CINXE.COM
3Rs for the public | NC3Rs
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://nc3rs.org.uk/3rs-public" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="3Rs for the public" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@nc3rs" /> <meta name="twitter:creator:id" content="19292942" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://nc3rs.org.uk/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2022-01/Scientists%20looking%20in%20microscopes.jpg?itok=Lg0rbH1h" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/favicon/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <title>3Rs for the public | NC3Rs</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_2DDic5QxkzIr9cgObnQaMJiCuILK5dk2ydPFUTZjZ_g.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=nc3rs&include=eJxFikEOwyAMBD_khEMfhAxxCYqLLWyk5vflkCbSHmZnN2E-osuMhvRwrFka2GlOn-mNoOVXt1BYEvJifnJt5ZJJxM076mLElB3o63M-wtaHIq9XBcWOZd52-y-PWUfTkbjaThtUekcVHRpu-gGW_EHE" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_wYcZstQ8MUEi97zmq-j5t02Z2kxGZHJCz_H5VaEAiLk.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=nc3rs&include=eJxFikEOwyAMBD_khEMfhAxxCYqLLWyk5vflkCbSHmZnN2E-osuMhvRwrFka2GlOn-mNoOVXt1BYEvJifnJt5ZJJxM076mLElB3o63M-wtaHIq9XBcWOZd52-y-PWUfTkbjaThtUekcVHRpu-gGW_EHE" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/favicon/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/favicon/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/favicon/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/favicon/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/favicon/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128" /> <meta name="application-name" content="3Rs for the public | NC3Rs"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#FFFFFF" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/favicon/mstile-144x144.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/favicon/mstile-70x70.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/favicon/mstile-150x150.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/favicon/mstile-310x150.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/favicon/mstile-310x310.png" /> </head> <body> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <header class="branded-masthead"> <div class="d-flex container justify-content-end"> <a class="me-auto" href="/"> <img width="123" height="80" src="/themes/custom/nc3rs/img/logos/logo.svg" alt="NC3Rs | 20 Years: Pioneering Better Science" /> </a> <div class="flex-fill"> <form class="gcsa-form clearfix" data-drupal-selector="google-custom-search-api-search-results-form" novalidate action="/3rs-public" method="post" id="google-custom-search-api-search-results-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" role="search"> <input data-drupal-selector="form-xjth-ple05jlrhjzbez-m5adaq8mekdplkbck8hvqtg" type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-XjTH_ple05jlrHJzBez-M5ADAq8mEkDpLKBcK8HVqtg" class="form-control" /> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-google-custom-search-api-search-results-form" type="hidden" name="form_id" value="google_custom_search_api_search_results_form" class="form-control" /> <div class="gcsapi-block-form__wrapper js-gcsapi-block-form__wrapper"> <button type="button" class="gcsapi-block-form__toggle-trigger button button--icon icon--search icon--text-hidden" data-bs-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false" data-bs-target="#gcsapi-block-form" aria-controls="gcsapi-block-form"> Site search </button> <div id="gcsapi-block-form" class="gcsapi-block-form js-gcsapi-block-form collapse collapse-horizontal justify-content-end"> <label for="edit-search-query" class="sr-only">Search</label> <input form="google-custom-search-api-search-results-form" class="gcsapi-block-form__input" id="edit-search-query" type="search" placeholder="What are you looking for?" name="search_query" value="" maxlength="128" /> <button form="google-custom-search-api-search-results-form" type="submit" class="gcsapi-block-form__submit button button--small" value="Search site">Search site</button> <button type="button" class="gcsapi-block-form__close btn btn-link button--icon icon--close d-none d-xl-inline" data-bs-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="true" data-bs-target="#gcsapi-block-form" aria-controls="gcsapi-block-form">Close</button> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="d-xl-none"> <button class="navigation-toggle__button js-navigation-toggle__button"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> Menu </button> </div> <div class="branded-masthead__menu d-none d-xl-block"> <div class="secondary-navigation d-none d-md-flex justify-content-end align-items-stretch"> <ul class="secondary-navigation__list d-flex align-items-center"><li class="secondary-navigation__list-item"> <a class="secondary-navigation__link" href="/3rs-public">3Rs for the public</a> </li> <li class="secondary-navigation__list-item"> <a class="secondary-navigation__link" href="/news">News</a> </li> <li class="secondary-navigation__list-item"> <a class="secondary-navigation__link" href="/events">Events</a> </li> <li class="secondary-navigation__list-item"> <a class="secondary-navigation__link secondary-navigation__link--signin" href="/user/login">Sign in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="main-navigation js-main-navigation"> <div class="main-navigation__level main-navigation__level--0"> <div class="main-navigation__list-wrapper main-navigation__list-wrapper--level-0"> <ul class="main-navigation__list main-navigation__list--level-0"> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-0 main-navigation__item--expanded "> <a href="/who-we-are" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/447">Who we are</a> <div class="main-navigation__level main-navigation__level--1"> <div class="main-navigation__list-wrapper main-navigation__list-wrapper--level-1"> <ul class="main-navigation__list main-navigation__list--level-1"> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--back main-navigation__item--level-1"> <a class="main-navigation__back"> Menu </a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--all-mobile main-navigation__item--level-1"> <a class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--all-mobile" href="/who-we-are"> View all Who we are</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-1 "> <a href="/who-we-are/3rs" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-1" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/450">The 3Rs</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-1 "> <a href="/who-we-are/our-strategy" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-1" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13">Our strategy</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-1 "> <a href="/who-we-are/our-reports-and-reviews" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-1" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17">Reports and reviews</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-1 "> <a href="/who-we-are/what-we-do" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-1" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1449">What we do</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-1 "> <a href="/who-we-are/our-team" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-1" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15">Our team</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-1 "> <a href="/who-we-are/statements-and-position-papers" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-1" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1519">Statements and positions</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--all"> <a class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--all" href="/who-we-are">View all Who we are</a> </li> </ul> <div class="main-navigation__card"> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-0 "> <a href="/our-portfolio" title="Details of NC3Rs projects including research and innovation funding, early career awards and projects led by our staff." class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/638">Our portfolio</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-0 "> <a href="/our-funding-schemes" title="3Rs research and innovation funding from the NC3Rs" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/624">Our funding schemes</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-0 main-navigation__item--expanded "> <a href="/3rs-resources" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/639">3Rs resource library</a> <div class="main-navigation__level main-navigation__level--1"> <div class="main-navigation__list-wrapper main-navigation__list-wrapper--level-1"> <ul class="main-navigation__list main-navigation__list--level-1"> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--back main-navigation__item--level-1"> <a class="main-navigation__back"> Menu </a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--all-mobile main-navigation__item--level-1"> <a class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--all-mobile" href="/3rs-resources"> View all 3Rs resource library</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-1 main-navigation__item--expanded "> <span class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-1">Resources by topic</span> <div class="main-navigation__level main-navigation__level--2"> <div class="main-navigation__list-wrapper main-navigation__list-wrapper--level-2"> <ul class="main-navigation__list main-navigation__list--level-2"> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--back main-navigation__item--level-2"> <a class="main-navigation__back"> 3Rs resource library </a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--all-mobile main-navigation__item--level-2"> <a class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--all-mobile" href=""> View all Resources by topic</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="/3rs-resources/search/topic/alternatives" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2">Alternatives</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="/3rs-resources/search/topic/experimental-design-and-reporting" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2">Experimental design and reporting</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="/3rs-resources/search/topic/genetic-modification" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2">Genetic modification</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="/3rs-resources/search/topic/handling" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2">Handling</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="/3rs-resources/search/topic/husbandry" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2">Husbandry</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="/3rs-resources/search/topic/in-vivo-techniques" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2">In vivo techniques</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="/3rs-resources/search/topic/new-approach-methodologies" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2">New approach methodologies</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="/3rs-resources/search/topic/research-culture-and-ethical-review" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2">Research culture and ethical review</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="/3rs-resources/search/topic/toxicology-and-regulatory-sciences" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2">Toxicology and regulatory sciences</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="/3rs-resources/search/topic/welfare-assessment" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2">Welfare assessment</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-1 main-navigation__item--expanded "> <span class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-1">Resources by audience</span> <div class="main-navigation__level main-navigation__level--2"> <div class="main-navigation__list-wrapper main-navigation__list-wrapper--level-2"> <ul class="main-navigation__list main-navigation__list--level-2"> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--back main-navigation__item--level-2"> <a class="main-navigation__back"> 3Rs resource library </a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--all-mobile main-navigation__item--level-2"> <a class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--all-mobile" href=""> View all Resources by audience</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="/3rs-resources/search/audience/researcher" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2">Researcher</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="/3rs-resources/search/audience/technician-vet" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2">Technician / Vet</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="/3rs-resources/search/audience/regulator-ethical-review-body" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2">Ethical Review Body</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="/3rs-resources/search/audience/research-organisation-funder-journal" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2">Research Organisation / Funder / Journal</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="/3rs-resources/search/audience/regulator-animal-procedures" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2">Regulator: Animal procedures</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="/3rs-resources/search/audience/regulator-safety-assessment" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2">Regulator: Safety assessment</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-1 main-navigation__item--expanded "> <span class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-1">Other sites from the NC3Rs</span> <div class="main-navigation__level main-navigation__level--2"> <div class="main-navigation__list-wrapper main-navigation__list-wrapper--level-2"> <ul class="main-navigation__list main-navigation__list--level-2"> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--back main-navigation__item--level-2"> <a class="main-navigation__back"> 3Rs resource library </a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--all-mobile main-navigation__item--level-2"> <a class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--all-mobile" href=""> View all Other sites from the NC3Rs</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="https://arriveguidelines.org/" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2" rel="noreferrer">ARRIVE guidelines</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="https://nc3rs.org.uk/crackit/" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2" rel="noreferrer">CRACK IT Innovation Platform</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="https://eda.nc3rs.org.uk/" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2" rel="noreferrer">Experimental Design Assistant</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-2 "> <a href="https://f1000research.com/nc3rs" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-2" rel="noreferrer">The NC3Rs gateway</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--all"> <a class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--all" href="/3rs-resources">View all 3Rs resource library</a> </li> </ul> <div class="main-navigation__card"> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-0 "> <a href="/3rs-training" title="Free 3Rs training available for a variety of audiences across the UK." class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2054">3Rs training</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-0 "> <a href="/networks" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2240">3Rs networks</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-0 main-navigation__item--user-item "> <a href="/3rs-public" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-0 is-active" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/629" aria-current="page">3Rs for the public</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-0 main-navigation__item--user-item "> <a href="/news" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="news">News</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-0 main-navigation__item--user-item "> <a href="/events" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="events">Events</a> </li> <li class="main-navigation__item main-navigation__item--level-0 main-navigation__item--user-item "> <a href="/user/login" class="main-navigation__link main-navigation__link--level-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="user/login">Sign in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </header> <div class="js-gcsapi-block-form__wrapper--mobile container" style="position:relative;"> </div> <div class="container"> </div> <div id="main-content" class="container main-content" role="main"> <div class="main-content__content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div id="block-nc3rs-content"> <article> <div> <div class="hero-banner"> <div class="hero-banner__container container d-none d-md-block"> <div> <nav class="breadcrumbs" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"> <div id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</div> <ol class="breadcrumbs__list"> <li class="breadcrumbs__item d-none d-md-inline"> <a class="breadcrumbs__link" href="/">Home</a> </li> </ol> </nav> </div> </div> <article class="call-to-action "> <div class="call-to-action__content"> <div class="call-to-action__sub-title"> PIONEERING BETTER SCIENCE </div> <h1 class="call-to-action__title"> 3Rs for the public </h1> <div class="call-to-action__body"> Many scientists who use animals in their research are committed to finding alternatives and ensuring high standards of animal welfare, but there is always more that can be done. </div> </div> <div class="call-to-action__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2022-01/Scientists%20looking%20in%20microscopes.jpg?itok=Lg0rbH1h" width="1000" height="562" alt="Two scientists look into microscopes" /> </div> </article> </div> <div class="s8080-component text--width-limit"> <p>The NC3Rs was set up to help scientists <strong>replace</strong> their use of animals and, where this is not possible, <strong>reduce</strong> the number of animals used and <strong>refine</strong> the care of the animals to keep pain and suffering to a minimum. There are many ways to achieve these aims, which are known collectively as <strong>the 3Rs</strong>.</p><p>In the UK, animal research that can cause pain or suffering is regulated by the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 with the Home Office as the lead government department. The law permits the use of animals in research as long as there is no alternative. Where their use is unavoidable, it requires that scientists only use the minimum number of animals and take steps to limit any pain, suffering or distress.</p> </div> <div class="s8080-component cards cards--33x3 cards--default"> <div class="mw-100 row row-cols-1 row-cols-md-2 row-cols-lg-3"><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="/how-many-animals-are-used-research" class="card__link " title="How many animals are used in research?"><span>How many animals are used in research?</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2021-07/Rat_cage_0_0.jpg?itok=k7fyyi6d" width="1000" height="562" alt="Two white rats in an enriched cage containing cardboard tunnels and paper towels." /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="/how-are-animals-used-research" class="card__link " title="How are animals used in research?"><span>How are animals used in research?</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2021-09/Zebrafish.jpg?itok=6GYeUdTP" width="1000" height="562" alt="""" /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="/why-are-there-concerns-about-animal-research" class="card__link " title="Why are there concerns about animal research?"><span>Why are there concerns about animal research?</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2022-01/Black%20mouse%20in%20handling%20tunnel.jpg?h=32596f8d&itok=Pz2GmaU_" width="1000" height="562" alt="A black mouse in a clear plastic tube held by a gloved hand" /> </div> </article> </div></div> </div> <div class="s8080-component text--width-limit"> <h2><a>What are the 3Rs?</a></h2><p>The principles of the 3Rs were first proposed in 1959 and stand for:</p><div class="text--highlight"><h3>Replacement</h3><p>Replacing animal use e.g. using cell cultures, computer modelling, or human tissue or volunteers.</p><h3>Reduction</h3><p>Where animal use is necessary, keeping numbers to the minimum e.g. using statistical methods to determine the smallest number of animals that can be used in an experiment.</p><h3>Refinement</h3><p>Where animal use is necessary, minimising pain and suffering and improving welfare e.g. using pain relief and providing housing that allows animals to perform their natural behaviours.</p></div><p>We have produced <a href="/training-3rs">a short video introducing the 3Rs and their scientific importance</a>. This was designed for training scientists, technicians and students, but is useful for anyone interested in learning more about animal research, the 3Rs and the work we do. It includes case studies relating to each of the 3Rs from researchers whose work we have funded.</p><h2>What does the NC3Rs do?</h2><p>The NC3Rs is an independent UK-based scientific organisation dedicated to the 3Rs. We were set up in 2004 in response to the House of Lords Select Committee report on Animals in Scientific Procedures, which recommended the establishment of a national centre to help advance the 3Rs.</p><p>We work with scientists and organisations from across the life sciences sector, including universities, industry and regulatory authorities, both in the UK and internationally. As well as funding scientific research into the 3Rs, we support the development of 3Rs technologies and drive changes in policy, regulation and practice. We engage with the scientific community through collaborating on research projects, running events and producing guidelines and other resources, including our website. Find out more about <a href="/who-we-are">who we are and what we do</a>.</p><p>We have always been transparent about our work and both the use and limitations of animals in research and testing, and encourage those we work with to do the same. We have undertaken and funded a wide range of <a href="https://nc3rs.org.uk/public-engagement-outreach-and-communication-3rs" rel="noreferrer">public engagement activities</a> to communicate how the 3Rs supports both better animal welfare and better science. </p><h2>Learn more</h2><p>While much of our work is aimed at scientists, you can find articles, videos, podcasts and other resources aimed at a more general audience that have been produced by NC3Rs, the researchers we fund and other organisations in the links below.</p> </div> <div class="s8080-component text--width-limit"> <h3>Research round-ups</h3><p>Discover how the 3Rs are embedded in research and the science driven by 3Rs tools, technologies and approaches, in this series of articles written for a general audience.</p> </div> <div class="s8080-component cards cards--25x4 cards--default"> <div class="row row-cols-1 row-cols-md-2 row-cols-lg-3 row-cols-xl-4"><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/news/research-round-gateway-better-science" class="card__link " title="The Gateway to better science"><span>The Gateway to better science</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>Explore 3Rs methods and technologies on the NC3Rs F1000 Gateway – an open access platform for our grant holders to maximise the 3Rs impact of their work.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2024-01/F1000%20Gateway%20homepage.PNG?itok=S1YVgc9P" width="1000" height="562" alt="The NC3Rs F1000 Gateway homepage." /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/news/research-round-refining-fish-research" class="card__link " title="Refining fish in research"><span>Refining fish in research</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>Find out about the work we have funded to build the evidence base for refining the use of fish in research.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2023-11/Zebrafish%20group_1.jpg?h=cf72e8c3&itok=KhTyU2NB" width="1000" height="562" alt="A group of zebrafish swimming in a tank." /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/news/research-round-3rs-innovations-alzheimers-disease" class="card__link " title="3Rs innovations in Alzheimer's disease"><span>3Rs innovations in Alzheimer's disease</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>Find out about the £3M the NC3Rs has invested to replace, reduce or refine the use of animals in Alzheimer's disease reseach.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2021-09/f1000%20brain%20slice.png?itok=J-Ad8cfc" width="1000" height="562" alt="F1000 brain slice graphic" /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/news/research-round-replacing-animals-stroke-research" class="card__link " title="Replacing animals in stroke research"><span>Replacing animals in stroke research</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>Discover NC3Rs-funded science to replace animals in research to better understand and treat stroke.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2023-08/Abstract%20brain%20graphic%20AI%20%28Shutterstock%29.jpg?itok=cmm-RBE3" width="1000" height="562" alt="Blue abstract graphic of a brain made of interconnected dots." /> </div> </article> </div></div> </div> <div class="s8080-component cards cards--25x4 cards--default"> <h2 class="cards__title"> Articles </h2> <div class="row row-cols-1 row-cols-md-2 row-cols-lg-3 row-cols-xl-4"><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/dec/27/3d-printed-chip-showing-bodys-reaction-to-drugs-could-end-need-for-animal-tests" class="card__link " title="3D-printed chip to replace animal drug safety tests"><span>3D-printed chip to replace animal drug safety tests</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>The Guardian spoke to Dr Adriana Tavares and Liam Carr about their NC3Rs-funded research developing a 'body-on-chip'.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2021-11/Organ-on-a-chip-colourful-mindmap-diagram.png?itok=ilyxpjjB" width="1000" height="562" alt="Illustration showing the various organs that an organ-on-a-chip can model, including the retina, brain, heart, lungs, kidneys and intestines." /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="https://thebiologist.rsb.org.uk/biologist-features/the-road-to-replacement" class="card__link " title="The Biologist article: The road to replacement"><span>The Biologist article: The road to replacement</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>Explore NC3Rs funding and innovation to drive the development and uptake of replacement technologies.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2021-11/In%20vitro%20cell%20based%20assay%20under%20microscope.jpg?itok=mc5EEu_4" width="1000" height="562" alt="A cell culture plate containing pink liquid under a microscope. A gloved hand is holding the plate while another is pipetting liquid into it." /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="https://thebiologist.rsb.org.uk/biologist-features/replace-refine-and-reduce" class="card__link " title="The Biologist article: The 2019 3Rs Prize"><span>The Biologist article: The 2019 3Rs Prize</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>A feature on two of our 3Rs Prize winners and how their work is helping reduce the use of animals in research.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2022-02/2019%203Rs%20Prize.png?itok=DjLoDUpG" width="1000" height="562" alt="Two headshots side by side. On the left is Dr Francesca Nunn, on the right is Dr Marta Shahbazi" /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="https://kids.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/frym.2018.00044" class="card__link " title="The 3Rs: What are Medical Scientists Doing about Animal Testing?"><span>The 3Rs: What are Medical Scientists Doing about Animal Testing?</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>NC3Rs-funded researcher Dr Rachel Tanner explains the 3Rs for a younger audience.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2022-01/Rachel%20Tanner%20Frontiers%20for%20Young%20Minds%20article.jpg?h=e90d8a9e&itok=lnWtELTz" width="1000" height="562" alt="A cartoon of a scientist holding a rabbit pointing at some examples of in vitro methods" /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="/news/worm-hunting-colombia-fighting-whipworm-infection-lab-and-classroom" class="card__link " title="Worm hunting in Colombia: fighting infection in the lab and the classroom"><span>Worm hunting in Colombia: fighting infection in the lab and the classroom</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>NC3Rs-funded researcher Dr María Duque-Correa tells us about her work to tackle whipworm infection through 3Rs research and schools outreach.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2022-04/Maria%20Duque%20Correa%20public%20engagement.jpg?itok=sSCXFvAu" width="1000" height="562" alt="Dr María Duque-Correa in conversation with two young students at a table with scientific equipment" /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="/news/taste-pint-science-2019" class="card__link " title="A taste of Pint of Science 2019"><span>A taste of Pint of Science 2019</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>We have taken part in this annual science festival since 2014. Learn more about our 2019 event via our blog post.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2021-09/pint%20of%20science%20logo.png?itok=qGdL53H2" width="1000" height="562" alt="Pint of science logo" /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="https://thebiologist.rsb.org.uk/biologist/158-biologist/features/2157-the-3rs" class="card__link " title="The Biologist article: "Replace, reduce, refine""><span>The Biologist article: "Replace, reduce, refine"</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>This article in "The Biologist" magazine shares highlights from our 2019 Research Review.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2022-01/Biologist%20article%20ferret.png?itok=5hvNUfrL" width="1000" height="562" alt="A laboratory ferret drinking from a bottle held by a technician" /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="https://catalyst-magazine.org/articles/skin-deep-modelling-fungal-skin-infections/" class="card__link " title="Skin deep: modelling fungal skin infections"><span>Skin deep: modelling fungal skin infections</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>An article by NC3Rs grant holder Dr Donna MacCallum on her work developing new ways to study fungal infection without the use of animals.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2022-01/Donna%20McCallum%20%27Skin%20Deep%27%20Catalyst%20article.png?h=3d5a61eb&itok=DGlOr-7y" width="1000" height="562" alt="A cartoon of a scientist looking at microorganisms in a microscope" /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="https://www.scienceinschool.org/article/2021/organ-on-chip/" class="card__link " title="Organ-on-chip systems and the 3Rs"><span>Organ-on-chip systems and the 3Rs</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>An introduction to organ-on-a-chip technology and its potential to replace animal studies, aimed at 14 to 19 year olds and available in English and Spanish.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2022-05/ONLY%20FOR%20SiS%20LINK%20ON%203Rs%20for%20PUBLIC%20PAGE%20chip-and-multichip-setup-768x254.jpg?h=ee437889&itok=y6JunHRD" width="1000" height="562" alt="Organ on a chip technology" /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="https://nc3rs.org.uk/news/3rs-citizen-science-project-wins-7th-annual-openness-awards" class="card__link " title="Rodent Little Brother: Secret Lives of Mice"><span>Rodent Little Brother: Secret Lives of Mice</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>Our citizen science project with MRC Harwell invited the public to get involved in improving laboratory mouse welfare by watching and labelling videos of mice in their home cages.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2022-01/Rodent%20Little%20Brother%20Secret%20Lives%20of%20Mice%20citizen%20science%20project.png?h=bd962a34&itok=6VKsdtuo" width="1000" height="562" alt="A cartoon of three mice. The mouse on the left is wearing a green top and eating, the mouse in the centre is wearing a red top and grooming itself, and the mouse on the right is wearing a blue top and drinking water." /> </div> </article> </div></div> </div> <div class="s8080-component cards cards--25x4 cards--default"> <h2 class="cards__title"> Videos and podcasts </h2> <div class="row row-cols-1 row-cols-md-2 row-cols-lg-3 row-cols-xl-4"><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGOVq9sz8JY" class="card__link " title="From a fish to a dish, how animal alternatives are advancing stroke research"><span>From a fish to a dish, how animal alternatives are advancing stroke research</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>Hear how zebrafish larvae and in vitro approaches are replacing mice in stroke research from NC3Rs-funded scientists at the University of Manchester.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2023-08/3RS%20Thumb%2019.jpg?h=34d2b0d5&itok=tuTbKnR3" width="1000" height="562" alt="Zebrafish embryo" /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="https://media.ed.ac.uk/media/Unilever_Comp_LC/1_wo09unzw" class="card__link " title="Non-animal next generation risk assessment of novel drugs"><span>Non-animal next generation risk assessment of novel drugs</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>A video from NC3Rs-funded PhD student Liam Carr exploring how body-on-chip technology can replace the use of animals in drug development.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2024-02/Liam%20Carr%20video%20screenshot.jpg?itok=2HzOAeD6" width="1000" height="562" alt="Video screenshot showing how body-on-chip technology can replace the use of animals in a visual diagram. " /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvEzJuWm6wM" class="card__link " title="Biomaterial scaffolds for tissue culture to reduce animal use in research"><span>Biomaterial scaffolds for tissue culture to reduce animal use in research</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>Dr Ben Newland (Cardiff University) explains his work on cryogels, which was highly commended for the 2021 3Rs Prize.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2022-08/Ben%20Newland%20video%20screenshot.png?itok=Zcw9u_U2" width="1000" height="562" alt="Dr Ben Newland holds a model of a cryogel up to the camera." /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uiQfCthTOGE&feature=emb_title" class="card__link " title="Could caterpillars accelerate respiratory superbug research?"><span>Could caterpillars accelerate respiratory superbug research?</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>A Science Animated video on how NC3Rs-funded researchers at King’s College London are using caterpillars to replace mice in antibiotic research.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2022-01/Could%20caterpillars%20accelerate%20respiratory%20superbug%20research%20video.png?itok=DhJzrJpq" width="1000" height="562" alt="A screenshot from the linked video, showing a cartoon caterpillar being injected with an antimicrobial agent" /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="/new-sensor-platform-combining-plastic-antibodies-simple-thermal-detection-0#tabs-2" class="card__link " title="Developing man-made biochemical sensors to reduce animal research"><span>Developing man-made biochemical sensors to reduce animal research</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>Videos by NC3Rs grant holder Dr Marloes Peeters, sharing her work on developing biosensors to replace the use of animals.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2022-01/Marloes%20Peeters%20smart%20sensors%20video.png?itok=LB5es1to" width="1000" height="562" alt="A small tube of glowing liquid, held by a gloved hand" /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jQJR2HRCDg" class="card__link " title="Video: The in3 Project"><span>Video: The in3 Project</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>Learn more about ESTIV's in3 Project, which aims to create lab- and computer-based tools for assessing the safety of chemicals.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2022-01/in3%20project%20video.png?itok=AR3TtMM6" width="1000" height="562" alt="A screenshot from the linked video representing in vitro and in silico methods" /> </div> </article> </div><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4fEiGdRMpQ" class="card__link " title="Animals in Biomedical Research: Replacement, Refinement, Reduction"><span>Animals in Biomedical Research: Replacement, Refinement, Reduction</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>A podcast interview with Selina Ballantyne, Licence Manager at the University of Cambridge, on why good science and good animal welfare go hand in hand.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2022-05/Say%20That%20Again%20Slowly%20podcast.png?itok=bWwCLp4U" width="1000" height="562" alt="Cover image for the Say That Again Slowly podcast, depicting the University of Cambridge logo and a representation of sound waves" /> </div> </article> </div></div> </div> <div class="s8080-component cards cards--25x4 cards--default"> <h2 class="cards__title"> Other resources </h2> <div class="row row-cols-1 row-cols-md-2 row-cols-lg-3 row-cols-xl-4"><div class="col mt-4"> <article class="card card--default s8080-component"> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__title"> <a href="https://www.europeanschoolnetacademy.eu/courses/course-v1:3Rs+AnimalsInScience+2020/about" class="card__link " title="MOOC: The Three Rs and Animal Use in Science"><span>MOOC: The Three Rs and Animal Use in Science</span></a> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>A course from the European Schoolnet Academy aimed at supporting teachers to incorporate the 3Rs into their lessons.</p> </div> </div> <div class="card__image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/image_16_9/public/2022-01/MOOC%20The%20Three%20Rs%20and%20Animal%20Use%20in%20Science.png?itok=q4CCVlsu" width="1000" height="562" alt="Blue and yellow icons representing different aspects of the 3Rs" /> </div> </article> </div></div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="footer"> <div class="container"> <h2 class="footer__title text-md-center">More from the NC3Rs</h2> <div class="footer__menus row"><div class="footer__menu col-md"> <h3> Useful links</h3> <ul class="footer__menu-list"><li><a href="/contact-us">Contact us</a></li> <li><a href="/who-we-are/what-we-do">What we do</a></li> <li><a href="/who-we-are/our-team">Our team</a></li> <li><a href="/who-we-are/our-vacancies">NC3Rs careers</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer__menu col-md"> <h3>The 3Rs</h3> <ul class="footer__menu-list"><li><a href="/who-we-are/3rs">3Rs definitions </a></li> <li><a href="/3rs-public">3Rs for the public</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer__menu col-md"> <h3>Legal and privacy</h3> <ul class="footer__menu-list"><li><a href="/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/privacy-and-cookie-policy">Privacy and cookie policy </a></li> <li><a href="/terms-and-conditions">Terms and conditions</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer__menu col-md"> <h3>Other sites from the NC3Rs</h3> <ul class="footer__menu-list"><li><a href="https://arriveguidelines.org/">ARRIVE guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://nc3rs.org.uk/crackit/">CRACK IT Innovation Platform</a></li> <li><a href="https://eda.nc3rs.org.uk/">Experimental Design Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="https://f1000research.com/nc3rs">The NC3Rs gateway</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="footer__social row justify-content-md-center border-top border-bottom"> <div class="social-media"> <ul class="social-media__list"> <li class="social-media__list-item"> <a class="social-media__link social-media__link--twitter " href="https://twitter.com/NC3Rs" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow"><span class="sr-only">Twitter</span></a> </li> <li class="social-media__list-item"> <a class="social-media__link social-media__link--facebook " href="https://www.facebook.com/NC3Rs" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow"><span class="sr-only">Facebook</span></a> </li> <li class="social-media__list-item"> <a class="social-media__link social-media__link--linkedin " href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/national-centre-3rs/" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow"><span class="sr-only">LinkedIn</span></a> </li> <li class="social-media__list-item"> <a class="social-media__link social-media__link--youtube " href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NC3Rs1" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow"><span class="sr-only">YouTube</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="footer__footer"> <ul class="row justify-content-md-center"> <li class="col-auto">© NC3Rs</li> <li class="col-auto border-left"><a href="/contact-us">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/629","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en","civiccookiecontrol_path":"modules\/contrib\/civicccookiecontrol"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":true,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":false,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"civiccookiecontrol":"{\u0022apiKey\u0022:\u0022487f456762462627969a5b51573dcc53e2cdd8f1\u0022,\u0022product\u0022:\u0022PRO_MULTISITE\u0022,\u0022logConsent\u0022:false,\u0022consentCookieExpiry\u0022:90,\u0022encodeCookie\u0022:false,\u0022subDomains\u0022:false,\u0022notifyOnce\u0022:false,\u0022rejectButton\u0022:false,\u0022toggleType\u0022:\u0022slider\u0022,\u0022closeStyle\u0022:\u0022icon\u0022,\u0022settingsStyle\u0022:\u0022link\u0022,\u0022initialState\u0022:\u0022NOTIFY\u0022,\u0022layout\u0022:\u0022SLIDEOUT\u0022,\u0022position\u0022:\u0022LEFT\u0022,\u0022theme\u0022:\u0022LIGHT\u0022,\u0022necessaryCookies\u0022:[],\u0022optionalCookies\u0022:[{\u0022name\u0022:\u0022analytics\u0022,\u0022label\u0022:\u0022Analytical Cookies\u0022,\u0022description\u0022:\u0022\u003Cp\u003EAnalytical cookies help us to improve our website by collecting and reporting information on its usage.\u003C\/p\u003E\\r\\n\u0022,\u0022cookies\u0022:[\u0022_ga\u0022,\u0022_gid\u0022,\u0022_gat\u0022],\u0022onAccept\u0022:\u0022function(){(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i[\u0027GoogleAnalyticsObject\u0027]=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,\u0027script\u0027,\u0027https:\/\/www.google-analytics.com\/analytics.js\u0027,\u0027ga\u0027);\\r\\nga(\u0027create\u0027, \u0027UA-409017-1\u0027, \u0027auto\u0027);\\r\\nga(\u0027send\u0027, \u0027pageview\u0027);\\r\\n\\r\\n(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i[\u0027GoogleTagObject\u0027]=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,\u0027script\u0027,\u0027https:\/\/www.googletagmanager.com\/gtag\/js?id=G-52Y44C2RTP\u0027,\u0027gtag\u0027);\\r\\n\\r\\n window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];\\r\\n function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}\\r\\n gtag(\u0027js\u0027, new Date());\\r\\n\\r\\n gtag(\u0027config\u0027, \u0027G-52Y44C2RTP\u0027);\\r\\n}\u0022,\u0022onRevoke\u0022:\u0022function(){window[\u0027ga-disable-UA-409017-1\u0027] = true;\\r\\nwindow[\u0027ga-disable-G-52Y44C2RTP\u0027] = true;}\u0022,\u0022recommendedState\u0022:true,\u0022lawfulBasis\u0022:\u0022consent\u0022}],\u0022excludedCountries\u0022:[],\u0022debug\u0022:false,\u0022setInnerHTML\u0022:true,\u0022wrapInnerHTML\u0022:false,\u0022mode\u0022:\u0022GDPR\u0022,\u0022acceptBehaviour\u0022:\u0022recommended\u0022,\u0022closeOnGlobalChange\u0022:true,\u0022notifyDismissButton\u0022:true,\u0022sameSiteCookie\u0022:true,\u0022sameSiteValue\u0022:\u0022Strict\u0022,\u0022iabCMP\u0022:false,\u0022statement\u0022:{\u0022description\u0022:\u0022For more detailed information on the cookies we use, please check our\u0022,\u0022name\u0022:\u0022Privacy Policy\u0022,\u0022updated\u0022:\u002211\/11\/2021\u0022,\u0022url\u0022:\u0022https:\/\/nc3rs.org.uk\/privacy-and-cookie-policy\u0022},\u0022ccpaConfig\u0022:[],\u0022accessibility\u0022:{\u0022accessKey\u0022:\u0022C\u0022,\u0022overlay\u0022:true,\u0022outline\u0022:true,\u0022disableSiteScrolling\u0022:false},\u0022text\u0022:{\u0022title\u0022:\u0022This site uses cookies\u0022,\u0022intro\u0022:\u0022\u003Cp\u003ESome of these cookies are essential to make our site work and others help us to improve by giving us some insight into how the site is being used.\u003C\/p\u003E\u0022,\u0022acceptRecommended\u0022:\u0022Accept Recommended Settings\u0022,\u0022acceptSettings\u0022:\u0022I accept\u0022,\u0022rejectSettings\u0022:\u0022I do not accept\u0022,\u0022necessaryTitle\u0022:\u0022Essential Cookies\u0022,\u0022necessaryDescription\u0022:\u0022\u003Cp\u003EEssential cookies enable core functionality such as page navigation and access to secure areas. The website cannot function properly without these cookies, and can only be disabled by changing your browser preferences.\u003C\/p\u003E\u0022,\u0022thirdPartyTitle\u0022:\u0022Warning: Some cookies require your attention.\u0022,\u0022thirdPartyDescription\u0022:\u0022\u003Cp\u003EConsent for the following cookies could not be automatically revoked. Please follow the link(s) below to opt out manually.\u003C\/p\u003E\u0022,\u0022on\u0022:\u0022On\u0022,\u0022off\u0022:\u0022Off\u0022,\u0022notifyTitle\u0022:\u0022Your choice regarding cookies on this site\u0022,\u0022notifyDescription\u0022:\u0022\u003Cp\u003EWe use cookies to optimise site functionality and give you the best possible experience.\u003C\/p\u003E\u0022,\u0022accept\u0022:\u0022I accept\u0022,\u0022reject\u0022:\u0022I reject\u0022,\u0022settings\u0022:\u0022Manage preferences\u0022,\u0022closeLabel\u0022:\u0022Close\u0022,\u0022cornerButton\u0022:\u0022Set cookie preferences.\u0022,\u0022landmark\u0022:\u0022Cookie preferences.\u0022,\u0022showVendors\u0022:\u0022Show vendors within this category\u0022,\u0022thirdPartyCookies\u0022:\u0022This vendor may set third party cookies.\u0022,\u0022readMore\u0022:\u0022Read more\u0022},\u0022branding\u0022:{\u0022fontSizeTitle\u0022:\u0022em\u0022,\u0022fontSize\u0022:\u0022em\u0022,\u0022toggleText\u0022:\u0022#ffffff\u0022,\u0022toggleColor\u0022:\u0022#ffffff\u0022,\u0022toggleBackground\u0022:\u0022#0076af\u0022,\u0022alertBackground\u0022:\u0022#0076af\u0022,\u0022buttonIconWidth\u0022:\u0022px\u0022,\u0022buttonIconHeight\u0022:\u0022px\u0022,\u0022rejectText\u0022:null,\u0022rejectBackground\u0022:\u0022\u0022,\u0022closeText\u0022:\u0022\u0022,\u0022closeBackground\u0022:\u0022\u0022,\u0022notifyFontColor\u0022:\u0022\u0022,\u0022notifyBackgroundColor \u0022:\u0022\u0022},\u0022locales\u0022:[]}","theme_breakpoints":"[{\u0022name\u0022:\u0022xs\u0022,\u0022mediaQuery\u0022:\u0022(max-width: 479px)\u0022,\u0022multipliers\u0022:[\u00221x\u0022,\u00222x\u0022]},{\u0022name\u0022:\u0022sm\u0022,\u0022mediaQuery\u0022:\u0022(min-width: 480px)\u0022,\u0022multipliers\u0022:[\u00221x\u0022,\u00222x\u0022]},{\u0022name\u0022:\u0022md\u0022,\u0022mediaQuery\u0022:\u0022screen and (min-width: 600px)\u0022,\u0022multipliers\u0022:[\u00221x\u0022,\u00222x\u0022]},{\u0022name\u0022:\u0022lg\u0022,\u0022mediaQuery\u0022:\u0022screen and (min-width: 768px)\u0022,\u0022multipliers\u0022:[\u00221x\u0022,\u00222x\u0022]},{\u0022name\u0022:\u0022xl\u0022,\u0022mediaQuery\u0022:\u0022screen and (min-width: 1000px)\u0022,\u0022multipliers\u0022:[\u00221x\u0022,\u00222x\u0022]}]","data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":true,"extTargetAppendNewWindowLabel":"(opens in a new window)","extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":true,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":".social-media__link,.branded-masthead","extCssInclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":false,"extAlertText":"This link will take you to an external web site. We are not responsible for their content.","extHideIcons":false,"mailtoClass":"mailto","telClass":"","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","telLabel":"(link is a phone number)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","extAdditionalLinkClasses":"","extAdditionalMailtoClasses":"","extAdditionalTelClasses":"","extFaTelClasses":"fa fa-phone","whitelistedDomains":[],"extExcludeNoreferrer":""}},"responsive":{"breakpoints":{"nc3rs.xs":"(max-width: 479px)","nc3rs.sm":"(min-width: 480px)","nc3rs.md":"screen and (min-width: 600px)","nc3rs.lg":"screen and (min-width: 768px)","nc3rs.xl":"screen and (min-width: 1000px)"}},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"form_action_p_pvdeGsVG5zNF_XLGPTvYSKCf43t8qZYSwcfZl2uzM":true},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"e6c4665686489816350cdb6928c50e6d1be35fa702e4f605406b1c8c49c168ee"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js__nq3MloENhM8bmN-XYP4zg-b6p2fJKRK_S9Zt5Qui7c.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=nc3rs&include=eJyNjjEOwjAMRS-UNgMTd-AOUeKaYhJiK3YR3L4ZIkCwIHn478nyd4qQg3Ef8emdw1Ud0J0AmDMhcLXGxf-q439rs6IZ1VVdhUNTvxZOsUxqz9LtkMIi2AYkZlNrUb55UiwI5uyCNwypYczCVE37z_4DTxyXfg0f1iuyX9omscwDHeE59L5N_CvtVmZpew"></script> <script src="//cc.cdn.civiccomputing.com/9/cookieControl-9.x.min.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_Fc505FhjrcDHSjJcj6naDAPLrBW-N_wdZCrs16LVV-k.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en&theme=nc3rs&include=eJyNjjEOwjAMRS-UNgMTd-AOUeKaYhJiK3YR3L4ZIkCwIHn478nyd4qQg3Ef8emdw1Ud0J0AmDMhcLXGxf-q439rs6IZ1VVdhUNTvxZOsUxqz9LtkMIi2AYkZlNrUb55UiwI5uyCNwypYczCVE37z_4DTxyXfg0f1iuyX9omscwDHeE59L5N_CvtVmZpew"></script> </body> </html>