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Metadata in HTML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals">HTML text fundamentals</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks">Creating hyperlinks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Advanced_text_formatting">Advanced text formatting</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Document_and_website_structure">Document and website structure</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Debugging_HTML">Debugging HTML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Marking_up_a_letter">Marking up a letter</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Structuring_a_page_of_content">Structuring a page of content</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Multimedia and embedding</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding">Multimedia and embedding</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Images_in_HTML">Images in HTML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Video_and_audio_content">Video and audio content</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Other_embedding_technologies">From object to iframe — other embedding technologies</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Adding_vector_graphics_to_the_Web">Adding vector graphics to the web</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Responsive_images">Responsive images</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Mozilla_splash_page">Mozilla splash page</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>HTML tables</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables">HTML tables</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Basics">HTML table basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Advanced">HTML table advanced features and accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Structuring_planet_data">Structuring planet data</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS">CSS — Styling the web</a></li><li><details><summary>CSS first steps</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps">CSS first steps</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/What_is_CSS">What is CSS?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Getting_started">Getting started with CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_is_structured">How CSS is structured</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_works">How CSS works</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Styling_a_biography_page">Styling a biography page</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>CSS building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks">CSS building blocks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors">CSS selectors</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Type_Class_and_ID_Selectors">Type, class, and ID selectors</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Attribute_selectors">Attribute selectors</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Pseudo-classes_and_pseudo-elements">Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Combinators">Combinators</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_and_inheritance">Cascade, specificity, and inheritance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_layers">Cascade layers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/The_box_model">The box model</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders">Backgrounds and borders</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Handling_different_text_directions">Handling different text directions</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Overflowing_content">Overflowing content</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Values_and_units">CSS values and units</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Sizing_items_in_CSS">Sizing items in CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Images_media_form_elements">Images, media, and form elements</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Styling_tables">Styling tables</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Advanced_styling_effects">Advanced styling effects</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Debugging_CSS">Debugging CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Organizing">Organizing your CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Fundamental_CSS_comprehension">Fundamental CSS comprehension</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Creating_fancy_letterheaded_paper">Creating fancy letterheaded paper</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/A_cool_looking_box">A cool-looking box</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Styling text</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text">CSS styling text</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Fundamentals">Fundamental text and font styling</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_lists">Styling lists</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_links">Styling links</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Web_fonts">Web fonts</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Typesetting_a_homepage">Typesetting a community school homepage</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>CSS layout</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout">CSS layout</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Introduction">Introduction to CSS layout</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Normal_Flow">Normal Flow</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox">Flexbox</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Grids">Grids</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Floats">Floats</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Positioning">Positioning</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Multiple-column_Layout">Multiple-column layout</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Responsive_Design">Responsive design</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Media_queries">Beginner's guide to media queries</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Legacy_Layout_Methods">Legacy layout methods</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Supporting_Older_Browsers">Supporting older browsers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Fundamental_Layout_Comprehension">Fundamental layout comprehension</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript">JavaScript — Dynamic client-side scripting</a></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript first steps</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps">JavaScript first steps</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_is_JavaScript">What is JavaScript?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/A_first_splash">A first splash into JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_went_wrong">What went wrong? Troubleshooting JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Variables">Storing the information you need — Variables</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Math">Basic math in JavaScript — numbers and operators</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Strings">Handling text — strings in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Useful_string_methods">Useful string methods</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Arrays">Arrays</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Silly_story_generator">Silly story generator</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks">JavaScript building blocks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/conditionals">Making decisions in your code — conditionals</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Looping_code">Looping code</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Functions">Functions — reusable blocks of code</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Build_your_own_function">Build your own function</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Return_values">Function return values</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Events">Introduction to events</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Event_bubbling">Event bubbling</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Image_gallery">Image gallery</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Introducing JavaScript objects</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects">Introducing JavaScript objects</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Basics">JavaScript object basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_prototypes">Object prototypes</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object-oriented_programming">Object-oriented programming</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Classes_in_JavaScript">Classes in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/JSON">Working with JSON</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_building_practice">Object building practice</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Adding_bouncing_balls_features">Adding features to our bouncing balls demo</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Asynchronous JavaScript</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous">Asynchronous JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing">Introducing asynchronous JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Promises">How to use promises</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Implementing_a_promise-based_API">How to implement a promise-based API</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing_workers">Introducing workers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Sequencing_animations">Sequencing animations</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Client-side web APIs</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs">Client-side web APIs</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Introduction">Introduction to web APIs</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Manipulating_documents">Manipulating documents</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Fetching_data">Fetching data from the server</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Third_party_APIs">Third-party APIs</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Drawing_graphics">Drawing graphics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Video_and_audio_APIs">Video and Audio APIs</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Client-side_storage">Client-side storage</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms">Web forms — Working with user data</a></li><li><details open=""><summary>Web form building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms">Web form building blocks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Your_first_form">Your first form</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_structure_a_web_form">How to structure a web form</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Basic_native_form_controls">Basic native form controls</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML5_input_types">The HTML5 input types</a></li><li><em><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls" aria-current="page">Other form controls</a></em></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms">Styling web forms</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling">Advanced form styling</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/UI_pseudo-classes">UI pseudo-classes</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Form_validation">Client-side form validation</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_and_retrieving_form_data">Sending form data</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Advanced web form techniques</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_build_custom_form_controls">How to build custom form controls</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_forms_through_JavaScript">Sending forms through JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Property_compatibility_table_for_form_controls">CSS property compatibility table for form controls</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML_forms_in_legacy_browsers">HTML forms in legacy browsers</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility">Accessibility — Make the web usable by everyone</a></li><li><details><summary>Accessibility guides</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/What_is_accessibility">What is accessibility?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/HTML">HTML: A good basis for accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/CSS_and_JavaScript">CSS and JavaScript accessibility best practices</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/WAI-ARIA_basics">WAI-ARIA basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Multimedia">Accessible multimedia</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Mobile">Mobile accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Accessibility_troubleshooting">Assessment: Accessibility troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance">Performance — Making websites fast and responsive</a></li><li><details><summary>Performance guides</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance">Web performance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/why_web_performance">The "why" of web performance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/What_is_web_performance">What is web performance?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Perceived_performance">Perceived performance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Measuring_performance">Measuring performance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Multimedia">Multimedia: Images</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/video">Multimedia: video</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/JavaScript">JavaScript performance optimization</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/HTML">HTML performance optimization</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/CSS">CSS performance optimization</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/business_case_for_performance">The business case for web performance</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML">MathML — Writing mathematics with MathML</a></li><li><details><summary>MathML first steps</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps">MathML first steps</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Getting_started">Getting started with MathML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Text_containers">MathML Text Containers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Fractions_and_roots">MathML fractions and roots</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Scripts">MathML scripted elements</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Tables">MathML tables</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Three_famous_mathematical_formulas">Three famous mathematical formulas</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/../Games">Games — Developing games for the web</a></li><li><details><summary>Guides and tutorials</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Games/Introduction">Introduction to game development for the Web</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Games/Techniques">Techniques for game development</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Games/Tutorials">Tutorials</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Games/Publishing_games">Publishing games</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing">Tools and testing</a></li><li><details><summary>Client-side web development tools</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools">Understanding client-side web development tools</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Overview">Client-side tooling overview</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Command_line">Command line crash course</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Package_management">Package management basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Introducing_complete_toolchain">Introducing a complete toolchain</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Deployment">Deploying our app</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Introduction to client-side frameworks</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Introduction">Introduction to client-side frameworks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Main_features">Framework main features</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>React</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_getting_started">Getting started with React</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_todo_list_beginning">Beginning our React todo list</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_components">Componentizing our React app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_events_state">React interactivity: Events and state</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_filtering_conditional_rendering">React interactivity: Editing, filtering, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_accessibility">Accessibility in React</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_resources">React resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Ember</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_getting_started">Getting started with Ember</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_structure_componentization">Ember app structure and componentization</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_interactivity_events_state">Ember interactivity: Events, classes and state</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_conditional_footer">Ember Interactivity: Footer functionality, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_routing">Routing in Ember</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_resources">Ember resources and troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Vue</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_getting_started">Getting started with Vue</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_first_component">Creating our first Vue component</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_rendering_lists">Rendering a list of Vue components</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_methods_events_models">Adding a new todo form: Vue events, methods, and models</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_styling">Styling Vue components with CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_computed_properties">Using Vue computed properties</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_conditional_rendering">Vue conditional rendering: editing existing todos</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_refs_focus_management">Vue refs and lifecycle methods for focus management</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_resources">Vue resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Svelte</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_getting_started">Getting started with Svelte</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning">Starting our Svelte to-do list app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_variables_props">Dynamic behavior in Svelte: working with variables and props</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_components">Componentizing our Svelte app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_reactivity_lifecycle_accessibility">Advanced Svelte: Reactivity, lifecycle, accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_stores">Working with Svelte stores</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_TypeScript">TypeScript support in Svelte</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_deployment_next">Deployment and next steps</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Angular</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_getting_started">Getting started with Angular</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_todo_list_beginning">Beginning our Angular todo list app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_styling">Styling our Angular app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_item_component">Creating an item component</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_filtering">Filtering our to-do items</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_building">Building Angular applications and further resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Git and GitHub</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/GitHub">Git and GitHub</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Cross browser testing</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing">Cross browser testing</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Introduction">Introduction to cross-browser testing</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Testing_strategies">Strategies for carrying out testing</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/HTML_and_CSS">Handling common HTML and CSS problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/JavaScript">Handling common JavaScript problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Accessibility">Handling common accessibility problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Feature_detection">Implementing feature detection</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Automated_testing">Introduction to automated testing</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Your_own_automation_environment">Setting up your own test automation environment</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side">Server-side website programming</a></li><li><details><summary>First steps</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps">Server-side website programming first steps</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Introduction">Introduction to the server side</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Client-Server_overview">Client-Server Overview</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Web_frameworks">Server-side web frameworks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Website_security">Website security</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Django web framework (Python)</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django">Django Web Framework (Python)</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Introduction">Django introduction</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/development_environment">Setting up a Django development environment</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Tutorial_local_library_website">Django Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/skeleton_website">Django Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Models">Django Tutorial Part 3: Using models</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Admin_site">Django Tutorial Part 4: Django admin site</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Home_page">Django Tutorial Part 5: Creating our home page</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Generic_views">Django Tutorial Part 6: Generic list and detail views</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Sessions">Django Tutorial Part 7: Sessions framework</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Authentication">Django Tutorial Part 8: User authentication and permissions</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Forms">Django Tutorial Part 9: Working with forms</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Testing">Django Tutorial Part 10: Testing a Django web application</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Deployment">Django Tutorial Part 11: Deploying Django to production</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/web_application_security">Django web application security</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/django_assessment_blog">Assessment: DIY Django mini blog</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Express Web Framework (Node.js/JavaScript)</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs">Express web framework (Node.js/JavaScript)</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Introduction">Express/Node introduction</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/development_environment">Setting up a Node development environment</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Tutorial_local_library_website">Express Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/skeleton_website">Express Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/mongoose">Express Tutorial Part 3: Using a Database (with Mongoose)</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/routes">Express Tutorial Part 4: Routes and controllers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Displaying_data">Express Tutorial Part 5: Displaying library data</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/forms">Express Tutorial Part 6: Working with forms</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/deployment">Express Tutorial Part 7: Deploying to production</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions">Further resources</a></li><li><details><summary>Common questions</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions">Common questions</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Howto">Use HTML to solve common problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Howto">Use CSS to solve common problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Howto">Solve common problems in your JavaScript code</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Web_mechanics">Web mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Tools_and_setup">Tools and setup</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Design_and_accessibility">Design and accessibility</a></li></ol></details></li></ol></div></div><section class="place side"></section></nav></aside><div class="toc-container"><aside class="toc"><nav><div class="document-toc-container"><section class="document-toc"><header><h2 class="document-toc-heading">In this article</h2></header><ul class="document-toc-list"><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#multi-line_text_fields">Multi-line text fields</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#drop-down_controls">Drop-down controls</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#other_form_features">Other form features</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#test_your_skills!">Test your skills!</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#summary">Summary</a></li></ul></section></div></nav></aside><section class="place side"></section></div></div><main id="content" class="main-content "><article class="main-page-content" lang="en-US"><header><h1>Other form controls</h1></header><div class="section-content"><ul class="prev-next"> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML5_input_types"><span class="button-wrap"> Previous </span></a></li> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms"><span class="button-wrap"> Overview: Web form building blocks</span></a></li> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms"><span class="button-wrap"> Next </span></a></li> </ul> <p>We now look at the functionality of non-<code><input></code> form elements in detail, from other control types such as drop-down lists and multi-line text fields, to other useful form features such as the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/output"><code><output></code></a> element (which we saw in action in the previous article), and progress bars.</p> <figure class="table-container"><table> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">Prerequisites:</th> <td> A basic <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML">understanding of HTML</a>. </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Objective:</th> <td> To understand the non-<code><input></code> form features, and how to implement them using HTML. </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></figure></div><section aria-labelledby="multi-line_text_fields"><h2 id="multi-line_text_fields"><a href="#multi-line_text_fields">Multi-line text fields</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>A multi-line text field is specified using a <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/textarea"><code><textarea></code></a> element, rather than using the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input"><code><input></code></a> element.</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><textarea cols="30" rows="8"></textarea> </code></pre></div> <p>This renders like so:</p><div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="Multi-line text fields sample" id="frame_multi-line_text_fields" width="120" height="160" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls" data-live-id="multi-line_text_fields" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div> <p>The main difference between a <code><textarea></code> and a regular single-line text field is that users are allowed to include hard line breaks (i.e. pressing return) that will be included when the data is submitted.</p> <p><code><textarea></code> also takes a closing tag; any default text you want it to contain should be put between the opening and closing tags. In contrast, the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input"><code><input></code></a> is a <a href="/en-US/docs/Glossary/Void_element">void element</a> with no closing tag — any default value is put inside the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input#value"><code>value</code></a> attribute.</p> <p>Note that even though you can put anything inside a <code><textarea></code> element (including other HTML elements, CSS, and JavaScript), because of its nature, it is all rendered as if it was plain text content. (Using <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/contenteditable"><code>contenteditable</code></a> on non-form controls provides an API for capturing HTML/"rich" content instead of plain text).</p> <p>Visually, the text entered wraps and the form control is by default resizable. Most browsers provide a drag handle that you can drag to increase/decrease the size of the text area.</p> <p>You can find an example of text area usage in the <a href="https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/html/forms/your-first-HTML-form/first-form-styled.html" class="external" target="_blank">example</a> we put together in the first article of this.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="controlling_multi-line_rendering"><h3 id="controlling_multi-line_rendering"><a href="#controlling_multi-line_rendering">Controlling multi-line rendering</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/textarea"><code><textarea></code></a> accepts three attributes to control its rendering across several lines:</p> <dl> <dt id="cols"><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/textarea#cols"><code>cols</code></a></dt> <dd> <p>Specifies the visible width (columns) of the text control, measured in average character widths. This is effectively the starting width, as it can be changed by resizing the <code><textarea></code>, and overridden using CSS. The default value if none is specified is 20.</p> </dd> <dt id="rows"><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/textarea#rows"><code>rows</code></a></dt> <dd> <p>Specifies the number of visible text rows for the control. This is effectively the starting height, as it can be changed by resizing the <code><textarea></code>, and overridden using CSS. The default value if none is specified is 2.</p> </dd> <dt id="wrap"><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/textarea#wrap"><code>wrap</code></a></dt> <dd> <p>Specifies how the control wraps text. The values are <code>soft</code> (the default value), which means the text submitted is not wrapped but the text rendered by the browser is wrapped; <code>hard</code> (the <code>cols</code> attribute must be specified when using this value), which means both the submitted and rendered texts are wrapped, and <code>off</code>, which stops wrapping.</p> </dd> </dl></div></section><section aria-labelledby="controlling_textarea_resizability"><h3 id="controlling_textarea_resizability"><a href="#controlling_textarea_resizability">Controlling textarea resizability</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>The ability to resize a <code><textarea></code> is controlled with the CSS <code>resize</code> property. Its possible values are:</p> <ul> <li><code>both</code>: The default — allows resizing horizontally and vertically.</li> <li><code>horizontal</code>: Allows resizing only horizontally.</li> <li><code>vertical</code>: Allows resizing only vertically.</li> <li><code>none</code>: Allows no resizing.</li> <li><code>block</code> and <code>inline</code>: Experimental values that allow resizing in the <code>block</code> or <code>inline</code> direction only (this varies depending on the directionality of your text; read <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Handling_different_text_directions">Handling different text directions</a> if you want to find out more.)</li> </ul> <p>Play with the interactive example at the top of the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/resize"><code>resize</code></a> reference page for a demonstration of how these work.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="drop-down_controls"><h2 id="drop-down_controls"><a href="#drop-down_controls">Drop-down controls</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>Drop-down controls are a simple way to let users select from many options without taking up much space in the user interface. HTML has two types of drop-down controls: the <strong>select box</strong> and the <strong>autocomplete box</strong>. The interaction is the same in both the types of drop-down controls — after the control is activated, the browser displays a list of values the user can select from.</p> <div class="notecard note"> <p><strong>Note:</strong> You can find examples of all the drop-down box types on GitHub at <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/html/forms/native-form-widgets/drop-down-content.html" class="external" target="_blank">drop-down-content.html</a> (<a href="https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/html/forms/native-form-widgets/drop-down-content.html" class="external" target="_blank">see it live also</a>).</p> </div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="select_box"><h3 id="select_box"><a href="#select_box">Select box</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>A simple select box is created with a <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/select"><code><select></code></a> element with one or more <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option"><code><option></code></a> elements as its children, each of which specifies one of its possible values.</p> <h4 id="basic_example">Basic example</h4> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><select id="simple" name="simple"> <option>Banana</option> <option selected>Cherry</option> <option>Lemon</option> </select> </code></pre></div><div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="Basic example sample" id="frame_basic_example" width="120" height="120" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls" data-live-id="basic_example" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div> <p>If required, the default value for the select box can be set using the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option#selected"><code>selected</code></a> attribute on the desired <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option"><code><option></code></a> element — this option is then preselected when the page loads.</p> <h4 id="using_optgroup">Using optgroup</h4> <p>The <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option"><code><option></code></a> elements can be nested inside <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/optgroup"><code><optgroup></code></a> elements to create visually associated groups of values:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><select id="groups" name="groups"> <optgroup label="fruits"> <option>Banana</option> <option selected>Cherry</option> <option>Lemon</option> </optgroup> <optgroup label="vegetables"> <option>Carrot</option> <option>Eggplant</option> <option>Potato</option> </optgroup> </select> </code></pre></div><div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="Using optgroup sample" id="frame_using_optgroup" width="120" height="120" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls" data-live-id="using_optgroup" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div> <p>On the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/optgroup"><code><optgroup></code></a> element, the value of the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/optgroup#label"><code>label</code></a> attribute is displayed before the values of the nested options. The browser usually sets them visually apart from the options (i.e. by being bolded and at a different nesting level) so they are less likely to be confused for actual options.</p> <h4 id="using_the_value_attribute">Using the value attribute</h4> <p>If an <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option"><code><option></code></a> element has an explicit <code>value</code> attribute set on it, that value is sent when the form is submitted with that option selected. If the <code>value</code> attribute is omitted, as with the examples above, the content of the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option"><code><option></code></a> element is used as the value. So <code>value</code> attributes are not needed, but you might find a reason to want to send a shortened or different value to the server than what is visually shown in the select box.</p> <p>For example:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><select id="simple" name="simple"> <option value="banana">Big, beautiful yellow banana</option> <option value="cherry">Succulent, juicy cherry</option> <option value="lemon">Sharp, powerful lemon</option> </select> </code></pre></div> <p>By default, the height of the select box is enough to display a single value. The optional <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Attributes/size"><code>size</code></a> attribute provides control over how many options are visible when the select does not have focus.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="multiple_choice_select_box"><h3 id="multiple_choice_select_box"><a href="#multiple_choice_select_box">Multiple choice select box</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>By default, a select box lets a user select only one value. By adding the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/select#multiple"><code>multiple</code></a> attribute to the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/select"><code><select></code></a> element, you can allow users to select several values. Users can select multiple values by using the default mechanism provided by the operating system (e.g., on the desktop, multiple values can be clicked while holding down <kbd>Cmd</kbd>/<kbd>Ctrl</kbd> keys).</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><select id="multi" name="multi" multiple size="2"> <optgroup label="fruits"> <option>Banana</option> <option selected>Cherry</option> <option>Lemon</option> </optgroup> <optgroup label="vegetables"> <option>Carrot</option> <option>Eggplant</option> <option>Potato</option> </optgroup> </select> </code></pre></div><div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="Multiple choice select box sample" id="frame_multiple_choice_select_box" width="120" height="120" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls" data-live-id="multiple_choice_select_box" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div> <div class="notecard note"> <p><strong>Note:</strong> In the case of multiple choice select boxes, you'll notice that the select box no longer displays the values as drop-down content — instead, all values are displayed at once in a list, with the optional <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Attributes/size"><code>size</code></a> attribute determining the height of the widget.</p> </div> <div class="notecard note"> <p><strong>Note:</strong> All browsers that support the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/select"><code><select></code></a> element also support the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/select#multiple"><code>multiple</code></a> attribute.</p> </div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="autocomplete_box"><h3 id="autocomplete_box"><a href="#autocomplete_box">Autocomplete box</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>You can provide suggested, automatically-completed values for form widgets using the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/datalist"><code><datalist></code></a> element with child <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option"><code><option></code></a> elements to specify the values to display. The <code><datalist></code> needs to be given an <code>id</code>.</p> <p>The data list is then bound to an <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input"><code><input></code></a> element (e.g. a <code>text</code> or <code>email</code> input type) using the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input#list"><code>list</code></a> attribute, the value of which is the <code>id</code> of the data list to bind.</p> <p>Once a data list is affiliated with a form widget, its options are used to auto-complete text entered by the user; typically, this is presented to the user as a drop-down box listing possible matches for what they've typed into the input.</p> <h4 id="basic_example_2">Basic example</h4> <p>Let's look at an example.</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><label for="myFruit">What's your favorite fruit?</label> <input type="text" name="myFruit" id="myFruit" list="mySuggestion" /> <datalist id="mySuggestion"> <option>Apple</option> <option>Banana</option> <option>Blackberry</option> <option>Blueberry</option> <option>Lemon</option> <option>Lychee</option> <option>Peach</option> <option>Pear</option> </datalist> </code></pre></div><div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="Basic example 2 sample" id="frame_basic_example_2" width="120" height="120" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls" data-live-id="basic_example_2" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div> <h4 id="less_obvious_datalist_uses">Less obvious datalist uses</h4> <p>According to <a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/input.html#attr-input-list" class="external" target="_blank">the HTML specification</a>, the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input#list"><code>list</code></a> attribute and the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/datalist"><code><datalist></code></a> element can be used with any kind of widget requiring a user input. This leads to some uses of it that might seem a little non-obvious.</p> <p>For example, in browsers that support <code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/datalist"><code><datalist></code></a></code> on <code>range</code> input types, a small tick mark will be displayed above the range for each datalist <code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option"><code><option></code></a></code> value. You can see an implementation <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/range#adding_tick_marks">example of this on the <code><input type="range"></code> reference page</a>.</p> <p>And browsers that support <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/datalist"><code><datalist></code></a>s and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/color"><code><input type="color"></code></a> should display a customized palette of colors as the default, while still making the full color palette available.</p> <p>In this case, different browsers behave differently from case to case, so consider such uses as progressive enhancement, and ensure they degrade gracefully.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="other_form_features"><h2 id="other_form_features"><a href="#other_form_features">Other form features</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>There are a few other form features that are not as obvious as the ones we have already mentioned, but still useful in some situations, so we thought it would be worth giving them a brief mention.</p> <div class="notecard note"> <p><strong>Note:</strong> You can find the examples from this section on GitHub as <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/html/forms/native-form-widgets/other-examples.html" class="external" target="_blank">other-examples.html</a> (<a href="https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/html/forms/native-form-widgets/other-examples.html" class="external" target="_blank">see it live also</a>).</p> </div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="meters_and_progress_bars"><h3 id="meters_and_progress_bars"><a href="#meters_and_progress_bars">Meters and progress bars</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>Meters and progress bars are visual representations of numeric values. Support for <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/progress"><code><progress></code></a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter"><code><meter></code></a> is available in all modern browsers.</p> <h4 id="meter">Meter</h4> <p>A meter bar represents a fixed value in a range delimited by <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#max"><code>max</code></a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#min"><code>min</code></a> values. This value is visually rendered as a bar, and to know how this bar looks, we compare the value to some other set values:</p> <ul> <li> <p>The <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#low"><code>low</code></a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#high"><code>high</code></a> values divide the range into the following three parts:</p> <ul> <li>The lower part of the range is between the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#min"><code>min</code></a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#low"><code>low</code></a> values, inclusive.</li> <li>The medium part of the range is between the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#low"><code>low</code></a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#high"><code>high</code></a> values, exclusive.</li> <li>The higher part of the range is between the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#high"><code>high</code></a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#max"><code>max</code></a> values, inclusive.</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p>The <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#optimum"><code>optimum</code></a> value defines the optimum value for the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter"><code><meter></code></a> element. In conjunction with the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#low"><code>low</code></a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#high"><code>high</code></a> value, it defines which part of the range is preferred:</p> <ul> <li>If the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#optimum"><code>optimum</code></a> value is in the lower part of the range, the lower range is considered to be the preferred part, the medium range is considered to be the average part, and the higher range is considered to be the worst part.</li> <li>If the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#optimum"><code>optimum</code></a> value is in the medium part of the range, the lower range is considered to be an average part, the medium range is considered to be the preferred part, and the higher range is considered to be average as well.</li> <li>If the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#optimum"><code>optimum</code></a> value is in the higher part of the range, the lower range is considered to be the worst part, the medium range is considered to be the average part and the higher range is considered to be the preferred part.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>All browsers that implement the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter"><code><meter></code></a> element use those values to change the color of the meter bar:</p> <ul> <li>If the current value is in the preferred part of the range, the bar is green.</li> <li>If the current value is in the average part of the range, the bar is yellow.</li> <li>If the current value is in the worst part of the range, the bar is red.</li> </ul> <p>Such a bar is created by using the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter"><code><meter></code></a> element. This is for implementing any kind of meter; for example, a bar showing the total space used on a disk, which turns red when it starts to get full.</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><meter min="0" max="100" value="75" low="33" high="66" optimum="0">75</meter> </code></pre></div><div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="Meter sample" id="frame_meter" width="120" height="120" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls" data-live-id="meter" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div> <p>The content inside the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter"><code><meter></code></a> element is a fallback for browsers that don't support the element and for assistive technologies to vocalize it.</p> <h4 id="progress">Progress</h4> <p>A progress bar represents a value that changes over time up to a maximum value specified by the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/progress#max"><code>max</code></a> attribute. Such a bar is created using a <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/progress"><code><progress></code></a> element.</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><progress max="100" value="75">75/100</progress> </code></pre></div><div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="Progress sample" id="frame_progress" width="120" height="120" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls" data-live-id="progress" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div> <p>This is for implementing anything requiring progress reporting, such as the percentage of total files downloaded, or the number of questions filled in on a questionnaire.</p> <p>The content inside the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/progress"><code><progress></code></a> element is a fallback for browsers that don't support the element and for screen readers to vocalize it.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="test_your_skills!"><h2 id="test_your_skills!"><a href="#test_your_skills!">Test your skills!</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>You've reached the end of this article, but can you remember the most important information? You can find some further tests to verify that you've retained this information before you move on — see <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Test_your_skills:_Other_controls">Test your skills: Other controls</a>.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="summary"><h2 id="summary"><a href="#summary">Summary</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>As you'll have seen in the last few articles, there are many types of form controls. You don't need to remember all of these details at once, and can return to these articles as often as you like to check up on details.</p> <p>Now that you have a grasp of the HTML behind the different available form controls, we'll take a look at <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms">Styling them</a>.</p><ul class="prev-next"> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML5_input_types"><span class="button-wrap"> Previous </span></a></li> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms"><span class="button-wrap"> Overview: Web form building blocks</span></a></li> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms"><span class="button-wrap"> Next </span></a></li> </ul></div></section><section aria-labelledby="advanced_topics"><h3 id="advanced_topics"><a href="#advanced_topics">Advanced Topics</a></h3><div class="section-content"><ul> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_build_custom_form_controls">How to build custom form controls</a></li> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_forms_through_JavaScript">Sending forms through JavaScript</a></li> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Property_compatibility_table_for_form_controls">Property compatibility table for form widgets</a></li> </ul></div></section></article><aside class="article-footer"><div class="article-footer-inner"><div class="svg-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="162" height="162" viewBox="0 0 162 162" fill="none" role="none"><mask id="b" fill="#fff"><path d="M97.203 47.04c8.113-7.886 18.004-13.871 28.906-17.492a78 78 0 0 1 33.969-3.39c11.443 1.39 22.401 5.295 32.024 11.411s17.656 14.28 23.476 23.86c5.819 9.579 9.269 20.318 10.083 31.385a69.85 69.85 0 0 1-5.387 32.44c-4.358 10.272-11.115 19.443-19.747 26.801-8.632 7.359-18.908 12.709-30.034 15.637l-6.17-21.698c7.666-2.017 14.746-5.703 20.694-10.773 5.948-5.071 10.603-11.389 13.606-18.467a48.14 48.14 0 0 0 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Metadata in HTML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals\">HTML text fundamentals</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks\">Creating hyperlinks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Advanced_text_formatting\">Advanced text formatting</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Document_and_website_structure\">Document and website structure</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Debugging_HTML\">Debugging HTML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Marking_up_a_letter\">Marking up a letter</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Structuring_a_page_of_content\">Structuring a page of content</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Multimedia and embedding</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding\">Multimedia and embedding</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Images_in_HTML\">Images in HTML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Video_and_audio_content\">Video and audio content</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Other_embedding_technologies\">From object to iframe — other embedding technologies</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Adding_vector_graphics_to_the_Web\">Adding vector graphics to the web</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Responsive_images\">Responsive images</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Mozilla_splash_page\">Mozilla splash page</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>HTML tables</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables\">HTML tables</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Basics\">HTML table basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Advanced\">HTML table advanced features and accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Structuring_planet_data\">Structuring planet data</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS\">CSS — Styling the web</a></li><li><details><summary>CSS first steps</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps\">CSS first steps</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/What_is_CSS\">What is CSS?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Getting_started\">Getting started with CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_is_structured\">How CSS is structured</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_works\">How CSS works</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Styling_a_biography_page\">Styling a biography page</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>CSS building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks\">CSS building blocks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors\">CSS selectors</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Type_Class_and_ID_Selectors\">Type, class, and ID selectors</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Attribute_selectors\">Attribute selectors</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Pseudo-classes_and_pseudo-elements\">Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Combinators\">Combinators</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_and_inheritance\">Cascade, specificity, and inheritance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_layers\">Cascade layers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/The_box_model\">The box model</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders\">Backgrounds and borders</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Handling_different_text_directions\">Handling different text directions</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Overflowing_content\">Overflowing content</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Values_and_units\">CSS values and units</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Sizing_items_in_CSS\">Sizing items in CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Images_media_form_elements\">Images, media, and form elements</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Styling_tables\">Styling tables</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Advanced_styling_effects\">Advanced styling effects</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Debugging_CSS\">Debugging CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Organizing\">Organizing your CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Fundamental_CSS_comprehension\">Fundamental CSS comprehension</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Creating_fancy_letterheaded_paper\">Creating fancy letterheaded paper</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/A_cool_looking_box\">A cool-looking box</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Styling text</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text\">CSS styling text</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Fundamentals\">Fundamental text and font styling</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_lists\">Styling lists</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_links\">Styling links</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Web_fonts\">Web fonts</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Typesetting_a_homepage\">Typesetting a community school homepage</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>CSS layout</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout\">CSS layout</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Introduction\">Introduction to CSS layout</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Normal_Flow\">Normal Flow</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox\">Flexbox</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Grids\">Grids</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Floats\">Floats</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Positioning\">Positioning</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Multiple-column_Layout\">Multiple-column layout</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Responsive_Design\">Responsive design</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Media_queries\">Beginner's guide to media queries</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Legacy_Layout_Methods\">Legacy layout methods</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Supporting_Older_Browsers\">Supporting older browsers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Fundamental_Layout_Comprehension\">Fundamental layout comprehension</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript\">JavaScript — Dynamic client-side scripting</a></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript first steps</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps\">JavaScript first steps</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_is_JavaScript\">What is JavaScript?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/A_first_splash\">A first splash into JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_went_wrong\">What went wrong? Troubleshooting JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Variables\">Storing the information you need — Variables</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Math\">Basic math in JavaScript — numbers and operators</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Strings\">Handling text — strings in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Useful_string_methods\">Useful string methods</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Arrays\">Arrays</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Silly_story_generator\">Silly story generator</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks\">JavaScript building blocks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/conditionals\">Making decisions in your code — conditionals</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Looping_code\">Looping code</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Functions\">Functions — reusable blocks of code</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Build_your_own_function\">Build your own function</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Return_values\">Function return values</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Events\">Introduction to events</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Event_bubbling\">Event bubbling</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Image_gallery\">Image gallery</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Introducing JavaScript objects</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects\">Introducing JavaScript objects</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Basics\">JavaScript object basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_prototypes\">Object prototypes</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object-oriented_programming\">Object-oriented programming</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Classes_in_JavaScript\">Classes in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/JSON\">Working with JSON</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_building_practice\">Object building practice</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Adding_bouncing_balls_features\">Adding features to our bouncing balls demo</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Asynchronous JavaScript</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous\">Asynchronous JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing\">Introducing asynchronous JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Promises\">How to use promises</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Implementing_a_promise-based_API\">How to implement a promise-based API</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing_workers\">Introducing workers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Sequencing_animations\">Sequencing animations</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Client-side web APIs</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs\">Client-side web APIs</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Introduction\">Introduction to web APIs</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Manipulating_documents\">Manipulating documents</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Fetching_data\">Fetching data from the server</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Third_party_APIs\">Third-party APIs</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Drawing_graphics\">Drawing graphics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Video_and_audio_APIs\">Video and Audio APIs</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Client-side_storage\">Client-side storage</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms\">Web forms — Working with user data</a></li><li><details open=\"\"><summary>Web form building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms\">Web form building blocks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Your_first_form\">Your first form</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_structure_a_web_form\">How to structure a web form</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Basic_native_form_controls\">Basic native form controls</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML5_input_types\">The HTML5 input types</a></li><li><em><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls\" aria-current=\"page\">Other form controls</a></em></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms\">Styling web forms</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling\">Advanced form styling</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/UI_pseudo-classes\">UI pseudo-classes</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Form_validation\">Client-side form validation</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_and_retrieving_form_data\">Sending form data</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Advanced web form techniques</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_build_custom_form_controls\">How to build custom form controls</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_forms_through_JavaScript\">Sending forms through JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Property_compatibility_table_for_form_controls\">CSS property compatibility table for form controls</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML_forms_in_legacy_browsers\">HTML forms in legacy browsers</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility\">Accessibility — Make the web usable by everyone</a></li><li><details><summary>Accessibility guides</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility\">Accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/What_is_accessibility\">What is accessibility?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/HTML\">HTML: A good basis for accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/CSS_and_JavaScript\">CSS and JavaScript accessibility best practices</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/WAI-ARIA_basics\">WAI-ARIA basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Multimedia\">Accessible multimedia</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Mobile\">Mobile accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Accessibility_troubleshooting\">Assessment: Accessibility troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance\">Performance — Making websites fast and responsive</a></li><li><details><summary>Performance guides</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance\">Web performance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/why_web_performance\">The \"why\" of web performance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/What_is_web_performance\">What is web performance?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Perceived_performance\">Perceived performance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Measuring_performance\">Measuring performance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Multimedia\">Multimedia: Images</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/video\">Multimedia: video</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/JavaScript\">JavaScript performance optimization</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/HTML\">HTML performance optimization</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/CSS\">CSS performance optimization</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/business_case_for_performance\">The business case for web performance</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML\">MathML — Writing mathematics with MathML</a></li><li><details><summary>MathML first steps</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps\">MathML first steps</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Getting_started\">Getting started with MathML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Text_containers\">MathML Text Containers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Fractions_and_roots\">MathML fractions and roots</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Scripts\">MathML scripted elements</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Tables\">MathML tables</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Three_famous_mathematical_formulas\">Three famous mathematical formulas</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/../Games\">Games — Developing games for the web</a></li><li><details><summary>Guides and tutorials</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Games/Introduction\">Introduction to game development for the Web</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Games/Techniques\">Techniques for game development</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Games/Tutorials\">Tutorials</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Games/Publishing_games\">Publishing games</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing\">Tools and testing</a></li><li><details><summary>Client-side web development tools</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools\">Understanding client-side web development tools</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Overview\">Client-side tooling overview</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Command_line\">Command line crash course</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Package_management\">Package management basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Introducing_complete_toolchain\">Introducing a complete toolchain</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Deployment\">Deploying our app</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Introduction to client-side frameworks</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Introduction\">Introduction to client-side frameworks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Main_features\">Framework main features</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>React</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_getting_started\">Getting started with React</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_todo_list_beginning\">Beginning our React todo list</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_components\">Componentizing our React app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_events_state\">React interactivity: Events and state</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_filtering_conditional_rendering\">React interactivity: Editing, filtering, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_accessibility\">Accessibility in React</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_resources\">React resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Ember</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_getting_started\">Getting started with Ember</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_structure_componentization\">Ember app structure and componentization</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_interactivity_events_state\">Ember interactivity: Events, classes and state</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_conditional_footer\">Ember Interactivity: Footer functionality, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_routing\">Routing in Ember</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_resources\">Ember resources and troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Vue</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_getting_started\">Getting started with Vue</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_first_component\">Creating our first Vue component</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_rendering_lists\">Rendering a list of Vue components</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_methods_events_models\">Adding a new todo form: Vue events, methods, and models</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_styling\">Styling Vue components with CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_computed_properties\">Using Vue computed properties</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_conditional_rendering\">Vue conditional rendering: editing existing todos</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_refs_focus_management\">Vue refs and lifecycle methods for focus management</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_resources\">Vue resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Svelte</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_getting_started\">Getting started with Svelte</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning\">Starting our Svelte to-do list app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_variables_props\">Dynamic behavior in Svelte: working with variables and props</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_components\">Componentizing our Svelte app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_reactivity_lifecycle_accessibility\">Advanced Svelte: Reactivity, lifecycle, accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_stores\">Working with Svelte stores</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_TypeScript\">TypeScript support in Svelte</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_deployment_next\">Deployment and next steps</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Angular</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_getting_started\">Getting started with Angular</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_todo_list_beginning\">Beginning our Angular todo list app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_styling\">Styling our Angular app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_item_component\">Creating an item component</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_filtering\">Filtering our to-do items</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_building\">Building Angular applications and further resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Git and GitHub</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/GitHub\">Git and GitHub</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Cross browser testing</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing\">Cross browser testing</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Introduction\">Introduction to cross-browser testing</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Testing_strategies\">Strategies for carrying out testing</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/HTML_and_CSS\">Handling common HTML and CSS problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/JavaScript\">Handling common JavaScript problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Accessibility\">Handling common accessibility problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Feature_detection\">Implementing feature detection</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Automated_testing\">Introduction to automated testing</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Your_own_automation_environment\">Setting up your own test automation environment</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side\">Server-side website programming</a></li><li><details><summary>First steps</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps\">Server-side website programming first steps</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Introduction\">Introduction to the server side</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Client-Server_overview\">Client-Server Overview</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Web_frameworks\">Server-side web frameworks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Website_security\">Website security</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Django web framework (Python)</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django\">Django Web Framework (Python)</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Introduction\">Django introduction</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/development_environment\">Setting up a Django development environment</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Tutorial_local_library_website\">Django Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/skeleton_website\">Django Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Models\">Django Tutorial Part 3: Using models</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Admin_site\">Django Tutorial Part 4: Django admin site</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Home_page\">Django Tutorial Part 5: Creating our home page</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Generic_views\">Django Tutorial Part 6: Generic list and detail views</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Sessions\">Django Tutorial Part 7: Sessions framework</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Authentication\">Django Tutorial Part 8: User authentication and permissions</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Forms\">Django Tutorial Part 9: Working with forms</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Testing\">Django Tutorial Part 10: Testing a Django web application</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Deployment\">Django Tutorial Part 11: Deploying Django to production</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/web_application_security\">Django web application security</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/django_assessment_blog\">Assessment: DIY Django mini blog</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Express Web Framework (Node.js/JavaScript)</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs\">Express web framework (Node.js/JavaScript)</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Introduction\">Express/Node introduction</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/development_environment\">Setting up a Node development environment</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Tutorial_local_library_website\">Express Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/skeleton_website\">Express Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/mongoose\">Express Tutorial Part 3: Using a Database (with Mongoose)</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/routes\">Express Tutorial Part 4: Routes and controllers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Displaying_data\">Express Tutorial Part 5: Displaying library data</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/forms\">Express Tutorial Part 6: Working with forms</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/deployment\">Express Tutorial Part 7: Deploying to production</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions\">Further resources</a></li><li><details><summary>Common questions</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions\">Common questions</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Howto\">Use HTML to solve common problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Howto\">Use CSS to solve common problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Howto\">Solve common problems in your JavaScript code</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Web_mechanics\">Web mechanics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Tools_and_setup\">Tools and setup</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Design_and_accessibility\">Design and accessibility</a></li></ol></details></li></ol>","sidebarMacro":"LearnSidebar","body":[{"type":"prose","value":{"id":null,"title":null,"isH3":false,"content":"<ul class=\"prev-next\">\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML5_input_types\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Previous </span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Overview: Web form building blocks</span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Next </span></a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>We now look at the functionality of non-<code><input></code> form elements in detail, from other control types such as drop-down lists and multi-line text fields, to other useful form features such as the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/output\"><code><output></code></a> element (which we saw in action in the previous article), and progress bars.</p>\n<figure class=\"table-container\"><table>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\">Prerequisites:</th>\n <td>\n A basic\n <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML\">understanding of HTML</a>.\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\">Objective:</th>\n <td>\n To understand the non-<code><input></code> form features, and how\n to implement them using HTML.\n </td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n</table></figure>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"multi-line_text_fields","title":"Multi-line text fields","isH3":false,"content":"<p>A multi-line text field is specified using a <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/textarea\"><code><textarea></code></a> element, rather than using the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input\"><code><input></code></a> element.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><textarea cols=\"30\" rows=\"8\"></textarea>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>This renders like so:</p><div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"Multi-line text fields sample\" id=\"frame_multi-line_text_fields\" width=\"120\" height=\"160\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls\" data-live-id=\"multi-line_text_fields\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>\n<p>The main difference between a <code><textarea></code> and a regular single-line text field is that users are allowed to include hard line breaks (i.e. pressing return) that will be included when the data is submitted.</p>\n<p><code><textarea></code> also takes a closing tag; any default text you want it to contain should be put between the opening and closing tags. In contrast, the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input\"><code><input></code></a> is a <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Glossary/Void_element\">void element</a> with no closing tag — any default value is put inside the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input#value\"><code>value</code></a> attribute.</p>\n<p>Note that even though you can put anything inside a <code><textarea></code> element (including other HTML elements, CSS, and JavaScript), because of its nature, it is all rendered as if it was plain text content. (Using <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/contenteditable\"><code>contenteditable</code></a> on non-form controls provides an API for capturing HTML/\"rich\" content instead of plain text).</p>\n<p>Visually, the text entered wraps and the form control is by default resizable. Most browsers provide a drag handle that you can drag to increase/decrease the size of the text area.</p>\n<p>You can find an example of text area usage in the <a href=\"https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/html/forms/your-first-HTML-form/first-form-styled.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">example</a> we put together in the first article of this.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"controlling_multi-line_rendering","title":"Controlling multi-line rendering","isH3":true,"content":"<p><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/textarea\"><code><textarea></code></a> accepts three attributes to control its rendering across several lines:</p>\n<dl>\n <dt id=\"cols\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/textarea#cols\"><code>cols</code></a></dt>\n <dd>\n <p>Specifies the visible width (columns) of the text control, measured in average character widths. This is effectively the starting width, as it can be changed by resizing the <code><textarea></code>, and overridden using CSS. The default value if none is specified is 20.</p>\n </dd>\n <dt id=\"rows\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/textarea#rows\"><code>rows</code></a></dt>\n <dd>\n <p>Specifies the number of visible text rows for the control. This is effectively the starting height, as it can be changed by resizing the <code><textarea></code>, and overridden using CSS. The default value if none is specified is 2.</p>\n </dd>\n <dt id=\"wrap\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/textarea#wrap\"><code>wrap</code></a></dt>\n <dd>\n <p>Specifies how the control wraps text. The values are <code>soft</code> (the default value), which means the text submitted is not wrapped but the text rendered by the browser is wrapped; <code>hard</code> (the <code>cols</code> attribute must be specified when using this value), which means both the submitted and rendered texts are wrapped, and <code>off</code>, which stops wrapping.</p>\n </dd>\n</dl>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"controlling_textarea_resizability","title":"Controlling textarea resizability","isH3":true,"content":"<p>The ability to resize a <code><textarea></code> is controlled with the CSS <code>resize</code> property. Its possible values are:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><code>both</code>: The default — allows resizing horizontally and vertically.</li>\n <li><code>horizontal</code>: Allows resizing only horizontally.</li>\n <li><code>vertical</code>: Allows resizing only vertically.</li>\n <li><code>none</code>: Allows no resizing.</li>\n <li><code>block</code> and <code>inline</code>: Experimental values that allow resizing in the <code>block</code> or <code>inline</code> direction only (this varies depending on the directionality of your text; read <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Handling_different_text_directions\">Handling different text directions</a> if you want to find out more.)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Play with the interactive example at the top of the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/resize\"><code>resize</code></a> reference page for a demonstration of how these work.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"drop-down_controls","title":"Drop-down controls","isH3":false,"content":"<p>Drop-down controls are a simple way to let users select from many options without taking up much space in the user interface. HTML has two types of drop-down controls: the <strong>select box</strong> and the <strong>autocomplete box</strong>. The interaction is the same in both the types of drop-down controls — after the control is activated, the browser displays a list of values the user can select from.</p>\n<div class=\"notecard note\">\n <p><strong>Note:</strong> You can find examples of all the drop-down box types on GitHub at <a href=\"https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/html/forms/native-form-widgets/drop-down-content.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">drop-down-content.html</a> (<a href=\"https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/html/forms/native-form-widgets/drop-down-content.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">see it live also</a>).</p>\n</div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"select_box","title":"Select box","isH3":true,"content":"<p>A simple select box is created with a <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/select\"><code><select></code></a> element with one or more <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option\"><code><option></code></a> elements as its children, each of which specifies one of its possible values.</p>\n<h4 id=\"basic_example\">Basic example</h4>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><select id=\"simple\" name=\"simple\">\n <option>Banana</option>\n <option selected>Cherry</option>\n <option>Lemon</option>\n</select>\n</code></pre></div><div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"Basic example sample\" id=\"frame_basic_example\" width=\"120\" height=\"120\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls\" data-live-id=\"basic_example\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>\n<p>If required, the default value for the select box can be set using the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option#selected\"><code>selected</code></a> attribute on the desired <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option\"><code><option></code></a> element — this option is then preselected when the page loads.</p>\n<h4 id=\"using_optgroup\">Using optgroup</h4>\n<p>The <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option\"><code><option></code></a> elements can be nested inside <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/optgroup\"><code><optgroup></code></a> elements to create visually associated groups of values:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><select id=\"groups\" name=\"groups\">\n <optgroup label=\"fruits\">\n <option>Banana</option>\n <option selected>Cherry</option>\n <option>Lemon</option>\n </optgroup>\n <optgroup label=\"vegetables\">\n <option>Carrot</option>\n <option>Eggplant</option>\n <option>Potato</option>\n </optgroup>\n</select>\n</code></pre></div><div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"Using optgroup sample\" id=\"frame_using_optgroup\" width=\"120\" height=\"120\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls\" data-live-id=\"using_optgroup\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>\n<p>On the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/optgroup\"><code><optgroup></code></a> element, the value of the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/optgroup#label\"><code>label</code></a> attribute is displayed before the values of the nested options. The browser usually sets them visually apart from the options (i.e. by being bolded and at a different nesting level) so they are less likely to be confused for actual options.</p>\n<h4 id=\"using_the_value_attribute\">Using the value attribute</h4>\n<p>If an <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option\"><code><option></code></a> element has an explicit <code>value</code> attribute set on it, that value is sent when the form is submitted with that option selected. If the <code>value</code> attribute is omitted, as with the examples above, the content of the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option\"><code><option></code></a> element is used as the value. So <code>value</code> attributes are not needed, but you might find a reason to want to send a shortened or different value to the server than what is visually shown in the select box.</p>\n<p>For example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><select id=\"simple\" name=\"simple\">\n <option value=\"banana\">Big, beautiful yellow banana</option>\n <option value=\"cherry\">Succulent, juicy cherry</option>\n <option value=\"lemon\">Sharp, powerful lemon</option>\n</select>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>By default, the height of the select box is enough to display a single value. The optional <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Attributes/size\"><code>size</code></a> attribute provides control over how many options are visible when the select does not have focus.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"multiple_choice_select_box","title":"Multiple choice select box","isH3":true,"content":"<p>By default, a select box lets a user select only one value. By adding the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/select#multiple\"><code>multiple</code></a> attribute to the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/select\"><code><select></code></a> element, you can allow users to select several values. Users can select multiple values by using the default mechanism provided by the operating system (e.g., on the desktop, multiple values can be clicked while holding down <kbd>Cmd</kbd>/<kbd>Ctrl</kbd> keys).</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><select id=\"multi\" name=\"multi\" multiple size=\"2\">\n <optgroup label=\"fruits\">\n <option>Banana</option>\n <option selected>Cherry</option>\n <option>Lemon</option>\n </optgroup>\n <optgroup label=\"vegetables\">\n <option>Carrot</option>\n <option>Eggplant</option>\n <option>Potato</option>\n </optgroup>\n</select>\n</code></pre></div><div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"Multiple choice select box sample\" id=\"frame_multiple_choice_select_box\" width=\"120\" height=\"120\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls\" data-live-id=\"multiple_choice_select_box\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>\n<div class=\"notecard note\">\n <p><strong>Note:</strong> In the case of multiple choice select boxes, you'll notice that the select box no longer displays the values as drop-down content — instead, all values are displayed at once in a list, with the optional <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Attributes/size\"><code>size</code></a> attribute determining the height of the widget.</p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"notecard note\">\n <p><strong>Note:</strong> All browsers that support the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/select\"><code><select></code></a> element also support the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/select#multiple\"><code>multiple</code></a> attribute.</p>\n</div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"autocomplete_box","title":"Autocomplete box","isH3":true,"content":"<p>You can provide suggested, automatically-completed values for form widgets using the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/datalist\"><code><datalist></code></a> element with child <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option\"><code><option></code></a> elements to specify the values to display. The <code><datalist></code> needs to be given an <code>id</code>.</p>\n<p>The data list is then bound to an <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input\"><code><input></code></a> element (e.g. a <code>text</code> or <code>email</code> input type) using the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input#list\"><code>list</code></a> attribute, the value of which is the <code>id</code> of the data list to bind.</p>\n<p>Once a data list is affiliated with a form widget, its options are used to auto-complete text entered by the user; typically, this is presented to the user as a drop-down box listing possible matches for what they've typed into the input.</p>\n<h4 id=\"basic_example_2\">Basic example</h4>\n<p>Let's look at an example.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><label for=\"myFruit\">What's your favorite fruit?</label>\n<input type=\"text\" name=\"myFruit\" id=\"myFruit\" list=\"mySuggestion\" />\n<datalist id=\"mySuggestion\">\n <option>Apple</option>\n <option>Banana</option>\n <option>Blackberry</option>\n <option>Blueberry</option>\n <option>Lemon</option>\n <option>Lychee</option>\n <option>Peach</option>\n <option>Pear</option>\n</datalist>\n</code></pre></div><div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"Basic example 2 sample\" id=\"frame_basic_example_2\" width=\"120\" height=\"120\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls\" data-live-id=\"basic_example_2\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>\n<h4 id=\"less_obvious_datalist_uses\">Less obvious datalist uses</h4>\n<p>According to <a href=\"https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/input.html#attr-input-list\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">the HTML specification</a>, the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input#list\"><code>list</code></a> attribute and the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/datalist\"><code><datalist></code></a> element can be used with any kind of widget requiring a user input. This leads to some uses of it that might seem a little non-obvious.</p>\n<p>For example, in browsers that support <code><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/datalist\"><code><datalist></code></a></code> on <code>range</code> input types, a small tick mark will be displayed above the range for each datalist <code><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option\"><code><option></code></a></code> value. You can see an implementation <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/range#adding_tick_marks\">example of this on the <code><input type=\"range\"></code> reference page</a>.</p>\n<p>And browsers that support <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/datalist\"><code><datalist></code></a>s and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/color\"><code><input type=\"color\"></code></a> should display a customized palette of colors as the default, while still making the full color palette available.</p>\n<p>In this case, different browsers behave differently from case to case, so consider such uses as progressive enhancement, and ensure they degrade gracefully.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"other_form_features","title":"Other form features","isH3":false,"content":"<p>There are a few other form features that are not as obvious as the ones we have already mentioned, but still useful in some situations, so we thought it would be worth giving them a brief mention.</p>\n<div class=\"notecard note\">\n <p><strong>Note:</strong> You can find the examples from this section on GitHub as <a href=\"https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/html/forms/native-form-widgets/other-examples.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">other-examples.html</a> (<a href=\"https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/html/forms/native-form-widgets/other-examples.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">see it live also</a>).</p>\n</div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"meters_and_progress_bars","title":"Meters and progress bars","isH3":true,"content":"<p>Meters and progress bars are visual representations of numeric values. Support for <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/progress\"><code><progress></code></a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter\"><code><meter></code></a> is available in all modern browsers.</p>\n<h4 id=\"meter\">Meter</h4>\n<p>A meter bar represents a fixed value in a range delimited by <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#max\"><code>max</code></a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#min\"><code>min</code></a> values. This value is visually rendered as a bar, and to know how this bar looks, we compare the value to some other set values:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>\n <p>The <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#low\"><code>low</code></a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#high\"><code>high</code></a> values divide the range into the following three parts:</p>\n <ul>\n <li>The lower part of the range is between the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#min\"><code>min</code></a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#low\"><code>low</code></a> values, inclusive.</li>\n <li>The medium part of the range is between the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#low\"><code>low</code></a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#high\"><code>high</code></a> values, exclusive.</li>\n <li>The higher part of the range is between the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#high\"><code>high</code></a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#max\"><code>max</code></a> values, inclusive.</li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n <li>\n <p>The <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#optimum\"><code>optimum</code></a> value defines the optimum value for the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter\"><code><meter></code></a> element. In conjunction with the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#low\"><code>low</code></a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#high\"><code>high</code></a> value, it defines which part of the range is preferred:</p>\n <ul>\n <li>If the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#optimum\"><code>optimum</code></a> value is in the lower part of the range, the lower range is considered to be the preferred part, the medium range is considered to be the average part, and the higher range is considered to be the worst part.</li>\n <li>If the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#optimum\"><code>optimum</code></a> value is in the medium part of the range, the lower range is considered to be an average part, the medium range is considered to be the preferred part, and the higher range is considered to be average as well.</li>\n <li>If the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter#optimum\"><code>optimum</code></a> value is in the higher part of the range, the lower range is considered to be the worst part, the medium range is considered to be the average part and the higher range is considered to be the preferred part.</li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<p>All browsers that implement the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter\"><code><meter></code></a> element use those values to change the color of the meter bar:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>If the current value is in the preferred part of the range, the bar is green.</li>\n <li>If the current value is in the average part of the range, the bar is yellow.</li>\n <li>If the current value is in the worst part of the range, the bar is red.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Such a bar is created by using the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter\"><code><meter></code></a> element. This is for implementing any kind of meter; for example, a bar showing the total space used on a disk, which turns red when it starts to get full.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><meter min=\"0\" max=\"100\" value=\"75\" low=\"33\" high=\"66\" optimum=\"0\">75</meter>\n</code></pre></div><div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"Meter sample\" id=\"frame_meter\" width=\"120\" height=\"120\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls\" data-live-id=\"meter\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>\n<p>The content inside the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter\"><code><meter></code></a> element is a fallback for browsers that don't support the element and for assistive technologies to vocalize it.</p>\n<h4 id=\"progress\">Progress</h4>\n<p>A progress bar represents a value that changes over time up to a maximum value specified by the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/progress#max\"><code>max</code></a> attribute. Such a bar is created using a <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/progress\"><code><progress></code></a> element.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><progress max=\"100\" value=\"75\">75/100</progress>\n</code></pre></div><div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"Progress sample\" id=\"frame_progress\" width=\"120\" height=\"120\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls\" data-live-id=\"progress\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>\n<p>This is for implementing anything requiring progress reporting, such as the percentage of total files downloaded, or the number of questions filled in on a questionnaire.</p>\n<p>The content inside the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/progress\"><code><progress></code></a> element is a fallback for browsers that don't support the element and for screen readers to vocalize it.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"test_your_skills!","title":"Test your skills!","isH3":false,"content":"<p>You've reached the end of this article, but can you remember the most important information? You can find some further tests to verify that you've retained this information before you move on — see <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Test_your_skills:_Other_controls\">Test your skills: Other controls</a>.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"summary","title":"Summary","isH3":false,"content":"<p>As you'll have seen in the last few articles, there are many types of form controls. You don't need to remember all of these details at once, and can return to these articles as often as you like to check up on details.</p>\n<p>Now that you have a grasp of the HTML behind the different available form controls, we'll take a look at <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms\">Styling them</a>.</p><ul class=\"prev-next\">\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML5_input_types\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Previous </span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Overview: Web form building blocks</span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Next </span></a></li>\n</ul>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"advanced_topics","title":"Advanced Topics","isH3":true,"content":"<ul>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_build_custom_form_controls\">How to build custom form controls</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_forms_through_JavaScript\">Sending forms through JavaScript</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Property_compatibility_table_for_form_controls\">Property compatibility table for form widgets</a></li>\n</ul>"}}],"toc":[{"text":"Multi-line text fields","id":"multi-line_text_fields"},{"text":"Drop-down controls","id":"drop-down_controls"},{"text":"Other form features","id":"other_form_features"},{"text":"Test your skills!","id":"test_your_skills!"},{"text":"Summary","id":"summary"}],"summary":"As you'll have seen in the last few articles, there are many types of form controls. You don't need to remember all of these details at once, and can return to these articles as often as you like to check up on details.","popularity":0,"modified":"2024-09-03T12:26:54.000Z","other_translations":[{"locale":"de","title":"Andere Formularelemente","native":"Deutsch"},{"locale":"fr","title":"Les autres contrôles de formulaire","native":"Français"},{"locale":"ja","title":"その他のフォームコントロール","native":"日本語"},{"locale":"zh-CN","title":"其他表单控件","native":"中文 (简体)"}],"pageType":"learn-module-chapter","source":{"folder":"en-us/learn/forms/other_form_controls","github_url":"https://github.com/mdn/content/blob/main/files/en-us/learn/forms/other_form_controls/index.md","last_commit_url":"https://github.com/mdn/content/commit/a17faf1f9fd0c51b0accf8a85ec140e4182d5984","filename":"index.md"},"short_title":"Other form controls","parents":[{"uri":"/en-US/docs/Learn","title":"Guides"},{"uri":"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms","title":"Web form building blocks"},{"uri":"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls","title":"Other form controls"}],"pageTitle":"Other form controls - Learn web development | MDN","noIndexing":false}}</script></body></html>