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width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hu_Yaobang%27s_Former_Residence_142.jpg/330px-Hu_Yaobang%27s_Former_Residence_142.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hu_Yaobang%27s_Former_Residence_142.jpg/440px-Hu_Yaobang%27s_Former_Residence_142.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A slogan in the <a href="/wiki/Former_Residence_of_Hu_Yaobang" title="Former Residence of Hu Yaobang">former residence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a>, who was the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a> from 1982 to early 1987. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CuiJian2_2007_Hohaiyan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CuiJian2_2007_Hohaiyan.jpg/220px-CuiJian2_2007_Hohaiyan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CuiJian2_2007_Hohaiyan.jpg/330px-CuiJian2_2007_Hohaiyan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CuiJian2_2007_Hohaiyan.jpg/440px-CuiJian2_2007_Hohaiyan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nothing_to_My_Name" title="Nothing to My Name">Nothing to My Name</a> (1986) by <a href="/wiki/Cui_Jian" title="Cui Jian">Cui Jian</a>, the "Father of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_rock" title="Chinese rock">Chinese rock</a>", was regarded as the beginning of Chinese rock music.<a href="#cite_note-:7-1">[1]</a> The song became a symbol of the 1980s of China, and rock music was viewed as one of the most direct forms of enlightenment in China.<a href="#cite_note-:7-1">[1]</a><a 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #C5C12B; border-spacing:0.2em 0; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff );color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_China" title="Category:Liberalism in China">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD424; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:150%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">Liberalism in China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:China_dragon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/120px-China_dragon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/180px-China_dragon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/240px-China_dragon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_movements_of_China" title="Democracy movements of China">Democracy movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_Hong_Kong_student_protests" title="1970s Hong Kong student protests">1970s Hong Kong student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Chinese_pro-democracy_protests" title="2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests">2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China" title="2022 COVID-19 protests in China">2022 COVID-19 protests in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Wall" title="Democracy Wall">Democracy Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">Hong Kong 1 July marches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign" title="Hundred Flowers Campaign">Hundred Flowers Campaign</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai_Weiwei" title="Ai Weiwei">Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Tong" title="Bao Tong">Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yang" title="Bo Yang">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Chang (Carsun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._C._Chang" title="P. C. Chang">Chang (P. C.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Chiang" title="Johnny Chiang">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Chow" title="Agnes Chow">Chow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Anping" title="Chu Anping">Chu (Anping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Chu" title="Eddie Chu">Chu (Eddie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Fan" title="Gary Fan">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Fang" title="Fang Fang">Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei_Xiaotong" title="Fei Xiaotong">Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Su" title="Gu Su">Gu (Su)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Zhun" title="Gu Zhun">Gu (Zhun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Weifang" title="He Weifang">He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ho" title="Albert Ho">Ho (Albert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyd_Ho" title="Cyd Ho">Ho (Cyd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Ho" title="Kai Ho">Ho (Kai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsu_Shih-hsien" title="Hsu Shih-hsien">Hsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu (Shih)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu (Yaobang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Menglin" title="Jiang Menglin">Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Lai" title="Jimmy Lai">Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_Chen" title="Lei Chen">Lei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Lau" title="Emily Lau">Lau (Emily)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_Siu-lai" title="Lau Siu-lai">Lau (Siu-lai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Law" title="Nathan Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lee" title="Martin Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Rui" title="Li Rui">Li (Rui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shenzhi" title="Li Shenzhi">Li (Shenzhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yinhe" title="Li Yinhe">Li (Yinhe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang</a> (early)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Junning" title="Liu Junning">Liu (Junning)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu (Xiaobo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Changping" title="Luo Changping">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Yushi" title="Mao Yushi">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Mo" title="Claudia Mo">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mok" title="Charles Mok">Mok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Hui_(historian)" title="Qin Hui (historian)">Qin (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Xingzhi" title="Tao Xingzhi">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_To" title="James To">To</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Wong" title="Joshua Wong">Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ruoshui" title="Wang Ruoshui">Wang (Ruoshui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yang_(politician)" title="Wang Yang (politician)">Wang (Yang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chi-wai" title="Wu Chi-wai">Wu (Chi-wai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jinglian" title="Wu Jinglian">Wu (Jinglian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Wu" title="K. C. Wu">Wu (K. C.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Lanxin" title="Xiang Lanxin">Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jilin" title="Xu Jilin">Xu (Jilin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Youyu" title="Xu Youyu">Xu (Youyu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Zhangrun" title="Xu Zhangrun">Xu (Zhangrun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Li_(stand-up_comedian)" title="Yang Li (stand-up comedian)">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeung_Sum" title="Yeung Sum">Yeung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Yen" class="mw-redirect" title="James Yen">James Yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dongsun" title="Zhang Dongsun">Zhang (Dongsun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qianfan" title="Zhang Qianfan">Zhang (Qianfan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Weiying" title="Zhang Weiying">Zhang (Weiying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xueqin" title="Zhu Xueqin">Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Zimmerman_(politician)" title="Paul Zimmerman (politician)">Zimmerman</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Extant parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Hong Kong (pro-democracy) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Association_for_Democracy_and_People%27s_Livelihood" title="Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood">ADPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fifth_Action" title="April Fifth Action">April Fifth Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Act-up" title="Civic Act-up">Civic Act-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Alliance" title="Community Alliance">Community Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Democratic Party (Hong Kong)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Labour Party (Hong Kong)">Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Social_Democrats" title="League of Social Democrats">League of Social Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood_and_Worker%27s_Service_Centre" title="Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre">Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_(Hong_Kong)" title="People Power (Hong Kong)">People Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Commons" title="Professional Commons">Professional Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(Hong_Kong)" title="Socialist Action (Hong Kong)">Socialist Action</a></li></ul> <hr /> Hong Kong (centrist) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Path_of_Democracy" title="Path of Democracy">Path of Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Side" title="Third Side">Third Side</a></li></ul> <hr /> Hong Kong (pro-ROC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Kowloon_Trades_Union_Council" title="Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council">Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council</a></li></ul> <hr /> Hong Kong (localist) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deliberation_Tsuen_Wan" title="Deliberation Tsuen Wan">Deliberation Tsuen Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HK_First" title="HK First">HK First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Justice_League" title="Land Justice League">Land Justice League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat_Political_Institute" title="Proletariat Political Institute">Proletariat Political Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuen_Wan_Community_Network" title="Tsuen Wan Community Network">Tsuen Wan Community Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngspiration" title="Youngspiration">Youngspiration</a></li></ul> <hr /> Macau <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Macau_Association" title="New Democratic Macau Association">New Democratic Macau Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hope_(Macau)" title="New Hope (Macau)">New Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Macau_Association" title="New Macau Association">New Macau Association</a></li></ul> <hr /> Republic of China (Taiwan) (groups of pro-Chinese identity) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Party" title="Chinese People's Party">Chinese People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Partisan_Solidarity_Union" title="Non-Partisan Solidarity Union">Non-Partisan Solidarity Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(Taiwan)" title="People First Party (Taiwan)">People First Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Historical parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_League" title="China Democratic League">China Democratic League</a> (early)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(1912)" title="Democratic Party (1912)">Democratic Party (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_Party_of_the_Republic_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labor Party of the Republic of China (page does not exist)">Labor Party of the Republic of China</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%9A" class="extiw" title="zh:中华民国工党">zh</a>]</li></ul> <hr /> Hong Kong (pro-democracy) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Citizens Party (Hong Kong)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Party" title="Civic Party">Civic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Self-Government_Party_of_Hong_Kong" title="Democratic Self-Government Party of Hong Kong">Democratic Self-Government Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Frontier_(Hong_Kong)" title="The Frontier (Hong Kong)">The Frontier</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Frontier_(Hong_Kong,_2010)" title="The Frontier (Hong Kong, 2010)">The Frontier</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Affairs_Society" title="Hong Kong Affairs Society">Hong Kong Affairs Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Chinese_Reform_Association" title="Hong Kong Chinese Reform Association">Hong Kong Chinese Reform Association</a> (early)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Socialist_Democratic_Party" title="Hong Kong Socialist Democratic Party">Hong Kong Socialist Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeting_Point" title="Meeting Point">Meeting Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_for_Democracy" title="Power for Democracy">Power for Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Revolutionary Communist Party of China">Revolutionary Communist Party of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Marxist_League_(Hong_Kong)" title="Revolutionary Marxist League (Hong Kong)">Revolutionary Marxist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democrats_of_Hong_Kong" title="United Democrats of Hong Kong">United Democrats</a></li></ul> <hr /> Hong Kong (pro-ROC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/123_Democratic_Alliance" title="123 Democratic Alliance">123 Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Hong_Kong)" title="Democratic Alliance (Hong Kong)">Yuen Long Tin Shui Wai Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul> <hr /> Hong Kong (localist) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party_of_Hong_Kong" title="Democratic Progressive Party of Hong Kong">Democratic Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demosisto" title="Demosisto">Demosisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_Democrats" title="Neo Democrats">Neo Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_Chu_Hoi-dick_of_New_Territories_West" title="Team Chu Hoi-dick of New Territories West">Team Chu Hoi-dick of New Territories West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsz_Wan_Shan_Constructive_Power" title="Tsz Wan Shan Constructive Power">Tsz Wan Shan Constructive Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuen_Mun_Community_Network" title="Tuen Mun Community Network">Tuen Mun Community Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Social_Association" title="Victoria Social Association">Victoria Social Association</a></li></ul> <hr /> Republic of China (Taiwan) (groups of pro-Chinese identity) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democracy_Party_(Taiwan)" title="China Democracy Party (Taiwan)">China Democracy Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkuotang" title="Minkuotang">Minkuotang</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Banned parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_of_China" title="Democracy Party of China">Democracy Party of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_Party_of_China" title="New Democracy Party of China">New Democracy Party of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists" title="Union of Chinese Nationalists">Union of Chinese Nationalists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Alliances</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Pro-democracy camp <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Macau)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Macau)">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pro-Kuomintang camp <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-ROC_camp" title="Pro-ROC camp">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists" title="Union of Chinese Nationalists">mainland China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localist_camp" title="Localist camp">Localist camp (Hong Kong)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALLinHK" title="ALLinHK">ALLinHK</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_True_Democracy" title="Alliance for True Democracy">Alliance for True Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Human_Rights_Front" title="Civil Human Rights Front">Civil Human Rights Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_190" title="Group of 190">Group of 190</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_of_China" title="Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China">HKASPDMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Democratic_Foundation" title="Hong Kong Democratic Foundation">Hong Kong Democratic Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Digital" title="Next Digital">Next Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Club_of_Hong_Kong" title="Reform Club of Hong Kong">Reform Club of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Mothers" title="Tiananmen Mothers">Tiananmen Mothers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Current <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Times" title="China Times">China Times</a> (early)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Free_Press" title="Hong Kong Free Press">Hong Kong Free Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanhuang_Chunqiu" title="Yanhuang Chunqiu">Yanhuang Chunqiu</a></li></ul> <hr /> Former <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Daily" title="Apple Daily">Apple Daily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavor_Weekly" title="Endeavor Weekly">Endeavor Weekly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_China_Journal" title="Free China Journal">Free China Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Magazine_(Hong_Kong_and_Taiwan)" title="Next Magazine (Hong Kong and Taiwan)">Next Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Daily" title="Sharp Daily">Sharp Daily</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)#Criticism_and_views" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Criticism of neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism_in_China" title="Anti-communism in China">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_China" title="Federalism in China">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Liberalism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local ethnic nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Localism in Hong 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href="/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong" title="Portal:Hong Kong">Hong Kong portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_in_China" title="Template:Liberalism in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_in_China" title="Template talk:Liberalism in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> New Enlightenment (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 新启蒙; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 新啟蒙), or the New Enlightenment movement (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 新启蒙运动; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 新啟蒙運動), was a massive social and cultural movement in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> that originated in the late 1970s and lasted for over a decade.<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[5]</a> Growing out of the "<a href="/wiki/1978_Truth_Criterion_Controversy" title="1978 Truth Criterion Controversy">1978 Truth Criterion Discussion</a>" during the <a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a> period, the New Enlightenment is widely regarded as a new wave of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">enlightenment</a> within the Chinese society since the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> The decade of the 1980s has thus been called the Age of New Enlightenment in China.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:29-10">[10]</a> The theme of the New Enlightenment movement included promoting <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, embracing <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_value" title="Universal value">universal values</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, while opposing the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudalism in China">feudalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-9">[9]</a> The movement gave rise to a number of new literature <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Scar_literature" title="Scar literature">scar literature</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Misty_Poets" title="Misty Poets">misty poetry</a>, meanwhile <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> also became a popular topic in society.<a href="#cite_note-:16-11">[11]</a> In addition, the growth of publication industry, the birth of new music genres such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_rock" title="Chinese rock">Chinese rock</a>, and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_film_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese film industry">Chinese film industry</a> all contributed significantly to the New Enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-:6-2">[2]</a> Notable leading figures of the movement included <a href="/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi">Fang Lizhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Zehou" title="Li Zehou">Li Zehou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yuanhua" title="Wang Yuanhua">Wang Yuanhua</a>, and so on. The New Enlightenment movement ended due to the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square massacre">Tiananmen Square massacre</a> in June 1989.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[12]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a> in early 1992, however, the academic and intellectual circle in mainland China thrived again but became divided, forming two major <a href="/wiki/School_of_thought" title="School of thought">schools of thought</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">Liberalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Left" title="Chinese New Left">New Left</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:402-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-14">[14]</a> On the other hand, as the <a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">capital market</a> and <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> expanding in China, traditional intellectuals quickly lost their leadership role in social development which they enjoyed during the New Enlightenment in the 1980s, meanwhile <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurs</a> and business elites became increasingly influential.<a href="#cite_note-:8-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Enlightenment_(China)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Wall" title="Democracy Wall">Democracy Wall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Cultural Revolution">Chinese Cultural Revolution</a> ended in 1976, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> and his allies launched the <a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a> program in 1977 to correct the mistakes of Cultural Revolution and, by the end of 1978, Deng replaced <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount leader of China">paramount leader of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:72-16">[16]</a> During the power struggle with Hua, Deng and his allies started the "<a href="/wiki/1978_Truth_Criterion_Controversy" title="1978 Truth Criterion Controversy">Truth Criterion Discussion</a>" in May 1978, which not only helped Deng win the power struggle over Hua, but also became the origin of the New Enlightenment movement in mainland China.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Enlightenment_(China)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publication">Publication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Enlightenment_(China)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publication">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yuanhua" title="Wang Yuanhua">Wang Yuanhua</a>, a notable scholar who was often credited for coining the term "New Enlightenment" in the 1980s, founded the journal New Enlightenment in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-:23-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:36-20">[20]</a> Wang himself participated in a short-lived Enlightenment movement initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) in the 1930s, and in the 1980s he called on renewal of the enlightenment philosophy from the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> in 1919, which included promoting <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:26-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Rui" title="Li Rui">Li Rui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ruoshui" title="Wang Ruoshui">Wang Ruoshui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gu_Zhun" title="Gu Zhun">Gu Zhun</a> and a number of other CCP officials and notable scholars published articles in the New Enlightenment journal.<a href="#cite_note-:22-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> However, the journal soon ceased its operation in 1989 due to the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:22-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%92%B2%E5%BF%97%E5%BC%B719890510.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E8%92%B2%E5%BF%97%E5%BC%B719890510.jpg/220px-%E8%92%B2%E5%BF%97%E5%BC%B719890510.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E8%92%B2%E5%BF%97%E5%BC%B719890510.jpg/330px-%E8%92%B2%E5%BF%97%E5%BC%B719890510.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E8%92%B2%E5%BF%97%E5%BC%B719890510.jpg/440px-%E8%92%B2%E5%BF%97%E5%BC%B719890510.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pu_Zhiqiang" title="Pu Zhiqiang">Pu Zhiqiang</a> publicly defended the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Herald" title="World Economic Herald">World Economic Herald</a>, which was forcibly shut down by <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square massacre">Tiananmen Square massacre</a> in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-:40-24">[24]</a> </figcaption></figure> In fact, the publication industry in mainland China already began to thrive during the early phase of the Boluan Fanzheng period. As early as in March 1979, <a href="/wiki/Li_Honglin" title="Li Honglin">Li Honglin</a>, known as the "flag bearer for New Enlightenment", published an article titled "No Forbidden Areas for Reading Books" in the founding issue of <a href="/wiki/Dushu" title="Dushu">Dushu magazine</a>, calling for elimination of all restrictions on reading books.<a href="#cite_note-:110-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-:62-26">[26]</a> In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Qin_Benli" title="Qin Benli">Qin Benli</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Herald" title="World Economic Herald">World Economic Herald</a>, which later became the forefront for promoting and defending <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> in mainland China, earning its reputation as China's most liberal and forthright newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-:40-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-27">[27]</a> In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Jin_Guantao" title="Jin Guantao">Jin Guantao</a> and others began to publish the <a href="/wiki/Toward_the_Future_Series" title="Toward the Future Series">Toward the Future Book Series</a>, which played a major role in introducing "<a href="/wiki/Universal_value" title="Universal value">universal values</a>" and a variety of other modern concepts to the Chinese public.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> Even though both the Herald and the Book Series were banned due to the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square massacre">Tiananmen Square massacre</a> in 1989, the ban of the latter was lifted after <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a> in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-:19-27">[27]</a> Other important newspapers, journals and book series included Economics Weekly (经济学周报), <a href="/wiki/Dushu" title="Dushu">Dushu magazine</a> (读书), Culture: China and the World (文化: 中国与世界) edited by <a href="/wiki/Gan_Yang" title="Gan Yang">Gan Yang</a>, and so on.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:30-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_activities">Social activities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Enlightenment_(China)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Social activities">edit</a>]</div> A spectrum of activists and social groups with different thoughts became active in the 1980s, from further developing traditional Chinese culture by learning from the <a href="/wiki/Western_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Western civilization">western civilization</a>, to embracing <a href="/wiki/Total_Westernization" title="Total Westernization">Total Westernization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-9">[9]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a>, who later won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 2010, once said in an interview in 1988, that "it had taken 100 years of [British] <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> to bring <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> up to what it is, and given the size of China, it would certainly need 300 years of colonization for it to become like what Hong Kong is today. I even doubt whether 300 years would be enough."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The TV documentary <a href="/wiki/River_Elegy" title="River Elegy">River Elegy</a> in 1988 was another well-known example of making self-criticism over traditional Chinese culture.<a href="#cite_note-:16-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> On the other hand, a number of leading Chinese philosophers including <a href="/wiki/Liang_Shuming" title="Liang Shuming">Liang Shuming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feng_Youlan" title="Feng Youlan">Feng Youlan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ji_Xianlin" title="Ji Xianlin">Ji Xianlin</a>, Zhang Dainian (张岱年), and <a href="/wiki/Tang_Yijie" title="Tang Yijie">Tang Yijie</a> founded the Academy of Chinese Culture (中国文化书院) in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in 1984, which organized numerous seminars and classes studying and comparing Chinese and western cultures, in the hope of further developing traditional Chinese culture.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:30-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi">Fang Lizhi</a>, then vice president of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Science_and_Technology_of_China" title="University of Science and Technology of China">University of Science and Technology of China</a>, was an influential figure in promoting democracy and universal human rights.<a href="#cite_note-:11-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-36">[36]</a> In his famous speeches in 1986, Fang noted that "Democracy is not a favor bestowed from above; it should be won through people's own efforts."<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Fang said publicly, that "We should not place our hope on grants from the top leadership. Democracy granted from above is not democracy in a real sense. It is relaxation of control".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In January 1989, in memory of the 200th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> as well as the 70th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a>, Fang wrote an open letter to <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount leader of China">paramount leader of China</a>, calling for <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> and release of <a href="/wiki/Wei_Jingsheng" title="Wei Jingsheng">Wei Jingsheng</a> and other similar <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:38-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:28-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:27-41">[41]</a> The letter inspired other intellectuals and scientists to follow suit with open letters in support.<a href="#cite_note-:38-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:28-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:27-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_films">Literature and films</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Enlightenment_(China)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Literature and films">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> ended in 1976, a number of new literature <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> emerged in the late 1970s in mainland China, including the <a href="/wiki/Scar_literature" title="Scar literature">scar literature</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Misty_Poets" title="Misty Poets">misty poetry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-42">[42]</a> The former reflected on the Cultural Revolution and the disasters that it brought to the Chinese society, while the latter expressed the true emotions of individuals through its unique style and has been described as a continuation of the enlightenment tradition of the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-42">[42]</a> Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a>, a notable Chinese writer, called on the Chinese society to establish Cultural Revolution museums in order to prevent a second calamity of this scale:<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><blockquote>"Let history not be repeated" must not be an empty phrase. In order that everyone sees clearly and remembers clearly, it is necessary to build a museum of the "Cultural Revolution," exhibiting concrete and real objects, and reconstructing striking scenes which will testify to what took place on this Chinese soil twenty years ago! Everyone will recall the march of events there, and each will recall his or her behavior during that decade.</blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yimou-Kaige.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Yimou-Kaige.jpg/220px-Yimou-Kaige.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Yimou-Kaige.jpg/330px-Yimou-Kaige.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Yimou-Kaige.jpg/440px-Yimou-Kaige.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China#Rise_of_the_fifth_generation" title="Cinema of China">fifth generation of Chinese filmmakers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yimou" title="Zhang Yimou">Zhang Yimou</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Chen_Kaige" title="Chen Kaige">Chen Kaige</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, the 1980s saw the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China#Rise_of_the_fifth_generation" title="Cinema of China">fifth generation of Chinese filmmakers</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Chen_Kaige" title="Chen Kaige">Chen Kaige</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yimou" title="Zhang Yimou">Zhang Yimou</a>, who directed a number of "enlightening" films such as the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Earth" title="Yellow Earth">Yellow Earth</a> (1984), <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Children" title="King of the Children">King of the Children</a> (1987) and <a href="/wiki/Red_Sorghum_(film)" title="Red Sorghum (film)">Red Sorghum</a> (1988).<a href="#cite_note-:15-44">[44]</a> It has been argued that the fifth generation of film was continuation of the Enlightenment since the May Fourth Movement, in which the Enlightenment was embedded in national salvation and the motivation of Enlightenment was national salvation.<a href="#cite_note-:15-44">[44]</a> In fact, as early as 1978, foreign films began to enter Chinese market as China's rolled out its "<a href="/wiki/Reform_and_Opening" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and Opening">Reform and Opening</a>" policies, with Japanese film <a href="/wiki/Manhunt_(1976_film)" title="Manhunt (1976 film)">Manhunt</a> (1976) being the first foreign film introduced to the Chinese audience after the Cultural Revolution, becoming an instant <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">blockbuster</a> and a "cultural enlightenment".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Subsequently in 1980, China's first home-made film that contains a kissing scene, <a href="/wiki/Romance_on_Lushan_Mountain" title="Romance on Lushan Mountain">Romance on Lushan Mountain</a>, inspired and enlightened a generation of young people's view on <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">fashion</a> and love, ushering a new era for China's domestic film industry.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetics_and_arts">Aesthetics and arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Enlightenment_(China)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aesthetics and arts">edit</a>]</div> In the 1980s, Chinese society experienced an "<a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a> Fever" (美学热), which was an integral part of the "Cultural Fever" or "Culture Craze" (文化热) and the New Enlightenment movement.<a href="#cite_note-:23-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:36-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:37-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-50">[50]</a> Being one of the top aestheticians in China in the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Li_Zehou" title="Li Zehou">Li Zehou</a> was responsible for starting and leading the "Aesthetics Fever"; his celebrated work The Path of Beauty: A Study of Chinese Aesthetics was widely read and has been translated into several languages.<a href="#cite_note-:37-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Li was also one of the first intellectuals to publicly endorse the <a href="/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">Stars Art Group</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Misty_Poets" title="Misty Poets">Misty Poets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The "Aesthetics Fever" was believed to have inspired people to reflect on and discuss their revolutionary ideology and their way of living, and Li’s books on aesthetics were widely read among Chinese university students eager for something other than political slogans.<a href="#cite_note-:37-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The '85 New Wave is regarded as the birth of Chinese Contemporary Art, when a group of young artists drastically changed the landscape of China's fine art by introducing Western elements in their works starting from 1985.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-57">[57]</a> The '85 New Wave, also known as the '85 Art Movement, was the first nationwide <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Avant-garde art">avant-garde art</a> movement in Chinese modern art history.<a href="#cite_note-:32-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-:33-58">[58]</a> The artistic practices in the '85 New Wave are regarded to be culturally enlightening and thought-liberating, and is considered a cultural practice of the New Enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-:33-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_and_rock_music">Popular and rock music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Enlightenment_(China)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Popular and rock music">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teresa_Teng_la.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Teresa_Teng_la.jpg/220px-Teresa_Teng_la.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Teresa_Teng_la.jpg/330px-Teresa_Teng_la.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Teresa_Teng_la.jpg/440px-Teresa_Teng_la.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deng_Lijun" class="mw-redirect" title="Deng Lijun">Deng Lijun</a> was regarded by some as the "Enlightenment teacher of love" in China in the 1980s, thanks to her pop music songs.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></figcaption></figure> Since the <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Opening of China">opening of China</a> in the late 1970s, Mandarin popular music or <a href="/wiki/Mandopop" title="Mandopop">Mandopop</a> from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> had made a widespread and long-lasting impact on the Chinese public.<a href="#cite_note-:24-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-:25-62">[62]</a> Most notably, the pop songs by <a href="/wiki/Deng_Lijun" class="mw-redirect" title="Deng Lijun">Deng Lijun</a>, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music" title="Honorific nicknames in popular music">Eternal Queen of Asian Pop</a>", are believed to have an "enlightening" power that awakes <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanistic nature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:24-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-:25-62">[62]</a> At the same time, Homeland Love (乡恋) by <a href="/wiki/Li_Guyi" title="Li Guyi">Li Guyi</a> in 1980 is considered to be the first pop song made within mainland China, which exhibits truthful elements of humanity and echoes humanism.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In 1986, <a href="/wiki/Cui_Jian" title="Cui Jian">Cui Jian</a> debuted his rock song <a href="/wiki/Nothing_to_My_Name" title="Nothing to My Name">Nothing to My Name</a> which became the starting point of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_rock" title="Chinese rock">Chinese rock music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-3">[3]</a> According to aesthetician <a href="/wiki/Gao_Ertai" title="Gao Ertai">Gao Ertai</a>, Cui Jian and <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> may be the only form of art that could have an "enlightening" effect at the time, and China needed Enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-:17-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The song later became an unofficial anthem for Chinese youth and activists during the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resistance_and_repression">Resistance and repression</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Enlightenment_(China)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Resistance and repression">edit</a>]</div> The development of the New Enlightenment movement encountered a variety of resistance from within the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) since the beginning.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-9">[9]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Theory_Conference,_January-April_1979" title="Theory Conference, January-April 1979">CCP Theory Conference</a> in early 1979, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount leader of China">paramount leader of China</a>, proposed the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles" title="Four Cardinal Principles">Four Cardinal Principles</a>" which soon became the official boundary of <a href="/wiki/Political_liberalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Political liberalization">political liberalization</a> in mainland China and was incorporated in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">China's Constitution</a> in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The principles forbid any challenges to <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong_Thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao Zedong Thought">Mao Zedong Thought</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, as well as to the leadership of CCP.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In the mid-1980s, <a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">neoauthoritarianism</a>, which emphasized political stability, gradualism, stability, order, and gradual modernization, emerged in the intellectual community as a counter-movement to the radicalizing trend of liberalism. The emergence of this ideology was immediately met with a strong backlash from liberal intellectuals.<a href="#cite_note-:39-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ud%C3%A1losti_na_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Tian_an_men,_%C4%8C%C3%ADna_1989,_foto_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Tondl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ud%C3%A1losti_na_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Tian_an_men%2C_%C4%8C%C3%ADna_1989%2C_foto_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Tondl.jpg/220px-Ud%C3%A1losti_na_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Tian_an_men%2C_%C4%8C%C3%ADna_1989%2C_foto_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Tondl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Ud%C3%A1losti_na_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Tian_an_men%2C_%C4%8C%C3%ADna_1989%2C_foto_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Tondl.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Democracy_movements_of_China" title="Democracy movements of China">democracy movement of China</a> led by students in 1989, before the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square Massacre">Tiananmen Square Massacre</a>.</figcaption></figure>In 1983, left-wing conservative power within the CCP launched the "<a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution" title="Campaign against spiritual pollution">Campaign against spiritual pollution</a>", opposing Western-inspired liberal ideas.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The short-lived campaign hit the burgeoning industry of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> significantly in mainland China.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Subsequently in 1986–87, the left-wing conservative power continued to launched the campaign of "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Bourgeois_liberalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bourgeois liberalization">anti-Bourgeois liberalization</a>", as a response to the <a href="/wiki/1986_Chinese_student_demonstrations" title="1986 Chinese student demonstrations">1986 Chinese student demonstrations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:20-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-:21-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a>, then <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, was forced to resign due to his sympathetic stance on the student movements.<a href="#cite_note-:20-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-:21-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-:342-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi">Fang Lizhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ruowang" title="Wang Ruowang">Wang Ruowang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Binyan" title="Liu Binyan">Liu Binyan</a> who played important roles in the New Enlightenment movement were all expelled from the CCP by direct order from Deng Xiaoping.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Eventually, in June 1989, the New Enlightenment movement ended due to the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square massacre">Tiananmen Square massacre</a>, which also ended <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Political_reforms" title="History of the People's Republic of China">China's political reforms</a> in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a>, then General Secretary of the CCP, was purged from the central leadership due to his sympathetic stance on the student movements.<a href="#cite_note-:35-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-:43-82">[82]</a> In an official government report, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Xitong" title="Chen Xitong">Chen Xitong</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Beijing" title="Mayor of Beijing">mayor of Beijing</a>, labelled certain activities of the New Enlightenment as "some political gatherings with very wrong or even <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> views".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Another CCP official was quoted to have claimed that "while the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> created the CCP, the New Enlightenment movement intends to create an <a href="/wiki/Opposition_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition party">opposition party</a>."<a href="#cite_note-:26-21">[21]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a>, one of the student leaders of the Tiananmen Square protests, argued that "the 1989 democracy movement was an enlightenment movement"; he noted that for most of the decade of the 1980s, the enlightenment work was limited to paper, which took the form of essays, lectures, interviews, and the translation of foreign works on the social sciences, and the New Enlightenment movement reached its climax at the 1989 democracy movement.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_and_later_development">Aftermath and later development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Enlightenment_(China)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath and later development">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese model">Chinese model</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Party-state_capitalism" title="Party-state capitalism">Party-state capitalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square massacre">Tiananmen Square massacre</a> in 1989 sent China's <a href="/wiki/Reform_and_opening" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and opening">reform and opening</a> program into stagnation, while academia and intellectual circle in mainland China entered a phase of hibernation and deep reflection.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-14">[14]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a> in early 1992, however, China finally resumed its economic reforms and opening, and Deng's pragmatic and influential remarks during the southern tour became widely popular, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cat_theory_(Deng_Xiaoping)" title="Cat theory (Deng Xiaoping)">cat theory</a> ("I don't care if the cat is black or white, so long as it catches mice)".<a href="#cite_note-:210-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> However, the New Enlightenment movement did not proceed as in the 1980s; instead, two major <a href="/wiki/School_of_thought" title="School of thought">schools of thought</a> emerged in the 1990s: the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">Liberalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Left" title="Chinese New Left">New Left</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-14">[14]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Wang_Hui_(intellectual)" title="Wang Hui (intellectual)">Wang Hui</a> published his article "<a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Chinese_Thought_and_the_Question_of_Modernity" title="Contemporary Chinese Thought and the Question of Modernity">Contemporary Chinese Thought and the Question of Modernity</a>" in the mid-1990s, the two schools went into heated debate regarding the future of China.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:402-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:41-87">[87]</a> The Liberalism school argued that China should continue its reform and opening, further developing <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> while pushing forward political reforms for <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a>;<a href="#cite_note-:402-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:39-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:41-87">[87]</a> high-ranking Chinese officials including <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Premier" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Premier">Chinese Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a> and Premier <a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a> have expressed various degree of support over this view.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> On the other hand, the New Left argued that <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> had become prevalent in mainland China with worsening <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">corruption</a> and widening <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>, which were common issues in the development of western capitalism, and therefore the New Left criticizes <a href="/wiki/Market_mechanism" title="Market mechanism">market mechanism</a> and calls for <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> as well as equality, defending some of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s policies during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:402-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:39-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:41-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_figures">Notable figures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Enlightenment_(China)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable figures">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fang_Lizhi_(10455658873)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fang_Lizhi_%2810455658873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Fang_Lizhi_%2810455658873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fang_Lizhi_%2810455658873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Fang_Lizhi_%2810455658873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fang_Lizhi_%2810455658873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Fang_Lizhi_%2810455658873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="1884" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi">Fang Lizhi</a></figcaption></figure> Intellectual leaders of the New Enlightenment movement include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yuanhua" title="Wang Yuanhua">Wang Yuanhua</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi">Fang Lizhi</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zehou" title="Li Zehou">Li Zehou</a><a href="#cite_note-:37-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-51">[51]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Guantao" title="Jin Guantao">Jin Guantao</a><a href="#cite_note-:30-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Yuankai" title="Wen Yuankai">Wen Yuankai</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-:31-93">[93]</a></li></ul> Other important intellectuals include <a href="/wiki/Yan_Jiaqi" title="Yan Jiaqi">Yan Jiaqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bao_Zunxin" title="Bao Zunxin">Bao Zunxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Binyan" title="Liu Binyan">Liu Binyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ruowang" title="Wang Ruowang">Wang Ruowang</a>, Pang Pu (庞朴), <a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Ping" title="Jiang Ping">Jiang Ping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a> and so on.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:30-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:31-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> On the other hand, as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP), <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaoban</a> and his successor <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> were both staunch supporters of thought liberation and were sympathetic over the student movements in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-:42-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-:342-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-:35-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-:43-82">[82]</a> Hu was forced to resign in early 1987 due to the <a href="/wiki/1986_Chinese_student_demonstrations" title="1986 Chinese student demonstrations">1986 Chinese student demonstrations</a>, while Zhao was ousted in June 1989 right after the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:34-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-:35-81">[81]</a> Other high-ranking CCP officials who contributed to the New Enlightenment movement included <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yang_(literary_theorist)" title="Zhou Yang (literary theorist)">Zhou Yang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Shenzhi" title="Li Shenzhi">Li Shenzhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jiwei" title="Hu Jiwei">Hu Jiwei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ruoshui" title="Wang Ruoshui">Wang Ruoshui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Honglin" title="Li Honglin">Li Honglin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Geng" title="Yuan Geng">Yuan Geng</a>, and so on.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:29-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Enlightenment_(China)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_overwhelmed_enlightenment" title="Salvation overwhelmed enlightenment">Salvation overwhelmed enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastward_spread_of_Western_learning" title="Eastward spread of Western learning">Eastward spread of Western learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_political_thinking" title="New political thinking">New political thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Leading_the_People" title="Liberty Leading the People">Liberty Leading the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_You_Hear_the_People_Sing%3F" title="Do You Hear the People Sing?">Do You Hear the People Sing?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Enlightenment_(China)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:7-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://international.ucla.edu/institute/article/11612">"Cui Jian: Father of Chinese Rock 'N' Roll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>. June 3, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105210716/https://international.ucla.edu/institute/article/11612">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-01-05. Retrieved 2024-10-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCLA&rft.atitle=Cui+Jian%3A+Father+of+Chinese+Rock+%27N%27+Roll&rft.date=2005-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternational.ucla.edu%2Finstitute%2Farticle%2F11612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatusitz2010" class="citation journal cs1">Matusitz, Jonathan (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2010.00735.x">"Semiotics of Music: Analysis of Cui Jian's "Nothing to My Name," the Anthem for the Chinese Youths in the Post-Cultural Revolution Era"</a>. The Journal of Popular Culture. 43 (1): 156–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5931.2010.00735.x">10.1111/j.1540-5931.2010.00735.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=Semiotics+of+Music%3A+Analysis+of+Cui+Jian%27s+%22Nothing+to+My+Name%2C%22+the+Anthem+for+the+Chinese+Youths+in+the+Post-Cultural+Revolution+Era&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=156-175&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-5931.2010.00735.x&rft.aulast=Matusitz&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-5931.2010.00735.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuo1994" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guo, Yongyu (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personpsy.org/uploadfiles/file/gyydsz/狂欢舞蹈摇滚乐与社会无意识_郭永玉.pdf">"狂欢、舞蹈、摇滚乐与社会无意识"</a> [Carnival, dance, rock music and social unconsciousness] (PDF). Personality and Social Psychology (in Chinese) (4): 34–39. <q>美学家高尔泰认为摇滚乐承担起了"启蒙"这一歌手可能根本没有想到的也不愿意承担的时代使命：也许摇滚乐是中国目前唯一可以胜任启蒙的艺术出式了。因为理论界的范围大狭窄，起不了大面积的启蒙影响，而音乐是一种特殊的语言，它能起到任何其他方式都达不到的作用。中国需要启蒙……</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=%E7%8B%82%E6%AC%A2%E3%80%81%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88%E3%80%81%E6%91%87%E6%BB%9A%E4%B9%90%E4%B8%8E%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%97%A0%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=34-39&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Yongyu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.personpsy.org%2Fuploadfiles%2Ffile%2Fgyydsz%2F%E7%8B%82%E6%AC%A2%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88%E6%91%87%E6%BB%9A%E4%B9%90%E4%B8%8E%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%97%A0%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86_%E9%83%AD%E6%B0%B8%E7%8E%89.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2012" class="citation book cs1">Li, Huaiyin (October 2012). "6 Challenging the Revolutionary Orthodoxy: "New Enlightenment" Historiography in the 1980s". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/hawaii-scholarship-online/book/15223/chapter-abstract/169722777?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Reinventing Modern China: Imagination and Authenticity in Chinese Historical Writing</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824836085" title="Special:BookSources/9780824836085"><bdi>9780824836085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6+Challenging+the+Revolutionary+Orthodoxy%3A+%E2%80%9CNew+Enlightenment%E2%80%9D+Historiography+in+the+1980s&rft.btitle=Reinventing+Modern+China%3A+Imagination+and+Authenticity+in+Chinese+Historical+Writing&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2012-10&rft.isbn=9780824836085&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Huaiyin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fhawaii-scholarship-online%2Fbook%2F15223%2Fchapter-abstract%2F169722777%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-5"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Yan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.modernchinastudies.org/us/issues/past-issues/97-mcs-2007-issue-3/1017-2012-01-05-15-35-22.html">"意识形态的兴衰与知识分子的起落—— "反右"运动与八十年代"新启蒙"的背景分析"</a> [The rise and fall of ideology and intellectuals—background analysis of the Anti-Rightist Campaign and the New Enlightenment in the 1980s]. <a href="/wiki/Modern_China_Studies" title="Modern China Studies">Modern China Studies</a>. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China+Studies&rft.atitle=%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B4%E8%A1%B0%E4%B8%8E%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%B7%E8%90%BD%E2%80%94%E2%80%94+%22%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%22%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%22%E6%96%B0%E5%90%AF%E8%92%99%22%E7%9A%84%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Yan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.modernchinastudies.org%2Fus%2Fissues%2Fpast-issues%2F97-mcs-2007-issue-3%2F1017-2012-01-05-15-35-22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jilin" title="Xu Jilin">Xu, Jilin</a> (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastasianhistory.org/sites/default/files/article-content/20/EAH20_06.pdf">"The fate of an enlightenment: twenty years in the Chinese intellectual sphere (1978-98)"</a> (PDF). East Asian History (20). <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>: 169–186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Asian+History&rft.atitle=The+fate+of+an+enlightenment%3A+twenty+years+in+the+Chinese+intellectual+sphere+%281978-98%29&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=169-186&rft.date=2000-12&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Jilin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastasianhistory.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farticle-content%2F20%2FEAH20_06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu2014" class="citation book cs1">Wu, Guanjun (2014). "Chapter 2: New Enlightenment as Modernization". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789814417921_0003?srsltid=AfmBOooPDgnSzCnxkds3l022g73tFSukq9h7PXggXFo7-T-OlYfWRX9a">The Great Dragon Fantasy</a>. pp. 121–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9789814417921_0003">10.1142/9789814417921_0003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+New+Enlightenment+as+Modernization&rft.btitle=The+Great+Dragon+Fantasy&rft.pages=121-156&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F9789814417921_0003&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Guanjun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldscientific.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1142%2F9789814417921_0003%3Fsrsltid%3DAfmBOooPDgnSzCnxkds3l022g73tFSukq9h7PXggXFo7-T-OlYfWRX9a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wang, Xuedian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G7G4XwAACAAJ">思想史上的新启蒙时代: 黎澍及其探索的问题</a> [The Age of New Enlightenment in intellectual history] (in Chinese). Henan People's Press (河南人民出版社). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-215-06655-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-215-06655-7"><bdi>978-7-215-06655-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%90%AF%E8%92%99%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%3A+%E9%BB%8E%E6%BE%8D%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E7%9A%84%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.pub=Henan+People%27s+Press+%28%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%29&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-7-215-06655-7&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Xuedian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG7G4XwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_9-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2014" class="citation web cs1">Wang, Xuedian (2014-01-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.ifeng.com/sixiang/detail_2014_01/10/32900063_0.shtml">""80年代"是怎样被"重构"的？"</a> [How was the 1980s re-constructed?]. <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_New_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix New Media">Phoenix New Media</a>. Open Times (开放时代). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209093943/http://culture.ifeng.com/sixiang/detail_2014_01/10/32900063_0.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-02-09. Retrieved 2024-10-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+New+Media&rft.atitle=%2280%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%22%E6%98%AF%E6%80%8E%E6%A0%B7%E8%A2%AB%22%E9%87%8D%E6%9E%84%22%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%9F&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Xuedian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculture.ifeng.com%2Fsixiang%2Fdetail_2014_01%2F10%2F32900063_0.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:29-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:29_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:29_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYan2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Yan_Jiaqi" title="Yan Jiaqi">Yan, Jiaqi</a> (2016-06-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.modernchinastudies.org/cn/issues/current-issue/1517-the-passing-of-li-honglin-signals-the-end-of-an-era-by-yan-jiaqi-.html">"中国自由化运动的结束--纪念李洪林"</a> [In memory of Li Hongli: the end of China's liberalization movment]. <a href="/wiki/Modern_China_Studies" title="Modern China Studies">Modern China Studies</a> (in Chinese). 28 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China+Studies&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%93%E6%9D%9F--%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E6%9D%8E%E6%B4%AA%E6%9E%97&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2016-06-05&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Jiaqi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.modernchinastudies.org%2Fcn%2Fissues%2Fcurrent-issue%2F1517-the-passing-of-li-honglin-signals-the-end-of-an-era-by-yan-jiaqi-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang1996" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Jing (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0489n683&brand=ucpress">High Culture Fever: Politics, Aesthetics, and Ideology in Deng's China</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520202955" title="Special:BookSources/9780520202955"><bdi>9780520202955</bdi></a>. 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Nikkei Asia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603192225/https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/Tiananmen-and-the-end-of-Chinese-enlightenment">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asia&rft.atitle=Tiananmen+and+the+end+of+Chinese+enlightenment&rft.date=2019-06-03&rft.aulast=Pei&rft.aufirst=Minxin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FOpinion%2FTiananmen-and-the-end-of-Chinese-enlightenment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:402-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:402_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:402_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:402_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:402_13-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLei2024" class="citation journal cs1">Lei, Letian (2024-07-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13569317.2024.2370972">"The mirage of the alleged Chinese new left"</a>. Journal of Political Ideologies: 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13569317.2024.2370972">10.1080/13569317.2024.2370972</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-9317">1356-9317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.atitle=The+mirage+of+the+alleged+Chinese+new+left&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2024-07-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13569317.2024.2370972&rft.issn=1356-9317&rft.aulast=Lei&rft.aufirst=Letian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F13569317.2024.2370972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_14-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jilin" title="Xu Jilin">Xu, Jilin</a> (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c088-200503013.pdf">"啟蒙的自我瓦解"</a> [The Self-Disintegration of the Enlightenment] (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Twenty-First_Century" title="Twenty-First Century">Twenty-First Century</a> (88) – via <a href="/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chinese University of Hong Kong">Chinese University of Hong Kong</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twenty-First+Century&rft.atitle=%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E7%9A%84%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E7%93%A6%E8%A7%A3&rft.issue=88&rft.date=2005-04&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Jilin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuhk.edu.hk%2Fics%2F21c%2Fmedia%2Farticles%2Fc088-200503013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wu, Wei (2014-02-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20140113/cc13reform/">"70年代末中国的思想启蒙运动"</a> [The Enlightenment movement in the late 1970s in China]. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (in Chinese). Retrieved 2024-10-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=70%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E6%9C%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%90%AF%E8%92%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Wei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcn.nytimes.com%2Fchina%2F20140113%2Fcc13reform%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-16"><a href="#cite_ref-:72_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2020" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Xiaoxuan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ed3QDwAAQBAJ&q=boluan+fanzheng&pg=PA160">Maoism and Grassroots Religion: The Communist Revolution and the Reinvention of Religious Life in China</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006938-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006938-4"><bdi>978-0-19-006938-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maoism+and+Grassroots+Religion%3A+The+Communist+Revolution+and+the+Reinvention+of+Religious+Life+in+China&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-006938-4&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Xiaoxuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEd3QDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dboluan%2Bfanzheng%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi-Ogawa2022" class="citation journal cs1">Li-Ogawa, Hao (2022-01-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24761028.2022.2035051">"Hua Guofeng and China's transformation in the early years of the post-Mao era"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aisixiang.com/data/36305.html">the original</a> on 2015-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ai+Sixiang+%28%E7%88%B1%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%29&rft.atitle=%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%83%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%8E%E6%96%B0%E5%90%AF%E8%92%99&rft.date=2010-09-30&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Rui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisixiang.com%2Fdata%2F36305.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:36-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:36_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:36_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiangWu2023" class="citation cs2">Xiang, Biao; Wu, Qi (2023), Xiang, Biao; Wu, Qi (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-19-4953-1_4">"The 1980s Culture Craze"</a>, Self as Method : Thinking Through China and the World, Singapore: Springer Nature, pp. 39–46, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-19-4953-1_4">10.1007/978-981-19-4953-1_4</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-19-4953-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-19-4953-1"><bdi>978-981-19-4953-1</bdi></a>, retrieved 2024-10-08</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Self+as+Method+%3A+Thinking+Through+China+and+the+World&rft.atitle=The+1980s+Culture+Craze&rft.pages=39-46&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-19-4953-1_4&rft.isbn=978-981-19-4953-1&rft.aulast=Xiang&rft.aufirst=Biao&rft.au=Wu%2C+Qi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-981-19-4953-1_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:26-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:26_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Xu, Qingquan (2008-05-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sohu.com/20080521/n256993954.shtml">"王元化："五四的儿子"走了"</a> [Wang Yuanhua, "son of the May Fourth Movement", has passed away]. <a href="/wiki/Sohu" title="Sohu">Sohu</a> (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/China_Newsweek" title="China Newsweek">China Newsweek</a>. 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Retrieved 2024-10-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCCA+Center+for+Contemporary+Art&rft.atitle=%2785+New+Wave%3A+The+Birth+of+Chinese+Contemporary+Art&rft.date=2007%2F2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fucca.org.cn%2Fen%2Fexhibition%2F85-new-wave-birth-chinese-contemporary-art%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beijingdangdaiartfair.com/en/exhibitions/born-after-the-85-new-wave-art-movement-the-generation-y-of-contemporary-chinese-art/">"Born after the '85 New Wave Art Movement: The Generation Y of Contemporary Chinese Art"</a>. 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Retrieved 2024-10-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beijing+Dangdai+Art+Fair&rft.atitle=Born+after+the+%2785+New+Wave+Art+Movement%3A+The+Generation+Y+of+Contemporary+Chinese+Art&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeijingdangdaiartfair.com%2Fen%2Fexhibitions%2Fborn-after-the-85-new-wave-art-movement-the-generation-y-of-contemporary-chinese-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:33_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Jingsheng (2021-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/6292/">"The Rising of the Avant-Garde Movement In the 1980s People's Republic of China: A Cultural Practice of the New Enlightenment"</a>. 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Retrieved 2024-10-05. <q>有人这样概括：在80年代，邓丽君是爱情的启蒙老师，李泽厚是思想的启蒙老师。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sohu&rft.atitle=%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%81%E6%9D%8E%E6%B3%BD%E5%8E%9A+%E5%AF%82%E5%AF%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5&rft.date=2010-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sohu.com%2F20100612%2Fn272746124.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZENGLIU2022" class="citation journal cs1">ZENG, Yi; LIU, Siyue (2022-08-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholars.ln.edu.hk/en/publications/songs-into-the-mind-populism-civil-society-and-the-fans-culture-o">"Songs into the Mind: Populism, Civil Society, and the Fans Culture of Teresa Teng between the Taiwan Strait"</a>. 14th Annual Conference of the International Society for Cultural History – via <a href="/wiki/Lingnan_University" title="Lingnan University">Lingnan University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=14th+Annual+Conference+of+the+International+Society+for+Cultural+History&rft.atitle=Songs+into+the+Mind%3A+Populism%2C+Civil+Society%2C+and+the+Fans+Culture+of+Teresa+Teng+between+the+Taiwan+Strait&rft.date=2022-08-03&rft.aulast=ZENG&rft.aufirst=Yi&rft.au=LIU%2C+Siyue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholars.ln.edu.hk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fsongs-into-the-mind-populism-civil-society-and-the-fans-culture-o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Enlightenment+%28China%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:25_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTao2015" class="citation web cs1">Tao, Dongfeng (2015-05-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aisixiang.com/data/87742.html">"不要低估邓丽君们的启蒙意义"</a> [Do not underestimate the meaning of enlightenment from Deng Lijun and the like]. 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Henry Holt and Co., 2013.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zehou" title="Li Zehou">Li Zehou</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Path_of_Beauty.html?id=FKAQAQAAIAAJ">The Path of Beauty: A Study of Chinese Aesthetics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1994.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Schwarcz" title="Vera Schwarcz">Vera Schwarcz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/657460">A Curse on the Great Wall: The Problem of Enlightenment in Modern China</a>. Theory and Society, Vol. 13, No. 3, Special Issue on China (May, 1984).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cultural_Revolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_Revolution" title="Template:Cultural Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_Revolution" title="Template talk:Cultural Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushan_Conference" title="Lushan Conference">Lushan Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Thousand_Cadres_Conference" title="Seven Thousand Cadres Conference">Seven Thousand Cadres Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Education_Movement" title="Socialist Education Movement">Socialist Education Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taoyuan_Experience" title="Taoyuan Experience">Taoyuan Experience</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Down_to_the_Countryside_Movement" title="Down to the Countryside Movement">Down to the Countryside Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleansing_the_Class_Ranks" title="Cleansing the Class Ranks">Cleansing the Class Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Storm" title="January Storm">January Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Countercurrent" title="February Countercurrent">February Countercurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_incident" title="Wuhan incident">Wuhan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">9th Party Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Strike-Three_Anti_Campaign" title="One Strike-Three Anti Campaign">One Strike-Three Anti Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_571" title="Project 571">Project 571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao_incident" title="Lin Biao incident">Lin Biao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">10th Party Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Painting_incident" title="Black Painting incident">Black Painting incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticize_Lin,_Criticize_Confucius" title="Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius">Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_incident" title="Hangzhou incident">Hangzhou incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Banqiao_Dam_failure" title="1975 Banqiao Dam failure">1975 Banqiao Dam failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack_the_Right-Deviationist_Reversal-of-Verdicts_Trend" title="Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend">Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Incident_(1976)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing Incident (1976)">1976 Nanjing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tiananmen_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Tiananmen Incident">1976 Tiananmen Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massacres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_August" title="Red August">Red August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daxing_Massacre" title="Daxing Massacre">Daxing Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangxi_Massacre" title="Guangxi Massacre">Guangxi Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia_incident" title="Inner Mongolia incident">Inner Mongolia incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Cultural_Revolution_Massacre" title="Guangdong Cultural Revolution Massacre">Guangdong Massacre</a></li> <li>Hunan Massacres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daoxian_massacre" title="Daoxian massacre">Daoxian massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang_County_Massacre" title="Shaoyang County Massacre">Shaoyang County Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yunnan Massacres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Jianmin_spy_case" title="Zhao Jianmin spy case">Zhao Jianmin spy case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadian_incident" title="Shadian incident">Shadian incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruijin_Massacre" title="Ruijin Massacre">Ruijin Massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hongwen" title="Wang Hongwen">Wang Hongwen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Han_(historian)" title="Wu Han (historian)">Wu Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhu" title="Tao Zhu">Tao Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongxing" title="Wang Dongxing">Wang Dongxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Li_(politician)" title="Wang Li (politician)">Wang Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Benyu" title="Qi Benyu">Qi Benyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Faxian" title="Wu Faxian">Wu Faxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Huizuo" title="Qiu Huizuo">Qiu Huizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chengwu" title="Yang Chengwu">Yang Chengwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zaidao" title="Chen Zaidao">Chen Zaidao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Yuanxin" title="Mao Yuanxin">Mao Yuanxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombard_the_Headquarters" title="Bombard the Headquarters">Bombard the Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quotations_from_Chairman_Mao_Tse-tung" title="Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung">Quotations from Chairman Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hai_Rui_Dismissed_from_Office" title="Hai Rui Dismissed from Office">Hai Rui Dismissed from Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_16_Notification" class="mw-redirect" title="May 16 Notification">May 16 Notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Articles_of_Public_Security" title="Six Articles of Public Security">Six Articles of Public Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_Away_All_Cow_Demons_and_Snake_Spirits" title="Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits">Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Class_Origins" title="On Class Origins">On Class Origins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newborn_socialist_things" title="Newborn socialist things">Newborn socialist things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_session" title="Struggle session">Struggle session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-character_poster" title="Big-character poster">Big-character poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cow_demons_and_snake_spirits" title="Cow demons and snake spirits">Cow demons and snake spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodline_theory" title="Bloodline theory">Bloodline theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_Revolution_Theory" title="Continuous Revolution Theory">Continuous Revolution Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_of_power_(Cultural_Revolution)" title="Seizure of power (Cultural Revolution)">Seizure of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Violent struggle">Violent Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Divides_into_Two" title="One Divides into Two">One Divides into Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Wall" title="Democracy Wall">Democracy Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_opera" title="Revolutionary opera">Eight model plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_dance" title="Loyalty dance">Loyalty dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_roader" title="Capitalist roader">Capitalist roader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiku_sitian" title="Yiku sitian">Yiku sitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learn_from_Daqing_in_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Learn from Daqing in industry">Learn from Daqing in industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learn_from_Dazhai_in_agriculture" title="Learn from Dazhai in agriculture">Learn from Dazhai in agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinking_Old_Ninth" title="Stinking Old Ninth">Stinking Old Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Black_Categories" title="Five Black Categories">Five Black Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Red_Categories" title="Five Red Categories">Five Red Categories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Faction_(Cultural_Revolution)" title="Conservative Faction (Cultural Revolution)">Conservative Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Guards" title="Little Red Guards">Little Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebel_Faction_(Cultural_Revolution)" title="Rebel Faction (Cultural Revolution)">Rebel Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_Guards" title="Scarlet Guards">Scarlet Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism_in_China" title="Left communism in China">Ultra-Left Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoyao_Faction" title="Xiaoyao Faction">Xiaoyao Faction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Sixteenth_elements" title="May Sixteenth elements">May Sixteenth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Man_Group" title="Five Man Group">Five Man Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_Group" title="Cultural Revolution Group">Cultural Revolution Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Case_Examination_Group" title="Central Case Examination Group">Central Case Examination Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Organization_and_Propaganda_Leading_Group" title="Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group">Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shengwulian" title="Shengwulian">Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_committee_(China)" title="Revolutionary committee (China)">Revolutionary committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Heilongjiang Revolutionary Committee">in Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Shanghai Revolutionary Committee">in Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61889_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="61889 Regiment">8341 Special Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sent-down_youth" title="Sent-down youth">Sent-down youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61_Renegades" title="61 Renegades">61 Renegades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barefoot_doctor" title="Barefoot doctor">Barefoot doctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker-Peasant-Soldier_student" title="Worker-Peasant-Soldier student">Worker-Peasant-Soldier student</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Seventh_Cadre_School" title="May Seventh Cadre School">May Seventh Cadre School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_River_Storm_and_Thunder" title="Xiang River Storm and Thunder">Xiang River Storm and Thunder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mao Zedong's cult of personality">Mao Zedong's cult of personality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mango_cult" title="Mango cult">Mango cult</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Whatevers" title="Two Whatevers">Two Whatevers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_Sun_(film)" title="Morning Sun (film)">Morning Sun (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_plenary_session_of_the_11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scar_literature" title="Scar literature">Scar literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_Revolution" title="Category:Cultural Revolution">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Template:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Template talk:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">Proclamation of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tiananmen_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Tiananmen Incident">1976 Tiananmen Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution" title="Campaign against spiritual pollution">Campaign against spiritual pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Chinese_student_demonstrations" title="1986 Chinese student demonstrations">1986 Chinese student demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_responsibility_system" title="Household responsibility system">Household responsibility system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_26_Editorial" title="April 26 Editorial">April 26 Editorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_27_demonstrations" title="April 27 demonstrations">April 27 demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_hunger_strikes" title="Tiananmen hunger strikes">Hunger Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_between_students_and_the_government_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialogue between students and the government during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Dialogue between students and the government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_of_student_organizations_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Funding of student organizations during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Funding of student organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Mao_portrait_vandalism_incident" title="1989 Mao portrait vandalism incident">Mao portrait incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Sino-Soviet_Summit" title="1989 Sino-Soviet Summit">Sino-Soviet Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9_Deng_speech" title="June 9 Deng speech">June 9 Deng speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Military involvement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle"><a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">Elders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Regional leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ximing" title="Li Ximing">Li Ximing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xitong" title="Chen Xitong">Chen Xitong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Tong" title="Bao Tong">Bao Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Gan" title="Luo Gan">Luo Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Mingfu" title="Yan Mingfu">Yan Mingfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Mu" title="Yuan Mu">Yuan Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Protesters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Leading figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bei_Dao" title="Bei Dao">Bei Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Jian" title="Cui Jian">Cui Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Qing" title="Dai Qing">Dai Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Zilin" title="Ding Zilin">Ding Zilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi">Fang Lizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Zheng" title="Fang Zheng">Fang Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Congde" title="Feng Congde">Feng Congde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Gang" title="Liu Gang">Liu Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Dongfang" title="Han Dongfang">Han Dongfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Dejian" title="Hou Dejian">Hou Dejian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lu" title="Li Lu">Li Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xianbin" title="Liu Xianbin">Liu Xianbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Benli" title="Qin Benli">Qin Benli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Tong" title="Shen Tong">Shen Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Baiqiao" title="Tang Baiqiao">Tang Baiqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bingzhang_(dissident)" title="Wang Bingzhang (dissident)">Wang Bingzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Youcai" title="Wang Youcai">Wang Youcai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'erkaixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Yan_(dissident)" title="Xiong Yan (dissident)">Xiong Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Jiaqi" title="Yan Jiaqi">Yan Jiaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Dongyue" title="Yu Dongyue">Yu Dongyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Boli" title="Zhang Boli">Zhang Boli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Changqing" title="Zhao Changqing">Zhao Changqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yongjun_incident" title="Zhou Yongjun incident">Zhou Yongjun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Workers%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Students%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Generals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Huaqing" title="Liu Huaqing">Liu Huaqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Haotian" title="Chi Haotian">Chi Haotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Baibing" title="Yang Baibing">Yang Baibing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Jiwei" title="Qin Jiwei">Qin Jiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xuezhi" title="Hong Xuezhi">Hong Xuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Guanglie" title="Liang Guanglie">Liang Guanglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Qinxian" title="Xu Qinxian">Xu Qinxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lianxiu" title="Li Lianxiu">Li Lianxiu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Army units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Army (People's Republic of China)">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Airborne_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Airborne Corps">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Army (People's Republic of China)">20th</a></li> <li>24th</li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Army (People's Republic of China)">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Army (People's Republic of China)">27th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="28th Army (People's Republic of China)">28th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="38th Army (People's Republic of China)">38th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="39th Army (People's Republic of China)">39th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="40th Army (People's Republic of China)">40th</a></li> <li>54th</li> <li>63rd</li> <li>64th</li> <li><a href="/wiki/65th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Army (People's Republic of China)">65th</a></li> <li>67th</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almost_a_Revolution" title="Almost a Revolution">Almost a Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Tiananmen_Journal" title="A Tiananmen Journal">A Tiananmen Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_June_Fourth_Poems" title="Collection of June Fourth Poems">Collection of June Fourth Poems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Critical_Moment" title="The Critical Moment">The Critical Moment – Li Peng Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_China" title="Escape from China">Escape from China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_(painting)" title="Execution (painting)">Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gate_of_Heavenly_Peace_(film)" title="The Gate of Heavenly Peace (film)">The Gate of Heavenly Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Heart_for_Freedom" title="A Heart for Freedom">A Heart for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_(advertisement)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hunt (advertisement)">Leica advert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_the_Mountain_(1994_film)" title="Moving the Mountain (1994 film)">Moving the Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_the_State" title="Prisoner of the State">Prisoner of the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quelling_the_People" title="Quelling the People">Quelling the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_Over_Tiananmen_Square" title="Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square">Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Exiles" title="Tiananmen Exiles">Tiananmen Exiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tiananmen_Papers" title="The Tiananmen Papers">The Tiananmen Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Shame" title="Pillar of Shame">Pillar of Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimerica_(play)" title="Chimerica (play)">Chimerica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimerica_(TV_series)" title="Chimerica (TV series)">TV series</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Human rights groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China Support Network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_of_China" title="Democracy Party of China">Democracy Party of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_of_China" title="Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China">Hong Kong Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_in_China_(organization)" title="Human Rights in China (organization)">Human Rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Centre_for_Human_Rights_and_Democracy" title="Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy">Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellowbird" title="Operation Yellowbird">Operation Yellowbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Mothers" title="Tiananmen Mothers">Tiananmen Mothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Memorials_for_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Memorials for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Anniversaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">10th (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">20th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="21st anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">21st (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="24th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">24th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="25th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">25th (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="30th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">30th (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31st_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="31st anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">31st (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="32nd anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">32nd (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Nothing_to_My_Name" title="Nothing to My Name">Nothing to My Name</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Tank Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_4th_Museum" title="June 4th Museum">June 4th Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy" title="Goddess of Democracy">Goddess of Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy_(Hong_Kong)" title="Goddess of Democracy (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Reactions to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Reactions to the protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_trial_of_Chen_Ziming_and_Wang_Juntao" title="Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao">Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Enlightenment_(China)&oldid=1255817945">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Enlightenment_(China)&oldid=1255817945</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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