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id="myAudio_f"> <source src="../_media/elements/snds_f/Ni.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element. </audio> <button class="pure-button d_button" style=" display: inline;" type="button" onclick="audf_play_pause()"> 🔊  </button> <script> function audf_play_pause() { var myAudiof = document.getElementById("myAudio_f"); if (myAudiof.paused) { myAudiof.play(); } else { myAudiof.pause(); }} </script></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main">  <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <a href="#" class="pure-menu-link pure-menu-heading">▸▸</a> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇬🇧 Nickel</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇺🇦 Нікель</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇨🇳 鎳</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇳🇱 Nikkel</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇫🇷 Nickel</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇩🇪 Nickel</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇮🇱 ניקל</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇮🇹 Nichel</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇯🇵 ニッケル</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇵🇹 Níquel</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇪🇸 Niquel</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇸🇪 Nickel</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇷🇺 Никель</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="google_navbar_positioning"> <form action="https://www.google.com" id="cse-search-box"> <div> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="partner-pub-9334432533380510:6223510783"> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="UTF-8"> <input type="text" name="q" size="28"> <input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search"> </div> </form> <script> </script> </div> </div> </div> <main> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <h1 class="d">Nickel - <sub><small>28</small></sub>Ni: the essentials</h1> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <ul class="pure-menu-list z_menu"> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a href="../nickel/" class="pure-menu-link">▸▸ Ni Essentials</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../nickel/physics.html">Physical properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../nickel/atoms.html">Electron shell data</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../nickel/atom_sizes.html">Atom sizes</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../nickel/electronegativity.html">Electronegativity</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../nickel/isotopes.html" >Isotopes and NMR</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../nickel/crystal_structure.html">Crystal structure</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../nickel/thermochemistry.html">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../nickel/history.html">History</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../nickel/uses.html">Uses</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../nickel/geology.html">Geology</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../nickel/biology.html">Biology</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../nickel/compounds.html">Binary compounds</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../nickel/compound_properties.html" >Compound properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../nickel/chemistry.html">Element reactions</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../nickel/contents.html">List all Ni properties</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-2">  <ul class="ul_facts_table"> <li><a href="../periodicity/name_english/" title="Element names">Name</a>: nickel</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/name_english/" title="Element symbol">Symbol</a>: Ni</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/atomic_number/" title="Element atomic number">Atomic number</a>: 28 </li> <li><a href="../periodicity/atomic_weight/" title="Element atomic weight">Relative atomic mass (<i>A</i><sub>r</sub>)</a>: 58.6934 (4) r </li> <li><a href="../periodicity/standard_state/" title="Element standard state">Standard state</a>: solid at 298 K</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/standard_state/" title="Element colour">Appearance</a>: lustrous, metallic, silvery tinge</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/classification/" title="Classification of nickel as metal, non-metal, or semi-metal">Classification</a>: Metallic </li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-2"> <ul class="ul_facts_table"> <li><a href="../periodicity/group_number/" title="The group within which nickel is located">Group in periodic table</a>: 10</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/group_number/" title="The name of the group (if there is one) within which nickel is located">Group name</a>: (none)</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/group_number/" title="The period within which nickel is located">Period in periodic table</a>: 4</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/group_number/" title="The block within which nickel is located">Block in periodic table</a>: d</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/electron_shell_structure/" title="Shell structure">Shell structure</a>: 2.8.16.2 </li> <li><a href="../periodicity/cas_registry_id/" title="Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry numbers for the elements">CAS Registry</a>: 7440-02-0</li> </ul> </div> </div> <p class="p_first"> Nickel atoms have 28 electrons and the <strong><a href="../periodicity/electron_shell_structure/">shell structure</a></strong> is 2.8.16.2. The <strong> <a href="../periodicity/electronic_configuration/">ground state electronic configuration of neutral nickel is</a></strong> [<strong>Ar</strong>].<strong>3d</strong><sup>8</sup>.<strong>4s</strong><sup>2</sup> and the <strong><a href="../periodicity/term_symbol/">term symbol of nickel </a> is</strong> <sup>3</sup><strong>F</strong><sub>4</sub>. </p> <h2 class="d">Nickel: description  <audio id="myAudio_desc"> <source src="../_media/elements/snds_description/Ni.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element. </audio> <button class="pure-button d_button" style="display: inline;" type="button" onclick="auddesc_play_pause()">🔊</button> <script> function auddesc_play_pause() { var myAudiodesc = document.getElementById("myAudio_desc"); if (myAudiodesc.paused) { myAudiodesc.play(); } else { myAudiodesc.pause(); }} </script> </h2> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <p class="p_first">Nickel is found as a constituent in most meteorites and often serves as one of the criteria for distinguishing a meteorite from other minerals. Iron meteorites, or siderites, may contain iron alloyed with from 5 to nearly 20% nickel. The USA 5-cent coin (whose nickname is "nickel") contains just 25% nickel. Nickel is a silvery white metal that takes on a high polish. It is hard, malleable, ductile, somewhat ferromagnetic, and a fair conductor of heat and electricity.</p> <p>Nickel carbonyl, [Ni(CO)<sub>4</sub>], is an extremely toxic gas and exposure should not exceed 0.007 mg M<sup>-3</sup>.</p> <p class="pure-img"><img src="../_media/elements/element_pictures/Ni.jpg" alt="nickel foil" /><br />Nickel foil.</p> <p class="pure-img"><img src="../_media/elements/cartoons/Ni.jpg" alt="Science and Ink cartoon for nickel" /><br/>Cartoon by Nick D Kim (<a href="http://www.lab-initio.com">[Science and Ink]</a>, used by permission).</p> </div> </div>  <div class="pure-g display_table"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="d">Nickel: physical properties</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/density/" title="view definition and images showing periodicity for density of elemental solids"><img alt="Density of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Density of solid</a>: 8908 kg m<sup>-3</sup></li> <li><a href="../periodicity/molar_volume/" title="view definition and images showing periodicity for molar volumes of the elements"><img alt="Molar volume of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Molar volume</a>: 6.59 cm<sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="../periodicity/thermal_conduct/" title="show definition and view pictures showing periodicity of thermal conductivity in the periodic table"><img alt="Thermal conductivity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFAAAAAwCAIAAAF+gFo2AAAABGdBTUEAANkDQtZPoQAAAAlwSFlzAAALEwAACxMBAJqcGAAAACR0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUAUXVpY2tUaW1lIDcuNS41IChNYWMgT1MgWCkADDxZHwAAAAd0SU1FB9kBEhYZDy2BOqgAAARASURBVHic7ZrLLixRFIZXNSHuOcQ1MSMGBu4RQ8kRD+ARPIHEKxh7BhMi4QkwoNNMmAkxkEhESARB3C91/l1/VVvdpdJNH13ndPWXTnX1tqr2ZV12rVVEMmLPzqa3LC3ZDqXm19OTfXsru7tSUSHPz3J5KR0dlLOM7N2dvL7K4qL09UllpXR2yvW1Ea2qytCv5XZ2dCR1dVJTI+/vq+vrbBwbG8s47O3t9JarKw4b5zF5eLDxuby0n5/teNz+9cuIHB9TtFS6usz31ZVg/Gjt7ZX7e2lpEefqLEZuPz7K+bm0tsrbG36ubmykDNvO5j5pw3cHDpaX7bm5DNLT0/b8vO2hBnZ4KLW1RhVQC+aHZRoakv19o7ieHunuls1Nox98MHgsu2Wusizna2Vl5ffIyOrW1pdGjmlbHwPDwuBeGBIWJhZzz2Mx98/v7+7x9tbCcv8D5KaqnR2//6RLwy49j0p25lwM06+vz9DXzIzxulQcv2xulkQCNm70/PIiBwcyMCB7e1hYKS+X8XFZWJDhYbm4MPbd3p682Om5rU0mJ40a8Lm5kZMTOT2VszMjCseF2cCEMDrcGr6pFsi5GEYD86JKoWQYFs4bGlyR0VEZHJSmJtMCI4NbafP8toV9ST6dnMyzNOVWWKeSEqmuNqsgzvydWzAAFBjaYPPTi7cpMLjH46Zpaur7t4Ylg7U1c5yY+FSGkc9TMoweZPTKjMBtQX9/RkGvY7gzSCRwME4N4HwArg3g3QAODuDjAG4O4OkAzg7g7wAuD+D14m13yvc/6xihACAaiDJ/gLAAEBmSMogPAO4OsJWIs38CxArxVg4eDxobzZFKtT6cL7VjOhAiCUg6oAg3VLcbtjO2sIUgyADEGYBtGJSVfXSPmJO8s+rePUMIwhFRCMevBqKvkmvgypH0pRcGQPGWhRrignOpdbtWCqFl6HPHDP07eakEgfgJEEIBoqh4dkA4FDWIgoyrBUX+NwmfWeaL0Han0GYc2rYY+ozzvh+HPuO8PwiEPuO8P4GEHbny/+gT2oyjR2gPe6H7sZ8ffsosWnWRIn+JlLilUwnL98TwfxE0l8hFj1QN6xc3Tg7lCuWQSeWCm4UR5mIkICMLItIaTt2JmQGQ3HPG3GHWSbLIPbMh4hpmdkycHJm4mTJhvkyYNRPmzoQZNGEeTZhNE+bUhJk1YX5NmGUT5trEe+FrCMi7g4i4hpnpE9YEiD8rIKwSENYK/Pdh3YDoXJo1BKKjMesJRMcU5tiEFQaiy5BZPDtEXMM6I2KlgvgzQcKsiWjtafnkW+A0GQ0rJ4T1E8IqCmEthWhts67iH3OAtiOn4ZRlYLWHsOZDfrry89Pol2qR03CRQierpNet7LlXqEv0Hqgjto7SQfJBkV+j9/ygdvX0ls0/eUXOh4PrlkGwnklY1SSsbRK9n2u0FQRo/qffskdOw0UKnT8b/TNIn3ARwwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" /> Thermal conductivity</a>: 91 W m<sup>‑1</sup> K<sup>‑1</sup></li> </ul> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./physics.html">More physical properties...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="d">Nickel: heat properties</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/melting_point/" title="show definition and view pictures showing periodicity of melting point in the periodic table"><img alt="Melting point on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Melting point</a>: 1728 [1455 °C (2651 °F)] K</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/boiling_point/" title="show definition and view pictures showing periodicity of boiling point in the periodic table"><img alt="Boiling point on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Boiling point</a>: 3186 [2913 °C (5275 °F)] K</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/enthalpy_fusion/" title="show definition and view pictures showing periodicity of fusion enthalpy in the periodic table"><img alt="Enthalpy of fusion on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Enthalpy of fusion</a>: 20.5 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup></li> </ul> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./thermochemistry.html">More thermochemical properties...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="d">Nickel: atom sizes</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/atom_radius_emp/" title="View atomic radius data for the elements"><img alt="Atomic radius (empirical) of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFAAAAAwCAIAAAF+gFo2AAAABGdBTUEAANkDQtZPoQAAAAlwSFlzAAALEwAACxMBAJqcGAAAACR0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUAUXVpY2tUaW1lIDcuNS41IChNYWMgT1MgWCkADDxZHwAAAAd0SU1FB9kBEhYYEc6VNooAAAOhSURBVHic7Zo9TutAEIDHKIAUQEABBUhcgBNQIl64AukoaJGokBASqek5ARIFHQeIlQYqmjQBySAhGijSAA0SUJjZnbUz9npjGyfxA/srTLze//nxzhiAWNzz83BJu+06TrPZtMTN1hasrqon4+PiOj0N1aq9sjImbhwHXl7EAyxF3t7g6gouLuLHtdRg2L/s1t7e9p/VarXYaR8dhUtaLbfTcZ+eROcuznl9HZaX4etLTXtyEmZnxbOdnTG4uYHXV3h/V8+QVgvabVxVspm7m5swPx+aeW/aruvG9xME9xuvFfGzXncPDqzj4z613ZMTmJuDqSm6teVVNr68hG5X7OrSkpJJtSrW/vEhtqLbFXN+eFCPaPVra6qxfXr6b3/fPjxMO3mrNzHcGG9WPSYmehvttzk7SzvMMPixqKT6Nxq6/YQHQL1Ei0LVdBzSTlCiursTIukPKiqTM8zMeI07HdH37i4sLoq99Tvi+4yFqOWfn1pjNFnUBKptUhKAgJJIy5Brfn5WJk9gSx8sRJPDju7vxeqw2vW1LdVLjWw3m0LDmK1HsLERsylpyaSelXBVCGxy9Fr+D93OiCsZ9ihNCf329rrRAO/NZNXrP+4aTU/8QUcNnsyYYtu3t35Nb2BUWoB4q4wFzRZBy0V0fZOGGBxYmrOaNRo1gnbtz1efkKavCqqJVo/4ht9vYLRRhLwB75psnyATR7NG0EX4w/g+xIe34uXsveoNjG4EvFWi0wjBvQqHOqX6eNgAb+dokxcWxPXxES/23l6oqRrYlsqGXghMxpuQgbupgWPpRcIBQpRO6miuzjiM5u0qkfV6nRKGrlMI5U+42d/N6F8SY8MezERub6fcVzzy12LuKx75+zj3FY/8IJD7ikd+Asl7xaM/+uS24uKR22Evb62OYMinzFKrS0oGRMBv8VDCsiJc2i/CD1gg+EWjcN4j6Kdl9ETw3HmWSCoLKgojKBYj+HvDcLLlMRqn4BKmaJHIHjNmh6JOgmJPIsm5iEVonIJLmEXHHBUpExRXEaGPUrEkOIcG4H1SrE3oEbdOKWEiKGHKBhA8J8AxxfscHkVT3oCg7AHBpafnH3RMY5nqGz7qF1zClP0guK3qmRAdU27EBJcM75/yJwT3KdwzU0aFkHkVQs+u6BRbwjY7f1LOR5VnyfxkYQgfzAon4ZK/TqKgV2X2iCTn2CQkyJqlJck/eRXOhs15SxNcMpyUUhqK5y8lXFI8vgEaOGdEgPG38AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" /> Atomic radius (empirical)</a>: 135 pm</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/rad_cov_single/" title="View molecular single bond covalent radii data for the elements"><img alt="Covalent (single bond) radius on a periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Molecular single bond covalent radius</a>: 110 (coordination number 3) ppm</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/van_der_waals_rad/" title="View van der Waals' radius data for the elements"><img alt="van der Waals radius on a periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> van der Waals radius</a>: 240 ppm</li> </ul> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./atom_sizes.html">More atomc size properties...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="d">Nickel: electronegativities</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/eneg_pauling/" title="View definition and pictures showing periodicity of Pauling electronegativity"><img alt="Pauling electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Pauling electronegativity</a>: 1.91 (Pauling units)</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/eneg_allred_rochow/" title="View definition and pictures showing periodicity of Allred Rochow electronegativity"><img alt="Allred-Rochow electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />Allred Rochow electronegativity</a>: 1.75 (Pauling units)</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/eneg_mulliken_j/" title="View definition and pictures showing periodicity of Mulliken-Jaffe electronegativity"><img alt="Mulliken-Jaffe electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />Mulliken-Jaffe electronegativity</a>: (no data)</li> </ul> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./electronegativity.html">More electronegativity properties...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="d">Nickel: orbital properties</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_1/" title="View definition and pictures showing first ionisation energies"><img alt="First ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> First ionisation energy</a>: 737.14 kJ mol<sup>‑1</sup></li> <li><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_2/" title="View definition and pictures showing second ionisation energies"><img alt="Second ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Second ionisation energy</a>: 1753.03 kJ mol<sup>‑1</sup></li> <li><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_3/" title="View definition and pictures showing third ionisation energies"><img alt="Third ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Third ionisation energy</a>: 3395.0 kJ mol<sup>‑1</sup></li> </ul> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./atoms.html">More orbital properties...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="d">Nickel: abundances</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/abund_universe/" title="Definitions and pictures showing periodicity of element abundances in the universe"><img alt="Chemical elements abundance by weight in the universe on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />Universe</a>: 60000 ppb by weight</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/abund_crust/" title="Definitions and pictures showing periodicity of element abundances in the earth's crust"><img alt="Chemical elements abundance by weight in the earth's crust on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />Crustal rocks</a>: 90000 ppb by weight</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/abund_humans/" title="Abundance in humans of the chemical elements displayed graphically"><img alt="Chemical elements abundance by weight in humans on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />Human</a>: 100 ppb by weight</li> </ul> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./geology.html">More geological data...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="d">Nickel: crystal structure</h2> <figure><img class="pure-img" src="../_media/elements/crystal_structure_image/Ni-sf.jpg" alt="Ni crystal structure"><figcaption>The solid state structure of nickel is: ccp (cubic close-packed).</figcaption></figure> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./crystal_structure.html">More crystallographic data...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="d">Nickel: biological data</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/abund_humans/" title="View definition and pictures showing human abundance by weight"><img alt="Human abundance by weight of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Human abundance by weight</a>: 100 ppb by weight</li> </ul> <p class="p_first">Nickel is an essential trace element for many species. Chicks and rats raised on nickel-deficient diets have liver problems. Enzymes known as hydrogenases in bacteria contain nickel. Nickel is also important in plant ureases. </p> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./biology.html">More biological data...</a></p> <div> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9334432533380510" data-ad-slot="2897369985"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="d">Nickel: uses</h2> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./uses.html">Uses...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="d">Nickel: reactions</h2> <p> Reactions of nickel as the element with air, water, halogens, acids, and bases where known. </p> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./chemistry.html">View reactions of nickel...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="d">Nickel: binary compounds</h2> <p> Binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and other compounds of nickel where known. </p> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./compounds.html">View binary compounds...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="d">Nickel: compound properties</h2> <p> Bond strengths; lattice energies of nickel halides, hydrides, oxides (where known); and reduction potentials where known. </p> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./compound_properties.html">View compound properties...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="d">Nickel: history</h2> <strong>Nickel</strong> was <a href="../periodicity/discovery/" title="Further information on element discoveries">discovered</a> by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt in 1751 at Sweden. <a href="../periodicity/discovery/" title="Further information on element discoveries">Origin of name</a>: from the German word "<em>kupfernickel</em>" meaning Devil's copper or St Nicholas's (OLd Nick's) copper. <p><a class="pure-button" href="./history.html">More history...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="d">Nickel: isotopes</h2> <div><figure><img class="pure-img" src="../_media/elements/isotopes/isotope_abundance_Ni.png" alt="Isotope abundances of nickel" /><figcaption>Isotope abundances of nickel with the most intense signal set to 100%.</figcaption></figure></div> <p class="p_first">Nickel isotopes are used for the production of several radioisotopes. Ni-64 is used for the production of Cu-64 which is used in radioimmunotherapy. Ni-61 can be used for the production of the PET radioisotope Cu-61. Ni-62 is used for the production of the radioisotope Ni-63 which can be used as an XRF source, as an electron capture source in gas chromatographs and as a power source in microelectromechanical systems. Ni-58 can be used for the production of the radioisotope Co-58. Ni-60 is used for the production of Co-57 which is used in bone densitometry and as a gamma camera reference source. Ni-60 is also used as an alternative for the production of Cu-61, but the route via Ni-61 is more common. Finally, most stable Nickel isotopes have been used to study human absorption of Nickel.</p> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./isotopes.html">More isotope and NMR data...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-1"> <h2 class="d">Nickel: isolation</h2> <p class="p_first"> <a href="../periodicity/isolation/" title="literature sources referring to isolation of pure nickel">Isolation</a>: it is not normally necessary to make nickel in the laboratory as it is available readily commercially. Small amounts of pure nickel can be islated in the laborotory through the purification of crude nickel with carbon monoxide. The intermediate in this process is the highly toxic nickel tetracarbonyl, Ni(CO)<sub>4</sub>. The carbonyl decomposes on heating to about 250°C to form pure nickel powder.</p> <p class="equation">Ni + 4CO (50°C) → Ni(CO)<sub>4</sub> (230°C) → Ni + 4CO</p> <p>The Ni(CO)<sub>4</sub> is a volatile complex which is easily flushed from the reaction vessel as a gas leaving the impurities behind. Industrially, the Mond process uses the same chemistry. Nickel oxides are reacted with "water gas", a mixture of CO + H<sub>2</sub>). Reduction of the oxide with the hydrogen results in impure nickel. This reacts with the CO component of the water gas to make Ni(CO)<sub>4</sub> as above. Thermal decomposition leaves pure nickel metal.</p> </div> </div>  </main> <div id="footer"> <footer> <div class="footer"> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Key properties</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/eneg_pauling/">Electronegativity </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/melting_point/">Melting point</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/density/">Density </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/molar_volume/">Molar volume</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/ionis_energy_1/">Ionization energy (1st)</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/covalent_radius/">Covalent radius</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/metallic_radius/">Metallic radius</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/abund_crust/">Abundance: earth's crust</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Shop</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">Sorry, shop closed</li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Social</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/webelements.periodic.table">Facebook</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://twitter.com/periodic_table">Twitter</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.pinterest.com/periodictable/">Pinterest</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Administration</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/your-privacy/" title="Your privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/about-webelements/" title="About WebElements">About</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/webelements-and-copyright/" title="Copyright information about WebElements">Copyright</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/acknowledgements/" title="Acknowledgements">Thanks...</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <address> <p> <a href="https://www.webelements.com/"><img class="logo_m" src="../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements home" /></a><br /> <strong>WebElements:</strong> THE periodic table on the WWW [<a href="https://www.webelements.com/">www.webelements.com</a>]<br /> <a href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/webelements-and-copyright/">Copyright </a> 1993-2024 <a href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/">Mark Winter</a> [ <a href="https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/chemistry/">The University of Sheffield </a> and WebElements Ltd, UK]. 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