Supporting LGBT people around bereavement

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(This page focuses on bereavement rather than care before death).</p> <h2>Fears about death and bereavement<img style="width: 365px; height: 379px; float: right;" src="/media/16265/lgbt-flag.png?width=365&height=379" alt="" data-id="2511"></h2> <p>People who are LGBT+ may have particular fears regarding death and bereavement. These include:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Fear of being outed in death, e.g.</p> <p> - 14% of trans and 24% of non-binary people are not out to anyone in their family</p> <p> - 11% of trans people who are out to family, aren't supported by any family members <span><span>[1]</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <p>Fear of inappropriate curiosity regarding themselves or their body</p> </li> <li> <p>Fear about who will be handling their body after death, and concern that they will be treated with a lack of respect</p> </li> <li> <p>Fear of having to hide sexual orientation or gender identity</p> </li> <li> <p>Fear that their relationships or gender will not be acknowledged</p> </li> <li> <p>Fear of being <a data-id="2438" href="/bereavement/supporting-lgbtplus-people-around-bereavement/lgbtplus-definitions/" target="_top" title="LGBT+ definitions">misgendered</a> (e.g. at death registration), <a data-id="2438" href="/bereavement/supporting-lgbtplus-people-around-bereavement/lgbtplus-definitions/" target="_top" title="LGBT+ definitions">deadnamed</a> and <a data-id="2438" href="/bereavement/supporting-lgbtplus-people-around-bereavement/lgbtplus-definitions/" target="_top" title="LGBT+ definitions">misremembered</a> perhaps due to a:</p> <p> - lack of certain legal documentation </p> <p> - lack of support from their relatives</p> <p> - lack of recent contact with their relatives</p> <p> - disagreement, lack of acquaintance or awareness between their chosen family and family in which they were raised</p> </li> <li> <p>Fear about who will organise the funeral or memorial service and that these will not be in keeping with the deceased’s wishes</p> </li> <li> <p>Concerns regarding the safety of mourners who will wish to attend the funeral or memorial service</p> </li> </ul> <p>A UK survey of lesbian, gay and bisexual adults revealed that “24% expected to face barriers relating to their sexual identity when planning a funeral” (<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0269216316634601" target="_blank" title="The bereavement experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and/or trans people who have lost a partner: A systematic review, thematic synthesis and modelling of the literature">Bristowe et al, 2016</a>).</p> <p>[1] YouGov survey for Stonewall, LGBT Britain: Trans Report, Stonewall, 2018, p14.</p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="m-downloadright"> <h2>Supporting LGBT+ People Around Death & Bereavement</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xxs-12 col-xs-7 col-md-8 col-lg-9 "> <h3>An educational leaflet for health and social care staff</h3> <p>NHS Education for Scotland have published this digital resource, also available in printed format, to guide professionals on addressing issues and challenges faced by LGBT+ people who are bereaved. This content was developed in collaboration with the organisations <a href="https://www.stonewallscotland.org.uk/" target="_blank">Stonewall Scotland</a>, <a href="https://www.scottishtrans.org/" target="_blank">Scottish Trans Alliance</a>, and <a href="https://www.lgbthealth.org.uk/" target="_blank">LGBT Health & Wellbeing</a>.</p> </div> <div class="col-xxs-12 col-xs-5 col-md-4 col-lg-3 download"> <a target="BLANK" href="/media/16262/lgbt-bereavement-leaflet-updated-feb-2020-final.pdf" > <img class="img-responsive" src="/media/16278/lgbt.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=455&height=600&rnd=132272860770000000" alt="" /> <button>Download file <span>166 Kb</span> </button> </a> </div> </div> </section> <section class="m-halfimage border-bottom "> <div class=""> <div class="row m-richtext"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 pull-right"> <img src="/media/16225/13-child-post-mortem-same-sex-parents.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=800&height=700&rnd=131981716940000000" alt=""> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 pull-left"> <h2>How to talk about an LGBT+ person who has died</h2> <p>Do not disclose a person’s sexual orientation or trans status unless you have their permission, or it is need-to-know information; inappropriate disclosure could be an offence under equalities legislation.</p> <p>Refer to the person as they referred to themselves, echoing the words they used, e.g.</p> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Gender</strong>: Woman, man, non-binary person etc.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Pronouns</strong>: he/him, she/her, they/them, ze/zir</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Title</strong>: Ms, Mr, Miss, Mrs, Mx, M</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Gender marker</strong>: M, F, or an alternative e.g. X (if possible)</p> </li> </ul> <p><span>These may not all “match” traditional understandings (e.g. a trans man could use they/them, the gender marker M, and the title Mx), so it is worthwhile considering each of these separately.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="m-richtext row"> <div class=""> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12"> <p>If you don’t know how to refer to the person who has died, it may be most appropriate to be guided by the language those closest to them use, or by asking:</p> <ul> <li> <p><strong>“<em>how would X have wanted to be referred to</em>” </strong>or</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>“<em>how would X have described their gender?</em>”</strong></p> </li> </ul> <p>Use your discretion in terms of echoing the language that relatives use, if you think this may not reflect the language of the deceased person.</p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="m-content-grid-switch m-inner-grid no-grey inner-index"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <h1></h1> <div class="m-square-table-layout"> <div class="table-row min-height"> <div class="cell c1 no-grey blue"> <a href="/bereavement/supporting-lgbtplus-people-around-bereavement/lgbtplus-definitions/" class="content"> <span>LGBT+</span> <h2>Definitions</h2> <span class="bottom link">Find out more</span> </a> </div> <div class="cell c1 no-grey green"> <a href="/bereavement/supporting-lgbtplus-people-around-bereavement/legal-considerations-confidentiality/" class="content"> <span>LGBT+</span> <h2>Legal considerations & confidentiality around death & bereavement</h2> <span class="bottom link">Find out more</span> </a> </div> <div class="cell c1 no-grey black"> <a href="/bereavement/supporting-lgbtplus-people-around-bereavement/death-certification/" class="content"> <span>LGBT+</span> <h2>Death certification</h2> <span class="bottom link">Find out more</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="m-richtext row"> <div class=""> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12"> <h2>Experiences of bereavement for LGBT+ partners</h2> <p>Interactions with professionals around the time of a death can have a profound effect on a partner’s bereavement experience, positively or negatively. Avoid the assumption that someone is a friend, instead ask how they knew the deceased; e.g.</p> <ul> <li> <p><strong>“<em>How would you and X describe your relationship?”</em></strong></p> </li> <li> <p>Asking, e.g. <strong>“<em>Who was important to X?” </em></strong>can also be helpful</p> </li> </ul> <p>Particularly for older LGBT+ people accessing services, prior experience of stigma and pathologisation in professional or institutional settings means that there may be considerable barriers to being ‘out’ in those environments. This can lead to re-entering the closet and / or experiencing decreased mental wellbeing at a time of increased vulnerability, such as in bereavement.</p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="m-richtext m-split-list row"> <div class=""> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12"> <h3>Examples of situations which can impact negatively on an LGBT+ partner:</h3> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <ul> <li> <p>Lack of acknowledgement of the relationship e.g. the presumption that they are a friend rather than a partner</p> </li> <li> <p>Exclusion from discussions and decision making</p> </li> <li> <p>Being prevented from being with their partner at end of life</p> </li> <li> <p>Being prevented from seeing the body after death</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <ul> <li> <p>Being denied an opportunity to say goodbye</p> </li> <li> <p>Being unable to access bereavement support</p> </li> <li> <p>Seeing their partner be <a data-id="2438" href="/bereavement/supporting-lgbtplus-people-around-bereavement/lgbtplus-definitions/" target="_top" title="LGBT+ definitions">misgendered</a> or <a data-id="2438" href="/bereavement/supporting-lgbtplus-people-around-bereavement/lgbtplus-definitions/" target="_top" title="LGBT+ definitions">deadnamed</a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="m-richtext row"> <div class=""> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12"> <p><span>Recognition of a partner’s needs and asking about their wellbeing can be a source of great support for individuals. Sensitively explore a person’s identity in line with their preferences for disclosure and consider signposting LGBT+ partners to additional sources of bereavement support. Social isolation and loneliness can be compounded when coping with bereavement in the absence of LGBT+ affirmative support.</span></p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="m-richtext m-split-list row"> <div class=""> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12"> <h2>Managing relationships between families of origin and chosen families</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <p>After an LGBT+ person dies, professionals may need to liaise, share information and support different groups of people who knew the deceased. This can require careful and considered communication. When engaging with a person’s identified legal next of kin, do not assume that they are a blood relative, legal relative, or married partner.</p> <p>LGBT+ people are more likely to be estranged from their <a data-id="2438" href="/bereavement/supporting-lgbtplus-people-around-bereavement/lgbtplus-definitions/" target="_top" title="LGBT+ definitions">families of origin</a>. Where contact and ties do exist, these may be fragile, distant or difficult relationships. Some families may not know anything about the deceased person’s LGBT+ status; or alternatively, a person may have been ‘out’ to their family to different degrees. They may have had varying levels of comfort in disclosing details about their sexual orientation or gender identity. These factors can cause additional stress to those who are bereaved.</p> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <p> <img src="/media/16226/people.jpg?width=326&height=300" alt="People icon" width="326" height="300" data-id="2446"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="m-richtext row"> <div class=""> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12"> <p><a data-id="2438" href="/bereavement/supporting-lgbtplus-people-around-bereavement/lgbtplus-definitions/" target="_top" title="LGBT+ definitions">Chosen family</a> may welcome particular support in engaging with the deceased person’s family of origin. They may wish to avoid being outed, and / or they may be keen to ensure they can play an important role in handling the practical matters following death.</p> <p>Professionals may also receive requests for information from within a person’s community. This may be particularly prevalent if the person died without a partner or close relatives, or if the community is aware that they had an LGBT+ identity that should be respected. Although Data Protection Act does not apply after death, these requests can be challenging for professionals to manage. It is important to ensure that clinical confidentiality, which is a professional responsibility, is maintained, while also acknowledging the importance of trying to enable those who are bereaved to honour the deceased and participate in grieving rituals. There are circumstances where relevant clinical information can be disclosed - see: <a href="https://www.gmc-uk.org/ethical-guidance/ethical-guidance-for-doctors/confidentiality/managing-and-protecting-personal-information" target="_blank">The General Medical Council Guidance to doctors about disclosing information after a patient has died</a>.</p> <p>In some situations, a person’s chosen family or community may not feel comfortable or safe to attend a funeral or memorial service. In this and other scenarios, relatives and chosen families may choose to hold separate services or commemorations.</p> <h2>Death in the LGBT+ community</h2> <p>Trans people in particular have been noted to have a higher rate of sudden death and also face higher rates of depression and anxiety, suicidal ideation and suicide. [2] This, compounded with the lasting effects of the HIV/AIDS crisis, means that the trans community do not have many older trans role models and many trans people cannot imagine themselves growing old.</p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="m-richtext row"> <div class=""> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12"> <h3>Key points for professionals</h3> <ol> <li> <p><strong>LGBT+ people and their partners may have particular fears </strong>about death and bereavement</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Take a person centred approach and do not make assumptions </strong>about a person’s sexual orientation, gender or relationship status</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Interactions with healthcare professionals can shape experiences of bereavement </strong>- be sensitive (a bereaved partner may be expecting to face discrimination) and foster trust and empathy which will make it easier for people to discuss and disclose their needs</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Use neutral and inclusive language </strong>e.g. ‘partner’ and pronouns that the deceased person had chosen for themselves</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Acknowledge and affirm the relationships that the deceased person had. </strong>Consider the wellbeing of a person’s partner; ensuring that discussion and decision-making includes them (when appropriate) and signposting them to appropriate sources of bereavement support</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Be aware that relationships between those who are bereaved may be complicated and non-harmonious</strong></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Clinical confidentiality regarding a person’s LGBT+ status must be maintained in line with legal regulations </strong>after a death, noting that there may be situations where information sharing is necessary</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Where possible, communicate with, and support all those who are bereaved </strong>(e.g. next of kin, the family in which a person was raised, chosen families and a person’s community) in line with confidentiality restrictions</p> </li> </ol> <p> </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="m-halfimage border-bottom "> <div class=""> <div class="row m-richtext"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 pull-right"> <img src="/media/16249/tile-elearning-light.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=800&height=700&rnd=132016318920000000" alt=""> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 pull-left"> <h2>Other Educational Resources</h2> <p>E-learning module:</p> <h3>LGBT people and public services - a good practice guide from Stonewall Scotland</h3> <h3><a href="https://learn.nes.nhs.scot/15246/elearning-workforce/lgbt-people-and-public-services-good-practice" target="_blank">click here to access</a> </h3> <p><span>(Please note, you will be prompted to log in / register on NHS Education for Scotland's Turas learning platform when clicking this link -<span> </span></span><a href="https://learn.nes.nhs.scot/" target="_blank">more information on Turas here</a><span>)</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="m-2columnlinks border-bottom"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <h2>Additional information:</h2> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <ul> <li> <p><span><a href="https://www.gov.scot/publications/sexual-orientation-scotland-2017-summary-evidence-base/pages/2/" target="_blank">Sexual orientation in Scotland, 2017</a></span>: summary of evidence base, Scottish Government</p> </li> <li> <p><span><a href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/sexuality" target="_blank">Office for National Statistics: Sexual Orientation, UK 2017</a></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span><a href="https://www.stonewall.org.uk/sites/default/files/lgbt_in_britain_health.pdf" target="_blank">LGBT+ in Britain, Health Report</a></span>, Stonewall, 2018</p> </li> <li> <p><span><a href="https://www.scottishtrans.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/NHS-Bereavement-A-guide-for-Transsexual-Transgender-people-and-their-loved-ones.pdf" target="_blank">Bereavement: A guide for Transsexual, Transgender people and their loved ones</a></span>, Department of Health Report, 2007</p> </li> <li> <p><span><a href="https://www.mariecurie.org.uk/globalassets/media/documents/policy/policy-publications/challenging-inequities-in-palliative-care.pdf" target="_blank">Enough for everyone: Challenging inequalities in palliative care</a></span>, Marie Curie, 2016</p> </li> <li> <p><span><a href="https://www.mariecurie.org.uk/globalassets/media/documents/policy/policy-publications/june-2016/reality-end-of-life-care-lgbt-people.pdf" target="_blank">“Hiding who I am”, The reality of end of life care for LGBT+ people</a></span>, Marie Curie, 2016</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <ul> <li><span><a href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/ncare/documents/projects/srcc-project-report-last-outing.pdf" target="_blank">The Last Outing: LGBT+ People’s Attitudes Towards End Of Life Care</a></span>, University of Nottingham, 2015</li> <li><a href="https://www.stonewallscotland.org.uk/system/files/unhealthy_attitudes.pdf" target="_blank" title="Stonewall Scotland Unhealthy Attitudes"><span>Unhealthy Attitudes Scotland: The treatment of LGBT+ people within health and social care organisations in Scotland</span></a>, Stonewall Scotland, 2015</li> <li><span><a href="https://www.stonewallscotland.org.uk/system/files/ysys_consultation.pdf" target="_blank">Your Services, Your Say: LGBT+ People's Experiences of Public Services in Scotland</a></span>, Stonewall Scotland, 2014</li> <li><span><a href="https://www.gmc-uk.org/ethical-guidance/ethical-hub/trans-healthcare" target="_blank">Trans healthcare, General Medical Council</a></span></li> <li><span><a href="https://www.macmillan.org.uk/documents/aboutus/health_professionals/endoflifecare-lgbtroutetosuccess.pdf" target="_blank" title="The route to success in end of life care: achieving quality for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people leaflet">The Route to Success in End of Life Care: achieving quality for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people</a>, NHS National End of Life Care Programme, 2012</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> <section class="m-richtext row"> <div class=""> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12"> <p> </p> <p>Content produced with support from</p> <p><span class="preamble"><a href="https://www.stonewallscotland.org.uk/" target="_blank" title="Stonewall Scotland"><img style="width: 186px; height: 186px;" src="/media/16224/stonewall-red.png?width=186&height=186" alt="" data-id="2444"></a><a href="https://www.lgbthealth.org.uk/" target="_blank" title="LGBT Health"><img style="width: 185px; height: 185px;" src="/media/16222/lgbt-health-wellbeing.jpg?width=185&height=185" alt="" data-id="2442"></a><a href="https://www.scottishtrans.org/" target="_blank" title="Scottish Trans Alliance"><img style="width: 257px; height: 93px;" src="/media/16223/scottish-trans-alliance.png?width=257&height=93" alt="" data-id="2443"></a></span></p> <p> </p> <p>References</p> <p>[1] <a href="https://www.stonewall.org.uk/lgbt-britain-trans-report" target="_blank">https://www.stonewall.org.uk/lgbt-britain-trans-report</a></p> <p><span>[2] </span><span><a href="https://www.stonewallscotland.org.uk/sites/default/files/lgbt_in_scotland_-_health_report.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.stonewallscotland.org.uk/sites/default/files/lgbt_in_scotland_-_health_report.pdf</a></span></p> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <footer role="contentinfo"> <div class="container"> <div class="row footer-links "> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <div class="footer-logo"></div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3 visible-md visible-lg"> <h2> Before death </h2> <ul> <li><a href="/before-death/end-of-life-care/">End of Life Care</a></li> <li><a href="/before-death/patient-and-family-support/">Patient and Family Support</a></li> <li><a href="/before-death/cpr-decisions/">CPR Decisions</a></li> </ul> <h2> At/ After death </h2> <ul> <li><a 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