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href="#Lorentz_and_quantum_mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Lorentz and quantum mechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lorentz_and_quantum_mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Change_of_priorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_of_priorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Change of priorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_of_priorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Civil work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Family life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 101 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="هندريك أنتون لورنتس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هندريك أنتون لورنتس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorens" title="Hendrik Lorens – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hendrik Lorens" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="هندریک لورنتز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هندریک لورنتز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8" title="হেন্ড্রিক আন্টোন লোরেন্‌ৎস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেন্ড্রিক আন্টোন লোরেন্‌ৎস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Хендрык Антон Лорэнц – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хендрык Антон Лорэнц" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Гэндрык Антоон Лёрэнц – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гэндрык Антоон Лёрэнц" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Хендрик Лоренц – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хендрик Лоренц" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA_%CE%9B%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%82" title="Χέντρικ Λόρεντς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χέντρικ Λόρεντς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="هندریک لورنتز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هندریک لورنتز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A8%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AD_%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%B8%A0" title="헨드릭 로런츠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헨드릭 로런츠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%81" title="Հենդրիկ Լորենց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հենդրիկ Լորենց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="हेंड्रिक लारेंज़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेंड्रिक लारेंज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A5" title="הנדריק לורנץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנדריק לורנץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D.%E0%B2%8E.%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಎಚ್.ಎ.ಲೊರೆಂಟ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಚ್.ಎ.ಲೊರೆಂಟ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="ჰენდრიკ ლორენცი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰენდრიკ ლორენცი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Хендрик Антон Лоренц – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хендрик Антон Лоренц" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_Antonius_Lorentz" title="Henricus Antonius Lorentz – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Henricus Antonius Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendriks_Lorencs" title="Hendriks Lorencs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hendriks Lorencs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Хендрик Лоренц – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хендрик Лоренц" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹെൻഡ്രിക്ക് ലോറൻസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെൻഡ്രിക്ക് ലോറൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D" title="हेन्ड्रिक लॉरेंट्झ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हेन्ड्रिक लॉरेंट्झ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="ჰენდრიკ ლორენცი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰენდრიკ ლორენცი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="هندريك انتون لورنتس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هندريك انتون لورنتس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="هندریک لورنتز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هندریک لورنتز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Хендрик Лоренц – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хендрик Лоренц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="हेन्द्रिक लरेञ्ज – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हेन्द्रिक लरेञ्ज" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%84" title="ヘンドリック・ローレンツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘンドリック・ローレンツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਹੈਂਡਰਿਕ ਲੌਰੈਂਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੈਂਡਰਿਕ ਲੌਰੈਂਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B2" title="ہینڈرک لورینٹز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہینڈرک لورینٹز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86,_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Лоренц, Хендрик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лоренц, Хендрик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D" title="हेण्ड्रिक लारेन्ज् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हेण्ड्रिक लारेन्ज्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%84%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="ھێندریک لۆرێنتس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێندریک لۆرێنتس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Хендрик Антон Лоренц – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хендрик Антон Лоренц" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="என்ட்ரிக் லொரன்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="என்ட்ரிக் லொரன்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Anton_Lorens" title="Hendrik Anton Lorens – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Hendrik Anton Lorens" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="แฮ็นดริก โลเรินตส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แฮ็นดริก โลเรินตส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Гендрік Антон Лоренц – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гендрік Антон Лоренц" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B2" title="ہنڈرک لورنٹز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہنڈرک لورنٹز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9" title="亨德里克·洛伦兹 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亨德里克·洛伦兹" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hendrik Lorentz" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E4%BE%96%E8%8C%B2" title="勞侖茲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="勞侖茲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9" title="亨德里克·洛伦兹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亨德里克·洛伦兹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41688#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dutch physicist (1853–1928)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Dutch explorer, see <a href="/wiki/Hendrikus_Albertus_Lorentz" title="Hendrikus Albertus Lorentz">Hendrikus Albertus Lorentz</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Hendrik Lorentz</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobelprijswinnaars._H.A._Lorentz_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nobelprijswinnaars._H.A._Lorentz_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Nobelprijswinnaars._H.A._Lorentz_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nobelprijswinnaars._H.A._Lorentz_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Nobelprijswinnaars._H.A._Lorentz_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nobelprijswinnaars._H.A._Lorentz_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Nobelprijswinnaars._H.A._Lorentz_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2226" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lorentz in 1902</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Hendrik Antoon Lorentz</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1853-07-18</span>)</span>18 July 1853<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>, Netherlands</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 February 1928<span style="display:none">(1928-02-04)</span> (aged 74)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>, Netherlands</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leiden">University of Leiden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>See list</i></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_contraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentz contraction">Lorentz contraction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_covariance" title="Lorentz covariance">Lorentz covariance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_ether_theory" title="Lorentz ether theory">Lorentz ether theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_factor" title="Lorentz factor">Lorentz factor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_force" title="Lorentz force">Lorentz force</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_group" title="Lorentz group">Lorentz group</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Riemannian_manifold#Lorentzian_manifold" title="Pseudo-Riemannian manifold">Lorentzian manifold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_oscillator_model" title="Lorentz oscillator model">Lorentz oscillator model</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(electromagnetism)" title="Reciprocity (electromagnetism)">Lorentz reciprocity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_transformation" title="Lorentz transformation">Lorentz transformation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cauchy%E2%80%93Lorentz_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Cauchy–Lorentz distribution">Cauchy–Lorentz distribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Clausius%E2%80%93Mossotti_relation#Lorentz–Lorenz_equation" title="Clausius–Mossotti relation">Lorentz–Lorenz equation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham%E2%80%93Lorentz_force" title="Abraham–Lorentz force">Abraham–Lorentz force</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drude%E2%80%93Lorentz_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Drude–Lorentz model">Drude–Lorentz model</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rayleigh%E2%80%93Lorentz_pendulum" title="Rayleigh–Lorentz pendulum">Rayleigh–Lorentz pendulum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Combining_rules#Lorentz-Berthelot_rules" title="Combining rules">Lorentz–Berthelot rules</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Heaviside%E2%80%93Lorentz_units" title="Heaviside–Lorentz units">Heaviside–Lorentz units</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Aletta Catharina Kaiser</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1881)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/Geertruida_de_Haas-Lorentz" title="Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz">Geertruida</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1902)</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1905" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1905">ForMemRS (1905)</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rumford_Medal" title="Rumford Medal">Rumford Medal</a> (1908)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> (1917)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1918)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data">University of Leiden</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilorentz.org/history/proefschriften/sources/Lorentz_1875.pdf">Over de theorie der terugkaatsing en breking van het licht (On the theory of reflection and refraction of light)</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1875)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Rijke" title="Pieter Rijke">Pieter Rijke</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Fokker" title="Adriaan Fokker">Adriaan Fokker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hendrika_Johanna_van_Leeuwen" title="Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen">Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Geertruida_de_Haas-Lorentz" title="Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz">Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Ornstein" title="Leonard Ornstein">Leonard Ornstein</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz,_in_1916_geschilderd_door_Menso_Kamelingh_Onnes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz%2C_in_1916_geschilderd_door_Menso_Kamelingh_Onnes.jpg/220px-Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz%2C_in_1916_geschilderd_door_Menso_Kamelingh_Onnes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz%2C_in_1916_geschilderd_door_Menso_Kamelingh_Onnes.jpg/330px-Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz%2C_in_1916_geschilderd_door_Menso_Kamelingh_Onnes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz%2C_in_1916_geschilderd_door_Menso_Kamelingh_Onnes.jpg/440px-Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz%2C_in_1916_geschilderd_door_Menso_Kamelingh_Onnes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Hendrik Lorentz by Menso Kamerlingh Onnes, 1916</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Veth05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jan_Veth05.jpg/220px-Jan_Veth05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Jan_Veth05.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Veth" title="Jan Veth">Jan Veth</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H._A._Lorentz_-_Lorentz_force,_div_E_%3D_%CF%81,_div_B_%3D_0_-_La_th%C3%A9orie_electromagn%C3%A9tique_de_Maxwell_et_son_application_aux_corps_mouvants,_Archives_n%C3%A9erlandaises,_1892_-_p_451_-_Eq._I,_II,_III.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/H._A._Lorentz_-_Lorentz_force%2C_div_E_%3D_%CF%81%2C_div_B_%3D_0_-_La_th%C3%A9orie_electromagn%C3%A9tique_de_Maxwell_et_son_application_aux_corps_mouvants%2C_Archives_n%C3%A9erlandaises%2C_1892_-_p_451_-_Eq._I%2C_II%2C_III.png/220px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/H._A._Lorentz_-_Lorentz_force%2C_div_E_%3D_%CF%81%2C_div_B_%3D_0_-_La_th%C3%A9orie_electromagn%C3%A9tique_de_Maxwell_et_son_application_aux_corps_mouvants%2C_Archives_n%C3%A9erlandaises%2C_1892_-_p_451_-_Eq._I%2C_II%2C_III.png/330px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/H._A._Lorentz_-_Lorentz_force%2C_div_E_%3D_%CF%81%2C_div_B_%3D_0_-_La_th%C3%A9orie_electromagn%C3%A9tique_de_Maxwell_et_son_application_aux_corps_mouvants%2C_Archives_n%C3%A9erlandaises%2C_1892_-_p_451_-_Eq._I%2C_II%2C_III.png/440px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>Lorentz' theory of electrons. Formulas for the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_force" title="Lorentz force">Lorentz force</a> (I) and the <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxwell equations">Maxwell equations</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Divergence" title="Divergence">divergence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical field">electrical field</a> E (II) and the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> B (III), <i>La théorie electromagnétique de Maxwell et son application aux corps mouvants</i>, 1892, p. 451. <i>V</i> is the velocity of light.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H._A._Lorentz_-_rot_B,_rot_E_-_La_th%C3%A9orie_electromagn%C3%A9tique_de_Maxwell_et_son_application_aux_corps_mouvants,_Archives_n%C3%A9erlandaises,_1892_-_p_452_-_Eq._IV_%26_V.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/H._A._Lorentz_-_rot_B%2C_rot_E_-_La_th%C3%A9orie_electromagn%C3%A9tique_de_Maxwell_et_son_application_aux_corps_mouvants%2C_Archives_n%C3%A9erlandaises%2C_1892_-_p_452_-_Eq._IV_%26_V.png/220px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/H._A._Lorentz_-_rot_B%2C_rot_E_-_La_th%C3%A9orie_electromagn%C3%A9tique_de_Maxwell_et_son_application_aux_corps_mouvants%2C_Archives_n%C3%A9erlandaises%2C_1892_-_p_452_-_Eq._IV_%26_V.png/330px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/H._A._Lorentz_-_rot_B%2C_rot_E_-_La_th%C3%A9orie_electromagn%C3%A9tique_de_Maxwell_et_son_application_aux_corps_mouvants%2C_Archives_n%C3%A9erlandaises%2C_1892_-_p_452_-_Eq._IV_%26_V.png/440px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>Lorentz' theory of electrons. Formulas for the <a href="/wiki/Curl_(mathematics)" title="Curl (mathematics)">curl</a> of the magnetic field (IV) and the electrical field E (V), <i>La théorie electromagnétique de Maxwell et son application aux corps mouvants</i>, 1892, p. 452</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hendrik Antoon Lorentz</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒr/: 'or' in 'moral'">ɒr</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LORR</span>-ənts</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈɦɛndrɪk<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈloːrɛnts]</a></span>; 18 July 1853 – 4 February 1928) was a Dutch <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> who shared the 1902 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a> for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the <a href="/wiki/Zeeman_effect" title="Zeeman effect">Zeeman effect</a>. He derived the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_transformation" title="Lorentz transformation">Lorentz transformation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special theory of relativity</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_force" title="Lorentz force">Lorentz force</a>, which describes the combined electric and magnetic forces acting on a charged particle in an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">electromagnetic field</a>. Lorentz was also responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_oscillator_model" title="Lorentz oscillator model">Lorentz oscillator model</a>, a classical model used to describe the anomalous dispersion observed in dielectric materials when the driving frequency of the electric field was near the resonant frequency of the material, resulting in abnormal refractive indices. </p><p>According to the biography published by the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>, "It may well be said that Lorentz was regarded by all <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physicists" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicists">theoretical physicists</a> as the world's leading spirit, who completed what was left unfinished by his predecessors and prepared the ground for the fruitful reception of the new ideas based on the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum theory</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received many other honours and distinctions, including a term as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Intellectual_Cooperation" title="International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation">International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the forerunner of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, between 1925 and 1928. He was the father and doctoral advisor of <a href="/wiki/Geertruida_de_Haas-Lorentz" title="Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz">Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Lorentz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hendrik Lorentz was born in <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the son of Gerrit Frederik Lorentz (1822–1893), a well-off horticulturist, and Geertruida van Ginkel (1826–1861). In 1862, after his mother's death, his father married Luberta Hupkes. Despite being raised as a Protestant, he was a <a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">freethinker</a> in religious matters and regularly attended Catholic mass in his local French church.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1866 to 1869, he attended the "<i><a href="/wiki/Hogere_Burgerschool" title="Hogere Burgerschool">Hogere Burgerschool</a></i>" in Arnhem, a new type of public high school recently established by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Rudolph_Thorbecke" title="Johan Rudolph Thorbecke">Johan Rudolph Thorbecke</a>. His results in school were exemplary; not only did he excel in the physical sciences and mathematics, but also in English, French, and German. In 1870, he passed the exams in <a href="/wiki/Classical_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical languages">classical languages</a> which were then required for admission to University.<sup id="cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NtvN2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lorentz studied <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>, where he was strongly influenced by the teaching of astronomy professor <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Kaiser" title="Frederik Kaiser">Frederik Kaiser</a>; it was his influence that led him to become a physicist. After earning a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>, he returned to Arnhem in 1871 to teach night school classes in mathematics, but he continued his studies in <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> in addition to his teaching position. In 1875, Lorentz earned a <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral degree">doctoral degree</a> under <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Rijke" title="Pieter Rijke">Pieter Rijke</a> on a thesis entitled "<i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Over de theorie der terugkaatsing en breking van het licht</i></span></i>" (On the theory of reflection and refraction of light), in which he refined the electromagnetic theory of <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NtvN2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Lorentz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professor_in_Leiden">Professor in Leiden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Lorentz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Professor in Leiden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 17 November 1877, only 24 years of age, Lorentz was appointed to the newly established chair in theoretical physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leiden">University of Leiden</a>. The position had initially been offered to <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Johan van der Waals</a>, but he accepted a position at the <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Amsterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiteit van Amsterdam">Universiteit van Amsterdam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NtvN2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 January 1878, Lorentz delivered his inaugural lecture on <i>"<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">De moleculaire theoriën in de natuurkunde</i></span>"</i> (The molecular theories in physics). In 1881, he became member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first twenty years in Leiden, Lorentz was primarily interested in the electromagnetic theory of electricity, magnetism, and light. After that, he extended his research to a much wider area while still focusing on theoretical physics. Lorentz made significant contributions to fields ranging from <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrodynamics">hydrodynamics</a> to <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>. His most important contributions were in the area of electromagnetism, the electron theory, and relativity.<sup id="cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NtvN2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lorentz theorized that <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> might consist of charged particles and suggested that the oscillations of these charged particles were the source of light. When a colleague and former student of Lorentz's, <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a>, discovered the <a href="/wiki/Zeeman_effect" title="Zeeman effect">Zeeman effect</a> in 1896, Lorentz supplied its theoretical interpretation. The experimental and theoretical work was honored with the Nobel prize in physics in 1902. Lorentz' name is now associated with the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz%E2%80%93Lorenz_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentz–Lorenz equation">Lorentz–Lorenz equation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_force" title="Lorentz force">Lorentz force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lorentzian_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentzian distribution">Lorentzian distribution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_oscillator_model" title="Lorentz oscillator model">Lorentz oscillator model</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_transformation" title="Lorentz transformation">Lorentz transformation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrodynamics_and_relativity">Electrodynamics and relativity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Lorentz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electrodynamics and relativity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_ether_theory" title="Lorentz ether theory">Lorentz ether theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_special_relativity" title="History of special relativity">History of special relativity</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lorentz_transformations#Lorentz1" title="History of Lorentz transformations">History of Lorentz transformations § Lorentz1</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lorentz_transformations#Lorentz2" title="History of Lorentz transformations">History of Lorentz transformations § Lorentz2</a></div> <p>In 1892 and 1895, Lorentz worked on describing electromagnetic phenomena (the propagation of light) in reference frames that move relative to the postulated <a href="/wiki/Luminiferous_aether" title="Luminiferous aether">luminiferous aether</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He discovered that the transition from one to another reference frame could be simplified by using a new time variable that he called <i>local time</i> and which depended on universal time and the location under consideration. Although Lorentz did not give a detailed interpretation of the physical significance of local time, with it, he could explain the <a href="/wiki/Aberration_of_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberration of light">aberration of light</a> and the result of the <a href="/wiki/Fizeau_experiment" title="Fizeau experiment">Fizeau experiment</a>. In 1900 and 1904, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a> called local time Lorentz's "most ingenious idea" and illustrated it by showing that clocks in moving frames are synchronized by exchanging light signals that are assumed to travel at the same speed against and with the motion of the frame<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Einstein_synchronisation" title="Einstein synchronisation">Einstein synchronisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity" title="Relativity of simultaneity">Relativity of simultaneity</a>). In 1892, with the attempt to explain the <a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment" title="Michelson–Morley experiment">Michelson–Morley experiment</a>, Lorentz also proposed that moving bodies contract in the direction of motion (see <a href="/wiki/Length_contraction" title="Length contraction">length contraction</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Francis_FitzGerald" title="George Francis FitzGerald">George FitzGerald</a> had already arrived at this conclusion in 1889).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1899 and again in 1904, Lorentz added <a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">time dilation</a> to his transformations and published what Poincaré in 1905 named <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_transformations" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentz transformations">Lorentz transformations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electrostatics" title="Electrostatics">Electrostatics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charge_density" title="Charge density">Charge density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">Conductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law" title="Coulomb's law">Coulomb law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electret" title="Electret">Electret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">Electric charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_dipole_moment" title="Electric dipole moment">Electric dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">Electric field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_flux" title="Electric flux">Electric flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_potential" title="Electric potential">Electric potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge" title="Electrostatic discharge">Electrostatic discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_induction" title="Electrostatic induction">Electrostatic induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_law" title="Gauss's law">Gauss law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">Insulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permittivity" title="Permittivity">Permittivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization_density" title="Polarization density">Polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_potential_energy" title="Electric potential energy">Potential energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">Static electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboelectric_effect" title="Triboelectric effect">Triboelectricity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Magnetization" title="Magnetization">Magnetization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)" title="Permeability (electromagnetism)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-hand_rule#Electromagnetism" title="Right-hand rule">Right-hand rule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism" title="Classical electromagnetism">Electrodynamics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclotron_radiation" title="Cyclotron radiation">Cyclotron radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_current" title="Displacement current">Displacement current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_current" title="Eddy current">Eddy current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">Electromagnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">Electromagnetic induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">Electromagnetic radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_induction" title="Faraday's law of induction">Faraday law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefimenko%27s_equations" title="Jefimenko's equations">Jefimenko equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larmor_formula" title="Larmor formula">Larmor formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenz%27s_law" title="Lenz's law">Lenz law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A9nard%E2%80%93Wiechert_potential" title="Liénard–Wiechert potential">Liénard–Wiechert potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_equations" title="London equations">London equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_force" title="Lorentz force">Lorentz force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_stress_tensor" title="Maxwell stress tensor">Maxwell tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poynting_vector" title="Poynting vector">Poynting vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation" title="Synchrotron radiation">Synchrotron radiation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">Electrical network</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">Alternating current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitance" title="Capacitance">Capacitance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_density" title="Current density">Current density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">Direct current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">Electric current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">Electrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromotive_force" title="Electromotive force">Electromotive force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">Impedance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductance" title="Inductance">Inductance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joule_heating" title="Joule heating">Joule heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws" title="Kirchhoff's circuit laws">Kirchhoff laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_analysis_(electrical_circuits)" title="Network analysis (electrical circuits)">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits#Parallel_circuits" title="Series and parallel circuits">Parallel circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance" title="Electrical resistance and conductance">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonator#Electromagnetics" title="Resonator">Resonant cavities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits#Series_circuits" title="Series and parallel circuits">Series circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">Voltage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waveguide_(radio_frequency)" title="Waveguide (radio frequency)">Waveguides</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_circuit" title="Magnetic circuit">Magnetic circuit</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AC_motor" title="AC motor">AC motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC_motor" title="DC motor">DC motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_machine" title="Electric machine">Electric machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrator%E2%80%93capacitor_model" title="Gyrator–capacitor model">Gyrator–capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">Induction motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_motor" title="Linear motor">Linear motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetomotive_force" title="Magnetomotive force">Magnetomotive force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeance" title="Permeance">Permeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_complex_reluctance" title="Magnetic complex reluctance">Reluctance (complex)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_reluctance" title="Magnetic reluctance">Reluctance (real)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotor_(electric)" title="Rotor (electric)">Rotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stator" title="Stator">Stator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Covariant_formulation_of_classical_electromagnetism" title="Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism">Covariant formulation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_tensor" title="Electromagnetic tensor">Electromagnetic tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism_and_special_relativity" title="Classical electromagnetism and special relativity">Electromagnetism and special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-current" title="Four-current">Four-current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_four-potential" title="Electromagnetic four-potential">Four-potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_descriptions_of_the_electromagnetic_field" title="Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field">Mathematical descriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations_in_curved_spacetime" title="Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime">Maxwell equations in curved spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_electromagnetism" title="Relativistic electromagnetism">Relativistic electromagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_stress%E2%80%93energy_tensor" title="Electromagnetic stress–energy tensor">Stress–energy tensor</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">Ampère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Biot" title="Jean-Baptiste Biot">Biot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Davy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Faraday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Fizeau" title="Hippolyte Fizeau">Fizeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopkinson" title="John Hopkinson">Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_D._Jefimenko" title="Oleg D. Jefimenko">Jefimenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Kirchhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Larmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Lenz" title="Emil Lenz">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Marie_Li%C3%A9nard" title="Alfred-Marie Liénard">Liénard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Neumann">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Ohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Ørsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Poisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Poynting" title="John Henry Poynting">Poynting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ritchie_(physicist)" title="William Ritchie (physicist)">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Savart" title="Félix Savart">Savart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Singer" title="George Singer">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz" title="Charles Proteus Steinmetz">Steinmetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Volta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Wiechert" title="Emil Wiechert">Wiechert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electromagnetism" title="Template:Electromagnetism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electromagnetism" title="Template talk:Electromagnetism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It was apparently unknown to Lorentz that <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a> had used identical transformations to describe orbiting electrons in 1897. Larmor's and Lorentz's equations look somewhat dissimilar, but they are algebraically equivalent to those presented by Poincaré and Einstein in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-Macrossan_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macrossan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lorentz's 1904 paper includes the covariant formulation of electrodynamics, in which electrodynamic phenomena in different reference frames are described by identical equations with well defined transformation properties. The paper clearly recognizes the significance of this formulation, namely that the outcomes of electrodynamic experiments do not depend on the relative motion of the reference frame. The 1904 paper includes a detailed discussion of the increase of the inertial mass of rapidly moving objects in a useless attempt to make momentum look exactly like Newtonian momentum; it was also an attempt to explain the length contraction as the accumulation of "stuff" onto mass making it slow and contract. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lorentz_and_special_relativity">Lorentz and special relativity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Lorentz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lorentz and special relativity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein_en_Lorentz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Einstein_en_Lorentz.jpg/220px-Einstein_en_Lorentz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Einstein_en_Lorentz.jpg/330px-Einstein_en_Lorentz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Einstein_en_Lorentz.jpg/440px-Einstein_en_Lorentz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrenfest" title="Paul Ehrenfest">Ehrenfest</a> in front of his home in Leiden in 1921</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:League_of_Nations_Commission_067.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/League_of_Nations_Commission_067.tif/lossy-page1-220px-League_of_Nations_Commission_067.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/League_of_Nations_Commission_067.tif/lossy-page1-330px-League_of_Nations_Commission_067.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/League_of_Nations_Commission_067.tif/lossy-page1-440px-League_of_Nations_Commission_067.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5008" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Lorentz (left) at the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Intellectual_Cooperation" title="International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation">International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, here with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz_-_Lessen_over_theoretische_natuurkunde_-_I._Stralingstheorie_(1910-1911)_-_Titelpagina,_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz_-_Lessen_over_theoretische_natuurkunde_-_I._Stralingstheorie_%281910-1911%29_-_Titelpagina%2C_1919.jpg/220px-Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz_-_Lessen_over_theoretische_natuurkunde_-_I._Stralingstheorie_%281910-1911%29_-_Titelpagina%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz_-_Lessen_over_theoretische_natuurkunde_-_I._Stralingstheorie_%281910-1911%29_-_Titelpagina%2C_1919.jpg/330px-Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz_-_Lessen_over_theoretische_natuurkunde_-_I._Stralingstheorie_%281910-1911%29_-_Titelpagina%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz_-_Lessen_over_theoretische_natuurkunde_-_I._Stralingstheorie_%281910-1911%29_-_Titelpagina%2C_1919.jpg/440px-Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz_-_Lessen_over_theoretische_natuurkunde_-_I._Stralingstheorie_%281910-1911%29_-_Titelpagina%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>His published university lectures in theoretical physics. Part 1. <i>Stralingstheorie</i> (1910-1911, <i>Radiation theory</i>) in Dutch, edited by his student <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Fokker" title="Adriaan Fokker">A. D. Fokker</a>, 1919.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1905, Einstein would use many of the concepts, mathematical tools and results Lorentz discussed to write his paper entitled "<a href="/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_Papers#Special_relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Annus Mirabilis Papers">On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known today as the special theory of relativity. Because Lorentz laid the fundamentals for the work by Einstein, this theory was originally called the <i>Lorentz–Einstein theory</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1906, Lorentz's electron theory received a full-fledged treatment in <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Kempton_Adams_Lectures" title="Ernest Kempton Adams Lectures">his lectures</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, published under the title The Theory of Electrons. </p><p>The increase of mass was the first prediction of Lorentz and Einstein to be tested, but some experiments by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(physicist)" title="Walter Kaufmann (physicist)">Kaufmann</a> appeared to show a slightly different mass increase; this led Lorentz to the famous remark that he was "au bout de mon latin" ("at the end of my [knowledge of] Latin" = at his wit's end)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The confirmation of his prediction had to wait until 1908 and later (see <a href="/wiki/Kaufmann%E2%80%93Bucherer%E2%80%93Neumann_experiments" title="Kaufmann–Bucherer–Neumann experiments">Kaufmann–Bucherer–Neumann experiments</a>). </p><p>Lorentz published a series of papers dealing with what he called "Einstein's principle of relativity". For instance, in 1909,<sup id="cite_ref-lor09_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lor09-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2018)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> 1910,<sup id="cite_ref-lor10_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lor10-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1906 lectures published with additions in 1909 in the book "The theory of electrons" (updated in 1915), he spoke affirmatively of Einstein's theory:<sup id="cite_ref-lor09_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lor09-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It will be clear by what has been said that the impressions received by the two observers A0 and A would be alike in all respects. It would be impossible to decide which of them moves or stands still with respect to the ether, and there would be no reason for preferring the times and lengths measured by the one to those determined by the other, nor for saying that either of them is in possession of the "true" times or the "true" lengths. This is a point which Einstein has laid particular stress on, in a theory in which he starts from what he calls the principle of relativity, I cannot speak here of the many highly interesting applications which Einstein has made of this principle. His results concerning electromagnetic and optical phenomena agree in the main with those which we have obtained in the preceding pages, the chief difference being that Einstein simply postulates what we have deduced, with some difficulty and not altogether satisfactorily, from the fundamental equations of the electromagnetic field. By doing so, he may certainly take credit for making us see in the negative result of experiments like those of Michelson, Rayleigh and Brace, not a fortuitous compensation of opposing effects, but the manifestation of a general and fundamental principle. It would be unjust not to add that, besides the fascinating boldness of its starting point, Einstein's theory has another marked advantage over mine. Whereas I have not been able to obtain for the equations referred to moving axes <i>exactly</i> the same form as for those which apply to a stationary system, Einstein has accomplished this by means of a system of new variables slightly different from those which I have introduced.</p></blockquote> <p>Though Lorentz still maintained that there is an (undetectable) aether in which resting clocks indicate the "true time": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>1909: Yet, I think, something may also be claimed in favour of the form in which I have presented the theory. I cannot but regard the ether, which can be the seat of an electromagnetic field with its energy and its vibrations, as endowed with a certain degree of substantiality, however different it may be from all ordinary matter.<sup id="cite_ref-lor09_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lor09-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 1910: Provided that there is an aether, then under all systems x, y, z, t, one is preferred by the fact, that the coordinate axes as well as the clocks are resting in the aether. If one connects with this the idea (which I would abandon only reluctantly) that space and time are completely different things, and that there is a "true time" (simultaneity thus would be independent of the location, in agreement with the circumstance that we can have the idea of infinitely great velocities), then it can be easily seen that this true time should be indicated by clocks at rest in the aether. However, if the relativity principle had general validity in nature, one wouldn't be in the position to determine, whether the reference system just used is the preferred one. Then one comes to the same results, as if one (following Einstein and Minkowski) deny the existence of the aether and of true time, and to see all reference systems as equally valid. Which of these two ways of thinking one is following, can surely be left to the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-lor10_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lor10-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Lorentz also gave credit to Poincaré's contributions to relativity.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Indeed, for some of the physical quantities which enter the formulas, I did not indicate the transformation which suits best. That was done by Poincaré and then by Mr. Einstein and Minkowski. I did not succeed in obtaining the exact invariance of the equations. Poincaré, on the contrary, obtained a perfect invariance of the equations of electrodynamics, and he formulated the "postulate of relativity", terms which he was the first to employ. Let us add that by correcting the imperfections of my work he never reproached me for them.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lorentz_and_general_relativity">Lorentz and general relativity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Lorentz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lorentz and general relativity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lorentz was one of few scientists who supported Einstein's search for <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> from the beginning – he wrote several research papers and discussed with Einstein personally and by letter.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, he attempted to combine Einstein's formalism with <a href="/wiki/Hamilton%27s_principle" title="Hamilton's principle">Hamilton's principle</a> (1915),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to reformulate it in a <a href="/wiki/Coordinate-free" title="Coordinate-free">coordinate-free</a> way (1916).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lorentz wrote in 1919:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The total eclipse of the sun of May 29, resulted in a striking confirmation of the new theory of the universal attractive power of gravitation developed by Albert Einstein, and thus reinforced the conviction that the defining of this theory is one of the most important steps ever taken in the domain of natural science.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lorentz_and_quantum_mechanics">Lorentz and quantum mechanics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Lorentz&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lorentz and quantum mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lorentz gave a series of lectures in the fall of 1926 at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> on the new <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>; in these he presented <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">wave mechanics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Change_of_priorities">Change of priorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Lorentz&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Change of priorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1910, Lorentz decided to reorganize his life. His teaching and management duties at Leiden University were taking up too much of his time, leaving him little time for research. In 1912, he resigned from his chair of theoretical physics to become curator of the "Physics Cabinet" at <a href="/wiki/Teylers_Museum" title="Teylers Museum">Teylers Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>. He remained connected to Leiden University as an external professor, and his "Monday morning lectures" on new developments in theoretical physics soon became legendary.<sup id="cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NtvN2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lorentz initially asked Einstein to succeed him as professor of theoretical physics at Leiden. However, Einstein could not accept because he had just accepted a position at <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a>. Einstein had no regrets in this matter, since the prospect of having to fill Lorentz's shoes made him shiver. Instead Lorentz appointed <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrenfest" title="Paul Ehrenfest">Paul Ehrenfest</a> as his successor in the chair of theoretical physics at the Leiden University, who would found the Institute for Theoretical Physics which would become known as the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_Institute" title="Lorentz Institute">Lorentz Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NtvN2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_work">Civil work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Lorentz&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Civil work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After World War I, Lorentz was one of the driving forces behind the founding of the "Wetenschappelijke Commissie van Advies en Onderzoek in het Belang van Volkswelvaart en Weerbaarheid", a committee which was to harness the scientific potential united in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (KNAW) for solving civil problems such as food shortage which had resulted from the war. Lorentz was appointed chair of the committee. However, despite the best efforts of many of the participants the committee would harvest little success. The only exception being that it ultimately resulted in the founding of TNO, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Organisation_for_Applied_Scientific_Research" title="Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research">Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NtvN2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lorentz was also asked by the Dutch government to chair a committee to calculate some of the effects of the proposed <a href="/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk">Afsluitdijk</a> (Enclosure Dam) flood control dam on water levels in the <span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Waddenzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Waddenzee">Waddenzee</a></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic engineering</a> was mainly an empirical science at that time, but the disturbance of the tidal flow caused by the Afsluitdijk was so unprecedented that the empirical rules could not be trusted. Originally Lorentz was only supposed to have a coordinating role in the committee, but it quickly became apparent that Lorentz was the only physicist to have any fundamental traction on the problem. In the period 1918 till 1926, Lorentz invested a large portion of his time in the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lorentz proposed to start from the basic <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrodynamic">hydrodynamic</a> equations of motion and solve the problem numerically. This was feasible for a "<a href="/wiki/Human_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Human computer">human computer</a>", because of the quasi-one-dimensional nature of the water flow in the <span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Waddenzee</span></span>. The Afsluitdijk was completed in 1932, and the predictions of Lorentz and his committee turned out to be remarkably accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NtvN2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the two sets of locks in the Afsluitdijk was named after him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_life">Family life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Lorentz&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Family life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1881, Lorentz married Aletta Catharina Kaiser. Her father was J.W. Kaiser, a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts. He was the Director of the museum which later became the well-known <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a> (National Gallery). He also was the designer of the first postage stamps of The Netherlands. </p><p>There were two daughters, and one son from this marriage. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Geertruida_de_Haas-Lorentz" title="Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz">Dr. Geertruida Luberta Lorentz</a>, the eldest daughter, was a physicist. She married Professor <a href="/wiki/Wander_Johannes_de_Haas" title="Wander Johannes de Haas">Wander Johannes de Haas</a>, who was the Director of the Cryogenic Laboratory at the University of Leiden.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Lorentz&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1928, Lorentz became seriously ill, and died shortly after on 4 February.<sup id="cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NtvN2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The respect in which he was held in the Netherlands is apparent from <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Owen Willans Richardson</a>'s description of his funeral: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The funeral took place at Haarlem at noon on Friday, February 10. At the stroke of twelve the State telegraph and telephone services of Holland were suspended for three minutes as a revered tribute to the greatest man the Netherlands has produced in our time. It was attended by many colleagues and distinguished physicists from foreign countries. The President, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Sir Ernest Rutherford</a>, represented the Royal Society and made an appreciative oration by the graveside.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>O. W. Richardson<sup id="cite_ref-richardson_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richardson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Unique 1928 film footage of the funeral procession with a lead carriage followed by ten mourners, followed by a carriage with the coffin, followed in turn by at least four more carriages, passing by a crowd at the <a href="/wiki/Grote_Markt,_Haarlem" class="mw-redirect" title="Grote Markt, Haarlem">Grote Markt, Haarlem</a>, from the Zijlstraat to the Smedestraat, and then back again through the Grote Houtstraat towards the Barteljorisstraat, on the way to the "Algemene Begraafplaats" at the Kleverlaan (northern Haarlem cemetery), has been digitized on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst others, the funeral was attended by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Lorentz&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lorentz is considered one of the prime representatives of the "Second Dutch Golden Age", a period of several decades surrounding 1900 in which the natural sciences flourished in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NtvN2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richardson describes Lorentz as: </p> <blockquote><p>A man of remarkable intellectual powers. Although steeped in his own investigation of the moment, he always seemed to have in his immediate grasp its ramifications into every corner of the universe. The singular clearness of his writings provides a striking reflection of his wonderful powers in this respect. He possessed and successfully employed the mental vivacity which is necessary to follow the interplay of discussion, the insight which is required to extract those statements which illuminate the real difficulties, and the wisdom to lead the discussion among fruitful channels, and he did this so skillfully that the process was hardly perceptible.<sup id="cite_ref-richardson_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richardson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Martin_J._Klein" title="Martin J. Klein">M. J. Klein</a> (1967) wrote of Lorentz's reputation in the 1920s: </p> <blockquote><p>For many years physicists had always been eager "to hear what Lorentz will say about it" when a new theory was advanced, and, even at seventy-two, he did not disappoint them.<sup id="cite_ref-Przibram_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Przibram-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorentz-monument_Park_sonsbeek_Arnhem_Nederland,_Netherlands_Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz_Ludwig_Oswald_Wenckebach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lorentz-monument_Park_sonsbeek_Arnhem_Nederland%2C_Netherlands_Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz_Ludwig_Oswald_Wenckebach.jpg/220px-Lorentz-monument_Park_sonsbeek_Arnhem_Nederland%2C_Netherlands_Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz_Ludwig_Oswald_Wenckebach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lorentz-monument_Park_sonsbeek_Arnhem_Nederland%2C_Netherlands_Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz_Ludwig_Oswald_Wenckebach.jpg/330px-Lorentz-monument_Park_sonsbeek_Arnhem_Nederland%2C_Netherlands_Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz_Ludwig_Oswald_Wenckebach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lorentz-monument_Park_sonsbeek_Arnhem_Nederland%2C_Netherlands_Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz_Ludwig_Oswald_Wenckebach.jpg/440px-Lorentz-monument_Park_sonsbeek_Arnhem_Nederland%2C_Netherlands_Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz_Ludwig_Oswald_Wenckebach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Lorentz-monument Park Sonsbeek in <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>, the Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <p>Einstein wrote of Lorentz: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>1928: The enormous significance of his work consisted therein, that it forms the basis for the theory of atoms and for the general and special theories of relativity. The special theory was a more detailed expose of those concepts which are found in Lorentz's research of 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 1953: For me personally he meant more than all the others I have met on my life's journey.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Poincaré (1902) said of Lorentz's theory of electrodynamics:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The most satisfactory theory is that of Lorentz; it is unquestionably the theory that best explains the known facts, the one that throws into relief the greatest number of known relations. It is due to Lorentz that the results of <a href="/wiki/Fizeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Fizeau">Fizeau</a> on the optics of moving bodies, the laws of normal and abnormal dispersion and of absorption are connected with each other. Look at the ease with which the new <a href="/wiki/Zeeman_effect" title="Zeeman effect">Zeeman phenomenon</a> found its place, and even aided the classification of Faraday's magnetic rotation, which had defied all <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell's</a> efforts.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a> (1911) said of Lorentz:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It will be Lorentz's main claim to fame that he demonstrated that the fundamental equations of electromagnetism also allow of a group of transformations that enables them to resume the same form when a transition is made from one reference system to another. <i>This group differs fundamentally from the above group as regards transformations of space and time.''</i></p></blockquote> <p>Lorentz was chairman of the first <a href="/wiki/Solvay_Conference" title="Solvay Conference">Solvay Conference</a> held in Brussels in the autumn of 1911. Shortly after the conference, Poincaré wrote an essay on quantum physics which gives an indication of Lorentz's status at the time:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At every moment the twenty physicists from different countries could be heard talking of the [quantum mechanics] which they contrasted with the old mechanics. Now what was the old mechanics? Was it that of Newton, the one which still reigned uncontested at the close of the nineteenth century? No, it was the mechanics of Lorentz, the one dealing with the principle of relativity; the one which, hardly five years ago, seemed to be the height of boldness.</p></blockquote> <p>In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel prize">Nobel prize</a>, Lorentz received a great many honours for his outstanding work. He was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1905">Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1905</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Society awarded him their <a href="/wiki/Rumford_Medal" title="Rumford Medal">Rumford Medal</a> in 1908 and their <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> in 1918. He was elected an Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Chemical_Society" title="Royal Netherlands Chemical Society">Netherlands Chemical Society</a> in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an International Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Lorentz&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="List of things named after Hendrik Antoon Lorentz">List of things named after Hendrik Antoon Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_oscillator_model" title="Lorentz oscillator model">Lorentz oscillator model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_covariance" title="Lorentz covariance">Lorentz covariance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_searches_for_Lorentz_violation" title="Modern searches for Lorentz violation">Modern searches for Lorentz violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaviside%E2%80%93Lorentz_units" title="Heaviside–Lorentz units">Heaviside–Lorentz units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz-violating_electrodynamics" title="Lorentz-violating electrodynamics">Lorentz-violating electrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geertruida_de_Haas-Lorentz" title="Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz">Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_(crater)" title="Lorentz (crater)">Lorentz (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29208_Halorentz" class="mw-redirect" title="29208 Halorentz">29208 Halorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_Medal" title="Lorentz Medal">Lorentz Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trouton%E2%80%93Noble_experiment" title="Trouton–Noble experiment">Trouton–Noble experiment</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Lorentz&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">German <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="de" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" class="extiw" title="s:de:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz">Hendrik Antoon Lorentz</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Many papers by Lorentz (mostly in English) are available for online viewing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/toegangen/digital-library-knaw/?pagetype=publist&search_author=PE00001670">in the Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Amsterdam</a>.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2">Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1900), <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Considerations_on_Gravitation">"Considerations on Gravitation"</a>, <i>Proc. Acad. Science Amsterdam</i>, <b>2</b>: 559–74</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Acad.+Science+Amsterdam&rft.atitle=Considerations+on+Gravitation&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=559-74&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Lorentz&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+Antoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConsiderations_on_Gravitation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1927–1931), <i>Lectures on Theoretical Physics (vol. I–III)</i>, New York: Macmillan & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+Theoretical+Physics+%28vol.+I%E2%80%93III%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Co.&rft.date=1927%2F1931&rft.aulast=Lorentz&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+Antoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecturesontheore031600mbp">Vol. I online</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Lorentz&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/">"Fellows of the Royal Society"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/">the original</a> on 16 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fabout-us%2Ffellowship%2Ffellows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1902/lorentz/biographical/">Hendrik A. Lorentz – Biographical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobelprize</a>.org <i>(retrieved: 4 November 2015)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandjean2018" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grandjean, Martin (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903"><i>Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres</i></a> [<i>The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period</i>] (phdthesis) (in French). Lausanne: Université de Lausanne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Les+r%C3%A9seaux+de+la+coop%C3%A9ration+intellectuelle.+La+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Nations+comme+actrice+des+%C3%A9changes+scientifiques+et+culturels+dans+l%27entre-deux-guerres&rft.inst=Universit%C3%A9+de+Lausanne&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Grandjean&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftel.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Ftel-01853903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell_McCormmach" class="citation web cs1">Russell McCormmach. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz.aspx">"Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon"</a>. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2012</span>. <q>Although he grew up in Protestant circles, he was a freethinker in religious matters; he regularly attended the local French church to improve his French.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lorentz%2C+Hendrik+Antoon&rft.pub=Complete+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.au=Russell+McCormmach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Ftopic%2FHendrik_Antoon_Lorentz.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NtvN2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NtvN2011_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKox2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kox, Anne J. (2011). "Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (in Dutch)". <i>Nederlands Tijdschirft voor Natuurkunde</i>. <b>77</b> (12): 441.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nederlands+Tijdschirft+voor+Natuurkunde&rft.atitle=Hendrik+Antoon+Lorentz+%28in+Dutch%29&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=441&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kox&rft.aufirst=Anne+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrik_Lorentz1875" class="citation web cs1">Hendrik Lorentz (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilorentz.org/history/proefschriften/sources/Lorentz_1875.pdf">"Over de theorie der terugkaatsing en breking van het licht"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://ilorentz.org/history/proefschriften/sources/Lorentz_1875.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Over+de+theorie+der+terugkaatsing+en+breking+van+het+licht&rft.date=1875&rft.au=Hendrik+Lorentz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filorentz.org%2Fhistory%2Fproefschriften%2Fsources%2FLorentz_1875.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00001670">"Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1853–1928)"</a>. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hendrik+Antoon+Lorentz+%281853%E2%80%931928%29&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwc.knaw.nl%2Fbiografie%2Fpmknaw%2F%3Fpagetype%3DauthorDetail%26aId%3DPE00001670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentz,_Hendrik_Antoon1892" class="citation cs2">Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1892), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lathorielectrom00loregoog">"La Théorie electromagnétique de Maxwell et son application aux corps mouvants"</a>, <i>Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles</i>, <b>25</b>: 363–552</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+N%C3%A9erlandaises+des+Sciences+Exactes+et+Naturelles&rft.atitle=La+Th%C3%A9orie+electromagn%C3%A9tique+de+Maxwell+et+son+application+aux+corps+mouvants&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=363-552&rft.date=1892&rft.au=Lorentz%2C+Hendrik+Antoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flathorielectrom00loregoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentz,_Hendrik_Antoon1895" class="citation cs2">Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1895), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:de:Versuch einer Theorie der electrischen und optischen Erscheinungen in bewegten Körpern"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:Versuch_einer_Theorie_der_electrischen_und_optischen_Erscheinungen_in_bewegten_K%C3%B6rpern"><i>Versuch einer Theorie der electrischen und optischen Erscheinungen in bewegten Körpern</i> </a></span>, Leiden: E.J. Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Versuch+einer+Theorie+der+electrischen+und+optischen+Erscheinungen+in+bewegten+K%C3%B6rpern&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1895&rft.au=Lorentz%2C+Hendrik+Antoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>English Wikisource translation: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Attempt_of_a_Theory_of_Electrical_and_Optical_Phenomena_in_Moving_Bodies" class="extiw" title="s:Translation:Attempt of a Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Bodies">Attempt of a Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Bodies</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoincaré,_Henri1900" class="citation cs2">Poincaré, Henri (1900), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:fr:La théorie de Lorentz et le principe de réaction"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:La_th%C3%A9orie_de_Lorentz_et_le_principe_de_r%C3%A9action">"La théorie de Lorentz et le principe de réaction" </a></span>, <i>Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles</i>, <b>5</b>: 252–278</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+N%C3%A9erlandaises+des+Sciences+Exactes+et+Naturelles&rft.atitle=La+th%C3%A9orie+de+Lorentz+et+le+principe+de+r%C3%A9action&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=252-278&rft.date=1900&rft.au=Poincar%C3%A9%2C+Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span>. See also the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicsinsights.org/poincare-1900.pdf">English translation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoincaré,_Henri1904" class="citation cs2">Poincaré, Henri (1904), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Principles of Mathematical Physics"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Principles_of_Mathematical_Physics">"The Principles of Mathematical Physics" </a></span>, <i>Congress of arts and science, universal exposition, St. Louis, 1904</i>, vol. 1, Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, pp. 604–622</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Principles+of+Mathematical+Physics&rft.btitle=Congress+of+arts+and+science%2C+universal+exposition%2C+St.+Louis%2C+1904&rft.place=Boston+and+New+York&rft.pages=604-622&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin+and+Company&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Poincar%C3%A9%2C+Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentz1892b" class="citation cs2">Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1892b), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Translation:The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Aether"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:The_Relative_Motion_of_the_Earth_and_the_Aether">"The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Aether" </a></span>, <i>Zittingsverlag Akad. V. Wet.</i>, <b>1</b>: 74–79</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zittingsverlag+Akad.+V.+Wet.&rft.atitle=The+Relative+Motion+of+the+Earth+and+the+Aether&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=74-79&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Lorentz&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+Antoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentz,_Hendrik_Antoon1899" class="citation cs2">Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1899), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Simplified Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Systems"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Simplified_Theory_of_Electrical_and_Optical_Phenomena_in_Moving_Systems">"Simplified Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Systems" </a></span>, <i>Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</i>, <b>1</b>: 427–442, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1898KNAB....1..427L">1898KNAB....1..427L</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=Simplified+Theory+of+Electrical+and+Optical+Phenomena+in+Moving+Systems&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=427-442&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1898KNAB....1..427L&rft.au=Lorentz%2C+Hendrik+Antoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentz,_Hendrik_Antoon1904" class="citation cs2">Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1904), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Electromagnetic phenomena"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_phenomena">"Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light" </a></span>, <i>Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</i>, <b>6</b>: 809–831, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1903KNAB....6..809L">1903KNAB....6..809L</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=Electromagnetic+phenomena+in+a+system+moving+with+any+velocity+smaller+than+that+of+light&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=809-831&rft.date=1904&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1903KNAB....6..809L&rft.au=Lorentz%2C+Hendrik+Antoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macrossan-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macrossan_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacrossan1986" class="citation cs2">Macrossan, Michael N. (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view.php?pid=UQ:9560">"A note on relativity before Einstein"</a>, <i>Br. J. Philos. Sci.</i>, <b>37</b> (2): 232–34, <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.679.5898">10.1.1.679.5898</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbjps%2F37.2.232">10.1093/bjps/37.2.232</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br.+J.+Philos.+Sci.&rft.atitle=A+note+on+relativity+before+Einstein&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=232-34&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.679.5898%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbjps%2F37.2.232&rft.aulast=Macrossan&rft.aufirst=Michael+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fview.php%3Fpid%3DUQ%3A9560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein,_Albert1905" class="citation cs2">Einstein, Albert (1905), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_17_891-921.pdf">"Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Annalen der Physik</i>, <b>322</b> (10): 891–921, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1905AnP...322..891E">1905AnP...322..891E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19053221004">10.1002/andp.19053221004</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_17_891-921.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.atitle=Zur+Elektrodynamik+bewegter+K%C3%B6rper&rft.volume=322&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=891-921&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.19053221004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1905AnP...322..891E&rft.au=Einstein%2C+Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physik.uni-augsburg.de%2Fannalen%2Fhistory%2Feinstein-papers%2F1905_17_891-921.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span>. See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/">English translation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Arthur_I.1981" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Arthur I. (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alberteinsteinss0000mill"><i>Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity. Emergence (1905) and early interpretation (1905–1911)</i></a></span>. Reading: Addison–Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-04679-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-04679-3"><bdi>978-0-201-04679-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Einstein%27s+special+theory+of+relativity.+Emergence+%281905%29+and+early+interpretation+%281905%E2%80%931911%29&rft.place=Reading&rft.pub=Addison%E2%80%93Wesley&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-201-04679-3&rft.au=Miller%2C+Arthur+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falberteinsteinss0000mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050221211608/http://www.univ-nancy2.fr/poincare/chp/text/lorentz1.html">"Lorentz à Poincaré"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univ-nancy2.fr/poincare/chp/text/lorentz1.html">the original</a> on 21 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lorentz+%C3%A0+Poincar%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univ-nancy2.fr%2Fpoincare%2Fchp%2Ftext%2Florentz1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lor09-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lor09_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lor09_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lor09_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentz1916" class="citation cs2">Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1916), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electronstheory00lorerich"><i>The theory of electrons and its applications to the phenomena of light and radiant heat; a course of lectures delivered in Columbia University, New York, in March and April 1906</i></a>, New York: Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+theory+of+electrons+and+its+applications+to+the+phenomena+of+light+and+radiant+heat%3B+a+course+of+lectures+delivered+in+Columbia+University%2C+New+York%2C+in+March+and+April+1906&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Lorentz&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+Antoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectronstheory00lorerich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lor10-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lor10_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lor10_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentz,_Hendrik_Antoon1910" class="citation book cs1">Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1910) [1913]. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Das Relativitätsprinzip und seine Anwendung"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Das_Relativit%C3%A4tsprinzip_und_seine_Anwendung">"Das Relativitätsprinzip und seine Anwendung auf einige besondere physikalische Erscheinungen" </a></span>. In Blumenthal, Otto; Sommerfeld, Arnold (eds.). <i>Das Relativitätsprinzip. Eine Sammlung von Abhandlungen</i>. pp. 74–89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Das+Relativit%C3%A4tsprinzip+und+seine+Anwendung+auf+einige+besondere+physikalische+Erscheinungen&rft.btitle=Das+Relativit%C3%A4tsprinzip.+Eine+Sammlung+von+Abhandlungen&rft.pages=74-89&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Lorentz%2C+Hendrik+Antoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>English Wikisource translation: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:The_Principle_of_Relativity_and_its_Application_to_some_Special_Physical_Phenomena" class="extiw" title="s:Translation:The Principle of Relativity and its Application to some Special Physical Phenomena">The Principle of Relativity and its Application to some Special Physical Phenomena</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentz,_Hendrik_Antoon1931" class="citation cs2">Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1931) [1910], <i>Lectures on theoretical physics, Vol. 3</i>, London: MacMillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+theoretical+physics%2C+Vol.+3&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1931&rft.au=Lorentz%2C+Hendrik+Antoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentz,_Hendrik_Antoon1914" class="citation book cs1">Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1914). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:de:Das Relativitätsprinzip (Lorentz)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:Das_Relativit%C3%A4tsprinzip_(Lorentz)"><i>Das Relativitätsprinzip. Drei Vorlesungen gehalten in Teylers Stiftung zu Haarlem (1913)</i> </a></span>. Leipzig and Berlin: B.G. Teubner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Relativit%C3%A4tsprinzip.+Drei+Vorlesungen+gehalten+in+Teylers+Stiftung+zu+Haarlem+%281913%29&rft.place=Leipzig+and+Berlin&rft.pub=B.G.+Teubner&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Lorentz%2C+Hendrik+Antoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentz,_Hendrik_Antoon1921" class="citation cs2">Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1921) [1914], <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:fr:Deux Mémoires de Henri Poincaré sur la Physique Mathématique"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Deux_M%C3%A9moires_de_Henri_Poincar%C3%A9_sur_la_Physique_Math%C3%A9matique">"Deux Mémoires de Henri Poincaré sur la Physique Mathématique" </a></span>, <i>Acta Mathematica</i>, <b>38</b> (1): 293–308, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02392073">10.1007/BF02392073</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Mathematica&rft.atitle=Deux+M%C3%A9moires+de+Henri+Poincar%C3%A9+sur+la+Physique+Math%C3%A9matique&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=293-308&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02392073&rft.au=Lorentz%2C+Hendrik+Antoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>English Wikisource translation: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Two_Papers_of_Henri_Poincar%C3%A9_on_Mathematical_Physics" class="extiw" title="s:Translation:Two Papers of Henri Poincaré on Mathematical Physics">Two Papers of Henri Poincaré on Mathematical Physics</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKox,_A.J.1993" class="citation journal cs1">Kox, A.J. (1993). "Einstein, Lorentz, Leiden and general relativity". <i>Class. Quantum Grav</i>. <b>10</b>: S187–S191. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993CQGra..10S.187K">1993CQGra..10S.187K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0264-9381%2F10%2FS%2F020">10.1088/0264-9381/10/S/020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250884975">250884975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Class.+Quantum+Grav.&rft.atitle=Einstein%2C+Lorentz%2C+Leiden+and+general+relativity&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=S187-S191&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250884975%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0264-9381%2F10%2FS%2F020&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993CQGra..10S.187K&rft.au=Kox%2C+A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentz,_Hendrik_Antoon1915" class="citation cs2">Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1915), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:On Hamilton's principle in Einstein's theory of gravitation"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_Hamilton%27s_principle_in_Einstein%27s_theory_of_gravitation">"On Hamilton's principle in Einstein's theory of gravitation" </a></span>, <i>Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</i>, <b>19</b>: 751–765, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917KNAB...19..751L">1917KNAB...19..751L</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=On+Hamilton%27s+principle+in+Einstein%27s+theory+of+gravitation&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=751-765&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1917KNAB...19..751L&rft.au=Lorentz%2C+Hendrik+Antoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentz,_Hendrik_Antoon1916" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1916), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:On Einstein's Theory of gravitation"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_Einstein%27s_Theory_of_gravitation">"On Einstein's Theory of gravitation I–IV" </a></span>, <i>Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</i>, 19/20: 1341–1361, 2–34</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=On+Einstein%27s+Theory+of+gravitation+I%E2%80%93IV&rft.volume=19%2F20&rft.pages=1341-1361%2C+2-34&rft.date=1916&rft.au=Lorentz%2C+Hendrik+Antoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssen,_M.1992" class="citation book cs1">Janssen, M. (1992). "H. A. Lorentz's Attempt to Give a Coordinate-free Formulation of the General. Theory of Relativity.". <i>Studies in the History of General Relativity</i>. Boston: Birkhäuser. pp. 344–363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817634797" title="Special:BookSources/978-0817634797"><bdi>978-0817634797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=H.+A.+Lorentz%27s+Attempt+to+Give+a+Coordinate-free+Formulation+of+the+General.+Theory+of+Relativity.&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+History+of+General+Relativity&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=344-363&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0817634797&rft.au=Janssen%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentz1920" class="citation cs2">Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1920), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Einstein Theory of Relativity"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Einstein_Theory_of_Relativity"><i>The Einstein Theory of Relativity</i> </a></span>, New York: Bentano's</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Einstein+Theory+of+Relativity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bentano%27s&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Lorentz&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+Antoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorentz1926" class="citation book cs1">Lorentz, H. A. (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://labs.plantbio.cornell.edu/wayne/pdfs/TheQuantumTheory.pdf"><i>The New Quantum Theory</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ithaca, NY: Typescript of Lecture Notes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://labs.plantbio.cornell.edu/wayne/pdfs/TheQuantumTheory.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Quantum+Theory&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Typescript+of+Lecture+Notes&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Lorentz&rft.aufirst=H.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flabs.plantbio.cornell.edu%2Fwayne%2Fpdfs%2FTheQuantumTheory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/lorentz-the-grand-old-man-of-physics/">"Lorentz: the Grand Old Man of Physics"</a>. 13 March 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lorentz%3A+the+Grand+Old+Man+of+Physics&rft.date=2000-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionetherlandsarchives.org%2Florentz-the-grand-old-man-of-physics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilorentz.org/history/zuiderzee/zuiderzee.html">"Carlo Beenakker"</a>. Ilorentz.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carlo+Beenakker&rft.pub=Ilorentz.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filorentz.org%2Fhistory%2Fzuiderzee%2Fzuiderzee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1902/lorentz/biographical/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1902%2Florentz%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richardson-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-richardson_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richardson_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1929" class="citation cs2">Richardson, O. W. (1929), "Hendrik Antoon Lorentz", <i><a href="/wiki/J._London_Math._Soc." class="mw-redirect" title="J. London Math. Soc.">J. London Math. Soc.</a></i>, <b>4</b> (1): 183–92, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1112%2Fjlms%2Fs1-4.3.183">10.1112/jlms/s1-4.3.183</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+London+Math.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Hendrik+Antoon+Lorentz&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=183-92&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1112%2Fjlms%2Fs1-4.3.183&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=O.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span>. The biography which refers to this article (but gives no pagination details other than those of the article itself) is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Lorentz.html">"Hendrik Lorentz"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hendrik+Lorentz&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FLorentz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2VtrJD0xJk"><span class="plainlinks">Funeral procession</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> Hendrik Lorentz</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110565430:mpeg21:p005">"Treffende begrafenis van Lorentz"</a> [Striking funeral of Lorentz]. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Telegraaf" title="De Telegraaf">De Telegraaf</a></i> (in Dutch). Haarlem. 9 February 1928. <q><i>Mme. Curie uit Parijs; ... prof. dr. A. Einstein uit Berlijn;</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Telegraaf&rft.atitle=Treffende+begrafenis+van+Lorentz&rft.date=1928-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Dddd%3A110565430%3Ampeg21%3Ap005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Przibram-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Przibram_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrzibram1967" class="citation cs2">Przibram, Karl, ed. (1967), <i>Letters of wave mechanics: Schrödinger, Planck, Einstein, Lorentz. Edited by Karl Przibram for the Austrian Academy of Sciences</i>, translated by Klein, Martin J., New York: Philosophical Library</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+wave+mechanics%3A+Schr%C3%B6dinger%2C+Planck%2C+Einstein%2C+Lorentz.+Edited+by+Karl+Przibram+for+the+Austrian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPais,_Abraham1982" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Pais" title="Abraham Pais">Pais, Abraham</a> (1982), <i><a href="/wiki/Subtle_is_the_Lord:_The_Science_and_the_Life_of_Albert_Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein">Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein</a></i>, New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520438-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520438-4"><bdi>978-0-19-520438-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subtle+is+the+Lord%3A+The+Science+and+the+Life+of+Albert+Einstein&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-19-520438-4&rft.au=Pais%2C+Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Wintle2002" class="citation book cs1">Justin Wintle (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EF2fKDpp8S8C&pg=PA375"><i>Makers of Nineteenth Century Culture: 1800–1914</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 375–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26584-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26584-3"><bdi>978-0-415-26584-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+of+Nineteenth+Century+Culture%3A+1800%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=375-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26584-3&rft.au=Justin+Wintle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEF2fKDpp8S8C%26pg%3DPA375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoincaré,_Henri1902" class="citation cs2">Poincaré, Henri (1902), <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Hypothesis" title="Science and Hypothesis"><i>Science and Hypothesis</i></a>, London and Newcastle-on-Cyne: The Walter Scott publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Hypothesis&rft.place=London+and+Newcastle-on-Cyne&rft.pub=The+Walter+Scott+publishing+Co.&rft.date=1902&rft.au=Poincar%C3%A9%2C+Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangevin1911" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Langevin, P.</a> (1911), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amshistorica.unibo.it/diglib.php?inv=7&int_ptnum=108&term_ptnum=302">"The evolution of space and time"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Scientia_(Italian_journal)" title="Scientia (Italian journal)">Scientia</a></i>, <b>X</b>: 31–54</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientia&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+space+and+time&rft.volume=X&rft.pages=31-54&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Langevin&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famshistorica.unibo.it%2Fdiglib.php%3Finv%3D7%26int_ptnum%3D108%26term_ptnum%3D302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span> (translated by J. B. Sykes, 1973).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoincaré,_Henri1913" class="citation cs2">Poincaré, Henri (1913), <i>Last Essays</i>, New York</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Essays&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Poincar%C3%A9%2C+Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.kncv.nl/kncv/honorary-members">Honorary members</a> – website of the Royal Netherlands Chemical Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Hendrik+A.+Lorentz&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DHendrik%2BA.%2BLorentz%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001346.html">"Hendrik Lorentz"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Hendrik+Lorentz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F20001346.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/hendrik-antoon-lorentz">"Hendrik Antoon Lorentz"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i>. 9 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Hendrik+Antoon+Lorentz&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fhendrik-antoon-lorentz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Lorentz&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Geertruida_de_Haas-Lorentz" title="Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz">de Haas-Lorentz, Geertruida L.</a>; Fagginger Auer, Joh. C. (trans.) (1957), <i>H.A. Lorentz: impressions of his life and work</i>, Amsterdam: North-Holland Pub. Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H.A.+Lorentz%3A+impressions+of+his+life+and+work&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=North-Holland+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=de+Haas-Lorentz&rft.aufirst=Geertruida+L.&rft.au=Fagginger+Auer%2C+Joh.+C.+%28trans.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Langevin, Paul</a> (1911), "L'évolution de l'espace et du temps", <i>Scientia</i>, <b>X</b>: 31–54</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientia&rft.atitle=L%27%C3%A9volution+de+l%27espace+et+du+temps&rft.volume=X&rft.pages=31-54&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Langevin&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Poincaré, Henri</a> (1900), "La théorie de Lorentz et le principe de réaction", <i>Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles</i>, <b>V</b>: 253–78</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+N%C3%A9erlandaises+des+Sciences+Exactes+et+Naturelles&rft.atitle=La+th%C3%A9orie+de+Lorentz+et+le+principe+de+r%C3%A9action&rft.volume=V&rft.pages=253-78&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Poincar%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicsinsights.org/poincare-1900.pdf">English translation</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Poincaré, Henri</a> (1902), <a href="/wiki/La_science_et_l%27hypoth%C3%A8se" class="mw-redirect" title="La science et l'hypothèse"><i>La science et l'hypothèse</i></a>, Paris: Ernest Flammarion</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+science+et+l%27hypoth%C3%A8se&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Ernest+Flammarion&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Poincar%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span> : n.p.. The quotation is from the English translation (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Poincaré, Henri</a> (1952), <a href="/wiki/Science_and_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and hypothesis"><i>Science and hypothesis</i></a>, New York: Dover Publications, p. 175</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+hypothesis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Poincar%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Poincaré, Henri</a> (1913), <i>Dernières pensées</i>, Paris: Ernest Flammarion</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Derni%C3%A8res+pens%C3%A9es&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Ernest+Flammarion&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Poincar%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span> :n.p.. The quotation in the article is from the English translation: (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Poincaré, Henri</a>; Bolduc, John W. (trans.) (1963), <i>Mathematics and science: last essays</i>, New York: Dover Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematics+and+science%3A+last+essays&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Poincar%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft.au=Bolduc%2C+John+W.+%28trans.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span> :n.p.)</li> <li>Sri Kantha, S. Einstein and Lorentz. <i>Nature</i>, 13 July 1995; 376: 111. (Letter)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Lorentz&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hendrik_Lorentz" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz">Hendrik Antoon Lorentz</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/IL-publications/Lorentz.html">Scanned publications of H. A. Lorentz</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/IL-publications/dissertations/lorentz.html">Scanned Ph.D. theses</a> of the students of Lorentz.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/2">Hendrik Lorentz</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41688#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3944">Works by Hendrik Antoon Lorentz</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Lorentz%2C%20Hendrik%20Antoon%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lorentz%2C%20Hendrik%20A%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lorentz%2C%20H%2E%20A%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Hendrik%20Antoon%20Lorentz%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Hendrik%20A%2E%20Lorentz%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22H%2E%20A%2E%20Lorentz%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lorentz%2C%20Hendrik%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Hendrik%20Lorentz%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hendrik%20Antoon%20Lorentz%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hendrik%20A%2E%20Lorentz%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H%2E%20A%2E%20Lorentz%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H%2E%20Antoon%20Lorentz%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lorentz%2C%20Hendrik%20Antoon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lorentz%2C%20Hendrik%20A%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lorentz%2C%20H%2E%20A%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lorentz%2C%20H%2E%20Antoon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hendrik%20Lorentz%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lorentz%2C%20Hendrik%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Hendrik%20Antoon%20Lorentz%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Hendrik%20A%2E%20Lorentz%22%20OR%20title%3A%22H%2E%20A%2E%20Lorentz%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Hendrik%20Lorentz%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hendrik%20Antoon%20Lorentz%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hendrik%20A%2E%20Lorentz%22%20OR%20description%3A%22H%2E%20A%2E%20Lorentz%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lorentz%2C%20Hendrik%20Antoon%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lorentz%2C%20Hendrik%20A%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hendrik%20Lorentz%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lorentz%2C%20Hendrik%22%29%20OR%20%28%221853-1928%22%20AND%20Lorentz%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Hendrik Lorentz</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1789">Works by Hendrik Lorentz</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41688#P1899" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Beenakker, Carlo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilorentz.org/history/zuiderzee/zuiderzee.html"><i>Lorentz and the Zuiderzee project</i></a>, Leiden, [The Netherlands]: Instituut Lorentz, University of Leiden</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lorentz+and+the+Zuiderzee+project&rft.place=Leiden%2C+%5BThe+Netherlands%5D&rft.pub=Instituut+Lorentz%2C+University+of+Leiden&rft.aulast=Beenakker&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filorentz.org%2Fhistory%2Fzuiderzee%2Fzuiderzee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">van Helden, Albert (1999), "Hendrik Antoon Lorentz 1853–1928", in van Berkel, Klaas; van Helden, Albert; Palm, Lodewijk (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofscience.nl/author.cfm?RecordId=5"><i>A History of Science in The Netherlands: Survey, Themes and Reference</i></a>, Leiden, [The Netherlands]: Brill, pp. 514–518, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10006-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10006-0"><bdi>978-90-04-10006-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hendrik+Antoon+Lorentz+1853%E2%80%931928&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Science+in+The+Netherlands%3A+Survey%2C+Themes+and+Reference&rft.place=Leiden%2C+%5BThe+Netherlands%5D&rft.pages=514-518&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10006-0&rft.aulast=van+Helden&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofscience.nl%2Fauthor.cfm%3FRecordId%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Lorentz.html"><i>Hendrik Lorentz, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hendrik+Lorentz%2C+MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FLorentz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHendrik+Lorentz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051231104701/http://www.vpro.nl/programma/zomergasten/afleveringen/22708246/items/23535592/">Movie of Lorentz's funeral</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/011649">Newspaper clippings about Hendrik Lorentz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41688#P4293" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Relativity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Relativity" title="Template:Relativity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Relativity" title="Template talk:Relativity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Relativity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Relativity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Relativity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Relativity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special<br />relativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_relativity" title="Principle of relativity">Principle of relativity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galilean_invariance" title="Galilean invariance">Galilean relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_transformation" title="Galilean transformation">Galilean transformation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_special_relativity" title="Doubly special relativity">Doubly special relativity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Fundamental<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">Frame of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">Speed of light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_orthogonality" title="Hyperbolic orthogonality">Hyperbolic orthogonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapidity" title="Rapidity">Rapidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_length" title="Proper length">Proper length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_acceleration" title="Proper acceleration">Proper acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_special_relativity" title="Mass in special relativity">Relativistic mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Formulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_transformation" title="Lorentz transformation">Lorentz transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textbooks_on_relativity" title="List of textbooks on relativity">Textbooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">Mass–energy equivalence (E=mc<sup>2</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_contraction" title="Length contraction">Length contraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity" title="Relativity of simultaneity">Relativity of simultaneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_Doppler_effect" title="Relativistic Doppler effect">Relativistic Doppler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_precession" title="Thomas precession">Thomas precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladder_paradox" title="Ladder paradox">Ladder paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_paradox" title="Twin paradox">Twin paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrell_rotation" title="Terrell rotation">Terrell rotation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_cone" title="Light cone">Light cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_line" title="World line">World line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkowski_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Minkowski diagram">Minkowski diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biquaternion" title="Biquaternion">Biquaternions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkowski_space" title="Minkowski space">Minkowski space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General<br />relativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_general_relativity" title="Introduction to general relativity">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_general_relativity" title="Mathematics of general relativity">Mathematical formulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Fundamental<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">Equivalence principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riemannian_geometry" title="Riemannian geometry">Riemannian geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_diagram" title="Penrose diagram">Penrose diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesics_in_general_relativity" title="Geodesics in general relativity">Geodesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach%27s_principle" title="Mach's principle">Mach's principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Formulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADM_formalism" title="ADM formalism">ADM formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSSN_formalism" title="BSSN formalism">BSSN formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linearized_gravity" title="Linearized gravity">Linearized gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameterized_post-Newtonian_formalism" title="Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism">Post-Newtonian formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raychaudhuri_equation" title="Raychaudhuri equation">Raychaudhuri equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi%E2%80%93Einstein_equation" title="Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation">Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_equation" title="Ernst equation">Ernst equation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">Black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">Event horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">Singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-body_problem_in_general_relativity" title="Two-body problem in general relativity">Two-body problem</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational waves</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_astronomy" title="Gravitational-wave astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_observatory" title="Gravitational-wave observatory">detectors</a> (<a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> and <a href="/wiki/LIGO_Scientific_Collaboration" title="LIGO Scientific Collaboration">collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">Virgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEO600" title="GEO600">GEO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulse%E2%80%93Taylor_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulse–Taylor binary">Hulse–Taylor binary</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" title="Tests of general relativity">Other tests</a>: <a href="/wiki/Apsidal_precession" title="Apsidal precession">precession</a> of Mercury</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">lensing</a> (together with <a href="/wiki/Einstein_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein cross">Einstein cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Einstein_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein rings">Einstein rings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_redshift" title="Gravitational redshift">redshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapiro_time_delay" title="Shapiro time delay">Shapiro delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame-dragging" title="Frame-dragging">frame-dragging</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_effect" title="Geodetic effect">geodetic effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lense%E2%80%93Thirring_precession" title="Lense–Thirring precession">Lense–Thirring precession</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">pulsar timing arrays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Advanced<br />theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brans%E2%80%93Dicke_theory" title="Brans–Dicke theory">Brans–Dicke theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Exact_solutions_in_general_relativity" title="Exact solutions in general relativity">Solutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cosmological: <a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Friedmann_equations" title="Friedmann equations">Friedmann equations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Tolman_metric" title="Lemaître–Tolman metric">Lemaître–Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasner_metric" title="Kasner metric">Kasner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BKL_singularity" title="BKL singularity">BKL singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_metric" title="Gödel metric">Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milne_model" title="Milne model">Milne</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Spherical: <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interior_Schwarzschild_metric" title="Interior Schwarzschild metric">interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_equation" title="Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation">Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_metric" title="Reissner–Nordström metric">Reissner–Nordström</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Axisymmetric: <a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman_metric" title="Kerr–Newman metric">Kerr–Newman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyl%E2%88%92Lewis%E2%88%92Papapetrou_coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou coordinates">Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taub%E2%80%93NUT_space" title="Taub–NUT space">Taub–NUT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Stockum_dust" title="Van Stockum dust">van Stockum dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_disk" title="Relativistic disk">discs</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Pp-wave_spacetime" title="Pp-wave spacetime">pp-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozsv%C3%A1th%E2%80%93Sch%C3%BCcking_metric" title="Ozsváth–Schücking metric">Ozsváth–Schücking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcubierre_drive" title="Alcubierre drive">Alcubierre</a></li></ul> <ul><li>In computational physics: <a href="/wiki/Numerical_relativity" title="Numerical relativity">Numerical relativity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Karl Schwarzschild">Schwarzschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann" title="Alexander Friedmann">Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Milne" title="Edward Arthur Milne">Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_P._Robertson" title="Howard P. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky" title="Fritz Zwicky">Zwicky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Choquet-Bruhat" title="Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat">Choquet-Bruhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Kerr" title="Roy Kerr">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Zeldovich" title="Yakov Zeldovich">Zel'dovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Dmitriyevich_Novikov" title="Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Geroch" title="Robert Geroch">Geroch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bondi" title="Hermann Bondi">Bondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Misner" title="Charles W. Misner">Misner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Yau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_general_relativity" title="List of contributors to general relativity"><i>others</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Theory_of_relativity" title="Category:Theory of relativity">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1901–1950)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1901–1950)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1901–1950)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Suess" title="Eduard Suess">Eduard Suess</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_William_Hill" title="George William Hill">George William Hill</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bayliss" title="William Bayliss">William Bayliss</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Tabberer_Brown" title="Horace Tabberer Brown">Horace Tabberer Brown</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Horace Lamb</a> (1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer" title="Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer">Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" title="Arthur Schuster">Arthur Schuster</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Smith" title="Theobald Smith">Theobald Smith</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lewis_(cardiologist)" title="Thomas Lewis (cardiologist)">Thomas Lewis</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barcroft" title="Joseph Barcroft">Joseph Barcroft</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._I._Taylor" title="G. I. Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:1902_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1902 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1902_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1902 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1902_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1902 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer">Hermann Emil Fischer</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1902_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1902 Nobel Prize in Literature">1902</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a> (Germany)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> (Switzerland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Albert Gobat</a> (Switzerland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a> (Netherlands)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1901_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1901 Nobel Prize winners">1901</a></dd> <dd><b>1902 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1903_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1903 Nobel Prize winners">1903</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1904_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1904 Nobel Prize winners">1904</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1905_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1905 Nobel Prize winners">1905</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1906 Nobel Prize winners">1906</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1907_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1907 Nobel Prize winners">1907</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobel_Prize_laureates_from_the_Netherlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_laureates_from_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Nobel Prize laureates from the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_laureates_from_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize laureates from the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_laureates_from_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize laureates from the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobel_Prize_laureates_from_the_Netherlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Nobel Prize laureates from the Netherlands</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a> (2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling Koopmans</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> (1911)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Johannes Diderik van der Waals</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Frits Zernike</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Simon van der Meer</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Martinus J. G. Veltman</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">Gerard 't Hooft</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a> (2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a> (1973)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1905" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_1905" title="Template:FRS 1905"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_1905" title="Template talk:FRS 1905"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_1905" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 1905"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1905" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1905">in 1905</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_George_Adami" title="John George Adami">John George Adami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Arthur_Bone" title="William Arthur Bone">William Arthur Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Campbell" title="John Edward Campbell">John Edward Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Dines" title="William Henry Dines">William Henry Dines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mostyn_Field" title="Arthur Mostyn Field">Sir Arthur Mostyn Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Martin_Onslow_Forster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Martin Onslow Forster">Sir Martin Onslow Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stephen_Goodrich" title="Edwin Stephen Goodrich">Edwin Stephen Goodrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Lamplugh" title="George William Lamplugh">George William Lamplugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_MacBride" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest William MacBride">Ernest William MacBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Wall_Oliver" title="Francis Wall Oliver">Francis Wall Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Prain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir David Prain">Sir David Prain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Charles_Searle" title="George Frederick Charles Searle">George Frederick Charles Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_John_Strutt,_4th_Baron_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert John Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh">Robert John Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Edmund_Taylor_Whittaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker">Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludimar_Hermann" title="Ludimar Hermann">Ludimar Hermann</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hendrik Antoon Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_De_Vries" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugo De Vries">Hugo De Vries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41688#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41688#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41688#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjXhwwXFD89bc7CwmymVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118780484">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83239384">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12245820n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12245820n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00448030">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon <1853-1928>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV051014">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35592939">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20021014005&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1340033">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/99872">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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