would have to be surrounded by a thick disk of dust, and that disk would have to be aligned edge on when seen from Earth. It would be odd for a main sequence star to have a thick dusty disk, since they are more commonly seen around young stars that are still forming.\n\nWhen the most recent dimming occurred in 2009 – 20011, both amateur astronomy groups and the Spitzer infrared telescope made observations of the transit. It now seems that both models were at least partly right. The model that now seems to best fit the data assumes Epsilon Aurigae is only about 10 solar masses, but it moving toward the end of its life. This means it is much brighter than a main sequence star of similar mass. The B-type companion is therefore much dimmer by comparison. With smaller masses, the two stars would be close enough that the companion would capture gas and dust pushed away from Epsilon Aurigae, thus explaining the companion’s dusty disk.","+BrianKoberlein/posts/AHp2TGy7Red",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1469626174421,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsn4xnbagsqywfsahqact3gglt34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[367.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,367,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-27",27,0,null,31,[[391,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/27/fading-star/",null,null,null,null,[1469626144971,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/27/fading-star/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/27/fading-star/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/27/fading-star/",[] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/27/fading-star/",{"42397230":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/27/fading-star/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Epsilon_Aurigae.jpg","Fading Star - One Universe at a Time","Epsilon Aurigae dims every 27 years. It's still a bit of a mystery why.",null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/yTmgBHJF5CQjX2lJlYTcyYZ7-7E0aeuFcsHHpKQAlUX-hQWIPpmozfpVo5pPUoa315KqNllKuKhycd-qZbelpA9FugT0q2U07E3xpzHDt4Y-\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,397,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/yTmgBHJF5CQjX2lJlYTcyYZ7-7E0aeuFcsHHpKQAlUX-hQWIPpmozfpVo5pPUoa315KqNllKuKhycd-qZbelpA9FugT0q2U07E3xpzHDt4Y-\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,"//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://s2.googleusercontent.com/s2/favicons?domain\u003dbriankoberlein.com",[[[350,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",{"41007156":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ] }] ] ,null,null,[] ,"briankoberlein.com",null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] 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,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Epsilon_Aurigae.jpg",{"40265033":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Epsilon_Aurigae.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Epsilon_Aurigae.jpg",null,null,null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/yTmgBHJF5CQjX2lJlYTcyYZ7-7E0aeuFcsHHpKQAlUX-hQWIPpmozfpVo5pPUoa315KqNllKuKhycd-qZbelpA9FugT0q2U07E3xpzHDt4Y-\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,397,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/yTmgBHJF5CQjX2lJlYTcyYZ7-7E0aeuFcsHHpKQAlUX-hQWIPpmozfpVo5pPUoa315KqNllKuKhycd-qZbelpA9FugT0q2U07E3xpzHDt4Y-\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,4200,3300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ] }] ,null,null,null,null,null,"2016-07-27T07:00:22-04:00",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/27/fading-star/"] }] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[["Soleil Normil","116669290193680992677",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-nYX0l_JbX0o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAADM/AsIM3LYxqVs/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/116669290193680992677","other"] ,["Xuân Nguyễn Hoài","112137783068012502287",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-LVX8OMTaW64/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAABY/JAC5tqix6IY/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/112137783068012502287","other"] ,["Mary Christian","103527146961545483269",1,1,"","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/103527146961545483269","other"] ,["Diane Batie","106587032983338508656",1,1,"","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/106587032983338508656","other"] ] ,null,null,0,9,null,0,[] ,0,[] ,0,0,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/AHp2TGy7Red",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"Fading Star",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Two thousand light years from Earth is a star known as Epsilon Aurigae. It’s a third magnitude star most of the time, but about every 27 years it dims to about half its brightness for nearly two years. The cause of the dimming is a bit of a mystery. "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"It’s long been thought that the dimming is the result of Epsilon Aurigae being a binary system. With a companion star in a large orbit, it could pass in front of the primary star, making it appear to dim. The star is indeed a binary star (if not a multiple star) but the details of the dimming mechanism have been difficult to pin down."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Historically there have been two main ideas. The first is that Epsilon Aurigae is yellow supergiant about 15 times the mass of the Sun, with a companion of similar mass obscured somewhat by dust. This idea is supported by the fact that the spectrum of Epsilon Aurigae has many of the signatures common to yellow supergiants. However the companion star has a spectral signature more similar to a B-type main sequence star."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The other idea is that Epsilon Aurigae is much smaller, with a mass of 2 to 4 solar masses. This would make it smaller than the B-type companion with a mass of about 6 solar masses. In order for the companion to be much dimmer than Epsilon Aurigae, it would have to be surrounded by a thick disk of dust, and that disk would have to be aligned edge on when seen from Earth. It would be odd for a main sequence star to have a thick dusty disk, since they are more commonly seen around young stars that are still forming."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"When the most recent dimming occurred in 2009 – 20011, both amateur astronomy groups and the Spitzer infrared telescope made observations of the transit. It now seems that both models were at least partly right. The model that now seems to best fit the data assumes Epsilon Aurigae is only about 10 solar masses, but it moving toward the end of its life. This means it is much brighter than a main sequence star of similar mass. The B-type companion is therefore much dimmer by comparison. With smaller masses, the two stars would be close enough that the companion would capture gas and dust pushed away from Epsilon Aurigae, thus explaining the companion’s dusty disk."] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,null,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z12vg31oqx3lddldr23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["6921798","Epsilon Aurigae",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1469537216359,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1469746650367,"z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469746650367078",null,"109294942307771195614","z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Samuel Vegas","109294942307771195614",0,0,"","./109294942307771195614","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"So awesome!!!!!\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469754641489,"z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469754641489172",null,"116061582747327725632","z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,["5/jcsnau3pitur4unihdkrghfrgdo30h33hdr30hfghll3cwtpihoaisfn4gsnchltawunchloa4u3kidlawt0/asbe#comment#1469754641489172",5,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[1.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,1,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Chelsea Marie Thomas","116061582747327725632",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-hjFAdXRtdKQ/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAo/ycjVnikcjeg/photo.jpg","./116061582747327725632","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"So cute"] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469754668630,"z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469754668630195",null,"116061582747327725632","z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Chelsea Marie Thomas","116061582747327725632",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-hjFAdXRtdKQ/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAo/ycjVnikcjeg/photo.jpg","./116061582747327725632","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Hi\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1470012342570,"z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1470012342570023",null,"115305418492282263368","z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Nick Earl","115305418492282263368",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-S9bzB4yUdns/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAmw/9BX5mIrx4Og/photo.jpg","./115305418492282263368","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Brian, \"They found that the two orientations of spin fall at the same rate to within 1 part in 10 million, which was the limit of observation for their experiment. In other words, spin has no affect on the rate at which an atom falls.\""] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"This is impressive, but I'm wondering if just it's a matter of precision. Are differences larger than 1:10^7 really that big for free-falling atoms with varying spin? Or is this where we can say we exclude certain models but not necessarily others? Do other models make predictions for order of magnitude of this effect?\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"Einstein's Top\n\nThe central idea of Einstein’s theory of gravity is the principle of equivalence. That is, objects will fall at the same rate under gravity regardless of their mass or composition. As long as there isn’t air resistance, a feather and a bowling ball dropped at the same time will strike the ground simultaneously. But what if one object is rotating and another is not? Will they fall at the same rate?\n\nWe know that the rotation of a body can affect how things fall. When a body such as Earth rotates, it creates an effect known as frame dragging, which twists space and time slightly. Computer simulations of merging black holes show that two rotating black holes would merge at a different rate than if they weren’t rotating. So on a large scale gravity is affected by rotation.\n\nThis has led some theorists to wonder whether such a rotational effect might be a way to connect Einstein’s gravity with the quantum theory of atoms and molecules. It turns out that atoms and other quantum particles have a property known as spin. If we imagined an atom as a small sphere, we can imagine its spin as the rotation of that spin. The catch is that atoms are not little spheres, and spin is not physical rotation. Spin is an inherent property of a quantum object that behaves similar to the type of rotation we see every day.\n\nSo, would an atom with spin fall at a different rate than one without spin? More specifically, does the principle of equivalence hold for quantum objects with spin? A recent experiment tested this question by comparing the free fall of rubidium atoms with different orientations of spin.\n\nThe team compared the gravitational acceleration of atoms with spin +1 and -1. To use our rotating sphere analogy, this would be like comparing a sphere rotating clockwise about its north pole vs one rotating counterclockwise. They found that the two orientations of spin fall at the same rate to within 1 part in 10 million, which was the limit of observation for their experiment. In other words, spin has no affect on the rate at which an atom falls.\n\nThis result isn’t entirely unexpected. It’s been generally thought that the equivalence principle holds for both classical and quantum objects. The experiment does, however, rule out some of the more radical models trying to unify gravity and quantum theory.\n\nNow we know the equivalence principle holds even for a quantum top.\n\nPaper: Xiao-Chun Duan, et al. Test of the Universality of Free Fall with Atoms in Different Spin Orientations. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 023001 (2016). arXiv:1602.06377 [physics.atom-ph]","+BrianKoberlein/posts/gniVjRa4jXY",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1469537216359,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsnau3pitur4unihdkrghfrgdo30h33hdr30hfghll3cwtpihoaisfn/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[316.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,316,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-26",22,0,null,36,[[391,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/26/einsteins-top/",null,null,null,null,[1469537179439,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/26/einsteins-top/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/26/einsteins-top/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/26/einsteins-top/",[] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/26/einsteins-top/",{"42397230":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/26/einsteins-top/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Spinning_top_5448672388.jpg","Einstein's Top - One Universe at a Time","Einstein said everything falls at the same rate. Is that also true for a quantum top?",null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/WAbZYAFjuN04sBXzJLUultEQInqjxQ5_kStUvSjMzE2d2qGr7w5iNDAXWa3Vk_CpfpxEUJKgQsuORfrAheTVXgHz6SDcI9LQy-XAmq47snqw1w8G7cl7DLk\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,379,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/WAbZYAFjuN04sBXzJLUultEQInqjxQ5_kStUvSjMzE2d2qGr7w5iNDAXWa3Vk_CpfpxEUJKgQsuORfrAheTVXgHz6SDcI9LQy-XAmq47snqw1w8G7cl7DLk\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,"//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://s2.googleusercontent.com/s2/favicons?domain\u003dbriankoberlein.com",[[[350,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",{"41007156":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ] }] ] ,null,null,[] ,"briankoberlein.com",null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] 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,null,null,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[["Nick Earl","115305418492282263368",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-S9bzB4yUdns/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAmw/9BX5mIrx4Og/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/115305418492282263368","other"] ,["Chelsea Marie Thomas","116061582747327725632",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-hjFAdXRtdKQ/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAo/ycjVnikcjeg/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/116061582747327725632","other"] ,["Samuel Vegas","109294942307771195614",1,1,"","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/109294942307771195614","other"] ,["Rogers Runels","117030270851210454652",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-731azJkT3kk/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAxQ/fZth_RgBROM/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/117030270851210454652","other"] ] ,null,null,0,9,null,0,[] ,0,[] ,0,0,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/gniVjRa4jXY",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"Einstein's Top",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The central idea of Einstein’s theory of gravity is the principle of equivalence. That is, objects will fall at the same rate under gravity regardless of their mass or composition. As long as there isn’t air resistance, a feather and a bowling ball dropped at the same time will strike the ground simultaneously. But what if one object is rotating and another is not? Will they fall at the same rate? "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"We know that the rotation of a body can affect how things fall. When a body such as Earth rotates, it creates an effect known as frame dragging, which twists space and time slightly. Computer simulations of merging black holes show that two rotating black holes would merge at a different rate than if they weren’t rotating. So on a large scale gravity is affected by rotation."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"This has led some theorists to wonder whether such a rotational effect might be a way to connect Einstein’s gravity with the quantum theory of atoms and molecules. It turns out that atoms and other quantum particles have a property known as spin. If we imagined an atom as a small sphere, we can imagine its spin as the rotation of that spin. The catch is that atoms are not little spheres, and spin is not physical rotation. Spin is an inherent property of a quantum object that behaves similar to the type of rotation we see every day."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"So, would an atom with spin fall at a different rate than one without spin? More specifically, does the principle of equivalence hold for quantum objects with spin? A recent experiment tested this question by comparing the free fall of rubidium atoms with different orientations of spin."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The team compared the gravitational acceleration of atoms with spin +1 and -1. To use our rotating sphere analogy, this would be like comparing a sphere rotating clockwise about its north pole vs one rotating counterclockwise. They found that the two orientations of spin fall at the same rate to within 1 part in 10 million, which was the limit of observation for their experiment. In other words, spin has no affect on the rate at which an atom falls."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"This result isn’t entirely unexpected. It’s been generally thought that the equivalence principle holds for both classical and quantum objects. The experiment does, however, rule out some of the more radical models trying to unify gravity and quantum theory."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Now we know the equivalence principle holds even for a quantum top."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Paper: Xiao-Chun Duan, et al. Test of the Universality of Free Fall with Atoms in Different Spin Orientations. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 023001 (2016). arXiv:1602.06377 [physics.atom-ph]"] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,null,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z13huvurjnjav5wbh04cjn05llb4s5shgas",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["18226","Atoms",1] ,["324230","Rotations",1] ,["314209","Gravity",1] ,["3661832","Equivalence principle",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1469447133294,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1469745068838,"z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469745068838244",null,"117215090157203642565","z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Phillipcruz Felipcruice","117215090157203642565",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-Q3CWqCbwjqo/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAA4/O7bfPm-BwpY/photo.jpg","./117215090157203642565","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"What works can u ping you. PC company\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469745710696,"z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469745710696903",null,"117215090157203642565","z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Phillipcruz Felipcruice","117215090157203642565",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-Q3CWqCbwjqo/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAA4/O7bfPm-BwpY/photo.jpg","./117215090157203642565","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"First coded your everywhere stay say with us dreamworld PC "] ,[1] ,[0,"Love you too \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469861216294,"z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469861216294123",null,"118026962712502859269","z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Flinch Fu","118026962712502859269",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-deZwLyEH16c/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAFlk/qfDnJsc2cLY/photo.jpg","./118026962712502859269","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[3,"Greg Roelofs",null,null,[null,"102938548682146483736"] ] ,[0," Milkdromeda happened already? Wow, I haven't been paying attention... time flies as I get older...\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469865455283,"z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469865455283722",null,"113924686991514227166","z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Rachel Suárez","113924686991514227166",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-mj_EKSrMqTk/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAARNY/w7ZGhzndXzg/photo.jpg","./113924686991514227166","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[4,"#indeed",null,["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/s/%23indeed"] ,null,["indeed"] ] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"Size Matters Not\n\nThe new Star Wars movie Rogue One won’t arrive until December, but hype for the movie is already at a fever pitch. A new teaser poster has been released showing the Death Star looming over the horizon of an alien world. It makes for a foreboding shot, but could a Death Star really appear so large in the sky?\n\nIn the original Star Wars movie, the Death Star has the appearance of a “small moon.” The size of this Imperial superweapon isn’t specifically mentioned, but the technical specifications list its diameter as about 120 kilometers. That’s larger than the moons of Mars, but tiny compared to our own Moon, which has a diameter of about 3,400 km. If the Death Star orbited Earth at the same distance as our Moon, it would have the same apparent size as Venus at it’s brightest. In other words, it would look like a bright planet rather than a moon.\n\nIn the words of Master Yoda, “size matters not.” Or more accurately, size is only one factor among many. The key is what’s known as apparent size, which depends upon both the actual size of an object and its distance from you. A small but close object can appear bigger than a larger object far away. So what if it’s simply a matter of the Death Star being close to the planet? While that would help, it wouldn’t solve all the problem. In the Rogue One teaser poster it looks like the Death Star spans about 40 degrees across the sky. With a bit of basic trigonometry we find it would need to be about 180 km away to have such a large apparent size. That’s closer than the International Space Station, and so close that atmospheric drag would be a serious problem.\n\nSo the Death Star can’t be so close it spans half the sky, but it could be close enough to appear larger than our Moon. For example, if the superweapon were 1,000 kilometers above the Earth, its apparent size would be about 8 times that of the Moon, making it by far the largest object in the sky. We would be able to see surface features of the Death Star such as those depicted in the poster. To our minds it would appear huge, but its actual apparent size would still be pretty small. The Moon itself has an apparent size of only half a degree. If you held your pinky up at arms length it would easily cover the Moon. Even if the Death Star had an apparent diameter 8 times larger, you could still cover it with two fingers at arms length.\n\nWhile the Death Star couldn’t appear so large in real life, there is still a way to give it a deceptively large appearance. Photographers do it with our Moon all the time. The trick is to use a telephoto lens to focus on a distant object near the horizon, such as a building or tree line. The apparent angle of a distant building is small, but zooming in makes it look big. This also makes the Moon look much larger than it actually is. Using this trick the Death Star could be made to loom over a battlefield, as depicted in the poster.\n\nIn the Star Wars universe a good photographer might be able to such a shot after all.","+BrianKoberlein/posts/WaZr2n2GBuo",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1469447133294,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsn4vn4ahur0ynqg5lbgxnpj1pn0h33hdr30hfghll3cwtpihoaisfn/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[370.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,370,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-25",31,0,null,22,[[391,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/24/size-matters-not/",null,null,null,null,[1469447088870,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/24/size-matters-not/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/24/size-matters-not/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/24/size-matters-not/",[] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/24/size-matters-not/",{"42397230":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/24/size-matters-not/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/deathstar.jpg","Size Matters Not - One Universe at a Time","The Death Star appears huge in a new poster for Rogue One. Could a death star actually appear so large in real life?",null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/nsidHKTHjSNG_Y45eWzRjkxBxxGot9i5RUD3Rq8iHEhHj_Am9b1hvetJDXSF7QKXbH2SXEfmWkuuh65Sk-r00tOAR_xMJ5aonSNK\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,285,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/nsidHKTHjSNG_Y45eWzRjkxBxxGot9i5RUD3Rq8iHEhHj_Am9b1hvetJDXSF7QKXbH2SXEfmWkuuh65Sk-r00tOAR_xMJ5aonSNK\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,"//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://s2.googleusercontent.com/s2/favicons?domain\u003dbriankoberlein.com",[[[350,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",{"41007156":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ] }] ] ,null,null,[] ,"briankoberlein.com",null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] 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,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/deathstar.jpg",{"40265033":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/deathstar.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/deathstar.jpg",null,null,null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/nsidHKTHjSNG_Y45eWzRjkxBxxGot9i5RUD3Rq8iHEhHj_Am9b1hvetJDXSF7QKXbH2SXEfmWkuuh65Sk-r00tOAR_xMJ5aonSNK\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,285,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/nsidHKTHjSNG_Y45eWzRjkxBxxGot9i5RUD3Rq8iHEhHj_Am9b1hvetJDXSF7QKXbH2SXEfmWkuuh65Sk-r00tOAR_xMJ5aonSNK\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,1296,730,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] 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Suárez","113924686991514227166",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-mj_EKSrMqTk/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAARNY/w7ZGhzndXzg/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/113924686991514227166","other"] ,["Flinch Fu","118026962712502859269",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-deZwLyEH16c/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAFlk/qfDnJsc2cLY/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/118026962712502859269","other"] ,["Phillipcruz Felipcruice","117215090157203642565",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-Q3CWqCbwjqo/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAA4/O7bfPm-BwpY/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/117215090157203642565","other"] ,["nisha khan","103444401740659493426",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-Ep608jDupe4/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAEL8/0hNWu4V_tNc/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/103444401740659493426","other"] ] ,null,null,0,9,null,0,[] ,0,[] ,0,0,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/WaZr2n2GBuo",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"Size Matters Not",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The new Star Wars movie Rogue One won’t arrive until December, but hype for the movie is already at a fever pitch. A new teaser poster has been released showing the Death Star looming over the horizon of an alien world. It makes for a foreboding shot, but could a Death Star really appear so large in the sky?"] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"In the original Star Wars movie, the Death Star has the appearance of a “small moon.” The size of this Imperial superweapon isn’t specifically mentioned, but the technical specifications list its diameter as about 120 kilometers. That’s larger than the moons of Mars, but tiny compared to our own Moon, which has a diameter of about 3,400 km. If the Death Star orbited Earth at the same distance as our Moon, it would have the same apparent size as Venus at it’s brightest. In other words, it would look like a bright planet rather than a moon."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"In the words of Master Yoda, “size matters not.” Or more accurately, size is only one factor among many. The key is what’s known as apparent size, which depends upon both the actual size of an object and its distance from you. A small but close object can appear bigger than a larger object far away. So what if it’s simply a matter of the Death Star being close to the planet? While that would help, it wouldn’t solve all the problem. In the Rogue One teaser poster it looks like the Death Star spans about 40 degrees across the sky. With a bit of basic trigonometry we find it would need to be about 180 km away to have such a large apparent size. That’s closer than the International Space Station, and so close that atmospheric drag would be a serious problem."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"So the Death Star can’t be so close it spans half the sky, but it could be close enough to appear larger than our Moon. For example, if the superweapon were 1,000 kilometers above the Earth, its apparent size would be about 8 times that of the Moon, making it by far the largest object in the sky. We would be able to see surface features of the Death Star such as those depicted in the poster. To our minds it would appear huge, but its actual apparent size would still be pretty small. The Moon itself has an apparent size of only half a degree. If you held your pinky up at arms length it would easily cover the Moon. Even if the Death Star had an apparent diameter 8 times larger, you could still cover it with two fingers at arms length."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"While the Death Star couldn’t appear so large in real life, there is still a way to give it a deceptively large appearance. Photographers do it with our Moon all the time. The trick is to use a telephoto lens to focus on a distant object near the horizon, such as a building or tree line. The apparent angle of a distant building is small, but zooming in makes it look big. This also makes the Moon look much larger than it actually is. Using this trick the Death Star could be made to loom over a battlefield, as depicted in the poster."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"In the Star Wars universe a good photographer might be able to such a shot after all."] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,[[[0,"Size Matters Not",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The new Star Wars movie Rogue One won’t arrive until December, but hype for the movie is already at a fever pitch. A new teaser poster has been released showing the Death Star looming over the horizon of an alien world. It makes for a foreboding shot, but could a Death Star really appear so large in the sky?"] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"In the original Star Wars movie, the Death Star has the appearance of a “small moon.” The size of this Imperial superweapon isn’t specifically mentioned, but the technical specifications list its diameter as about 120 kilometers. That’s larger than the moons of Mars, but tiny compared to our own Moon, which has a diameter of about 3,400 km. If the Death Star orbited Earth at the same distance as our Moon, it would have the same apparent size as Venus at it’s brightest. In..."] ] ] ,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z12nd3upzvabvvuxk04cjn05llb4s5shgas",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["429125","Death Star",1] ,["3580559","Angular diameter",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1469026889043,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1469204650880,"z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469204650880704",null,"100869657017925847900","z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["vandy Schweizer","100869657017925847900",0,0,"","./100869657017925847900","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Interesting\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469233793756,"z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469233793756858",null,"106017888897133407335","z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,1469233875849,["5/jcsnah34i1oa4g3uadqbiu3aghu34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2ctlakv3mglnagvnmgtraov3khds/asbe#comment#1469233793756858",5,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[1.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,1,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["bunga ludi","106017888897133407335",0,0,"","./106017888897133407335","unknown",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"That is not a dwarf planet, that as we all know is a moon in the orbit of Saturn duh\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469233870334,"z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469233870334574",null,"100869657017925847900","z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,["5/jcsnah34i1oa4g3uadqbiu3aghu34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2ctlakv3mglnagw3ig1nagu3ehto/asbe#comment#1469233870334574",5,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[1.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,1,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["vandy Schweizer","100869657017925847900",0,0,"","./100869657017925847900","female",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[3,"Tony Wells",null,null,[null,"106619479449197105387"] ] ,[0," flat Stanley \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469235098953,"z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469235098953110",null,"106619479449197105387","z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,["5/jcsnah34i1oa4g3uadqbiu3aghu34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2ctlakv3mglnaos3mi1taotn2gdk/asbe#comment#1469235098953110",5,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[1.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,1,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Tony Wells","106619479449197105387",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-Ypwdx0LPP6E/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAADc/wDye13dsoCA/photo.jpg","./106619479449197105387","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[3,"bunga ludi",null,null,[null,"106017888897133407335"] ] ,[0," The point is Mimas (in the picture) only has a diameter of 400km and a mass less than 10^20 kg but is still in hydrostatic equilibrium (spherical) and so other planetoids this size could be candidate dwarf planets. There may be hundreds of dwarf planets!\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"A Dwarf By Any Other Name\n\nA new solar system body has been discovered recently. It currently has the not-so-memorable name 2015 RR245. From its orbit we know it is a member of the Kuiper belt. It’s estimated size is about 700 km in diameter, which would it in the category of a dwarf planet. Given what little we know about it, what would make this world a dwarf planet rather than a planet or large asteroid?\n\nIt all comes down to the International Astronomical Union (IAU), which defines planets as objects orbiting the Sun on its own with the following conditions:\n\n1. It is massive enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.\n\n2. It has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.\n\nThe latter condition is what removed Pluto from the list of planets. The first condition is basically the requirement that they are at least roughly spherical. Objects that only satisfy the first condition are considered dwarf planets. Currently there are five objects the IAU recognizes as dwarf planets: Pluto, Ceres, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris. The smallest of these is Ceres, with a diameter of 950 kilometers. So is 700 km large enough to be considered a dwarf planet?\n\nVery probably. In addition to the official dwarf planets, there are 10 candidate dwarf planets. Of these the smallest is Varuna, which has an estimated diameter of about 700 km. So it’s reasonable to consider 2015 RR245 a candidate dwarf planet. Of course the diameter of Varuna is an estimate, just as it is for 2015 RR245. Determining the size of these distant worlds is difficult, because a small bright object would look similar to a larger dark object. The estimated size of these worlds depends in part on their estimated brightness (or albedo).\n\nPerhaps a better question would be to ask what the minimum size requirement is for hydrostatic equilibrium. The cutoff would depend somewhat upon the composition of a body, but the IAU guidelines state that objects with a mass of 5×1020 kg and a diameter of 800 km will be considered to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, but smaller object may be considered by observation. This new world is likely below that limit, but the cutoff is intentionally fuzzy. Of the worlds we have a good handle on, Ceres is the smallest body to be clearly above that line, and has a mass of about 9×10^20 kg.\n\nThere are, however lots of moons below that cutoff that certainly appear to be under hydrostatic equilibrium. For example Enceladus has a diameter of of only 500 km and a mass of only 1×10^20 kg, and clearly has a spherical shape. Mimas is even smaller, with a diameter of about 400 km, and has a fairly spherical shape, although Neptune’s moon Proteus is of a similar size and is clearly irregular. Since any distant world like 2015 RR245 could have a similar composition to Pluto and the moons of the outer solar system, it’s probably safe to assume that anything bigger than Enceladus would likely be under hydrostatic equilibrium. So it’s fair to consider 2015 RR245 a dwarf planet.\n\nThere are about twenty Kuiper belt objects above that cutoff, and that’s just the ones that we’ve found. There are likely more objects further out that are currently too dim to be detected.","+BrianKoberlein/posts/5Ez3azuZGzb",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1469026889043,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,1469027289208000,null,null,["4/jcsnah34i1oa4g3uadqbiu3aghu34gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[283.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,283,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-20",27,0,null,19,[[391,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/20/a-dwarf-by-any-other-name/",null,null,null,null,[1469026827370,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/20/a-dwarf-by-any-other-name/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/20/a-dwarf-by-any-other-name/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/20/a-dwarf-by-any-other-name/",[] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/20/a-dwarf-by-any-other-name/",{"42397230":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/20/a-dwarf-by-any-other-name/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/PIA12739-1440x900.jpg","A Dwarf By Any Other Name - One Universe at a Time","How big must a solar system body be to be considered a dwarf planet.",null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/jhbibSGpslUX9xIHLDGGWU9X2YAiR-kw6RnoxplsSWB-UuATi1puYXSdSP1WvmRa7A6myvrU3xtNZmaSNM92QxSVroYS8wILNG582DqRBXARy4g\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,316,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/jhbibSGpslUX9xIHLDGGWU9X2YAiR-kw6RnoxplsSWB-UuATi1puYXSdSP1WvmRa7A6myvrU3xtNZmaSNM92QxSVroYS8wILNG582DqRBXARy4g\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,"//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://s2.googleusercontent.com/s2/favicons?domain\u003dbriankoberlein.com",[[[350,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",{"41007156":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://www.facebook.com/briankoberlein",null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ] }] ] ,null,null,[] ,"briankoberlein.com",null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[[339,338,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/PIA12739-1440x900.jpg",{"40265033":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/PIA12739-1440x900.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/PIA12739-1440x900.jpg",null,null,null,["//web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/jhbibSGpslUX9xIHLDGGWU9X2YAiR-kw6RnoxplsSWB-UuATi1puYXSdSP1WvmRa7A6myvrU3xtNZmaSNM92QxSVroYS8wILNG582DqRBXARy4g\u003dw506-h910",506,910,1,null,null,null,316,[2,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/jhbibSGpslUX9xIHLDGGWU9X2YAiR-kw6RnoxplsSWB-UuATi1puYXSdSP1WvmRa7A6myvrU3xtNZmaSNM92QxSVroYS8wILNG582DqRBXARy4g\u003dw800-h800"] ] ,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,null,null,[] ,[] ,[] ,[] ,null,null,null,1440,900,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ] }] ,null,null,null,null,null,"2016-07-20T07:00:45-04:00",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/20/a-dwarf-by-any-other-name/"] }] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[["Tony Wells","106619479449197105387",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-Ypwdx0LPP6E/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAADc/wDye13dsoCA/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/106619479449197105387","other"] ,["vandy Schweizer","100869657017925847900",1,1,"","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/100869657017925847900","other"] ,["bunga ludi","106017888897133407335",1,1,"","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/106017888897133407335","other"] ] ,null,null,0,9,null,0,[] ,0,[] ,0,0,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/5Ez3azuZGzb",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"A Dwarf By Any Other Name",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"A new solar system body has been discovered recently. It currently has the not-so-memorable name 2015 RR245. From its orbit we know it is a member of the Kuiper belt. It’s estimated size is about 700 km in diameter, which would it in the category of a dwarf planet. Given what little we know about it, what would make this world a dwarf planet rather than a planet or large asteroid? "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"It all comes down to the International Astronomical Union (IAU), which defines planets as objects orbiting the Sun on its own with the following conditions:"] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"1. It is massive enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"2. It has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The latter condition is what removed Pluto from the list of planets. The first condition is basically the requirement that they are at least roughly spherical. Objects that only satisfy the first condition are considered dwarf planets. Currently there are five objects the IAU recognizes as dwarf planets: Pluto, Ceres, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris. The smallest of these is Ceres, with a diameter of 950 kilometers. So is 700 km large enough to be considered a dwarf planet?"] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Very probably. In addition to the official dwarf planets, there are 10 candidate dwarf planets. Of these the smallest is Varuna, which has an estimated diameter of about 700 km. So it’s reasonable to consider 2015 RR245 a candidate dwarf planet. Of course the diameter of Varuna is an estimate, just as it is for 2015 RR245. Determining the size of these distant worlds is difficult, because a small bright object would look similar to a larger dark object. The estimated size of these worlds depends in part on their estimated brightness (or albedo)."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Perhaps a better question would be to ask what the minimum size requirement is for hydrostatic equilibrium. The cutoff would depend somewhat upon the composition of a body, but the IAU guidelines state that objects with a mass of 5×1020 kg and a diameter of 800 km will be considered to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, but smaller object may be considered by observation. This new world is likely below that limit, but the cutoff is intentionally fuzzy. Of the worlds we have a good handle on, Ceres is the smallest body to be clearly above that line, and has a mass of about 9×10^20 kg."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"There are, however lots of moons below that cutoff that certainly appear to be under hydrostatic equilibrium. For example Enceladus has a diameter of of only 500 km and a mass of only 1×10^20 kg, and clearly has a spherical shape. Mimas is even smaller, with a diameter of about 400 km, and has a fairly spherical shape, although Neptune’s moon Proteus is of a similar size and is clearly irregular. Since any distant world like 2015 RR245 could have a similar composition to Pluto and the moons of the outer solar system, it’s probably safe to assume that anything bigger than Enceladus would likely be under hydrostatic equilibrium. So it’s fair to consider 2015 RR245 a dwarf planet."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"There are about twenty Kuiper belt objects above that cutoff, and that’s just the ones that we’ve found. There are likely more objects further out that are currently too dim to be detected."] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,null,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z134dphb0z2lwhfct23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["14804953","Dwarf planets",1] ,["186751","Planets",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1468933812972,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1469593919580,"z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469593919580481",null,"111035095581031057074","z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,1469594037868,["5/jcsnagfrillqyvvhicsrou3cgpqn4gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2ctlakv3mhdtagwn2idpb0s3ci1l/asbe#comment#1469593919580481",5,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[1.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,1,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Joe Nyc","111035095581031057074",0,0,"","./111035095581031057074","unknown",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"My god is the universe and I know that I am biologically connected with all living things, chemically connected with the earth, and atomically connected with the universe. And just as the person who started the discussion said this is about science not rather you believe in god or not. He may very well believe in god or not but that is not what this is about. It is about science as he stated. \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469654638594,"z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469654638594409",null,"106686943268582416572","z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["ayath naaim","106686943268582416572",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-ZpsqJcWa0rE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAACNY/kgLp51d8Hos/photo.jpg","./106686943268582416572","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Read Quran and Bible there is accurate answer \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469654818335,"z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469654818335893",null,"118116985053209233971","z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Ryan Lowe","118116985053209233971",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-UEMRHewh4j8/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAABA/mP11OKISSQM/photo.jpg","./118116985053209233971","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[3,"ayath naaim",null,null,[null,"106686943268582416572"] ] ,[0," "] ,[1] ,[0,"To what exactly, reasons to murder people or are there the correct equations telling us the density of dark matter? \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469656201278,"z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q#1469656201278696",null,"107066054408580467483","z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Boris Borcic","107066054408580467483",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-3-AbKLVGzGw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAADUM/pPIijpoC9ZM/photo.jpg","./107066054408580467483","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[3,"ayath naaim",null,null,[null,"106686943268582416572"] ] ,[0," Genesis tells us that God wanted "] ,[0,"not",[1] ] ,[0," for humans to learn morals thanks to a supernatural fruit stolen from him -- that fruit represents sacred books, or at least their use as canon of morals. So where the Bible is most accurate is with an advice of not looking to the Bible for accurate answers to moral questions -- what makes a lot of sense, because sacred books are frozen texts. Like software is frozen if you don't update it. What happens when you don't update software for too long illustrates the problem with sacred texts.\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"Bouncing Back\n\nThe Universe began with a big bang. Not an explosion from a single point, but rather an early dense state. Of course an obvious question this raises is what came before the big bang? While it’s possible that the answer is “nothing,” that hasn’t stopped some theorists from postulating an earlier cause for the Universe. One of these ideas is known as the big bounce.\n\nThe basic idea of the big bounce is that the Universe goes through a series of expansions and contractions. Right now we live in an expanding Universe, but at some point, the model argues, the Universe will start to contract. Eventually it will contract to a dense fireball again, and this will trigger a new big bang. This solves the “what came before” problem of the big bang by postulating an infinite series of big bangs, but it’s not without problems. For one, as we currently understand dark energy the Universe will likely continue to expand forever. For another, if the Universe did re-collapse into a dense state, we have no idea how it would trigger a new big bang.\n\nA new work in Physical Review Letters proposes a solution to this second problem. The key to the idea is to introduce quantum theory into the mix. In a purely classical model, a shrinking universe will eventually collapse into a singularity. It’s long been thought that quantum theory could provide a solution to this problem, but the devil is in the details. To prevent the formation of a singularity, the work introduces a symmetry known as conformal invariance. As long as the Universe has this symmetry during its dense period, it could enter the dense period at the end of one “universe” and re-expand to form a new “universe.” The authors call this a perfect bounce.\n\nSo with the right conditions it’s possible that our Universe could simply be the period between bounces.\n\nPaper: Steffen Gielen et al. Perfect Quantum Cosmological Bounce. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 021301 (2016). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.021301","+BrianKoberlein/posts/EnbDAX4NnGJ",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1468933812972,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsnagfrillqyvvhicsrou3cgpqn4gvrigsqitv4ilkn2udngssr2/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[283.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,283,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-19",106,0,null,36,[[391,336,335,0] 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Borcic","107066054408580467483",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-3-AbKLVGzGw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAADUM/pPIijpoC9ZM/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BorisBorcic","other"] ,["Ryan Lowe","118116985053209233971",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-UEMRHewh4j8/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAABA/mP11OKISSQM/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/118116985053209233971","other"] ,["ayath naaim","106686943268582416572",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-ZpsqJcWa0rE/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAACNY/kgLp51d8Hos/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/106686943268582416572","other"] ,["Joe Nyc","111035095581031057074",1,1,"","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/111035095581031057074","other"] ,["Zachary “Clorox” Carr","112289575042842376116",1,1,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-bnYJVN3B3OU/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAGXs/ZzNilytIW0s/photo.jpg","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/112289575042842376116","other"] ] ,null,null,0,9,null,0,[] ,0,[] ,0,0,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://plus.google.com/+BrianKoberlein/posts/EnbDAX4NnGJ",null,1,1,null,["Brian Koberlein","100479352836033641546",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg","./100479352836033641546","male",[null,2] ,0] ,[[[0,"Bouncing Back",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The Universe began with a big bang. Not an explosion from a single point, but rather an early dense state. Of course an obvious question this raises is what came before the big bang? While it’s possible that the answer is “nothing,” that hasn’t stopped some theorists from postulating an earlier cause for the Universe. One of these ideas is known as the big bounce. "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The basic idea of the big bounce is that the Universe goes through a series of expansions and contractions. Right now we live in an expanding Universe, but at some point, the model argues, the Universe will start to contract. Eventually it will contract to a dense fireball again, and this will trigger a new big bang. This solves the “what came before” problem of the big bang by postulating an infinite series of big bangs, but it’s not without problems. For one, as we currently understand dark energy the Universe will likely continue to expand forever. For another, if the Universe did re-collapse into a dense state, we have no idea how it would trigger a new big bang."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"A new work in Physical Review Letters proposes a solution to this second problem. The key to the idea is to introduce quantum theory into the mix. In a purely classical model, a shrinking universe will eventually collapse into a singularity. It’s long been thought that quantum theory could provide a solution to this problem, but the devil is in the details. To prevent the formation of a singularity, the work introduces a symmetry known as conformal invariance. As long as the Universe has this symmetry during its dense period, it could enter the dense period at the end of one “universe” and re-expand to form a new “universe.” The authors call this a perfect bounce."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"So with the right conditions it’s possible that our Universe could simply be the period between bounces."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Paper: Steffen Gielen et al. Perfect Quantum Cosmological Bounce. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 021301 (2016). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.021301"] ,[1] ,[0,"\ufeff"] ] ] ,[[[0,"Bouncing Back",[1] ] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The Universe began with a big bang. Not an explosion from a single point, but rather an early dense state. Of course an obvious question this raises is what came before the big bang? While it’s possible that the answer is “nothing,” that hasn’t stopped some theorists from postulating an earlier cause for the Universe. One of these ideas is known as the big bounce. "] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"The basic idea of the big bounce is that the Universe goes through a series of expansions and contractions. Right now we live in an expanding Universe, but at some point, the model argues, the Universe will start to contract. Eventually it will contract to a dense fireball again, and this will trigger a new big bang. This solves the “what came before” problem of the big bang by postulating an infinite series of big bangs..."] ] ] ,null,null,["en",0,"English"] ,null,[] ,null,[null,0] ,null,[[[11,"4oyNa"] ,"Our Universe"] ] ,null,0,null,null,[0] ,"z131wtcoomr1zhhem23ws1ggdta1i3f1q",null,[[[[2,"Our Universe",null,["collection/4oyNa"] ] ] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://ssl.gstatic.com/s2/oz/images/stream/ic_collections_blue_16_4x_5165e5c2df752adf3d874eed7ac69246.png","Collections icon",null,12086,"N0iIpb"] ,null,null,null,[[["43453","Big Bang",1] ] ] ] }] ,[1002,null,null,null,null,[1001,"z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas"] ,{"33558957":["","","Google+","Brian Koberlein","",1468765553708,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/http://www.google.com/favicon.ico",[[null,"","",1468999893515,"z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1468999893515459",null,"101872517335316187605","z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Asim Virk","101872517335316187605",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-voJpn8GVcuM/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAANI/cne5eZeLvx0/photo.jpg","./101872517335316187605","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Nice\ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469024552356,"z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469024552356564",null,"113571007860578370247","z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Trey Ducksworth Jr ","113571007860578370247",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-_Xk8NWZHBOw/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAc/zyyyz2h4YWc/photo.jpg","./113571007860578370247","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Nice \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469149685875,"z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469149685875272",null,"111364339057683442605","z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Robert Gillespie","111364339057683442605",0,0,"","./111364339057683442605","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Thank god it shut up \ufeff"] ] ] ] ,[null,"","",1469636850351,"z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas#1469636850351077",null,"102053548706917655211","z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas",0,0,null,0,null,null,0,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,null,null,[] ,0] ,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,["Sanjoy Mitter","102053548706917655211",0,0,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-3aA8ftbJf5U/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABFA/i-2fQoESq-M/photo.jpg","./102053548706917655211","male",null,0] ,["en",0,"English"] ,[[[0,"Not for long fools it will erupt soon\ufeff"] ] ] ] ] ,"z12ixbugeyz2ybvwa04cjn05llb4s5shgas","","s:updates:esshare",[] ,[] ,"",null,[] ,"100479352836033641546",[] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/--Iz2d-tpI2o/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABuE/b7zbFhTj7Xs/photo.jpg",null,"Year of the Quiet Sun\n\nSunspots are one way we can track the activity of the Sun. There have been fewer sunspots than usual in recent years, and that may point toward an historic solar minimum.\n\nSunspots are dark patches that occasionally appear on the surface of the Sun. They aren’t actually dark. If you could see a sunspot by itself it would appear bright red, but since sunspots are about a quarter as bright as the rest of the Sun, they appear as dark regions. Since the early 1600s astronomers have counted the number of sunspots over the years, and we’ve noticed a few patterns. One is that sunspot counts vary between maximum and minimum over an 11-year period. There are other patterns as well, such as the Gleisberg Cycle, which lasts 80 – 90 years.\n\nThere are times when the pattern seems to break down, and the Sun can enter into an extended period of little sunspot activity. The most famous is the Maunder minimum of the 1600s. While we don’t have direct sunspot counts before the early 1600s, we can look at the levels of carbon-14 as measured from tree rings. Since carbon-14 levels have a good correlation to sunspot counts, we can get a handle on a much longer history of sunspots. It turns out there have been other periods of minimum activity, such as the Wolf minimum of the 1300s. In general, the sunspot activity of the Sun in recent centuries is somewhat higher than most, except for a period during the middle ages known as the Medieval maximum.\n\nFor the past couple of cycles the sunspot maximums have been lower than usual. The pattern is similar to the early stages of the Dalton minimum in the early 1800s, which has raised the question of whether we are entering a period of reduced sunspot activity. This may also have some effect on global temperatures. The Dalton minimum saw a brief period of colder temperatures, and the Maunder minimum was marked by the “little ice age” where Europe and North America experienced a colder period. It should be stressed that connections between sunspot activity and global temperatures is still not clear. The Dalton cold period for example, saw the explosion of Mount Tambora, which would also contribute to cooler temperatures.\n\nWhat is clear is that periods of minimal sunspot activity are notoriously difficult to predict. While the pattern of the past few cycles has similarities with the early Dalton minimum, it could also be a small fluke before a return to cycles as normal.","+BrianKoberlein/posts/PZSVptqMfxG",0,0.0,"./100479352836033641546",[] ,null,null,"",0,0,0,1,null,0,1,null,0,1468765553708,null,null,0,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,0,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,[] ,null,null,[900,[] ,null,null,[] ] ,null,null,null,["4/jcsn4ufsgduqitftjctbmsnqixkn0h33hdr30hfghll3cwtpihoaisfn/",4,null,null,null,null,1.470340799999999E12,null,null,null,null,null,[[363.0,null,[] ] ] ,0,null,null,363,[] ,0,0,null,"AEIZW7Rq69zUMR1somMHibkPlf93xC3BOvT6YI58nLfX9EkjPuMf+CT/2wGfsLd+eTuDq5u5Dyip"] ,null,null,1,null,1,0,null,1,null,null,"social.google.com",0,0,null,null,1,0,null,"2016-07-17",41,0,null,37,[[391,336,335,0] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/17/quiet-sun/",null,null,null,null,[1468765504939,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/17/quiet-sun/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/17/quiet-sun/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/17/quiet-sun/",[] ] ,"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/17/quiet-sun/",{"42397230":["https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/2016/07/17/quiet-sun/","https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050502/https://briankoberlein.com/wp-content/uploads/Cycle22Cycle23Cycle24big.gif","Year Of The Quiet Sun - One Universe at a Time","The Sun occasionally enters an extended period of minimum sunspot activity. 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There have been fewer sunspots than usual in recent years, and that may point toward an historic solar minimum."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"Sunspots are dark patches that occasionally appear on the surface of the Sun. They aren’t actually dark. If you could see a sunspot by itself it would appear bright red, but since sunspots are about a quarter as bright as the rest of the Sun, they appear as dark regions. Since the early 1600s astronomers have counted the number of sunspots over the years, and we’ve noticed a few patterns. One is that sunspot counts vary between maximum and minimum over an 11-year period. There are other patterns as well, such as the Gleisberg Cycle, which lasts 80 – 90 years."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"There are times when the pattern seems to break down, and the Sun can enter into an extended period of little sunspot activity. The most famous is the Maunder minimum of the 1600s. While we don’t have direct sunspot counts before the early 1600s, we can look at the levels of carbon-14 as measured from tree rings. Since carbon-14 levels have a good correlation to sunspot counts, we can get a handle on a much longer history of sunspots. It turns out there have been other periods of minimum activity, such as the Wolf minimum of the 1300s. In general, the sunspot activity of the Sun in recent centuries is somewhat higher than most, except for a period during the middle ages known as the Medieval maximum."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"For the past couple of cycles the sunspot maximums have been lower than usual. The pattern is similar to the early stages of the Dalton minimum in the early 1800s, which has raised the question of whether we are entering a period of reduced sunspot activity. This may also have some effect on global temperatures. The Dalton minimum saw a brief period of colder temperatures, and the Maunder minimum was marked by the “little ice age” where Europe and North America experienced a colder period. It should be stressed that connections between sunspot activity and global temperatures is still not clear. The Dalton cold period for example, saw the explosion of Mount Tambora, which would also contribute to cooler temperatures."] ,[1] ,[1] ,[0,"What is clear is that periods of minimal sunspot activity are notoriously difficult to predict. 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