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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Undergraduate_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undergraduate_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Undergraduate studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undergraduate_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctoral_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctoral_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Doctoral studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctoral_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Discoveries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discoveries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Discoveries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universe_goes_beyond_the_Milky_Way_galaxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universe_goes_beyond_the_Milky_Way_galaxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Universe goes beyond the Milky Way galaxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universe_goes_beyond_the_Milky_Way_galaxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redshift_increases_with_distance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redshift_increases_with_distance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Redshift increases with distance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redshift_increases_with_distance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_issues_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_issues_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Health issues and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_issues_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accusations_concerning_Lemaître's_priority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_concerning_Lemaître's_priority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Accusations concerning Lemaître's priority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations_concerning_Lemaître's_priority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_to_obtain_a_Nobel_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_to_obtain_a_Nobel_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Campaign to obtain a Nobel Prize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_to_obtain_a_Nobel_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namesakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namesakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Namesakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namesakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postage_stamp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postage_stamp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Postage stamp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postage_stamp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_notable_appearances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_notable_appearances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Other notable appearances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_notable_appearances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edwin Hubble</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="إدوين هابل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدوين هابل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2" title="এডৱিন হাবল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এডৱিন হাবল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvin_Habbl" title="Edvin Habbl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Edvin Habbl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="ادوین هابل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادوین هابل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2" title="এডউইন হাবল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এডউইন হাবল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB" title="Эдвін Паўэл Хабл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдвін Паўэл Хабл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%9E%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB" title="Эдўін Габл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эдўін Габл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Едуин Хъбъл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едуин Хъбъл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Powell_Hubble" title="Edwin Powell Hubble – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Edwin Powell Hubble" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BB" title="Έντγουιν Χαμπλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έντγουιν Χαμπλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="ادوین هابل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوین هابل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9C%88_%ED%97%88%EB%B8%94" title="에드윈 허블 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드윈 허블" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AC" title="Էդվին Հաբլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդվին Հաբլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="ऍडविन हबल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऍडविन हबल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Powell_Hubble" title="Edwin Powell Hubble – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edwin Powell Hubble" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9C" title="אדווין האבל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדווין האבל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ედუინ ჰაბლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედუინ ჰაბლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%BB" title="Эдвин Хаббл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эдвин Хаббл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%BB" title="Эдвин Хаббл – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эдвин Хаббл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwinus_Hubble" title="Edwinus Hubble – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Edwinus Hubble" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edv%C4%ABns_Habls" title="Edvīns Habls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Edvīns Habls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Powell_Hubble" title="Edwin Powell Hubble – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Edwin Powell Hubble" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB" title="Едвин Хабл – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Едвин Хабл" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE" title="എഡ്വിൻ ഹബിൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എഡ്വിൻ ഹബിൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="एडविन हबल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एडविन हबल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ედუინ ჰაბლი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ედუინ ჰაბლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="ادوين هابل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوين هابل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9F%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="အက်ဒွင် ဟပ်ဘယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်ဒွင် ဟပ်ဘယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%83%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB" title="エドウィン・ハッブル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドウィン・ハッブル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2" title="ਐਡਵਿਨ ਹਬਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਡਵਿਨ ਹਬਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86_%DB%81%D8%A8%D9%84" title="ایڈون ہبل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایڈون ہبل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%89%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%84" title="اډون هبل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اډون هبل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Powell_Hubble" title="Edwin Powell Hubble – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edwin Powell Hubble" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%BB,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хаббл, Эдвин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хаббл, Эдвин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Powell_Hubble" title="Edwin Powell Hubble – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Edwin Powell Hubble" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB" title="Едвин Хабл – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Едвин Хабл" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edwin Hubble" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American astronomer (1889–1953)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the astronomer. For the politician, see <a href="/wiki/Edwin_N._Hubbell" title="Edwin N. Hubbell">Edwin N. Hubbell</a>. For the jazz trombonist, see <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Hubble" title="Eddie Hubble">Eddie Hubble</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Edwin Hubble</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Studio_portrait_photograph_of_Edwin_Powell_Hubble_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Studio_portrait_photograph_of_Edwin_Powell_Hubble_%28cropped%29.JPG/250px-Studio_portrait_photograph_of_Edwin_Powell_Hubble_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Studio_portrait_photograph_of_Edwin_Powell_Hubble_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Studio_portrait_photograph_of_Edwin_Powell_Hubble_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Studio_portrait_photograph_of_Edwin_Powell_Hubble_%28cropped%29.JPG/500px-Studio_portrait_photograph_of_Edwin_Powell_Hubble_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Hagemeyer" title="Johan Hagemeyer">Johan Hagemeyer</a>, 1931</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Edwin Powell Hubble</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1889-11-20</span>)</span>November 20, 1889<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Marshfield,_Missouri" title="Marshfield, Missouri">Marshfield, Missouri</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 28, 1953<span style="display:none">(1953-09-28)</span> (aged 63)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino,_California" title="San Marino, California">San Marino, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_College,_Oxford" title="The Queen's College, Oxford">The Queen's College, Oxford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_sequence" title="Hubble sequence">Hubble sequence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law" title="Hubble's law">Hubble's law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reflection_nebula#Luminosity_law" title="Reflection nebula">Hubble luminosity law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hubble%E2%80%93Reynolds_law" title="Hubble–Reynolds law">Hubble–Reynolds law</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Grace Burke</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="February 26, 1924">1924</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>See list</i></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Newcomb_Cleveland_Prize" title="Newcomb Cleveland Prize">Newcomb Cleveland Prize</a> (1924)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Barnard_Medal_for_Meritorious_Service_to_Science" title="Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science">Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science</a> (1935)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Medal" title="Bruce Medal">Bruce Medal</a> (1938)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> (1939)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society">Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society</a> (1940)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> (1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory" title="Mount Wilson Observatory">Mount Wilson Observatory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science" title="Carnegie Institution for Science">Carnegie Institution for Science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1918</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Major</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/86th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="86th Infantry Division (United States)">86th Division</a>, 2nd Battalion, 343rd Infantry Regiment</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edwin_Hubble_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Edwin_Hubble_signature.svg/150px-Edwin_Hubble_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Physical cosmology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:WMAP_2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Full-sky image derived from nine years' WMAP data" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/220px-WMAP_2012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/330px-WMAP_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/440px-WMAP_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:0;font-weight:normal; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">Age of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">Chronology of the universe</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early universe</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_inflation" title="Cosmic inflation">Inflation</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis" title="Big Bang nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Backgrounds</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave_background" title="Gravitational wave background">Gravitational wave (GWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">Microwave (CMB)</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_neutrino_background" title="Cosmic neutrino background">Neutrino (CNB)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Expansion <b>·</b> Future</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law" title="Hubble's law">Hubble's law</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">Redshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">Expansion of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">FLRW metric</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Friedmann_equations" title="Friedmann equations">Friedmann equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model" title="Lambda-CDM model">Lambda-CDM model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Components <b>·</b> Structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Components</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">Photons</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">Baryons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Structure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe" title="Shape of the universe">Shape of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">Galaxy filament</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">Galaxy formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_quasar_group" title="Large quasar group">Large quasar group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observable_universe#Large-scale_structure" title="Observable universe">Large-scale structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reionization" title="Reionization">Reionization</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Structure_formation" title="Structure formation">Structure formation</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Observational_cosmology" title="Observational cosmology">Experiments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_Initiative" title="Black Hole Initiative">Black Hole Initiative (BHI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOOMERanG_experiment" title="BOOMERanG experiment">BOOMERanG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Energy_Survey" title="Dark Energy Survey">Dark Energy Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck space observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey">Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2dF_Galaxy_Redshift_Survey" title="2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey">2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy<br />Probe (WMAP)</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Aaronson" title="Marc Aaronson">Aaronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Alpher" title="Ralph Alpher">Alpher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dicke" title="Robert H. Dicke">Dicke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann" title="Alexander Friedmann">Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gamow" title="George Gamow">Gamow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Guth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_B._Suntzeff" title="Nicholas B. Suntzeff">Suntzeff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Sunyaev" title="Rashid Sunyaev">Sunyaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Tolman" title="Richard C. Tolman">Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Zeldovich" title="Yakov Zeldovich">Zeldovich</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmologists" title="List of cosmologists">List of cosmologists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology#Subject_history" title="Physical cosmology">Subject history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" title="Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation">Discovery of cosmic microwave<br />background radiation</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Big_Bang_theory" title="History of the Big Bang theory">History of the Big Bang theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological_theories" title="Timeline of cosmological theories">Timeline of cosmological theories</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block;margin-top:0.4em; line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_cosmology" title="Category:Physical cosmology">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/20px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/40px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_cosmology" title="Template:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_cosmology" title="Template talk:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_cosmology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edwin Powell Hubble</b> (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953)<sup id="cite_ref-NASABio_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASABio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an American astronomer. He played a crucial role in establishing the fields of <a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_astronomy" title="Extragalactic astronomy">extragalactic astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Observational_cosmology" title="Observational cosmology">observational cosmology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-space.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-futurism_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-futurism-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hubble proved that many objects previously thought to be clouds of dust and gas and classified as "<a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">nebulae</a>" were actually <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxies</a> beyond the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used the strong direct <a href="/wiki/Period-luminosity_relation" title="Period-luminosity relation">relationship</a> between a <a href="/wiki/Classical_Cepheid_variable" title="Classical Cepheid variable">classical Cepheid variable</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminosity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Periodic_function" title="Periodic function">pulsation period</a><sup id="cite_ref-udalski99_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-udalski99-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sos08_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sos08-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (discovered in 1908 by <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt" title="Henrietta Swan Leavitt">Henrietta Swan Leavitt</a><sup id="cite_ref-Henrietta_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henrietta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) for scaling <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_distance_ladder" title="Cosmic distance ladder">galactic and extragalactic distances</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-freedman2001_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedman2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-freedman2010_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedman2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hubble confirmed in 1929 that the <a href="/wiki/Recessional_velocity" title="Recessional velocity">recessional velocity</a> of a galaxy increases with its distance from Earth, a behavior that became known as <a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law" title="Hubble's law">Hubble's law</a>, although it had been proposed two years earlier by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Georges Lemaître</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hubble law implies that the universe is expanding.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbles_Law_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbles_Law-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decade before, the American astronomer <a href="/wiki/Vesto_Slipher" title="Vesto Slipher">Vesto Slipher</a> had provided the first evidence that the light from many of these nebulae was strongly red-shifted, indicative of high recession velocities.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hubble's name is most widely recognized for the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, which was named in his honor, with a model prominently displayed in his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Marshfield,_Missouri" title="Marshfield, Missouri">Marshfield, Missouri</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edwin Hubble was born in 1889 to Virginia Lee Hubble (née James) (1864–1934)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and John Powell Hubble, an insurance executive, in Marshfield, Missouri, and moved to <a href="/wiki/Wheaton,_Illinois" title="Wheaton, Illinois">Wheaton</a>, Illinois, in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his younger days, he was noted more for his athletic prowess than his intellectual abilities, although he did earn good grades in every subject except spelling. Edwin was a gifted athlete, playing <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a>, and running track in both high school and college. He won seven first places and a third place in a single high school <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a> meet in 1906, and he played a variety of positions on the <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> court, from <a href="/wiki/Center_(basketball)" title="Center (basketball)">center</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shooting_guard" title="Shooting guard">shooting guard</a>. Hubble led the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Maroons_men%27s_basketball" title="Chicago Maroons men's basketball">University of Chicago's basketball team</a> to their first <a href="/wiki/List_of_Big_Ten_Conference_men%27s_basketball_regular_season_champions" title="List of Big Ten Conference men's basketball regular season champions">Big Ten Conference</a> title in <a href="/wiki/1906%E2%80%9307_Chicago_Maroons_men%27s_basketball_team" title="1906–07 Chicago Maroons men's basketball team">1907</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gale_E._Christianson_1996_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale_E._Christianson_1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undergraduate_studies">Undergraduate studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Undergraduate studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hubble's studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> were concentrated on <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, astronomy and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, which resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degree by 1910. For a year he was also a student laboratory assistant for the physicist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Millikan</a>, a future <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winner.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hubble also became a member of <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Sigma" title="Kappa Sigma">Kappa Sigma</a> fraternity. A <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholar</a>, he spent three years at <a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_College,_Oxford" title="The Queen's College, Oxford">The Queen's College, Oxford</a> studying <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a> instead of science (as a promise to his dying father),<sup id="cite_ref-Times_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later added studies in literature and Spanish,<sup id="cite_ref-Times_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually earning his master's degree.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1909, Hubble's father moved his family from <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shelbyville,_Kentucky" title="Shelbyville, Kentucky">Shelbyville, Kentucky</a>, so that the family could live in a small town, ultimately settling in nearby <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a>. His father died in the winter of 1913, while Edwin was still in England. In the following summer, Edwin returned home to care for his mother, two sisters, and younger brother, along with his brother William. The family moved once more to Everett Avenue, in Louisville's Highlands neighborhood, to accommodate Edwin and William.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hubble was a dutiful son, who despite his intense interest in astronomy since boyhood, acquiesced to his father's request to study law, first at the University of Chicago and later at Oxford. In this time, he also took some math and science courses. After the death of his father in 1913, Edwin returned to the Midwest from Oxford but did not have the motivation to practice law. Instead, he proceeded to teach Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_Albany_High_School_(Indiana)" title="New Albany High School (Indiana)">New Albany High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Albany,_Indiana" title="New Albany, Indiana">New Albany</a>, Indiana, where he also coached the boys' basketball team. After a year of high-school teaching, he entered graduate school with the help of his former professor from the University of Chicago to study astronomy at the university's <a href="/wiki/Yerkes_Observatory" title="Yerkes Observatory">Yerkes Observatory</a>, where he received his Ph.D. in 1921. His <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">dissertation</a> was titled "Photographic Investigations of Faint Nebulae".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Yerkes, he had access to its 40-inch refractor built in 1897, as well as an innovative 26-inch (61 cm) reflector.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctoral_studies">Doctoral studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Doctoral studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_identity_card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hubble_identity_card.jpg/250px-Hubble_identity_card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hubble_identity_card.jpg/330px-Hubble_identity_card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Hubble_identity_card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Hubble's identity card in the <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Forces</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">United States declared war on Germany in 1917</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Hubble rushed to complete his Ph.D. dissertation so he could join the military. Hubble volunteered for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and was assigned to the newly created <a href="/wiki/86th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="86th Infantry Division (United States)">86th Division</a>, where he served in the 2nd Battalion, 343rd Infantry Regiment. He rose to the rank of major,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was found fit for overseas duty on July 9, 1918; the 86th Division moved overseas, but never saw combat as it was broken up and its personnel used as replacements in other units. After the end of World War I, Hubble spent a year at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, where he renewed his studies of astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1919, Hubble was offered a staff position at the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science" title="Carnegie Institution for Science">Carnegie Institution for Science</a>'s Mount Wilson Observatory, near <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena, California</a>, by <a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a>, the founder and director of the observatory. Hubble remained on staff at Mount Wilson until his death in 1953. Shortly before his death, Hubble became the first astronomer to use the newly completed giant 200-inch (5.1 m) reflector <a href="/wiki/Hale_Telescope" title="Hale Telescope">Hale Telescope</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palomar_Observatory" title="Palomar Observatory">Palomar Observatory</a> near San Diego, California. </p><p>Hubble also worked as a civilian for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground" title="Aberdeen Proving Ground">Aberdeen Proving Ground</a> in Maryland during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> as the Chief of the External Ballistics Branch of the <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_Research_Laboratory" title="Ballistic Research Laboratory">Ballistic Research Laboratory</a> during which he directed a large volume of research in exterior <a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">ballistics</a> which increased the effective firepower of bombs and projectiles. His work was facilitated by his personal development of several items of equipment for the instrumentation used in exterior ballistics, the most outstanding development being the high-speed clock camera, which made possible the study of the characteristics of bombs and low-velocity projectiles in flight. The results of his studies were credited with greatly improving design, performance, and military effectiveness of bombs and rockets. For his work there, he received the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> award.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discoveries">Discoveries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universe_goes_beyond_the_Milky_Way_galaxy">Universe goes beyond the Milky Way galaxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Universe goes beyond the Milky Way galaxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100inchHooker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/100inchHooker.jpg/200px-100inchHooker.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/100inchHooker.jpg/300px-100inchHooker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/100inchHooker.jpg/400px-100inchHooker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>The 100-inch (2.5 m) <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory#100-inch_Hooker_telescope" title="Mount Wilson Observatory">Hooker telescope</a> at Mount Wilson Observatory that Hubble used to measure galaxy distances and a value for the rate of <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">expansion of the universe</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Edwin Hubble's arrival at Mount Wilson Observatory, California, in 1919 coincided roughly with the completion of the 100-inch (2.5 m) <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory#100-inch_Hooker_telescope" title="Mount Wilson Observatory">Hooker Telescope</a>, then the world's largest. At that time, the prevailing view of the cosmos was that the universe consisted entirely of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> galaxy. </p><p>Using the Hooker Telescope at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory" title="Mount Wilson Observatory">Mount Wilson</a>, Hubble identified <a href="/wiki/Cepheid_variable" title="Cepheid variable">Cepheid variables</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_distance_ladder#Standard_candles" title="Cosmic distance ladder">standard candle</a> discovered by <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt" title="Henrietta Swan Leavitt">Henrietta Swan Leavitt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Henrietta_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henrietta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparing their <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent luminosity</a> to their intrinsic luminosity gives their distance from Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hubble found Cepheids in several <a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy#Spiral_nebula" title="Spiral galaxy">nebulae</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Nebula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triangulum_Galaxy" title="Triangulum Galaxy">Triangulum Nebula</a>. His observations, made in 1924, proved conclusively that these nebulae were much too distant to be part of the Milky Way and were, in fact, entire galaxies outside our own; thus today they are no longer considered <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">nebulae</a>. </p><p>This was first <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesized</a> as early as 1755 when <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>'s <i>General History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens</i> appeared. Hubble's hypothesis <a href="/wiki/Great_Debate_(astronomy)" title="Great Debate (astronomy)">was opposed</a> by many in the astronomy establishment of the time, in particular by <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>–based <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley#The_Great_Debate_of_1920" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a>. Despite the opposition, Hubble, then a thirty-five-year-old scientist, had his findings first published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> on <span class="nowrap">November 23</span>, 1924,<sup id="cite_ref-SharovNovikov1993_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharovNovikov1993-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then presented them to other astronomers at the January 1, 1925, meeting of the <a href="/wiki/American_Astronomical_Society" title="American Astronomical Society">American Astronomical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MB2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MB2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hubble's results for Andromeda were not formally published in a <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scientific journal</a> until 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_Tuning_Fork_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hubble_Tuning_Fork_diagram.svg/250px-Hubble_Tuning_Fork_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hubble_Tuning_Fork_diagram.svg/330px-Hubble_Tuning_Fork_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hubble_Tuning_Fork_diagram.svg/500px-Hubble_Tuning_Fork_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4535" data-file-height="3735" /></a><figcaption>Hubble's <a href="/wiki/Hubble_sequence" title="Hubble sequence">classification scheme</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hubble's findings fundamentally changed the scientific view of the universe. Supporters state that Hubble's discovery of nebulae outside of our galaxy helped pave the way for future astronomers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some of his more renowned colleagues simply scoffed at his results, Hubble ended up publishing his findings on nebulae. This published work earned him an award titled the American Association Prize and five hundred dollars from Burton E. Livingston of the Committee on Awards.<sup id="cite_ref-Gale_E._Christianson_1996_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale_E._Christianson_1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hubble also devised the most commonly used <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_morphological_classification" title="Galaxy morphological classification">system for classifying galaxies</a>, grouping them according to their appearance in photographic images. He arranged the different groups of galaxies in what became known as the Hubble sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redshift_increases_with_distance">Redshift increases with distance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Redshift increases with distance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hubble went on to estimate the distances to 24 extra-galactic nebulae, using a variety of methods. In 1929 Hubble examined the relationship between these distances and their <a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">radial velocities</a> as determined from their <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">redshifts</a>. All of his estimated distances are now known to be too small, by up to a factor of about 7. This was due to factors such as the fact that there are two kinds of Cepheid variables or confusing bright gas clouds with bright stars.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirshner_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirshner-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his distances were more or less proportional to the true distances, and combining his distances with measurements of the redshifts of the galaxies by <a href="/wiki/Vesto_Slipher" title="Vesto Slipher">Vesto Slipher</a>, and by his assistant <a href="/wiki/Milton_L._Humason" title="Milton L. Humason">Milton L. Humason</a>, he found a roughly linear relationship between the distances of the galaxies and their radial velocities (corrected for solar motion),<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbles_Law_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbles_Law-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a discovery that later became known as Hubble's law. </p><p>This meant that the greater the distance between any two galaxies, the greater their relative speed of separation. If interpreted that way, Hubble's measurements on 46 galaxies lead to a value for the <a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law" title="Hubble's law">Hubble constant</a> of 500 km/s/Mpc, which is much higher than the currently accepted values of 74 km/s/Mpc<sup id="cite_ref-gaiariess2018_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaiariess2018-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardianhubbleconstant_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianhubbleconstant-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (cosmic distance ladder method) or 68 km/s/Mpc<sup id="cite_ref-2018planckcosmos_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018planckcosmos-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">CMB method</a>) due to errors in their distance calibrations. </p><p>Yet the reason for the redshift remained unclear. Georges Lemaître predicted on theoretical grounds based on Einstein's equations for <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> the <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">redshift</a>-distance relation, and published observational support for it, two years before the discovery of Hubble's law.<sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he used the term "velocities" in his paper (and "apparent radial velocities" in the introduction), he later expressed doubt about interpreting these as real velocities. In 1931 he wrote a letter to the Dutch cosmologist <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">Willem de Sitter</a> expressing his opinion on the theoretical interpretation of the redshift-distance relation:<sup id="cite_ref-Kirshner_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirshner-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Mr. Humason and I are both deeply sensible of your gracious appreciation of the papers on velocities and distances of nebulae. We use the term 'apparent' velocities to emphasize the empirical features of the correlation. The interpretation, we feel, should be left to you and the very few others who are competent to discuss the matter with authority.</p></blockquote> <p>Today, the "apparent velocities" in question are usually thought of as an increase in <a href="/wiki/Comoving_and_proper_distances" title="Comoving and proper distances">proper distance</a> that occurs due to the <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">expansion of the universe</a>. Light traveling through an expanding metric will experience a Hubble-type redshift, a mechanism somewhat different from the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler effect</a>, although the two mechanisms become equivalent descriptions related by a <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_system#Transformations" title="Coordinate system">coordinate transformation</a> for nearby galaxies. </p><p>In the 1930s, Hubble was involved in determining the distribution of galaxies and <a href="/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe" title="Shape of the universe">spatial curvature</a>. These data seemed to indicate that the universe was <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_geometry" title="Euclidean geometry">flat</a> and homogeneous, but there was a deviation from flatness at large redshifts. According to <a href="/wiki/Allan_Sandage" title="Allan Sandage">Allan Sandage</a>, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Hubble believed that his count data gave a more reasonable result concerning spatial curvature if the redshift correction was made assuming no recession. To the very end of his writings, he maintained this position, favouring (or at the very least keeping open) the model where no true expansion exists, and therefore that the redshift "represents a hitherto unrecognized principle of nature."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>There were methodological problems with Hubble's survey technique that showed a deviation from flatness at large redshifts. In particular, the technique did not account for changes in luminosity of galaxies due to <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">galaxy evolution</a>. Earlier, in 1917, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> had found that his newly developed theory of general relativity indicated that the universe must be either expanding or contracting. Unable to believe what his own equations were telling him, Einstein introduced a <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_constant" title="Cosmological constant">cosmological constant</a> (a "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fudge_factor" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:fudge factor">fudge factor</a>") to the equations to avoid this "problem". When Einstein learned of Hubble's redshifts, he immediately realized that the expansion predicted by general relativity must be real, and in later life, he said that changing his equations was "the biggest blunder of [his] life".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Einstein apparently once visited Hubble and tried to convince him that the universe was expanding.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hubble also discovered the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/1373_Cincinnati" title="1373 Cincinnati">1373 Cincinnati</a> on August 30, 1935. In 1936 he wrote <i>The Observational Approach to Cosmology</i> and <i>The Realm of the Nebulae</i> which explained his approaches to extra-galactic astronomy and his view of the subject's history. </p><p>In December 1941, Hubble reported to the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> that results from a six-year survey with the Mt. Wilson telescope did not support the expanding universe theory. According to a <i>Los Angeles Times</i> article reporting on Hubble's remarks, "The nebulae could not be uniformly distributed, as the telescope shows they are, and still fit the explosion idea. Explanations which try to get around what the great telescope sees, he said, fail to stand up. The explosion, for example, would have had to start long after the earth was created, and possibly even after the first life appeared here."<sup id="cite_ref-LATimes_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harnisch_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harnisch-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Hubble's estimate of what we now call the Hubble constant would put the Big Bang only 2 billion years ago.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hubble married Grace Lillian (Burke) Leib (1889–1980), daughter of John Patrick and Luella (Kepford) Burke, on February 26, 1924. </p><p>Hubble was raised as a Protestant Christian, but some of his later statements suggest uncertainty.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_issues_and_death">Health issues and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Health issues and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hubble had a heart attack in July 1949 while on vacation in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>. He was cared for by his wife and continued on a modified diet and work schedule. He died of <a href="/wiki/Thrombus" title="Thrombus">cerebral thrombosis</a> (a blood clot in his brain) on September 28, 1953, in <a href="/wiki/San_Marino,_California" title="San Marino, California">San Marino</a>, California. No funeral was held for him, and his wife never revealed his burial site.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PK_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PK-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hubble's papers comprising the bulk of his correspondence, photographs, notebooks, observing logbooks, and other materials, are held by the <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Library" title="Huntington Library">Huntington Library</a> in San Marino, California. They were donated by his wife Grace Burke Hubble upon her death in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusations_concerning_Lemaître's_priority"><span id="Accusations_concerning_Lema.C3.AEtre.27s_priority"></span>Accusations concerning Lemaître's priority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Accusations concerning Lemaître's priority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, the journal <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)"><i>Nature</i></a> reported claims that Hubble might have played a role in the <a href="/wiki/Redaction" title="Redaction">redaction</a> of key parts of the 1931 English translation of <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître's</a> 1927 paper, which formulated what was later called Hubble's law and also gave observational evidence. Historians quoted in the article were skeptical that the redactions were part of a campaign to ensure Hubble retained priority. However, the observational astronomer <a href="/wiki/Sidney_van_den_Bergh" title="Sidney van den Bergh">Sidney van den Bergh</a> published a paper<sup id="cite_ref-Bergh_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergh-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting that while the omissions may have been made by a translator, they may still have been deliberate. </p><p>In November 2011, the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Mario_Livio" title="Mario Livio">Mario Livio</a> reported in <i>Nature</i> that a letter he found in the Lemaître archive demonstrated that the redaction had been made by Lemaître himself, who apparently saw no point in publishing scientific content which had already been reported in 1929 by Hubble.<sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the fact remains that Lemaître published the law<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in French, two years prior to Hubble. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_to_obtain_a_Nobel_Prize">Campaign to obtain a Nobel Prize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Campaign to obtain a Nobel Prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Hubble's life the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> did not cover work done in astronomy. Hubble spent much of the later part of his career attempting to have astronomy considered part of physics, instead of being a separate science. He did this largely so that astronomers—including himself—could be recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee" title="Nobel Committee">Nobel Committee</a> for their valuable contributions to <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>. This campaign was unsuccessful in Hubble's lifetime, but shortly after his death, the Nobel Prize Committee decided that astronomical work would be eligible for the physics prize.<sup id="cite_ref-Gale_E._Christianson_1996_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale_E._Christianson_1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Nobel prize is not awarded posthumously. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newcomb_Cleveland_Prize" title="Newcomb Cleveland Prize">Newcomb Cleveland Prize</a> in 1924;<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Medal" title="Bruce Medal">Bruce Medal</a> in 1938;<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> in 1939;<sup id="cite_ref-Laureates_Search_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laureates_Search-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society">Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society</a> in 1940;<sup id="cite_ref-gold_medallists_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold_medallists-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Legion of Merit for outstanding contribution to <a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">ballistics</a> research in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honors_2">Honors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Elected member of the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elected member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Namesakes">Namesakes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Namesakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/2069_Hubble" title="2069 Hubble">2069 Hubble</a>;</li> <li>The crater <a href="/wiki/Hubble_(crater)" title="Hubble (crater)">Hubble</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>;</li> <li>Orbiting <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>;</li> <li>Edwin P. Hubble Planetarium, located in the Edward R. Murrow High School, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York;<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Edwin Hubble Highway, the stretch of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_44" title="Interstate 44">Interstate 44</a> passing through his birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Marshfield,_Missouri" title="Marshfield, Missouri">Marshfield</a>, Missouri;<sup id="cite_ref-Heim2007_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heim2007-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hubble Middle School, a public school in <a href="/wiki/Wheaton,_Illinois" title="Wheaton, Illinois">Wheaton</a>, Illinois, where he lived from 11 years old and up.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postage_stamp">Postage stamp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Postage stamp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On March 6, 2008, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> released a 41-cent stamp honoring Hubble on a sheet titled "American Scientists" designed by artist <a href="/wiki/Victor_Stabin" title="Victor Stabin">Victor Stabin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PK_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PK-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His citation reads:<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Often called a "pioneer of the distant stars", astronomer Edwin Hubble (1889–1953) played a pivotal role in deciphering the vast and complex nature of the universe. His meticulous studies of spiral nebulae proved the existence of galaxies other than our own Milky Way. Had he not died suddenly in 1953, Hubble would have won that year's Nobel Prize in Physics.</p></blockquote> <p>(The assertion that he would have won the Nobel Prize in 1953 is likely false, although he was nominated for the prize that year.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>The other scientists on the "American Scientists" sheet include <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a>, biochemist; <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a>, chemist, and <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>, physicist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_notable_appearances">Other notable appearances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other notable appearances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1934 Delivered the <a href="/wiki/Halley_Lectures" title="Halley Lectures">Halley Lecture</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Famous_Missourians" title="Hall of Famous Missourians">Hall of Famous Missourians</a> 2003<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2008 "American Scientists" US stamp series, $0.41<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame" title="Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame">Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Cosmos:_A_Personal_Voyage" title="Cosmos: A Personal Voyage">Cosmos: A Personal Voyage</a></i> by astronomer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a>, Hubble's life and work are portrayed on screen in episode 10, "The Edge of Forever". </p><p>The play <i>Creation's Birthday</i>, written by Cornell physicist Hasan Padamsee, tells Hubble's life story.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_measure" title="Distance measure">Distance measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_distance_ladder" title="Cosmic distance ladder">Cosmic distance ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_correction" title="K correction">K correction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_sequence" title="Hubble sequence">Hubble sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_morphological_classification" title="Galaxy morphological classification">Galaxy morphological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Vaucouleurs" title="Gérard de Vaucouleurs">Gérard de Vaucouleurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy" title="Spiral galaxy">Spiral galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_Galaxy" title="Whirlpool Galaxy">Whirlpool Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_Morgan" title="William Wilson Morgan">William Wilson Morgan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">Expansion of the universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law" title="Hubble's law">Hubble's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble_House" title="Edwin Hubble House">Edwin Hubble House</a>, residence and <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in San Marino, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Debate_(astronomy)" title="Great Debate (astronomy)">The Great Debate</a> of April 26, 1920</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NASABio-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASABio_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110630015230/http://hubble.nasa.gov/overview/hubble_bio.php">"Biography of Edwin Hubble (1889–1953)"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hubble.nasa.gov/overview/hubble_bio.php">the original</a> on June 30, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Edwin+Hubble+%281889%E2%80%931953%29&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhubble.nasa.gov%2Foverview%2Fhubble_bio.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-space.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-space.com_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="space.com" class="citation web cs1">Redd, Nola Taylor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/16095-famous-astronomers.html">"Famous Astronomers | List of Great Scientists in Astronomy"</a>. <i>SPACE.com</i>. Perch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SPACE.com&rft.atitle=Famous+Astronomers+%7C+List+of+Great+Scientists+in+Astronomy&rft.aulast=Redd&rft.aufirst=Nola+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F16095-famous-astronomers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-futurism-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-futurism_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="futurism" class="citation web cs1">Reese, Riley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://futurism.media/most-influential-astronomers-of-all-time">"Most Influential Astronomers of All Time"</a>. <i>Futurism</i>. Jerrick Ventures LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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May 16, 1864<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virginia+Lee+Hubble+%28James%29+%28c.1864+%E2%80%93+1934%29&rft.date=1864-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FVirginia-Hubble%2F366307793650012341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGale_E._Christianson1996" class="citation book cs1">Gale E. Christianson (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gmdthgi8_CkC&q=eDWIN+HUBBLE"><i>Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the nebulae</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226105215" title="Special:BookSources/9780226105215"><bdi>9780226105215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edwin+Hubble%3A+Mariner+of+the+nebulae&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780226105215&rft.au=Gale+E.+Christianson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGmdthgi8_CkC%26q%3DeDWIN%2BHUBBLE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gale_E._Christianson_1996-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gale_E._Christianson_1996_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gale_E._Christianson_1996_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gale_E._Christianson_1996_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGale_E._Christianson1996" class="citation book cs1">Gale E. Christianson (1996). <i>Edwin Hubble: mariner of the nebulae</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 362. <q>Grace heard that Enrico Fermi and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, both members of the Nobel Committee, had joined their colleagues in unanimously voting Hubble the prize in physics, a rumor later confirmed by the astronomers Geoffrey and Margaret Burbidge after speaking with "Chandra.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edwin+Hubble%3A+mariner+of+the+nebulae&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Gale+E.+Christianson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edwin-Hubble">"Edwin Hubble | American astronomer"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edwin+Hubble+%7C+American+astronomer&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FEdwin-Hubble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Times_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Times_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_D._Lemonick1999" class="citation web cs1">Michael D. Lemonick (March 29, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070319180642/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990615,00.html">"Astronomer Edwin Hubble"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990615,00.html">the original</a> on March 19, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Astronomer+Edwin+Hubble&rft.date=1999-03-29&rft.au=Michael+D.+Lemonick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C990615%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Rhodes_Trust" class="citation web cs1">The Rhodes Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716231851/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/section/rhodes-scholars-complete-list-1903-2009">"Rhodes Scholars: Complete List, 1903–2010"</a>. The Rhodes Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/section/rhodes-scholars-complete-list-1903-2009">the original</a> on July 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Hubble, Edwin – The Queen's College, Illinois (1910)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rhodes+Scholars%3A+Complete+List%2C+1903%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=The+Rhodes+Trust&rft.au=The+Rhodes+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk%2Fsection%2Frhodes-scholars-complete-list-1903-2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_F._Kielkopf" class="citation web cs1">John F. Kielkopf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.louisville.edu/education/hubble_in_louisville/index.html">"Edwin Hubble, Family, and Friends in Louisville 1909–1916"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edwin+Hubble%2C+Family%2C+and+Friends+in+Louisville+1909%E2%80%931916&rft.au=John+F.+Kielkopf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro.louisville.edu%2Feducation%2Fhubble_in_louisville%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHubble1920" class="citation book cs1">Hubble, Edwin Powell (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/photographicinve00hubbrich"><i>Photographic investigations of faint nebulae</i></a>. Chicago, Ill., The University of Chicago Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2016</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photographic+investigations+of+faint+nebulae&rft.pub=Chicago%2C+Ill.%2C+The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Hubble&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Powell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphotographicinve00hubbrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Major+Edwin+Hubble+is+Made+Lieutenant+Colonel&t=965">"Major Edwin Hubble is Made Lieutenant Colonel"</a>. <i>Springfield Missouri Republican</i>. August 11, 1918. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Missouri+Republican&rft.atitle=Major+Edwin+Hubble+is+Made+Lieutenant+Colonel&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1918-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fsearch%2F%23lnd%3D1%26query%3DMajor%2BEdwin%2BHubble%2Bis%2BMade%2BLieutenant%2BColonel%26t%3D965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGale_E._Christianson1996" class="citation book cs1">Gale E. Christianson (1996). <i>Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226105215" title="Special:BookSources/9780226105215"><bdi>9780226105215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edwin+Hubble%3A+Mariner+of+the+Nebulae&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780226105215&rft.au=Gale+E.+Christianson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharov, Alexander S., Igor D. Novikov "Edwin Hubble, The Discoverer of the Big Bang Universe". Cambridge, UK: The Cambridge University Press (1989) p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Science Odyssey:People and Discoveries</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1929:Edwin Hubble Discovers the universe is expanding</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SharovNovikov1993-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SharovNovikov1993_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharovNovikov1993" class="citation book cs1">Sharov, Aleksandr Sergeevich; Novikov, Igor Dmitrievich (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ttEwkEdPc70C&pg=PA34"><i>Edwin Hubble, the discoverer of the Big Bang universe</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41617-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41617-7"><bdi>978-0-521-41617-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edwin+Hubble%2C+the+discoverer+of+the+Big+Bang+universe&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41617-7&rft.aulast=Sharov&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+Sergeevich&rft.au=Novikov%2C+Igor+Dmitrievich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DttEwkEdPc70C%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MB2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MB2_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarcia_Bartusiak2010" class="citation book cs1">Marcia Bartusiak (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7XojzXh4_KEC&q=The+Day+We+Found+the+Universe"><i>The Day We Found the Universe</i></a>. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. <span class="nowrap">x–</span>xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307276605" title="Special:BookSources/9780307276605"><bdi>9780307276605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Day+We+Found+the+Universe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ex-%3C%2Fspan%3Exi&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780307276605&rft.au=Marcia+Bartusiak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7XojzXh4_KEC%26q%3DThe%2BDay%2BWe%2BFound%2Bthe%2BUniverse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHubble1929" class="citation journal cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hubble, E. P.</a> (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F143167">"A spiral nebula as a stellar system, Messier 31"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a></i>. <b>69</b>: 103. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1929ApJ....69..103H">1929ApJ....69..103H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F143167">10.1086/143167</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+spiral+nebula+as+a+stellar+system%2C+Messier+31&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=103&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F143167&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1929ApJ....69..103H&rft.aulast=Hubble&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F143167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"life in the universe Astronomy Encyclopedia. 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December 31, 1941.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Savant+Refutes+Theory+of+Exploding+Universe+%E2%80%93+Mt.+Wilson+Astronomer+Reports+Results+of+Long+Searching+With+100-Inch+Telescope&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1941-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F160887084%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harnisch-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harnisch_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLarry_Harnisch2011" class="citation web cs1">Larry Harnisch (December 31, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ladailymirror.com/2011/12/31/hubble-no-evidence-of-big-bang-theory/">"Hubble: No Evidence of 'Big Bang' Theory"</a>. <i>LA Daily Mirror (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NEWSBLOG" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NEWSBLOG">WP:NEWSBLOG</a>)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LA+Daily+Mirror+%28WP%3ANEWSBLOG%29&rft.atitle=Hubble%3A+No+Evidence+of+%27Big+Bang%27+Theory&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.au=Larry+Harnisch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fladailymirror.com%2F2011%2F12%2F31%2Fhubble-no-evidence-of-big-bang-theory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span> (Shows legible photo of the article.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6pMqCjVynG0C"><i>Fool Me Twice: Fighting the Assault on Science in America</i></a>. Harmony/Rodale. October 11, 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781609613204" title="Special:BookSources/9781609613204"><bdi>9781609613204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fool+Me+Twice%3A+Fighting+the+Assault+on+Science+in+America&rft.pub=Harmony%2FRodale&rft.date=2011-10-11&rft.isbn=9781609613204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6pMqCjVynG0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGale_E._Christianson1996" class="citation book cs1">Gale E. Christianson (1996). <i>Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226105215" title="Special:BookSources/9780226105215"><bdi>9780226105215</bdi></a>. <q>One morning, while driving north with Grace after the failed eclipse expedition of 1923, he broached Whitehead's idea of a God who might have chosen from a great many possibilities to make a different universe, but He made this one. By contemplating the universe, one might approximate some idea of its Creator. As time passed, however, he seemed even less certain: "We do not know why we are born into the world, but we can try to find out what sort of a world it is — at least in its physical aspects." His life was dedicated to science and the objective world of phenomena. The world of pure values is one which science cannot enter, and science is unconcerned with the transcendent, however, compelling a private revelation or individual moment of ecstasy. He pulled no punches when a deeply depressed friend asked him about his belief: "The whole thing is so much bigger than I am, and I can't understand it, so I just trust myself to it, and forget about it."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edwin+Hubble%3A+Mariner+of+the+Nebulae&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780226105215&rft.au=Gale+E.+Christianson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTom_Bezzi2000" class="citation book cs1">Tom Bezzi (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hubbletime00tomb/page/93"><i>Hubble Time</i></a>. iUniverse. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hubbletime00tomb/page/93">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595142477" title="Special:BookSources/9780595142477"><bdi>9780595142477</bdi></a>. <q>John terribly depressed, and asked Edwin about his belief. Edwin said, "The whole thing is so much bigger than I am, and I can't understand it, so I just trust myself to it, and forget about it." It was not his nature to speculate. Theories, in his opinion, were an appropriate cocktail conversation. He was essentially an observer, and as he said in The Realm of the Nebulae: "Not until the empirical resources are exhausted, need we pass on to the dreamy realms of speculation." Edwin never exhausted those empirical resources. "I am an observer, not a theoretical man," he attested, and a lightly spoken word in a lecture or in a letter showed that observation was his choice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hubble+Time&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780595142477&rft.au=Tom+Bezzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhubbletime00tomb%2Fpage%2F93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBill_Bryson2010" class="citation book cs1">Bill Bryson (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hQ1iRQd52kgC&q=A+short+history+of+nearly+everything+Hubble+died&pg=PT238"><i>Short History of Nearly Everything: Special Illustrated Edition</i></a>. Random House Digital, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307885166" title="Special:BookSources/9780307885166"><bdi>9780307885166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Short+History+of+Nearly+Everything%3A+Special+Illustrated+Edition&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780307885166&rft.au=Bill+Bryson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhQ1iRQd52kgC%26q%3DA%2Bshort%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bnearly%2Beverything%2BHubble%2Bdied%26pg%3DPT238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PK-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PK_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PK_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Kupperberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Paul Kupperberg (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hubblebigbang0000kupp"><i>Hubble and the Big Bang</i></a></span>. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hubblebigbang0000kupp/page/45">45</a>–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781404203075" title="Special:BookSources/9781404203075"><bdi>9781404203075</bdi></a>. <q>World of Physics Hubble.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hubble+and+the+Big+Bang&rft.pages=45-6&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781404203075&rft.au=Paul+Kupperberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhubblebigbang0000kupp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._L._Heilbron2005" class="citation book cs1">J. L. Heilbron (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XPrqOr7P0QwC&q=Hubble+physics+astronomy+Noble&pg=PT181"><i>The Oxford guide to the history of physics and astronomy, Volume 10</i></a>. Oxford University Press US. pp. <span class="nowrap">156–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195171983" title="Special:BookSources/9780195171983"><bdi>9780195171983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+guide+to+the+history+of+physics+and+astronomy%2C+Volume+10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780195171983&rft.au=J.+L.+Heilbron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXPrqOr7P0QwC%26q%3DHubble%2Bphysics%2Bastronomy%2BNoble%26pg%3DPT181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf7b69n8rd">"Edwin Powell Hubble Papers: Finding Aid"</a>. <i>oac.cdlib.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oac.cdlib.org&rft.atitle=Edwin+Powell+Hubble+Papers%3A+Finding+Aid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foac.cdlib.org%2Ffindaid%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Ftf7b69n8rd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergh-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bergh_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBergh2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bergh, Sidney van den (June 6, 2011). "The Curious Case of Lemaitre's Equation No. 24". <i>Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada</i>. <b>105</b> (4): 151. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1106.1195">1106.1195</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JRASC.105..151V">2011JRASC.105..151V</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society+of+Canada&rft.atitle=The+Curious+Case+of+Lemaitre%27s+Equation+No.+24&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=151&rft.date=2011-06-06&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1106.1195&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JRASC.105..151V&rft.aulast=Bergh&rft.aufirst=Sidney+van+den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorges1927" class="citation journal cs1">Georges, Lemaître (1927). "Un Univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques". <i>Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles</i>. <b>47</b> (A47): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1927ASSB...47...49L">1927ASSB...47...49L</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Scientifique+de+Bruxelles&rft.atitle=Un+Univers+homog%C3%A8ne+de+masse+constante+et+de+rayon+croissant+rendant+compte+de+la+vitesse+radiale+des+n%C3%A9buleuses+extra-galactiques&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=A47&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1927ASSB...47...49L&rft.aulast=Georges&rft.aufirst=Lema%C3%AEtre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaas.org/page/newcomb-cleveland-prize-recipients">"Newcomb Cleveland Prize Recipients"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">AAAS</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newcomb+Cleveland+Prize+Recipients&rft.pub=AAAS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaas.org%2Fpage%2Fnewcomb-cleveland-prize-recipients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904155621/https://www.astrosociety.org/about-us/awards/past-recipients-of-the-catherine-wolfe-bruce-gold-medal-2/">"Past Recipients of the Catherine Wolfe Bruce Gold Medal"</a>. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astrosociety.org/about-us/awards/past-recipients-of-the-catherine-wolfe-bruce-gold-medal-2/">the original</a> on September 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Past+Recipients+of+the+Catherine+Wolfe+Bruce+Gold+Medal&rft.pub=Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrosociety.org%2Fabout-us%2Fawards%2Fpast-recipients-of-the-catherine-wolfe-bruce-gold-medal-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laureates_Search-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laureates_Search_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fi.edu/laureates-search">"Laureates Search"</a>. <i>The Franklin Institute Awards</i>. <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Franklin+Institute+Awards&rft.atitle=Laureates+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fi.edu%2Flaureates-search&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gold_medallists-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gold_medallists_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ras.org.uk/images/stories/awards/winners/previous_winner_lists/2017/Gold_medallists.pdf">"Gold Medal Winners"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. RAS. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold+Medal+Winners&rft.pub=RAS&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ras.org.uk%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fawards%2Fwinners%2Fprevious_winner_lists%2F2017%2FGold_medallists.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCudnik2012" class="citation book cs1">Cudnik, Brian (2012). <i>Faint Objects and How to Observe Them</i>. Springer Verlag. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-6756-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-6756-5"><bdi>978-1-4419-6756-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faint+Objects+and+How+to+Observe+Them&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-6756-5&rft.aulast=Cudnik&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001092.html">"Edwin Hubble"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Edwin+Hubble&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F20001092.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Edwin+P.+Hubble&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DEdwin%2BP.%2BHubble%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031432/http://www.ermurrowhs.org/planetarium.html">"PLANETARIUM"</a>. Edward R. Murrow High School. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ermurrowhs.org/planetarium.html">the original</a> on December 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PLANETARIUM&rft.pub=Edward+R.+Murrow+High+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ermurrowhs.org%2Fplanetarium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heim2007-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heim2007_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeim2007" class="citation book cs1">Heim, Michael (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI7DRUZCWOQC&pg=PA62"><i>Exploring Missouri Highways: Trip Trivia</i></a>. Exploring America's Highway. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780974435862" title="Special:BookSources/9780974435862"><bdi>9780974435862</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Missouri+Highways%3A+Trip+Trivia&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Exploring+America%27s+Highway&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780974435862&rft.aulast=Heim&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZI7DRUZCWOQC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918054226/https://www.cusd200.org/domain/645">"School Information / School Information"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cusd200.org/domain/645">the original</a> on September 18, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+Information+%2F+School+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cusd200.org%2Fdomain%2F645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085043/https://socialbilitty.com/2014/04/hubble-of-the-century-sees-galaxies/">"Hubble of the Century Sees Galaxies"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialbilitty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialbilitty (page does not exist)">Socialbilitty</a>. April 19, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialbilitty.com/2014/04/hubble-of-the-century-sees-galaxies/">the original</a> on October 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hubble+of+the+Century+Sees+Galaxies&rft.pub=Socialbilitty&rft.date=2014-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialbilitty.com%2F2014%2F04%2Fhubble-of-the-century-sees-galaxies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTsumura2017" class="citation arxiv cs1">Tsumura, Kohji (May 29, 2017). "Verification of the anecdote about Edwin Hubble and the Nobel Prize". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.10125">1705.10125</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/physics.hist-ph">physics.hist-ph</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Verification+of+the+anecdote+about+Edwin+Hubble+and+the+Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2017-05-29&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1705.10125&rft.aulast=Tsumura&rft.aufirst=Kohji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubble, Edwin Powell. "Red-shifts in the Spectra of Nebulae." Oxford (1934) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/9863838">https://www.worldcat.org/title/9863838</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.house.mo.gov/famous.aspx?fm=31">"Edwin Hubble (1889–1953)"</a>. <i>Hall of Famous Missourians</i>. Missouri House of Representatives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hall+of+Famous+Missourians&rft.atitle=Edwin+Hubble+%281889%E2%80%931953%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.house.mo.gov%2Ffamous.aspx%3Ffm%3D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usstampgallery.com/view.php?id=6ff5d68e00cfc4b29b59410be5bde956a0be57e6&Edwin_Hubble">"Edwin Hubble"</a>. U.S. Stamp Gallery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edwin+Hubble&rft.pub=U.S.+Stamp+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usstampgallery.com%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D6ff5d68e00cfc4b29b59410be5bde956a0be57e6%26Edwin_Hubble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoopshall.com/hall-of-fame/edwin-hubble/?back=HallofFame">"Edwin Hubble"</a>. Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edwin+Hubble&rft.pub=Indiana+Basketball+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoopshall.com%2Fhall-of-fame%2Fedwin-hubble%2F%3Fback%3DHallofFame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/breaking/2011/11/01/on-stage-hubble%25e2%2580%2599s-contentious-life-and-science">"On stage: Hubble's contentious life and science"</a>. <i>Symmetry</i>. November 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Symmetry&rft.atitle=On+stage%3A+Hubble%27s+contentious+life+and+science&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.symmetrymagazine.org%2Fbreaking%2F2011%2F11%2F01%2Fon-stage-hubble%2525e2%252580%252599s-contentious-life-and-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bartusiak, Marcia. <i>The Day We Found the Universe</i>. New York: Pantheon, 2009.</li> <li>Christianson, Gale; <i>Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae</i> Farrar Straus & Giroux (T) (New York, August 1995.)</li> <li>Hubble E.P., <i>The Observational Approach to Cosmology</i> (Oxford, 1937.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHubble1936" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hubble, E.P.</a> (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kgiXdDGLpFUC"><i>The realm of the nebulae</i></a>. Mrs. Hepsa Ely Silliman memorial lectures, 25. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300025002" title="Special:BookSources/9780300025002"><bdi>9780300025002</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/611263346">611263346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+realm+of+the+nebulae&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.series=Mrs.+Hepsa+Ely+Silliman+memorial+lectures%2C+25&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F611263346&rft.isbn=9780300025002&rft.aulast=Hubble&rft.aufirst=E.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkgiXdDGLpFUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheRealmOfTheNebulae">Alt URL</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHubble1929" class="citation journal cs1">Hubble, Edwin (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC522427">"A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a></i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">168–</span>173. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1929PNAS...15..168H">1929PNAS...15..168H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.15.3.168">10.1073/pnas.15.3.168</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC522427">522427</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16577160">16577160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=A+relation+between+distance+and+radial+velocity+among+extra-galactic+nebulae&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E168-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&rft.date=1929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC522427%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16577160&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.15.3.168&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1929PNAS...15..168H&rft.aulast=Hubble&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC522427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mayall, N.U., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/diamond_jubilee/d_1996/hubble_nas.html">Edwin Powell Hubble</a> Biographical Memoirs NAS 41</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsterbrockJoel_A._GwinnRonald_S._Brashear1993" class="citation journal cs1">Osterbrock, Donald E.; Joel A. Gwinn; Ronald S. Brashear (July 1993). "Edwin Hubble and the Expanding Universe". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>269</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">84–</span>89. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993SciAm.269a..84O">1993SciAm.269a..84O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0793-84">10.1038/scientificamerican0793-84</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Edwin+Hubble+and+the+Expanding+Universe&rft.volume=269&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=1993-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0793-84&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993SciAm.269a..84O&rft.aulast=Osterbrock&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft.au=Joel+A.+Gwinn&rft.au=Ronald+S.+Brashear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harry Nussbaumer and <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Bieri" title="Lydia Bieri">Lydia Bieri</a>, <i>Discovering the expanding universe</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2009.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edwin_Hubble" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Edwin_Hubble" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070319180642/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990615,00.html"><i>Time</i> profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.louisville.edu/education/hubble_in_louisville/nahs/">Astronomy at the University of Louisville</a> — Photographs of Edwin Hubble at <a href="/wiki/New_Albany_High_School_(Indiana)" title="New Albany High School (Indiana)">New Albany High School</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/diamond_jubilee/1996/sandage_hubble.html">Edwin Hubble bio</a> — Written by <a href="/wiki/Allan_Sandage" title="Allan Sandage">Allan Sandage</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hubble.html">"Edwin Hubble"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edwin+Hubble&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FHubble.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdwin+Hubble" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/publications/capitolhillquarterly/200802/physicshistory.cfm">American Physical Society's Hubble Bio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacetelescope.org/about/history/the_man_behind_the_name.html">Edwin Powell Hubble — The man who discovered the cosmos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090531034703/http://www.spacetelescope.org/about/history/the_man_behind_the_name.html">Archived</a> May 31, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nimble.nimblebrain.net/hubblepaper.html">The problem of the expanding universe, 1942 Edwin Hubble</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants397" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="Template:Scientists whose names are used in physical constants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="Template talk:Scientists whose names are used in physical constants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists whose names are used in physical constants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants">Scientists whose names are used in physical constants</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_constant" title="Physical constant">Physical <br />constants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newtonian_constant_of_gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtonian constant of gravitation">Newtonian constant of gravitation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Avogadro" title="Amedeo Avogadro">Amedeo Avogadro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Avogadro_constant" title="Avogadro constant">Avogadro constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Faraday_constant" title="Faraday constant">Faraday constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Josef_Loschmidt" title="Johann Josef Loschmidt">Johann Josef Loschmidt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loschmidt_constant" title="Loschmidt constant">Loschmidt constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Balmer" title="Johann Jakob Balmer">Johann Jakob Balmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Stefan" title="Josef Stefan">Josef Stefan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan–Boltzmann constant">Stefan–Boltzmann constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Ludwig Boltzmann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_constant" title="Boltzmann constant">Boltzmann constant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan–Boltzmann constant">Stefan–Boltzmann constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rydberg" title="Johannes Rydberg">Johannes Rydberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rydberg_constant" title="Rydberg constant">Rydberg constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wilhelm Wien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sackur" title="Otto Sackur">Otto Sackur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bohr_radius" title="Bohr radius">Bohr radius</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edwin Hubble</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubble_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble constant">Hubble constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Tetrode" title="Hugo Tetrode">Hugo Tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hartree" title="Douglas Hartree">Douglas Hartree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Brian Josephson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Josephson_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Josephson constant">Josephson constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">Klaus von Klitzing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Von_Klitzing_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Von Klitzing constant">von Klitzing constant</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units#Scientists_and_SI_units" title="List of scientists whose names are used as units">List of scientists whose names are used as SI units</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units#Scientists_and_non-SI_units" title="List of scientists whose names are used as units">non SI units</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hubble_Space_Telescope391" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Template:Hubble Space Telescope"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Template talk:Hubble Space Telescope"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hubble Space Telescope"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hubble_Space_Telescope391" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Camera_for_Surveys" title="Advanced Camera for Surveys">Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Origins_Spectrograph" title="Cosmic Origins Spectrograph">Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Guidance_Sensor_(HST)" title="Fine Guidance Sensor (HST)">Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Infrared_Camera_and_Multi-Object_Spectrometer" title="Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer">Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph">Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Camera_3" title="Wide Field Camera 3">Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg/120px-Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg/250px-Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2434" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HST-SM4.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HST-SM4.jpeg/100px-HST-SM4.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HST-SM4.jpeg/150px-HST-SM4.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HST-SM4.jpeg/200px-HST-SM4.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="1518" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Previous instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Optics_Space_Telescope_Axial_Replacement" title="Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement">Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faint_Object_Camera" title="Faint Object Camera">Faint Object Camera (FOC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faint_Object_Spectrograph" title="Faint Object Spectrograph">Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_High_Resolution_Spectrograph" title="Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph">Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS/HRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Photometer" title="High Speed Photometer">High Speed Photometer (HSP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_and_Planetary_Camera" title="Wide Field and Planetary Camera">Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WFPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_and_Planetary_Camera_2" title="Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2">Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Launch:</i> <a href="/wiki/STS-31" title="STS-31">STS-31</a> <small>(1990, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a>)</small></li> <li><i>Servicing:</i> <a href="/wiki/STS-61" title="STS-61">STS-61</a> <small>(1993, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-82" title="STS-82">STS-82</a> <small>(1997, <i>Discovery</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-103" title="STS-103">STS-103</a> <small>(1999, <i>Discovery</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-109" title="STS-109">STS-109</a> <small>(2002, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia"><i>Columbia</i></a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-125" title="STS-125">STS-125</a> <small>(2009, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special fields<br />and images</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i> <small>(1995)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Deep_Field" title="Hubble Deep Field">Hubble Deep Field</a> <small>(1995)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Deep_Field_South" title="Hubble Deep Field South">Hubble Deep Field South</a> <small>(1998)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Ultra-Deep_Field" title="Hubble Ultra-Deep Field">Hubble Ultra-Deep Field</a> <small>(2003–04)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Groth_Strip" title="Extended Groth Strip">Extended Groth Strip</a> <small>(2004–05)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_Window_Eclipsing_Extrasolar_Planet_Search" title="Sagittarius Window Eclipsing Extrasolar Planet Search">SWEEPS</a> <small>(2006)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i> <small>(2010)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_eXtreme_Deep_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble eXtreme Deep Field">Hubble eXtreme Deep Field</a> <small>(2012)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zooming_In_on_the_Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Zooming In on the Andromeda Galaxy">Zooming In on the Andromeda Galaxy</a></i> <small>(2015)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Legacy_Field" title="Hubble Legacy Field">Hubble Legacy Field</a> <small>(2019)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_Origins_Deep_Survey" title="Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey">Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Anniversary images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">List of deep fields</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_Science_Institute" title="Space Telescope Science Institute">Space Telescope Science Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edwin Hubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hubble_(film)" title="Hubble (film)">Hubble</a></i> (2010 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Origins_Probe" title="Hubble Origins Probe">Hubble Origins Probe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Category:Hubble Space Telescope"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hubble_Space_Telescope" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hubble Space Telescope"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century213" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="View this 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & entertainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers_and_Oscar_Hammerstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein">Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" title="Bart Simpson">Bart Simpson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Builders & titans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bechtel_Sr." title="Stephen Bechtel Sr.">Stephen Bechtel Sr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Burnett" title="Leo Burnett">Leo Burnett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carrier" title="Willis Carrier">Willis Carrier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Giannini" title="Amadeo Giannini">Amadeo Giannini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kroc" title="Ray Kroc">Ray Kroc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_(businesswoman)" title="Estée Lauder (businesswoman)">Estée Lauder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Levitt" title="William Levitt">William Levitt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luciano" title="Lucky Luciano">Lucky Luciano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Merrill" title="Charles E. Merrill">Charles E. Merrill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pete_Rozelle" title="Pete Rozelle">Pete Rozelle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Trippe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Walton" title="Sam Walton">Sam Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas J. Watson Jr.</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists & thinkers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edwin Hubble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leakey_family" title="Leakey family">Leakey family</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> & <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heroes & icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G.I." title="G.I.">The American G.I.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Lady Diana Spencer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay" title="Tenzing Norgay">Tenzing Norgay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Harvey Milk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pel%C3%A9" title="Pelé">Pelé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_W." title="Bill W.">Bill W.</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 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.portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/20px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/40px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/20px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/40px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/20px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/40px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43027#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3288" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43027#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3288" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43027#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109177871">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/76485418">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/80174/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJppC8mX8YWQYGDT49QH4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119183684">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81114174">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13595260x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13595260x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00551529">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hubble, Edwin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV283360">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35437682">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0068435&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p115031022">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90061405">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000291500&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000610271&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000126880">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200800823">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810687890905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007262962905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02923234?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=240493">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=23082424800">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:hubble.edwin">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/952663">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119183684.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119183684">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032475640">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6891877">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&oldid=1279071014">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Hubble&oldid=1279071014</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edwin_Hubble" title="Category:Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1889_births" title="Category:1889 births">1889 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1953_deaths" 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