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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="smart car parking"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1436</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: smart car parking</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1436</span> IoT Based Smart Car Parking System Using Node Red</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Armel%20Asongu%20Nkembi">Armel Asongu Nkembi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Fawad"> Ahmad Fawad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we design a smart car parking system using the Node-Red interface, which enables the user to find the nearest parking area from his current location and gives the availability of parking slots in that respective parking area. The closest parking area is determined by sending an HTTP request to an API, and the shortest distance is computed using some mathematical formulations based on the coordinates retrieved. There is also the use of IR sensors to signal the availability or lack of available parking lots within any parking area. The aim is to reduce the time and effort needed to find empty parking lots and also avoid unnecessary traveling through filled parking lots in a parking area. Thus, it reduces fuel consumption, which in turn reduces carbon footprints in the atmosphere and, overall, makes the city much smarter. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=node-red" title="node-red">node-red</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20parking%20system" title=" smart parking system"> smart parking system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=API" title=" API"> API</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=http%20request" title=" http request"> http request</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IR%20sensors" title=" IR sensors"> IR sensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Internet%20of%20Things" title=" Internet of Things"> Internet of Things</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20city" title=" smart city"> smart city</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20lots." title=" parking lots."> parking lots.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186024/iot-based-smart-car-parking-system-using-node-red" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186024.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">41</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1435</span> Internet of Things Based Process Model for Smart Parking System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amjaad%20Alsalamah">Amjaad Alsalamah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liyakathunsia%20Syed"> Liyakathunsia Syed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Transportation is an essential need for many people to go to their work, school, and home. In particular, the main common method inside many cities is to drive the car. Driving a car can be an easy job to reach the destination and load all stuff in a reasonable time. However, deciding to find a parking lot for a car can take a long time using the traditional system that can issue a paper ticket for each customer. The old system cannot guarantee a parking lot for all customers. Also, payment methods are not always available, and many customers struggled to find their car among a numerous number of cars. As a result, this research focuses on providing an online smart parking system in order to save time and budget. This system provides a flexible management system for both parking owner and customers by receiving all request via the online system and it gets an accurate result for all available parking and its location. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20parking%20system" title="smart parking system">smart parking system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IoT" title=" IoT"> IoT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tracking%20system" title=" tracking system"> tracking system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=process%20model" title=" process model"> process model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost" title=" cost"> cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time" title=" time"> time</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66479/internet-of-things-based-process-model-for-smart-parking-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66479.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1434</span> Smart Unmanned Parking System Based on Radio Frequency Identification Technology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu%20Qin">Yu Qin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to tackle the ever-growing problem of the lack of parking space, this paper presents the design and implementation of a smart unmanned parking system that is based on RFID (radio frequency identification) technology and Wireless communication technology. This system uses RFID technology to achieve the identification function (transmitted by 2.4 G wireless module) and is equipped with an STM32L053 micro controller as the main control chip of the smart vehicle. This chip can accomplish automatic parking (in/out), charging and other functions. On this basis, it can also help users easily query the information that is stored in the database through the Internet. Experimental tests have shown that the system has the features of low power consumption and stable operation, among others. It can effectively improve the level of automation control of the parking lot management system and has enormous application prospects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RFID" title="RFID">RFID</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embedded%20system" title=" embedded system"> embedded system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unmanned" title=" unmanned"> unmanned</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20management" title=" parking management"> parking management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81174/smart-unmanned-parking-system-based-on-radio-frequency-identification-technology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81174.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">333</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1433</span> Reducing CO2 Emission Using EDA and Weighted Sum Model in Smart Parking System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahman%20Ali">Rahman Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Sajjad"> Muhammad Sajjad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farkhund%20Iqbal"> Farkhund Iqbal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Sadiq%20Hassan%20Zada"> Muhammad Sadiq Hassan Zada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Hussain"> Mohammed Hussain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Emission of Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) has adversely affected the environment. One of the major sources of CO<sub>2 </sub>emission is transportation. In the last few decades, the increase in mobility of people using vehicles has enormously increased the emission of CO<sub>2</sub> in the environment. To reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emission, sustainable transportation system is required in which smart parking is one of the important measures that need to be established. To contribute to the issue of reducing the amount of CO<sub>2 </sub>emission, this research proposes a smart parking system. A cloud-based solution is provided to the drivers which automatically searches and recommends the most preferred parking slots. To determine preferences of the parking areas, this methodology exploits a number of unique parking features which ultimately results in the selection of a parking that leads to minimum level of CO<sub>2 </sub>emission from the current position of the vehicle. To realize the methodology, a scenario-based implementation is considered. During the implementation, a mobile application with GPS signals, vehicles with a number of vehicle features and a list of parking areas with parking features are used by sorting, multi-level filtering, exploratory data analysis (EDA, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)) and weighted sum model (WSM) to rank the parking areas and recommend the drivers with top-k most preferred parking areas. In the EDA process, “2020testcar-2020-03-03”, a freely available dataset is used to estimate CO<sub>2 </sub>emission of a particular vehicle. To evaluate the system, results of the proposed system are compared with the conventional approach, which reveal that the proposed methodology supersedes the conventional one in reducing the emission of CO<sub>2 </sub>into the atmosphere. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=car%20parking" title="car parking">car parking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Co2" title=" Co2"> Co2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Co2%20reduction" title=" Co2 reduction"> Co2 reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IoT" title=" IoT"> IoT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=merge%20sort" title=" merge sort"> merge sort</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=number%20plate%20recognition" title=" number plate recognition"> number plate recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20car%20parking" title=" smart car parking"> smart car parking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128420/reducing-co2-emission-using-eda-and-weighted-sum-model-in-smart-parking-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128420.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1432</span> UPPAAL-based Design and Analysis of Intelligent Parking System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abobaker%20Mohammed%20Qasem%20Farhan">Abobaker Mohammed Qasem Farhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olof%20M.%20A.%20Saif"> Olof M. A. Saif</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The demand for parking spaces in urban areas, particularly in developing countries, has led to a significant issue in the absence of sufficient parking spaces in crowded areas, which results in daily traffic congestion as drivers search for parking. This not only affects the appearance of the city but also has indirect impacts on the economy, society, and environment. In response to these challenges, researchers from various countries have sought technical and intelligent solutions to mitigate the problem through the development of smart parking systems. This paper aims to analyze and design three models of parking lots, with a focus on parking time and security. The study used computer software and Uppaal tools to simulate the models and determine the best among them. The results and suggestions provided in the paper aim to reduce the parking problems and improve the overall efficiency and safety of the parking process. The conclusion of the study highlights the importance of utilizing advanced technology to address the pressing issue of insufficient parking spaces in urban areas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preliminaries" title="preliminaries">preliminaries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20requirements" title=" system requirements"> system requirements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timed%20Au-%20tomata" title=" timed Au- tomata"> timed Au- tomata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uppaal" title=" Uppaal"> Uppaal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162502/uppaal-based-design-and-analysis-of-intelligent-parking-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162502.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1431</span> Parking Space Detection and Trajectory Tracking Control for Vehicle Auto-Parking</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shiuh-Jer%20Huang">Shiuh-Jer Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Sheng%20Hsu"> Yu-Sheng Hsu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> On-board available parking space detecting system, parking trajectory planning and tracking control mechanism are the key components of vehicle backward auto-parking system. Firstly, pair of ultrasonic sensors is installed on each side of vehicle body surface to detect the relative distance between ego-car and surrounding obstacle. The dimension of a found empty space can be calculated based on vehicle speed and the time history of ultrasonic sensor detecting information. This result can be used for constructing the 2D vehicle environmental map and available parking type judgment. Finally, the auto-parking controller executes the on-line optimal parking trajectory planning based on this 2D environmental map, and monitors the real-time vehicle parking trajectory tracking control. This low cost auto-parking system was tested on a model car. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle%20auto-parking" title="vehicle auto-parking">vehicle auto-parking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20space%20detection" title=" parking space detection"> parking space detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20path%20tracking%20control" title=" parking path tracking control"> parking path tracking control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intelligent%20fuzzy%20controller" title=" intelligent fuzzy controller"> intelligent fuzzy controller</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78571/parking-space-detection-and-trajectory-tracking-control-for-vehicle-auto-parking" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78571.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">244</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1430</span> Development the Potential of Parking Tax and Parking Retribution Revenues: Case Study in Bekasi City</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivan%20Yudianto">Ivan Yudianto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The research objectives are to analyze the factors that impede the Parking Tax and Parking Retribution collection in Bekasi City Government, analyzing the factors that can increase local own revenue from the tax sector of parking tax and parking retribution, analyze monitoring the parking retribution collection by the Bekasi City Government, analyze strategies Bekasi City Government through the preparation of a roadmap and action plan to increase parking tax and parking retribution revenues. The approach used in this research is a qualitative approach. Qualitative research is used because the problem is not yet clear and the object to be studied will be holistic, complex, and dynamic, and the relationship will be interactive symptoms. Methods of data collection and technical analysis of the data was in-depth interviews, participant observation, documentary materials, literature, and triangulation, as well as new methods such as the methods of visual materials and internet browsing. The results showed that there are several factors that become an obstacle such as the parking taxpayer does not disclose the actual parking revenue, the parking taxpayer are late or do not pay Parking Tax, many parking locations controlled by illegal organizations, shortage of human resources in charge levy and supervise the parking tax and parking retribution collection in the Bekasi City Government, surveillance parking tax and parking retribution are not scheduled on a regular basis. Several strategic priorities in order to develop the potential of the Parking Tax and Parking Retribution in the Bekasi City Government, namely through increased controling and monitoring of the Parking Taxpayer, forming a team of auditors to audit the Parking Taxpayer, seek law enforcement persuasive and educative to reduce Parking Taxpayer wayward, providing strict sanctions against the Parking Taxpayer disobedient, revised regulations mayors about locations of parking in Bekasi City, rationalize revenues target of Parking Retribution, conducting takeover attempts parking location on the roadside of the individual or specific group, and drafting regional regulations on parking subscribe. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20own%20revenue" title="local own revenue">local own revenue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20retribution" title=" parking retribution"> parking retribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20tax" title=" parking tax"> parking tax</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20taxpayer" title=" parking taxpayer"> parking taxpayer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48471/development-the-potential-of-parking-tax-and-parking-retribution-revenues-case-study-in-bekasi-city" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48471.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">326</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1429</span> Social Network Based Decision Support System for Smart U-Parking Planning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun-Ho%20Park">Jun-Ho Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kwang-Woo%20Nam"> Kwang-Woo Nam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Mo%20Hong"> Seung-Mo Hong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tae-Heon%20Moon"> Tae-Heon Moon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sang-Ho%20Lee"> Sang-Ho Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Youn-Taik%20Leem"> Youn-Taik Leem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to build ‘Ubi-Net’, a decision-making support system for systematic establishment in U-City planning. We have experienced various urban problems caused by high-density development and population concentrations in established urban areas. To address these problems, a U-Service contributes to the alleviation of urban problems by providing real-time information to citizens through network connections and related information. However, technology, devices, and information for consumers are required for systematic U-Service planning in towns and cities where there are many difficulties in this regard, and a lack of reference systems. Thus, this study suggests methods to support the establishment of sustainable planning by providing comprehensive information including IT technology, devices, news, and social networking services(SNS) to U-City planners through intelligent searches. In this study, we targeted Smart U-Parking Planning to solve parking problems in an ‘old’ city. Through this study, we sought to contribute to supporting advances in U-Space and the alleviation of urban problems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desigin%20and%20decision%20support%20system" title="desigin and decision support system">desigin and decision support system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20u-parking%20planning" title=" smart u-parking planning"> smart u-parking planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20network%20analysis" title=" social network analysis"> social network analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20engineering" title=" urban engineering"> urban engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21719/social-network-based-decision-support-system-for-smart-u-parking-planning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21719.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">426</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1428</span> A Parking Demand Forecasting Method for Making Parking Policy in the Center of Kabul City</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roien%20Qiam">Roien Qiam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shoshi%20Mizokami"> Shoshi Mizokami</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Parking demand in the Central Business District (CBD) has enlarged with the increase of the number of private vehicles due to rapid economic growth, lack of an efficient public transport and traffic management system. This has resulted in low mobility, poor accessibility, serious congestion, high rates of traffic accident fatalities and injuries and air pollution, mainly because people have to drive slowly around to find a vacant spot. With parking pricing and enforcement policy, considerable advancement could be found, and on-street parking spaces could be managed efficiently and effectively. To evaluate parking demand and making parking policy, it is required to understand the current parking condition and driver’s behavior, understand how drivers choose their parking type and location as well as their behavior toward finding a vacant parking spot under parking charges and search times. This study illustrates the result from an observational, revealed and stated preference surveys and experiment. Attained data shows that there is a gap between supply and demand in parking and it has maximized. For the modeling of the parking decision, a choice model was constructed based on discrete choice modeling theory and multinomial logit model estimated by using SP survey data; the model represents the choice of an alternative among different alternatives which are priced on-street, off-street, and illegal parking. Individuals choose a parking type based on their preference concerning parking charges, searching times, access times and waiting times. The parking assignment model was obtained directly from behavioral model and is used in parking simulation. The study concludes with an evaluation of parking policy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CBD" title="CBD">CBD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20demand%20forecast" title=" parking demand forecast"> parking demand forecast</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20policy" title=" parking policy"> parking policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20choice%20model" title=" parking choice model"> parking choice model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74802/a-parking-demand-forecasting-method-for-making-parking-policy-in-the-center-of-kabul-city" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74802.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">194</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1427</span> A Car Parking Monitoring System Using a Line-Topology Wireless Sensor Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dae%20Il%20Kim">Dae Il Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jungho%20Moon"> Jungho Moon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tae%20Yun%20Chung"> Tae Yun Chung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a car parking monitoring system using a wireless sensor network. The presented sensor network has a line-shaped topology and adopts a TDMA-based protocol for allowing multi-hop communications. Sensor nodes are deployed in the ground of an outdoor parking lot in such a way that a sensor node monitors a parking space. Each sensor node detects the availability of the associated parking space and transmits the detection result to a sink node via intermediate sensor nodes existing between the source sensor node and the sink node. We evaluate the feasibility of the presented sensor network and the TDMA-based communication protocol through experiments using 11 sensor nodes deployed in a real parking lot. The result shows that the presented car parking monitoring system is robust to changes in the communication environments and efficient for monitoring parking spaces of outdoor parking lots. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-hop%20communication" title="multi-hop communication">multi-hop communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20monitoring%20system" title=" parking monitoring system"> parking monitoring system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TDMA" title=" TDMA"> TDMA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wireless%20sensor%20network" title=" wireless sensor network"> wireless sensor network</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61438/a-car-parking-monitoring-system-using-a-line-topology-wireless-sensor-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61438.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">303</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1426</span> An Intelligent WSN-Based Parking Guidance System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sheng-Shih%20Wang">Sheng-Shih Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei-Ting%20Wang"> Wei-Ting Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper designs an intelligent guidance system, based on wireless sensor networks, for efficient parking in parking lots. The proposed system consists of a parking space allocation subsystem, a parking space monitoring subsystem, a driving guidance subsystem, and a vehicle detection subsystem. In the system, we propose a novel and effective virtual coordinate system for sensing and displaying devices to determine the proper vacant parking space and provide the precise guidance to the driver. This study constructs a ZigBee-based wireless sensor network on Arduino platform and implements the prototype of the proposed system using Arduino-based complements. Experimental results confirm that the proposed prototype can not only work well, but also provide drivers the correct parking information. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20guidance" title=" parking guidance"> parking guidance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wireless%20sensor%20network" title=" wireless sensor network"> wireless sensor network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ZigBee" title=" ZigBee"> ZigBee</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5080/an-intelligent-wsn-based-parking-guidance-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5080.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">575</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1425</span> Modeling Jordan University of Science and Technology Parking Using Arena Program</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Qasim">T. Qasim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Alqawasmi"> M. Alqawasmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Hawash"> M. Hawash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Betar"> M. Betar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Qasim"> W. Qasim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Over the last decade, the over population that has happened in urban areas has been reflecting on the services that various local institutions provide to car users in the form of car parks, which is becoming a daily necessity in our lives. This study focuses on car parks at Jordan University of Science and Technology, in Irbid, Jordan, to understand the university parking needs. Data regarding arrival and departure times of cars and the parking utilization were collected, to find various options that the university can implement to solve and develop an efficient car parking system. Arena software was used to simulate a parking model. This model allows measuring the different solutions that solve the parking problem at Jordan University of Science and Technology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=car%20park" title="car park">car park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modeling" title=" modeling"> modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=service%20time" title=" service time"> service time</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104306/modeling-jordan-university-of-science-and-technology-parking-using-arena-program" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104306.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">183</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1424</span> Automated Parking System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Arunraj">N. Arunraj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20P.%20V.%20Paul"> C. P. V. Paul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20M.%20D.%20Jayawardena"> D. M. D. Jayawardena</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20N.%20D.%20Fernando"> W. N. D. Fernando</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traffic congestion with increased numbers of vehicles is already a serious issue for many countries. The absence of sufficient parking spaces adds to the issue. Motorists are forced to wait in long queues to park their vehicles. This adds to the inconvenience faced by a motorist, kept waiting for a slot allocation, manually done along with the parking payment calculation. In Sri Lanka, nowadays, parking systems use barcode technology to identify the vehicles at both the entrance and the exit points. Customer management is handled by the use of man power. A parking space is, generally permanently sub divided according to the vehicle type. Here, again, is an issue. Parking spaces are not utilized to the maximum. The current arrangement leaves room for unutilized parking spaces. Accordingly, there is a need to manage the parking space dynamically. As a vehicle enters the parking area, available space has to be assigned for the vehicle according to the vehicle type. The system, Automated Parking System (APS), provides an automated solution using RFID Technology to identify the vehicles. Simultaneously, an algorithm manages the space allocation dynamically. With this system, there is no permanent parking slot allocation for a vehicle type. A desktop application manages the customer. A Web application is used to manage the external users with their reservations. The system also has an android application to view the nearest parking area from the current location. APS is built using java and php. It uses LED panels to guide the user inside the parking area to find the allocated parking slot accurately. The system ensures efficient performance, saving precious time for a customer. Compared with the current parking systems, APS interacts with users and increases customer satisfaction as well. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RFID" title="RFID">RFID</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=android" title=" android"> android</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=web%20based%20system" title=" web based system"> web based system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barcode" title=" barcode"> barcode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithm" title=" algorithm"> algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LED%20panels" title=" LED panels"> LED panels</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19319/automated-parking-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19319.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">599</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1423</span> Study of Parking Demand for Offices – Case Study: Kolkata</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanghamitra%20Roy">Sanghamitra Roy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent times, India has experienced the phenomenal rise in the number of registered vehicles and vehicular trips, particularly intra-city trips in most of its urban areas. The increase in vehicle ownership and use have increased parking demand immensely and accommodating the same is now a matter of big concern. Most cities do not have adequate off-street parking facilities thus forcing people to park on the streets. This has resulted in decreased carrying capacity, decreased traffic speed, increased congestion, and increased environmental problems. While integrated multi-modal transportation system is the answer to such problems, parking issues will continue to exist. In Kolkata, only 6.4% land is devoted for roads. The consequences of this huge crunch in road spaces coupled with increased parking demand are severe particularly in the CBD and major commercial areas, making the role of off-street parking facilities in Kolkata even more critical. To meaningfully address parking issues, it is important to identify the factors that influence parking demand so that it can be assessed and comprehensive parking policies and plans for the city can be formulated. This paper aims at identifying the factors that contribute towards parking demand for offices in Kolkata and their degree of correlation with parking demand. The study is limited to home-to-work trips located within Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) where parking related issues are most pronounced. The data for the study is collected through personal interviews, questionnaires and direct observations from offices across the wards of KMC. SPSS is used for classification of the data and analyses of the same. The findings of this study will help in re-assessment of the parking requirements specified in The Kolkata Municipal Corporation Building Rules as a step towards alleviating parking related issues in the city. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20rules" title="building rules">building rules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=office%20spaces" title=" office spaces"> office spaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20demand" title=" parking demand"> parking demand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urbanization" title=" urbanization "> urbanization </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37209/study-of-parking-demand-for-offices-case-study-kolkata" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37209.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">317</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1422</span> Changing the Way South Africa Think about Parking Provision at Tertiary Institutions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20C.%20Venter">M. C. Venter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Hitge"> G. Hitge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20C.%20Krygsman"> S. C. Krygsman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Thiart"> J. Thiart</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For decades, South Africa has been planning transportation systems from a supply, rather than a demand side, perspective. In terms of parking, this relates to requiring the minimum parking provision that is enforced by city officials. Newer insight is starting to indicate that South Africa needs to re-think this philosophy in light of a new policy environment that desires a different outcome. Urban policies have shifted from reliance on the private car for access, to employing a wide range of alternative modes. Car dominated travel is influenced by various parameters, of which the availability and location of parking plays a significant role. The question is therefore, what is the right strategy to achieve the desired transport outcomes for SA. The focus of this paper is used to assess this issue with regard to parking provision, and specifically at a tertiary institution. A parking audit was conducted at the Stellenbosch campus of Stellenbosch University, monitoring occupancy at all 60 parking areas, every hour during business hours over a five-day period. The data from this survey was compared with the prescribed number of parking bays according to the Stellenbosch Municipality zoning scheme (requiring a minimum of 0.4 bays per student). The analysis shows that by providing 0.09 bays per student, the maximum total daily occupation of all the parking areas did not exceed an 80% occupation rate. It is concluded that the prevailing parking standards are not supportive of the new urban and transport policy environment, but that it is extremely conservative from a practical demand point of view. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20provision" title="parking provision">parking provision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20requirements" title=" parking requirements"> parking requirements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=travel%20behaviour" title=" travel behaviour"> travel behaviour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=travel%20demand%20management" title=" travel demand management"> travel demand management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81668/changing-the-way-south-africa-think-about-parking-provision-at-tertiary-institutions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81668.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">180</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1421</span> Understanding the Safety Impacts of Imbalances in Truck Parking Supply and Demand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahil%20Saeedi">Rahil Saeedi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The imbalance in truck parking supply and demand can create important safety issues for truck drivers and the public. Research has shown that breaks at specific intervals can increase drivers’ alertness by reducing the monotony of the task. However, if fatigued truck drivers are unable to find a safe parking spot for rest, they may continue to drive or choose to park at remote and insecure areas or undesignated locations. All of these situations pose serious safety and security risks to truck drivers and other roadway users. This study uses 5-year truck crash data in Ohio to develop and test a framework for identifying crashes that happen as a result of imbalances in truck parking supply and demand. The societal impacts of these crashes are then interpreted as monetary values, calculated using the costs associated with various crash severity levels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=truck%20parking" title="truck parking">truck parking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety" title=" road safety"> road safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crash%20data" title=" crash data"> crash data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geofencing" title=" geofencing"> geofencing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=driver%20fatigue" title=" driver fatigue"> driver fatigue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=undesignated%20parking" title=" undesignated parking"> undesignated parking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143110/understanding-the-safety-impacts-of-imbalances-in-truck-parking-supply-and-demand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143110.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1420</span> Integrating Radar Sensors with an Autonomous Vehicle Simulator for an Enhanced Smart Parking Management System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Gazzeh">Mohamed Gazzeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bradley%20Null"> Bradley Null</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fethi%20Tlili"> Fethi Tlili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hichem%20Besbes"> Hichem Besbes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The burgeoning global ownership of personal vehicles has posed a significant strain on urban infrastructure, notably parking facilities, leading to traffic congestion and environmental concerns. Effective parking management systems (PMS) are indispensable for optimizing urban traffic flow and reducing emissions. The most commonly deployed systems nowadays rely on computer vision technology. This paper explores the integration of radar sensors and simulation in the context of smart parking management. We concentrate on radar sensors due to their versatility and utility in automotive applications, which extends to PMS. Additionally, radar sensors play a crucial role in driver assistance systems and autonomous vehicle development. However, the resource-intensive nature of radar data collection for algorithm development and testing necessitates innovative solutions. Simulation, particularly the monoDrive simulator, an internal development tool used by NI the Test and Measurement division of Emerson, offers a practical means to overcome this challenge. The primary objectives of this study encompass simulating radar sensors to generate a substantial dataset for algorithm development, testing, and, critically, assessing the transferability of models between simulated and real radar data. We focus on occupancy detection in parking as a practical use case, categorizing each parking space as vacant or occupied. The simulation approach using monoDrive enables algorithm validation and reliability assessment for virtual radar sensors. It meticulously designed various parking scenarios, involving manual measurements of parking spot coordinates, orientations, and the utilization of TI AWR1843 radar. To create a diverse dataset, we generated 4950 scenarios, comprising a total of 455,400 parking spots. This extensive dataset encompasses radar configuration details, ground truth occupancy information, radar detections, and associated object attributes such as range, azimuth, elevation, radar cross-section, and velocity data. The paper also addresses the intricacies and challenges of real-world radar data collection, highlighting the advantages of simulation in producing radar data for parking lot applications. We developed classification models based on Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN), exclusively trained and evaluated on simulated data. Subsequently, we applied these models to real-world data, comparing their performance against the monoDrive dataset. The study demonstrates the feasibility of transferring models from a simulated environment to real-world applications, achieving an impressive accuracy score of 92% using only one radar sensor. This finding underscores the potential of radar sensors and simulation in the development of smart parking management systems, offering significant benefits for improving urban mobility and reducing environmental impact. The integration of radar sensors and simulation represents a promising avenue for enhancing smart parking management systems, addressing the challenges posed by the exponential growth in personal vehicle ownership. This research contributes valuable insights into the practicality of using simulated radar data in real-world applications and underscores the role of radar technology in advancing urban sustainability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomous%20vehicle%20simulator" title="autonomous vehicle simulator">autonomous vehicle simulator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FMCW%20radar%20sensors" title=" FMCW radar sensors"> FMCW radar sensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=occupancy%20detection" title=" occupancy detection"> occupancy detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20parking%20management" title=" smart parking management"> smart parking management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transferability%20of%20models" title=" transferability of models"> transferability of models</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175679/integrating-radar-sensors-with-an-autonomous-vehicle-simulator-for-an-enhanced-smart-parking-management-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175679.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1419</span> Intelligent Parking Systems for Quasi-Close Communities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayodele%20Adekunle%20Faiyetole">Ayodele Adekunle Faiyetole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olumide%20Olawale%20Jegede"> Olumide Olawale Jegede</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents the experimental design and needs justifications for a localized intelligent parking system (L-IPS), ideal for quasi-close communities with increasing vehicular volume that depends on limited or constant parking facilities. For a constant supply in parking facilities, the demand for an increasing vehicular volume could lead to poor time conservation or extended travel time, traffic congestion or impeded mobility, and safety issues. Increased negative environmental and economic externalities are other associated and consequent downsides of disparities in demand and supply. This L-IPS is designed using a microcontroller, ultrasonic sensors, LED indicators, such that the current status, in terms of parking spots availability, can be known from the main entrance to the community or a parking zone on a LCD screen. As an advanced traffic management system (ATMS), the L-IPS is designed to resolve aspects of infrastructure-to-driver (I2D) communication and parking detection issues. Thus, this L-IPS can act as a timesaver for users by helping them know the availability of parking spots. Providing on-time, informed routing, to a next preference or seamless moving to berth on the available spot on a proximate facility as the case may be. Its use could also increase safety and increase mobility, and fuel savings and costs, therefore, reducing negative environmental and economic externalities due to transportation systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intelligent%20parking%20systems" title="intelligent parking systems">intelligent parking systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=localized%20intelligent%20parking%20system" title=" localized intelligent parking system"> localized intelligent parking system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intelligent%20transport%20systems" title=" intelligent transport systems"> intelligent transport systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advanced%20traffic%20management%20systems" title=" advanced traffic management systems"> advanced traffic management systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructure-to-drivers%20communication" title=" infrastructure-to-drivers communication"> infrastructure-to-drivers communication</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106820/intelligent-parking-systems-for-quasi-close-communities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106820.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">171</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1418</span> Investigating the Characteristics of Correlated Parking-Charging Behaviors for Electric Vehicles: A Data-Driven Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xizhen%20Zhou">Xizhen Zhou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yanjie%20Ji"> Yanjie Ji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In advancing the management of integrated electric vehicle (EV) parking-charging behaviors, this study uses Changshu City in Suzhou as a case study to establish a data association mechanism for parking-charging platforms and to develop a database for EV parking-charging behaviors. Key indicators, such as charging start time, initial state of charge, final state of charge, and parking-charging time difference, are considered. Utilizing the K-S test method, the paper examines the heterogeneity of parking-charging behavior preferences among pure EV and non-pure EV users. The K-means clustering method is employed to analyze the characteristics of parking-charging behaviors for both user groups, thereby enhancing the overall understanding of these behaviors. The findings of this study reveal that using a classification model, the parking-charging behaviors of pure EVs can be classified into five distinct groups, while those of non-pure EVs can be separated into four groups. Among them, both types of EV users exhibit groups with low range anxiety for complete charging with special journeys, complete charging at destination, and partial charging. Additionally, both types have a group with high range anxiety, characterized by pure EV users displaying a preference for complete charging with specific journeys, while non-pure EV users exhibit a preference for complete charging. Notably, pure EV users also display a significant group engaging in nocturnal complete charging. The findings of this study can provide technical support for the scientific and rational layout and management of integrated parking and charging facilities for EVs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20engineering" title="traffic engineering">traffic engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potential%20preferences" title=" potential preferences"> potential preferences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cluster%20analysis" title=" cluster analysis"> cluster analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EV" title=" EV"> EV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking-charging%20behavior" title=" parking-charging behavior"> parking-charging behavior</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174576/investigating-the-characteristics-of-correlated-parking-charging-behaviors-for-electric-vehicles-a-data-driven-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174576.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1417</span> Parking Service Effectiveness at Commercial Malls</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20AlAbdullah">Ahmad AlAbdullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20AlQallaf"> Ali AlQallaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahdi%20Hussain"> Mahdi Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20AlAttar"> Mohammed AlAttar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salman%20Ashknani"> Salman Ashknani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Magdy%20Helal"> Magdy Helal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We study the effectiveness of the parking service provided at Kuwaiti commercial malls and explore potential problems and feasible improvements. Commercial malls are important to Kuwaitis as the entertainment and shopping centers due to the lack of other alternatives. The difficulty and relatively long times wasted in finding a parking spot at the mall are real annoyances. We applied queuing analysis to one of the major malls that offer paid-parking (1040 parking spots) in addition to free parking. Patrons of the mall usually complained of the traffic jams and delays at entering the paid parking (average delay to park exceeds 15 min for about 62% of the patrons, while average time spent in the mall is about 2.6 hours). However, the analysis showed acceptable service levels at the check-in gates of the parking garage. Detailed review of the vehicle movement at the gateways indicated that arriving and departing cars both had to share parts of the gateway to the garage, which caused the traffic jams and delays. A simple comparison we made indicated that the largest commercial mall in Kuwait does not suffer such parking issues, while other smaller, yet important malls do, including the one we studied. It was suggested that well-designed inlets and outlets of that gigantic mall permitted smooth parking despite being totally free and mall is the first choice for most people for entertainment and shopping. A simulation model is being developed for further analysis and verification. Simulation can overcome the mathematical difficulty in using non-Poisson queuing models. The simulation model is used to explore potential changes to the parking garage entrance layout. And with the inclusion of the drivers’ behavior inside the parking, effectiveness indicators can be derived to address the economic feasibility of extending the parking capacity and increasing service levels. Outcomes of the study are planned to be generalized as appropriate to other commercial malls in Kuwait <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=commercial%20malls" title="commercial malls">commercial malls</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20service" title=" parking service"> parking service</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=queuing%20analysis" title=" queuing analysis"> queuing analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation%20modeling" title=" simulation modeling"> simulation modeling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9478/parking-service-effectiveness-at-commercial-malls" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9478.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">340</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1416</span> A Route Guidance System for Car Finding in Indoor Parking Garages</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pei-Chun%20Lee">Pei-Chun Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sheng-Shih%20Wang"> Sheng-Shih Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a route guidance system for car owners to find their cars in parking garages. The presents system comprises a positioning-assisting subsystem and a car-finding mobile app. The positioning-assisting subsystem mainly uses the iBeacon technology for indoor positioning. The car-finding mobile app guides car owners to their cars based on a non-map navigation strategy. This study also designs a virtual coordinate system to support identifying the locations of parking spaces and iBeacon devices. We use Arduino and Android as the platforms to implement the proposed positioning-assisting subsystem and car-finding mobile app, respectively. We have also deployed the system in a parking garage in our campus for testing. Experimental results verify that our system can efficiently and correctly guide car owners to the parking spaces of their cars. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=guidance" title="guidance">guidance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iBeacon" title=" iBeacon"> iBeacon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20app" title=" mobile app"> mobile app</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=navigation" title=" navigation"> navigation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54035/a-route-guidance-system-for-car-finding-in-indoor-parking-garages" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54035.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">646</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1415</span> Optimal Allocation of PHEV Parking Lots to Minimize Dstribution System Losses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20Mazidi">Mohsen Mazidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Abbaspour"> Ali Abbaspour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmud%20Fotuhi-Firuzabad"> Mahmud Fotuhi-Firuzabad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamamd%20Rastegar"> Mohamamd Rastegar </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To tackle the air pollution issues, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) are proposed as an appropriate solution. Charging a large amount of PHEV batteries, if not controlled, would have negative impacts on the distribution system. The control process of charging of these vehicles can be centralized in parking lots that may provide a chance for better coordination than the individual charging in houses. In this paper, an optimization-based approach is proposed to determine the optimum PHEV parking capacities in candidate nodes of the distribution system. In so doing, a profile for charging and discharging of PHEVs is developed in order to flatten the network load profile. Then, this profile is used in solving an optimization problem to minimize the distribution system losses. The outputs of the proposed method are the proper place for PHEV parking lots and optimum capacity for each parking. The application of the proposed method on the IEEE-34 node test feeder verifies the effectiveness of the method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=loss" title="loss">loss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plug-in%20hybrid%20electric%20vehicle%20%28PHEV%29" title=" plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV)"> plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PHEV%20parking%20lot" title=" PHEV parking lot"> PHEV parking lot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V2G" title=" V2G"> V2G</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34170/optimal-allocation-of-phev-parking-lots-to-minimize-dstribution-system-losses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34170.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">542</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1414</span> Low-Cost Parking Lot Mapping and Localization for Home Zone Parking Pilot</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hongbo%20Zhang">Hongbo Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xinlu%20Tang"> Xinlu Tang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiangwei%20Li"> Jiangwei Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chi%20Yan"> Chi Yan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Home zone parking pilot (HPP) is a fast-growing segment in low-speed autonomous driving applications. It requires the car automatically cruise around a parking lot and park itself in a range of up to 100 meters inside a recurrent home/office parking lot, which requires precise parking lot mapping and localization solution. Although Lidar is ideal for SLAM, the car OEMs favor a low-cost fish-eye camera based visual SLAM approach. Recent approaches have employed segmentation models to extract semantic features and improve mapping accuracy, but these AI models are memory unfriendly and computationally expensive, making deploying on embedded ADAS systems difficult. To address this issue, we proposed a new method that utilizes object detection models to extract robust and accurate parking lot features. The proposed method could reduce computational costs while maintaining high accuracy. Once combined with vehicles’ wheel-pulse information, the system could construct maps and locate the vehicle in real-time. This article will discuss in detail (1) the fish-eye based Around View Monitoring (AVM) with transparent chassis images as the inputs, (2) an Object Detection (OD) based feature point extraction algorithm to generate point cloud, (3) a low computational parking lot mapping algorithm and (4) the real-time localization algorithm. At last, we will demonstrate the experiment results with an embedded ADAS system installed on a real car in the underground parking lot. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ADAS" title="ADAS">ADAS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=home%20zone%20parking%20pilot" title=" home zone parking pilot"> home zone parking pilot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=object%20detection" title=" object detection"> object detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20SLAM" title=" visual SLAM"> visual SLAM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162272/low-cost-parking-lot-mapping-and-localization-for-home-zone-parking-pilot" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162272.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">67</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1413</span> Using GIS and AHP Model to Explore the Parking Problem in Khomeinishahr</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Davood%20Vatankhah">Davood Vatankhah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20Mokhtari%20Malekabadi"> Reza Mokhtari Malekabadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20Saghaei"> Mohsen Saghaei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Function of urban transportation systems depends on the existence of the required infrastructures, appropriate placement of different components, and the cooperation of these components with each other. Establishing various neighboring parking spaces in city neighborhood in order to prevent long-term and inappropriate parking of cars in the allies is one of the most effective operations in reducing the crowding and density of the neighborhoods. Every place with a certain application attracts a number of daily travels which happen throughout the city. A large percentage of the people visiting these places go to these travels by their own cars; therefore, they need a space to park their cars. The amount of this need depends on the usage function and travel demand of the place. The study aims at investigating the spatial distribution of the public parking spaces, determining the effective factors in locating, and their combination in GIS environment in Khomeinishahr of Isfahan city. Ultimately, the study intends to create an appropriate pattern for locating parking spaces, determining the request for parking spaces of the traffic areas, choosing the proper places for providing the required public parking spaces, and also proposing new spots in order to promote quality and quantity aspects of the city in terms of enjoying public parking spaces. Regarding the method, the study is based on applied purpose and regarding nature, it is analytic-descriptive. The population of the study includes people of the center of Khomeinishahr which is located on Northwest of Isfahan having about 5000 hectares of geographic area and the population of 241318 people are in the center of Komeinishahr. In order to determine the sample size, Cochran formula was used and according to the population of 26483 people of the studied area, 231 questionnaires were used. Data analysis was carried out by usage of SPSS software and after estimating the required space for parking spaces, initially, the effective criteria in locating the public parking spaces are weighted by the usage of Analytic Hierarchical Process in the Arc GIS software. Then, appropriate places for establishing parking spaces were determined by fuzzy method of Order Weighted Average (OWA). The results indicated that locating of parking spaces in Khomeinishahr have not been carried out appropriately and per capita of the parking spaces is not desirable in relation to the population and request; therefore, in addition to the present parking lots, 1434 parking lots are needed in the area of the study for each day; therefore, there is not a logical proportion between parking request and the number of parking lots in Khomeinishahr. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS" title="GIS">GIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=locating" title=" locating"> locating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking" title=" parking"> parking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=khomeinishahr" title=" khomeinishahr "> khomeinishahr </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25857/using-gis-and-ahp-model-to-explore-the-parking-problem-in-khomeinishahr" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25857.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">308</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1412</span> A Wireless Sensor Network Protocol for a Car Parking Space Monitoring System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jung-Ho%20Moon">Jung-Ho Moon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Myung-Gon%20Yoon"> Myung-Gon Yoon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tae%20Kwon%20Ha"> Tae Kwon Ha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a wireless sensor network protocol for a car parking monitoring system. A wireless sensor network for the purpose is composed of multiple sensor nodes, a sink node, a gateway, and a server. Each of the sensor nodes is equipped with a 3-axis AMR sensor and deployed in the center of a parking space. The sensor node reads its sensor values periodically and transmits the data to the sink node if the current and immediate past sensor values show a difference exceeding a threshold value. The operations of the sink and sensor nodes are described in detail along with flow diagrams. The protocol allows a low-duty cycle operation of the sensor nodes and a flexible adjustment of the threshold value used by the sensor nodes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=car%20parking%20monitoring" title="car parking monitoring">car parking monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensor%20node" title=" sensor node"> sensor node</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wireless%20sensor%20network" title=" wireless sensor network"> wireless sensor network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=network%20protocol" title=" network protocol"> network protocol</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11153/a-wireless-sensor-network-protocol-for-a-car-parking-space-monitoring-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11153.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">538</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1411</span> Optimizing the Location of Parking Areas Adapted for Dangerous Goods in the European Road Transport Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mar%C3%ADa%20Dolores%20Caro">María Dolores Caro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eugenio%20M.%20Fedriani"> Eugenio M. Fedriani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%81ngel%20F.%20Tenorio"> Ángel F. Tenorio</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The transportation of dangerous goods by lorries throughout Europe must be done by using the roads conforming the European Road Transport Network. In this network, there are several parking areas where lorry drivers can park to rest according to the regulations. According to the "European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road", parking areas where lorries transporting dangerous goods can park to rest, must follow several security stipulations to keep safe the rest of road users. At this respect, these lorries must be parked in adapted areas with strict and permanent surveillance measures. Moreover, drivers must satisfy several restrictions about resting and driving time. Under these facts, one may expect that there exist enough parking areas for the transport of this type of goods in order to obey the regulations prescribed by the European Union and its member countries. However, the already-existing parking areas are not sufficient to cover all the stops required by drivers transporting dangerous goods. Our main goal is, starting from the already-existing parking areas and the loading-and-unloading location, to provide an optimal answer to the following question: how many additional parking areas must be built and where must they be located to assure that lorry drivers can transport dangerous goods following all the stipulations about security and safety for their stops? The sense of the word “optimal” is due to the fact that we give a global solution for the location of parking areas throughout the whole European Road Transport Network, adjusting the number of additional areas to be as lower as possible. To do so, we have modeled the problem using graph theory since we are working with a road network. As nodes, we have considered the locations of each already-existing parking area, each loading-and-unloading area each road bifurcation. Each road connecting two nodes is considered as an edge in the graph whose weight corresponds to the distance between both nodes in the edge. By applying a new efficient algorithm, we have found the additional nodes for the network representing the new parking areas adapted for dangerous goods, under the fact that the distance between two parking areas must be less than or equal to 400 km. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trans-european%20transport%20network" title="trans-european transport network">trans-european transport network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dangerous%20goods" title=" dangerous goods"> dangerous goods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20areas" title=" parking areas"> parking areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graph-based%20modeling" title=" graph-based modeling"> graph-based modeling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29859/optimizing-the-location-of-parking-areas-adapted-for-dangerous-goods-in-the-european-road-transport-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29859.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1410</span> An Iberian Study about Location of Parking Areas for Dangerous Goods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mar%C3%ADa%20Dolores%20Caro">María Dolores Caro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eugenio%20M.%20Fedriani"> Eugenio M. Fedriani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%81ngel%20F.%20Tenorio"> Ángel F. Tenorio</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> When lorries transport dangerous goods, there exist some legal stipulations in the European Union for assuring the security of the rest of road users as well as of those goods being transported. At this respect, lorry drivers cannot park in usual parking areas, because they must use parking areas with special conditions, including permanent supervision of security personnel. Moreover, drivers are compelled to satisfy additional regulations about resting and driving times, which involve in the practical possibility of reaching the suitable parking areas under these time parameters. The “European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road” (ADR) is the basic regulation on transportation of dangerous goods imposed under the recommendations of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Indeed, nowadays there are no enough parking areas adapted for dangerous goods and no complete study have suggested the best locations to build new areas or to adapt others already existing to provide the areas being necessary so that lorry drivers can follow all the regulations. The goal of this paper is to show how many additional parking areas should be built in the Iberian Peninsula to allow that lorry drivers may park in such areas under their restrictions in resting and driving time. To do so, we have modeled the problem via graph theory and we have applied a new efficient algorithm which determines an optimal solution for the problem of locating new parking areas to complement those already existing in the ADR for the Iberian Peninsula. The solution can be considered minimal since the number of additional parking areas returned by the algorithm is minimal in quantity. Obviously, graph theory is a natural way to model and solve the problem here proposed because we have considered as nodes: the already-existing parking areas, the loading-and-unloading locations and the bifurcations of roads; while each edge between two nodes represents the existence of a road between both nodes (the distance between nodes is the edge's weight). Except for bifurcations, all the nodes correspond to parking areas already existing and, hence, the problem corresponds to determining the additional nodes in the graph such that there are less up to 100 km between two nodes representing parking areas. (maximal distance allowed by the European regulations). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dangerous%20goods" title="dangerous goods">dangerous goods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20areas" title=" parking areas"> parking areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iberian%20peninsula" title=" Iberian peninsula"> Iberian peninsula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graph-based%20modeling" title=" graph-based modeling"> graph-based modeling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28006/an-iberian-study-about-location-of-parking-areas-for-dangerous-goods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28006.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">580</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1409</span> Optimal Location of the I/O Point in the Parking System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jing%20Zhang">Jing Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jie%20Chen"> Jie Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we deal with the optimal I/O point location in an automated parking system. In this system, the S/R machine (storage and retrieve machine) travels independently in vertical and horizontal directions. Based on the characteristics of the parking system and the basic principle of AS/RS system (Automated Storage and Retrieval System), we obtain the continuous model in units of time. For the single command cycle using the randomized storage policy, we calculate the probability density function for the system travel time and thus we develop the travel time model. And we confirm that the travel time model shows a good performance by comparing with discrete case. Finally in this part, we establish the optimal model by minimizing the expected travel time model and it is shown that the optimal location of the I/O point is located at the middle of the left-hand above corner. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20system" title="parking system">parking system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20location" title=" optimal location"> optimal location</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=response%20time" title=" response time"> response time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S%2FR%20machine" title=" S/R machine"> S/R machine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73138/optimal-location-of-the-io-point-in-the-parking-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73138.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">409</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1408</span> A Case Study on Smart Energy City of the UK: Based on Business Model Innovation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minzheong%20Song">Minzheong Song </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this paper is to see a case of smart energy evolution of the UK along with government projects and smart city project like 'Smart London Plan (SLP)' in 2013 with the logic of business model innovation (BMI). For this, it discusses the theoretical logic and formulates a research framework of evolving smart energy from silo to integrated system. The starting point is the silo system with no connection and in second stage, the private investment in smart meters, smart grids implementation, energy and water nexus, adaptive smart grid systems, and building marketplaces with platform leadership. As results, the UK’s smart energy sector has evolved from smart meter device installation through smart grid to new business models such as water-energy nexus and microgrid service within the smart energy city system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20city" title="smart city">smart city</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20energy" title=" smart energy"> smart energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20model" title=" business model"> business model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20model%20innovation%20%28BMI%29" title=" business model innovation (BMI)"> business model innovation (BMI)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110461/a-case-study-on-smart-energy-city-of-the-uk-based-on-business-model-innovation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110461.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1407</span> A Security Study for Smart Metering Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Musaab%20Hasan">Musaab Hasan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farkhund%20Iqbal"> Farkhund Iqbal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patrick%20C.%20K.%20Hung"> Patrick C. K. Hung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benjamin%20C.%20M.%20Fung"> Benjamin C. M. Fung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laura%20Rafferty"> Laura Rafferty</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In modern societies, the smart cities concept raised simultaneously with the projection towards adopting smart devices. A smart grid is an essential part of any smart city as both consumers and power utility companies benefit from the features provided by the power grid. In addition to advanced features presented by smart grids, there may also be a risk when the grids are exposed to malicious acts such as security attacks performed by terrorists. Considering advanced security measures in the design of smart meters could reduce these risks. This paper presents a security study for smart metering systems with a prototype implementation of the user interfaces for future works. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=security%20design" title="security design">security design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20city" title=" smart city"> smart city</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20meter" title=" smart meter"> smart meter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20grid" title=" smart grid"> smart grid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20metering%20system" title=" smart metering system"> smart metering system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79129/a-security-study-for-smart-metering-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79129.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20car%20parking&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20car%20parking&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20car%20parking&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20car%20parking&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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